{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Colloidal silver can cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Colloidal silver can cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Colloidal silver can cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic has helped drive gun violence and increase killings ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Numerous articles have reported a decrease in reports of domestic violence since quarantine began", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic has helped drive gun violence and increase killings ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic has helped drive gun violence and increase killings ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Domestic violence is a global public health problem.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "It was seen that the countries with no universal BCG policy had a mean 1272.9 (median 795) cases per million and 80.7 deaths (median 18) per million population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The adjusted rates ratio of COVID-19 confirmed cases for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination was 0.339 (with 95% CI= (0.338,0.340)). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, to provide evidence on the rational use of masks, and to discuss additional measures important for the protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Flu: Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, including common signs and symptoms listed above. COVID-19: Other signs and symptoms of COVID-19, different from flu, may include change in or loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Flu: Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, including common signs and symptoms listed above. COVID-19: Other signs and symptoms of COVID-19, different from flu, may include change in or loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Coronaviruses, which were generally considered harmless to humans before 2003, have appeared again with a pandemic threatening the world since December 2019 after the epidemics of SARS and MERS. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Excessive alcohol use can weaken the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Excessive alcohol use can weaken the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, to provide evidence on the rational use of masks, and to discuss additional measures important for the protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgeons and perioperative teams at risk for contracting COVID-19 should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including N95 respirators or powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs), when risk of viral spread is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In some circumstances, thermal inactivation at 56 C has been recommended to inactivate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before NAT.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Virus test results revealed that 99.8% of the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was caught and killed by a single pass through a novel Ni-foam-based filter when heated up to 200 C. Additionally, the same filter was also used to catch and kill 99.9% of Bacillus anthracis, an airborne spore. This study paves the way for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly infectious airborne agents in closed environments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Surrogate points are usually evaluated, such as: clinical recovery, symptom-based disease relief (fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, shortness of breath), lack of progression of shortness of breath, rate of artificial ventilation, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, etc. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "There are currently no approved medications or vaccines which have been claimed to be effective in COVID-19 prevention or treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "A series of epidemiological explorations has suggested a negative association between national bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccination policy and the prevalence and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the available literature regarding COVID19 and BCG vaccination.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Moreover, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death and recovery after coronavirus infected for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination were 0.258 (with 95% CI= (0.254,0.261)) and 2.151 (with 95% CI= (2.140,2.163)), respectively.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "A strong correlation between the BCG index, an estimation of the degree of universal BCG vaccination deployment in a country, and COVID-19 mortality in different socially similar European countries was observed (r 2 = 0.88; P = 8  10-7), indicating that every 10% increase in the BCG index was associated with a 10.4% reduction in COVID-19 mortality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Chloroquine, interferon, and antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir are agents under investigation in these trials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "No randomised controlled evidence is currently available for remdesivir and favipiravir.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For people with severe illness, recovery can take up to six weeks - or longer", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For people with severe illness, recovery can take up to six weeks - or longer", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For people with severe illness, recovery can take up to six weeks - or longer", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A concern was raised regarding the safety of ibuprofen use because of its role in increasing ACE2 levels within the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Domestic violence is a global public health problem.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Numerous articles have reported a decrease in reports of domestic violence since quarantine began", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "every 10% increase in the BCG index was associated with a 10.4% reduction in COVID-19 mortality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The countries without universal vaccination policies (i.e.: Italy, Netherlands, United States) would seemto be hit more severely against COVID-19, than in countries with universal vaccination policies and for a long time with BCG.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Inflammatory disorders like Covid-19 tend to be very catabolic, meaning that as your immune system revs up to fight the infection, your metabolism increases as well.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Inflammatory disorders like Covid-19 tend to be very catabolic, meaning that as your immune system revs up to fight the infection, your metabolism increases as well.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Inflammatory disorders like Covid-19 tend to be very catabolic, meaning that as your immune system revs up to fight the infection, your metabolism increases as well.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Scientists now report that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, doesnt do a good job of copying itself in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks But cats are susceptible to the virus and can give it to one another via airborne transmission", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It also highlights the relationships between animal, human, and environmental health, as well as the importance of taking a collaborative transdisciplinary One Health approach to help prevent future COVID-19 outbreaks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results support the view that the pet owners and other persons with COVID-19 in close contact with animals should be cautious of the way they interact with them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is more likely to kill than flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is more likely to kill than flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering that SARS-CoV-2 cannot tolerate temperatures above 70 C, here we designed and fabricated efficient filters based on heated nickel (Ni) foam to catch and kill SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you are sick with covid-19, you should refrain from taking other painkillers, such as Aleve or Tylenol. there is no reason to treat a fever with any kind of fever-reducing drug.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A concern was raised regarding the safety of ibuprofen use because of its role in increasing ACE2 levels within the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Altogether, our study shows that these three polyphenols can be used as potential inhibitors against SARS CoV-2 Mpro and are promising drug candidates for COVID-19 treatment.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fire needling therapy has the effects of clearing heat, removing dampness, replenishing for the deficiency, removing stasis and detoxifying, which is mainly aimed at preventing populations, light and common types cases, and cases in the recovery period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus) indicate that the virus is targeting the endothelium, one of the largest organs in the human body.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is a great body of evidence concerning several human organ abnormalities associated to the SARSCoV-2, enough to consider COVID-19 as a multi-systemic and polyhedral disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case raised the alarming possibility that pets could become part of the transmission chain for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which could potentially harm both them and us", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The researchers did not study whether cats could pass the virus to people", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Of late, Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) has been speculated as a possible protection from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG might provide the protection against COVID-19, with consequent less COVID-19 infection and deaths and more rapid recovery.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The researchers did not study whether cats could pass the virus to people", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results support the view that the pet owners and other persons with COVID-19 in close contact with animals should be cautious of the way they interact with them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Scientists now report that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, doesnt do a good job of copying itself in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks But cats are susceptible to the virus and can give it to one another via airborne transmission", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In particular, several cases of recovered patients have been reported after being treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (which is widely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) in combination with the anti-flu drug oseltamivir.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "No randomised controlled evidence is currently available for remdesivir and favipiravir.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently available published, peer-reviewed results mostly involve small sample sizes with study limitations restricting the interpretation of the findings.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients have tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients have tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients have tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Twenty-nine studies were identified as potential sources of evidence of the clinical safety of favipiravir. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? In fact, taking too much vitamin C can lead to upset stomach, diarrhea, and reduce the effectiveness of some medications. If you want to take a supplement of vitamin C, I'm not opposed and it may even offer some benefits. Just keep in mind that more isn't always more. Take a food-first approach by enjoying a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? In fact, taking too much vitamin C can lead to upset stomach, diarrhea, and reduce the effectiveness of some medications. If you want to take a supplement of vitamin C, I'm not opposed and it may even offer some benefits. Just keep in mind that more isn't always more. Take a food-first approach by enjoying a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there is scarce evidence for the current treatment options available for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Some clinical trials have identified vitamin C (VC) as a potent compound pneumonia management.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Vaccines for this deadly virus are currently under development and many drugs used for other indications have been repurposed and investigated for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID 19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol (beer, wine, distilled spirits or herbal alcohol) stimulates immunity and resistance to the virus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol (beer, wine, distilled spirits or herbal alcohol) stimulates immunity and resistance to the virus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, there is a lack of experimental evidence supporting surgical mask usage for prevention of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The truth is that the flu is a lot less deadly than COVID", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Hence, dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Many drugs have shown promise for treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is an infectious disease characterized by several important systemic problems such as severe pneumonia. One of mechanisms responsible of these systemic problems is the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6(Conti et al., 2020).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infections have, in part, successfully been treated in China by preparations from traditional Chinese medicine", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this open-label nonrandomized control study, FPV showed significantly better treatment effects on COVID-19 in terms of disease progression and viral clearance; if causal, these results should be important information for establishing standard treatment guidelines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As the number of infected individuals increases, we are learning that not only lungs, but also other organs can be affected by the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can compromise peoples' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to the adverse health effects of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can compromise peoples' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to the adverse health effects of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease has a range of clinical presentations in children, for which the potential need for further investigation of myocardial injury and cardiovascular issues should be kept in mind to avoid misdiagnosing severe clinical entities. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data on viral loads were scarce, but indicated that children may have lower levels than adults, partly because they often have fewer symptoms, and this should decrease the transmission risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Crime in a time of COVID-19: How the pandemic is changing criminality in our neighbourhoods", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crime in a time of COVID-19: How the pandemic is changing criminality in our neighbourhoods", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Vaccinations represent the most effective strategy to prevent the epidemic of the virus and to further reduce morbidity and mortality with long-lasting effects. Nevertheless, currently there are no licensed vaccines for the novel coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The high contagiousness of the virus, the strong impact on the health system of the various countries and the absence to date of treatments able to improve the prognosis of the disease make the introduction of a vaccine indispensable, even though there are currently no approved human coronavirus vaccines. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The emerging epidemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 represents the most important socio-health threat of the 21st century.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, currently there are no licensed vaccines for the novel coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Disease itself multiplied by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": " The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused confusion, changed peoples living conditions, including commuting restrictions, fear of disease transmission, and closure of schools and businesses, and brought about devastating psychological impacts, like anxiety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Children are likely to be experiencing worry, anxiety and fear and older people are also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020) and passing the 3 million mark on 27 April, the world is under formidable strain with respect to public health, economy and personal life.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone is touted to help COVID-19 survival rates.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone is touted to help COVID-19 survival rates.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone is touted to help COVID-19 survival rates.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with COVID-19 lack antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in the first 10 days of illness while the virus drives disease pathogenesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe patients (n=38) develop a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, including IgG and IgA antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "One COVID-19 patient who did not produce any SARS-CoV-2-bound IgG successfully cleared SARS-CoV-2 after 46 days of illness, revealing that without antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, innate immunity alone may still be powerful enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Early mild symptoms appeared during course of disease provide a chance to early detect Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To explore the extent of animal-related transmission, we aggregated 17 case reports on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals as of 15 May 2020. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Early mild symptoms appeared during course of disease provide a chance to early detect Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics: Antibiotics work against bacterial infections, not viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics: Antibiotics work against bacterial infections, not viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics: Antibiotics work against bacterial infections, not viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "it has been shown that Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) might protect against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG vaccine) designed to prevent tuberculosis in children has been shown to induce a adaptive immune response in the body to fight against bacteria as well as other parasites and viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Note: SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus, COVID-19 is the name of the illness.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Note: SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus, COVID-19 is the name of the illness.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When children and teens get sick with COVID-19, their symptoms appear to be milder than in adults.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When children and teens get sick with COVID-19, their symptoms appear to be milder than in adults.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When children and teens get sick with COVID-19, their symptoms appear to be milder than in adults.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing? YES", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing? YES", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing? YES", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone was found by British researchers to be effective in treating severely ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone was found by British researchers to be effective in treating severely ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fever has been reported as a common symptom occurring in COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020) and passing the 3 million mark on 27 April, the world is under formidable strain with respect to public health, economy and personal life.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 can result in acute interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, leucopenia (with lymphopenia) and thrombocytopenia, also seen in rheumatic diseases like lupus and Sjogrens syndrome.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no current standard of care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG can be uses as a prophylactic treatment until the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "COVID-19 cases are reported very much less in the countries with universal BCG vaccination policies such as India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Israel, Japan, etc. as compared to without BCG implemented countries such as the USA, Italy, Spain, Canada, UK, etc. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG as a game-changer to prevent the infection and severity of COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill dangerous pathogens in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill dangerous pathogens in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As COVID-19 has spread around the world, there has been a global run on surgical masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, up to date, no drugs have been confirmed as a definitive treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone can be used in covid-19 patients who are on a ventilator", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone can be used in covid-19 patients who are on a ventilator", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the 100-year-old BCG vaccine has received increasing attention, even though it is only partially functional in fighting the disease it was made to battle - tuberculosis.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the 100-year-old BCG vaccine has received increasing attention, even though it is only partially functional in fighting the disease it was made to battle - tuberculosis.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Though its still not verified in any way whether the BCG vaccination can actually prevent COVID-19 or not but we believe a thorough analytical research in this regard is indeed worth a shot.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world, which has led to increased discussions across online platforms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, up to date, no drugs have been confirmed as a definitive treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Surrogate points are usually evaluated, such as: clinical recovery, symptom-based disease relief (fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, shortness of breath), lack of progression of shortness of breath, rate of artificial ventilation, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, etc. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best way to find effective and acceptable safe treatments for COVID-19 and any possible future outbreak", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "rinsing your nose with saline protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "rinsing your nose with saline protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "rinsing your nose with saline protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown 14-04-2020 Alcohol is known to be harmful to health in general, and is well understood to increase the risk of injury and violence, including intimate partner violence, and can cause alcohol poisoning.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown 14-04-2020 Alcohol is known to be harmful to health in general, and is well understood to increase the risk of injury and violence, including intimate partner violence, and can cause alcohol poisoning.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown 14-04-2020 Alcohol is known to be harmful to health in general, and is well understood to increase the risk of injury and violence, including intimate partner violence, and can cause alcohol poisoning.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In particular, several cases of recovered patients have been reported after being treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (which is widely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) in combination with the anti-flu drug oseltamivir.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this case-control Mexican study we found that obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes and chronic renal failure in females only.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "animals, such as long-haired cats and dogs, were more likely to catch the airborne droplets that carry the covid-19 virus", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals, such as long-haired cats and dogs, were more likely to catch the airborne droplets that carry the covid-19 virus", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals, such as long-haired cats and dogs, were more likely to catch the airborne droplets that carry the covid-19 virus", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "In December 2019, the world awoke to a new zoonotic strain of CoV that was named SARS-CoV-2 (standing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which has been classified as a high-consequence infectious disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic of the human respiratory illness COVID-19, resulting in a severe threat to public health and safety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, which was officially declared by the World Health Organization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses that cause disorders ranging from a mild cold to severe disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "excessive alcohol consumption will not protect you against Covid-19. It won't kill the virus, either -- the opposite is true.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "excessive alcohol consumption will not protect you against Covid-19. It won't kill the virus, either -- the opposite is true.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV light kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Using marijuana might provide some benefits for people with diabetes, but the drug also has its drawbacks. Marijuana affects the developing brain, potentially impairing learning and memory", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crime in a time of COVID-19: There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences. ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "We aimed to provide a literature review on the putative effectiveness and safety of available treatments for COVID-19 in pregnant women.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best way to find effective and acceptable safe treatments for COVID-19 and any possible future outbreak", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Surrogate points are usually evaluated, such as: clinical recovery, symptom-based disease relief (fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, shortness of breath), lack of progression of shortness of breath, rate of artificial ventilation, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, etc. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases, which we know also affect COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases, which we know also affect COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases, which we know also affect COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "With the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19 throughout the world, the demand and consumption of hand sanitizers has increased, which had led to a sharp crunch in these products at all levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "The world is facing a medical crisis amid the CoViD-19 pandemic and the role of adequate hygiene and hand sanitisers is inevitable in controlling the spread of infection in public places and healthcare institutions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world, which has led to increased discussions across online platforms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks and eye protection prevent spread of Covid-19", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks and eye protection prevent spread of Covid-19", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "With the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19 throughout the world, the demand and consumption of hand sanitizers has increased, which had led to a sharp crunch in these products at all levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The two drugs acetaminophen with ibuprofen are broken down by different organs in the body, so as long as you stick to the recommended doses, you should be OK.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The two drugs acetaminophen with ibuprofen are broken down by different organs in the body, so as long as you stick to the recommended doses, you should be OK.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? Yes, you can", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? Yes, you can", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? Yes, you can", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is not currently a cure for COVID-19 or a vaccine against coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is not currently a cure for COVID-19 or a vaccine against coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is not currently a cure for COVID-19 or a vaccine against coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Zinc Help Prevent Severe Illness From COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Zinc Help Prevent Severe Illness From COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Zinc Help Prevent Severe Illness From COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there's not adequate evidence that wearing a face mask can help you get immunity like a vaccine would, it is a good way to help prevent the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there's not adequate evidence that wearing a face mask can help you get immunity like a vaccine would, it is a good way to help prevent the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there's not adequate evidence that wearing a face mask can help you get immunity like a vaccine would, it is a good way to help prevent the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people who contract COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, from which they will make a full recovery. The amount of time that it takes to recovery will vary.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who contract COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, from which they will make a full recovery. The amount of time that it takes to recovery will vary.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who contract COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, from which they will make a full recovery. The amount of time that it takes to recovery will vary.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And there is no clear guideline for how to social distance that can reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "And there is no clear guideline for how to social distance that can reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "The need for developing respective bioanalytical protocols for food and environmental safety applications to adapt in the post-lockdown period is also highlighted.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 outbreak results in considerable psychological effects among the Mexican sample.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of antivirals and vaccines for COVID-19, there is an urgent need to understand the cytokine storm in COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "This article briefly reports the experience of mental health services and the lessons learned during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "Most day facilities for patients with psychiatric needs have been temporarily closed, whereas in residential facilities, patients who usually are free to come and go during the day have had to be confined in the facilities with very limited or no leave. These changes have produced considerable stresses on people with severe mental disorders.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "This recommendation can inform how other countries can overcome mental health challenges during this pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "In many hospitals, entire wards, including some psychiatric wards, have been reorganized to admit patients with COVID-19, and many physicians and nurses have been diverted to wards managing patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "universal BCG vaccination has a protective effect on the course of COVID-19 probably preventing progression to severe disease and death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "it has been shown that Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) might protect against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "It was seen that the countries with no universal BCG policy had a mean 1272.9 (median 795) cases per million and 80.7 deaths (median 18) per million population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG might provide the protection against COVID-19, with consequent less COVID-19 infection and deaths and more rapid recovery.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Reduce COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Reduce COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Reduce COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": " The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused confusion, changed peoples living conditions, including commuting restrictions, fear of disease transmission, and closure of schools and businesses, and brought about devastating psychological impacts, like anxiety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Children are likely to be experiencing worry, anxiety and fear and older people are also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We wish to remind readers that children and adolescents can have COVID-19 disease and that the disease may be extra-pulmonary.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A high prevalence of obesity in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation was recently reported.(1)", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evolving evidence of significant differences in severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children compared to adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not a treatment for covid-19.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not a treatment for covid-19.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Worse? Better? Yes it does", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Dexamethasone the COVID-19 Cure We've Been Looking For? No Absolutely not", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Dexamethasone the COVID-19 Cure We've Been Looking For? No Absolutely not", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Can large doses of vitamin C prevent or help to treat covid-10? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Can large doses of vitamin C prevent or help to treat covid-10? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Can large doses of vitamin C prevent or help to treat covid-10? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently required.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is being implicated in damage to several organ systems. While underlying conditions and adverse effects of certain drugs are being investigated, the likely culprit in many patients with extrapulmonary disease is thought to be a cytokine storm, in which the patient's immune system responds overwhelmingly to an infection.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is being implicated in damage to several organ systems. While underlying conditions and adverse effects of certain drugs are being investigated, the likely culprit in many patients with extrapulmonary disease is thought to be a cytokine storm, in which the patient's immune system responds overwhelmingly to an infection.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes will save a person from getting infected by the coronavirus or that the stomach acid will kill the virus.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes will save a person from getting infected by the coronavirus or that the stomach acid will kill the virus.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes will save a person from getting infected by the coronavirus or that the stomach acid will kill the virus.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New Study Highlights New Evidence That Masks Prevent Coronavirus Spread", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New Study Highlights New Evidence That Masks Prevent Coronavirus Spread", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New Study Highlights New Evidence That Masks Prevent Coronavirus Spread", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system over-activation known as a \"cytokine storm\" does not play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG may offer protection from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass BCG immunizations seems to have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to those without BCG immunization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "COVID-19 cases are reported very much less in the countries with universal BCG vaccination policies such as India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Israel, Japan, etc. as compared to without BCG implemented countries such as the USA, Italy, Spain, Canada, UK, etc. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Moreover, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death and recovery after coronavirus infected for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination were 0.258 (with 95% CI= (0.254,0.261)) and 2.151 (with 95% CI= (2.140,2.163)), respectively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But as with most colds and flus, coronavirus is a viral infection - which means treating it with antibiotics is useless. Antibiotics only work in treating bacteria.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But as with most colds and flus, coronavirus is a viral infection - which means treating it with antibiotics is useless. Antibiotics only work in treating bacteria.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But as with most colds and flus, coronavirus is a viral infection - which means treating it with antibiotics is useless. Antibiotics only work in treating bacteria.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recent Coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2]-associated multiorgan disease, called COVID-19, has high morbidity and mortality due to autoimmune destruction of the lungs stemming from the release of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently required.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "No specific treatment has been reported.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may have also returned because the patients have weaker immune systems. But there is also a chance that humans are unable to develop a natural defense against the virus after the first infection", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may have also returned because the patients have weaker immune systems. But there is also a chance that humans are unable to develop a natural defense against the virus after the first infection", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may have also returned because the patients have weaker immune systems. But there is also a chance that humans are unable to develop a natural defense against the virus after the first infection", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Looking at children as the silent spreaders of SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Looking at children as the silent spreaders of SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Looking at children as the silent spreaders of SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, currently, no approved vaccine exists for these coronavirus strains.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might come too late to affect the first wave of this pandemic, but they might be useful if additional subsequent waves occur or in a post-pandemic perspective in which the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is still no licensed specific antiviral treatment for the human coronavirus disease and a vaccine will not be ready soon.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this open-label nonrandomized control study, FPV showed significantly better treatment effects on COVID-19 in terms of disease progression and viral clearance; if causal, these results should be important information for establishing standard treatment guidelines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In early research, the targeted antivirals remdesivir and favipiravir appear to benefit patients by decreasing viral replication; clinical trials suggest that remdesivir speeds recovery from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not a virus, but SARS-CoV-2 is", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not a virus, but SARS-CoV-2 is", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of  (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of  (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of  (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Experts say there are a number of reasons why COVID-19 is a more serious illness than the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts say there are a number of reasons why COVID-19 is a more serious illness than the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently required.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Twenty-nine studies were identified as potential sources of evidence of the clinical safety of favipiravir. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Wash 25 pcs small or 13 pcs large fresh organic turmeric root, 3 inches ginger root, 1 bulb garlic (preferably native), peeled and crushed, 25 pcs calamansi or two organic lemons, juiced.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Wash 25 pcs small or 13 pcs large fresh organic turmeric root, 3 inches ginger root, 1 bulb garlic (preferably native), peeled and crushed, 25 pcs calamansi or two organic lemons, juiced.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Wash 25 pcs small or 13 pcs large fresh organic turmeric root, 3 inches ginger root, 1 bulb garlic (preferably native), peeled and crushed, 25 pcs calamansi or two organic lemons, juiced.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several Steroids May Also Help Battle COVID-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several Steroids May Also Help Battle COVID-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks aren't the most important protection against the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 and the flu appear at different times and have some differences. With COVID-19, you may experience loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 and the flu appear at different times and have some differences. With COVID-19, you may experience loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Air Conditioning May Be Spreading COVID", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Air Conditioning May Be Spreading COVID", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Air Conditioning May Be Spreading COVID", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 database of integrated TCM and Western medicine can be used to prepare for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spraying and introducing bleach or another disinfectant into your body will not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spraying and introducing bleach or another disinfectant into your body will not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "coronavirus disease 19 (Covid19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11(th), 2020", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma; lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease; obesity; diabetes", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma; lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease; obesity; diabetes", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma; lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease; obesity; diabetes", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with severe COVID-19 may require stays of 10 days or longer in the ICU and mechanical ventilation.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with severe COVID-19 may require stays of 10 days or longer in the ICU and mechanical ventilation.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with severe COVID-19 may require stays of 10 days or longer in the ICU and mechanical ventilation.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To explore the extent of animal-related transmission, we aggregated 17 case reports on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals as of 15 May 2020. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill coronavirus in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill coronavirus in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Both the expected and worst-case scenarios are investigated to show the efficacy of the upper-room UV-C approach to reduce COVID-19 air transmission in a confined space with moderate but sufficient height.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill coronavirus in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there is scarce evidence for the current treatment options available for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Some clinical trials have identified vitamin C (VC) as a potent compound pneumonia management.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine patches may soon be added to the growing list of tools that could potentially help protect people from the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "There are currently no approved medications or vaccines which have been claimed to be effective in COVID-19 prevention or treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "With more and more patients diagnosed, China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection, including antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, virus vaccine, and other Western drugs, while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Based on the evidence to date, there are several treatment options to consider for the relief of fever (acetaminophen, NSAID, oral glucocorticoids), cough (morphine), breathlessness (morphine, oxygen, fan), anxiety (benzodiazepines) and pain (NSAID, morphine).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19 is challenged. NSAIDs may interfere with the defense process against viral infection and are best avoided. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, Drinking Tonic Water Won't Protect You Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We wish to remind readers that children and adolescents can have COVID-19 disease and that the disease may be extra-pulmonary.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The lockdown declared to prevent the spread of Covid 19 in India created unforeseen problems, including severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the need to manage them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Is Just A Bad Version Of The Flu", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Is Just A Bad Version Of The Flu", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG could prevent severe COVID-19 disease has made headlines, but until we have the results of clinical trials, it is too early to draw conclusions.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": " CONCLUSIONS: The urologists expertise with BCG and the infrastructure of urologic clinics may afford several opportunities for collaboration and leadership to evaluate and understand the potential role of BCG in the current COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG could prevent severe COVID-19 disease has made headlines, but until we have the results of clinical trials, it is too early to draw conclusions.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Though its still not verified in any way whether the BCG vaccination can actually prevent COVID-19 or not but we believe a thorough analytical research in this regard is indeed worth a shot.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG could prevent severe COVID-19 disease has made headlines, but until we have the results of clinical trials, it is too early to draw conclusions.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking a bath in very hot water can prevent a COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking a bath in very hot water can prevent a COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking a bath in very hot water can prevent a COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Disease itself multiplied by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Extensive stressors will emerge or become worsened. Many medical staff workers will be harmfully psychologically affected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While researchers are studying many COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, none has been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While researchers are studying many COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, none has been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While researchers are studying many COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, none has been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Testing negative for coronavirus antibodies doesn't mean you are not immune to COVID-19", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with COVID-19 lack antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in the first 10 days of illness while the virus drives disease pathogenesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Testing negative for coronavirus antibodies doesn't mean you are not immune to COVID-19", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Testing negative for coronavirus antibodies doesn't mean you are not immune to COVID-19", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "One COVID-19 patient who did not produce any SARS-CoV-2-bound IgG successfully cleared SARS-CoV-2 after 46 days of illness, revealing that without antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, innate immunity alone may still be powerful enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember that viruses can sometimes infect a species but not cause illness in that species, nor become transmissible to others. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember that viruses can sometimes infect a species but not cause illness in that species, nor become transmissible to others. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The common symptoms were as follows: fever (25%), dry cough (17.3%), chest distress (11.5%), and fatigue (9.6%). There were 33 (63.5%) patients had comorbidities, the most common symptom was hypertension (17, 51.5%). Twenty-six (78.8%) patients developed pneumonia on admission. Lymphocytes (0.6  109/L) decreased in both mild and severe/critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic, patients with cough, sore throat, dyspnea, hyposmia/anosmia and a history of travel to the region with confirmed COVID-19 patients, should be considered as potential COVID-19 cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The infection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with cancer was higher than the general population, cancer patients with COVID-19 showed deteriorating conditions and poor outcomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly presents as fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dietary supplements containing micronutrients and vitamins C and D are a safe, low-cost, and effective way of helping the immune system fight off COVID-19 other acute respiratory", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dietary supplements containing micronutrients and vitamins C and D are a safe, low-cost, and effective way of helping the immune system fight off COVID-19 other acute respiratory", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dietary supplements containing micronutrients and vitamins C and D are a safe, low-cost, and effective way of helping the immune system fight off COVID-19 other acute respiratory", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dexamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid approved by the FDA 1958 as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressor and it is about 30 times as active and with longer duration of action (2-3 days) than cortisone. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recent Coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2]-associated multiorgan disease, called COVID-19, has high morbidity and mortality due to autoimmune destruction of the lungs stemming from the release of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can increase the risk of catching Covid-19 and make it worse if you do get it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can increase the risk of catching Covid-19 and make it worse if you do get it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir has a modest yet significant reduction in mortality and significantly improves the time to recovery", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "More dangerously, 20.6% and 19.2% students believed antibiotics and smoking to be a protective measure against the infection respectively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Immune system dysregulation such as lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokine storm has been observed in COVID-19 patients, but it remains unclear for the change of key immune cell subsets and their states during COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some of the treatment Trump has received isn't even available to the American public. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some of the treatment Trump has received isn't even available to the American public. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some of the treatment Trump has received isn't even available to the American public. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Your Headache a Symptom of Coronavirus? No, It's not the most common sign of COVID-19, but experts say a pounding head shouldn't be ignored.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Your Headache a Symptom of Coronavirus? No, It's not the most common sign of COVID-19, but experts say a pounding head shouldn't be ignored.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks might help keep people with COVID-19 from unknowingly passing along the coronavirus. But the evidence for the efficacy of surgical or homemade masks is limited.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir has a modest yet significant reduction in mortality and significantly improves the time to recovery", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 database of integrated TCM and Western medicine can be used to prepare for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fire needling therapy has the effects of clearing heat, removing dampness, replenishing for the deficiency, removing stasis and detoxifying, which is mainly aimed at preventing populations, light and common types cases, and cases in the recovery period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't yet know how frequently cats become infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the real world", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't yet know how frequently cats become infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the real world", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In rare cases, a coronavirus jumps from animals to humans. This is thought to have happened for the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as two other types of deadly coronaviruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). All three originated in bats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In rare cases, a coronavirus jumps from animals to humans. This is thought to have happened for the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as two other types of deadly coronaviruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). All three originated in bats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In rare cases, a coronavirus jumps from animals to humans. This is thought to have happened for the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as two other types of deadly coronaviruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). All three originated in bats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no direct research that I'm aware of in relation to alcohol and COVID-19", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Under this emergency situation that the world facing against COVID-19, there are about 15 potential vaccine candidates tested globally based on messenger RNA, DNA-based, nanoparticle, synthetic, and modified virus-like particle. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If somebody is only going to use headache as a trigger to go get tested for COVID-19, that headache should be something that either is a headache that's new for them or that is sticking around a bit longer than they are used to   or it's associated with another symptom that may also be subtle, like fatigue or feeling kind of worn out", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another difference between COVID-19 and the flu, according to the CDC, are the fatality rates.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another difference between COVID-19 and the flu, according to the CDC, are the fatality rates.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "low coverage cloth face masks made of 100% cotton, scarf, pillowcase, antimicrobial pillowcase, silk, linen, tea towel, or vacuum bag, present marginal/reasonable protection against particles while high coverage cloth masks provide high protection. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard that coronaviruses can infect animals and wondered whether your pets could get COVID-19 -- or pass the virus to you. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard that coronaviruses can infect animals and wondered whether your pets could get COVID-19 -- or pass the virus to you. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard that coronaviruses can infect animals and wondered whether your pets could get COVID-19 -- or pass the virus to you. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Treatment in Covid-19 Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19, treatment with dexamethasone resulted in lower 28-day mortality than usual care", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Treatment in Covid-19 Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19, treatment with dexamethasone resulted in lower 28-day mortality than usual care", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headache was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "headache was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor for many respiratory infections and increases the severity of respiratory diseases. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor for many respiratory infections and increases the severity of respiratory diseases. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Aspirin in honey, raw garlic: Dubious COVID-19 'cures' spread", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Aspirin in honey, raw garlic: Dubious COVID-19 'cures' spread", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Aspirin in honey, raw garlic: Dubious COVID-19 'cures' spread", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person, typically through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person, typically through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol can be used to disinfect surfaces and kill COVID-19, and some distilleries are making hand sanitizer to address the shortage. But drinking it will not provide any protection against this", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol can be used to disinfect surfaces and kill COVID-19, and some distilleries are making hand sanitizer to address the shortage. But drinking it will not provide any protection against this", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "With the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19 throughout the world, the demand and consumption of hand sanitizers has increased, which had led to a sharp crunch in these products at all levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this case-control Mexican study we found that obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes and chronic renal failure in females only.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Travel increases your chances of getting and spreading COVID-19.", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": "All surgery performed in an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, irrespective of the known or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) status of the patient, should be regarded as high risk and protection of the surgical team at the bedside should be at the highest level.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Travel increases your chances of getting and spreading COVID-19.", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": " Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The type of UV light that can kill the new coronavirus is dangerous to use unless you're properly trained for it", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These preliminary clinical findings indicate that the relatively rapid recovery of olfactory and gustative function can mean a resolution of viral infection in most patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID and the flu have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID and the flu have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you or another member of your household is showing signs of COVID-19, experts say you should treat your pets like you would any other family member. You should not have pets in the same room as someone who is sick because while they may not necessarily cause or get sick themselves, and we don't see them as a conduit, we don't necessarily want to bet the farm on that either", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you or another member of your household is showing signs of COVID-19, experts say you should treat your pets like you would any other family member. You should not have pets in the same room as someone who is sick because while they may not necessarily cause or get sick themselves, and we don't see them as a conduit, we don't necessarily want to bet the farm on that either", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can help lower your fever, assuming you do not have a health history that should prevent you from using them", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol May Increase Your COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol May Increase Your COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol May Increase Your COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can not contract coronaviruses, most commonly the canine respiratory coronavirus. This specific novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is not believed to be a health threat to dogs", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For 16 years the SARS virus mutated in bats and pangolins to create a second subspecies, SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19. The species name of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is SARS. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For 16 years the SARS virus mutated in bats and pangolins to create a second subspecies, SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19. The species name of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is SARS. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is primarily transmitted through physical contact and respiratory droplets from an infected person coughing, sneezing and talking within close range.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can enhance our innate immune systems", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can enhance our innate immune systems", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can enhance our innate immune systems", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The flu and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory illnesses that have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The flu and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory illnesses that have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New Evidence Suggests Young Children Spread Covid-19 More efficiently than adults", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New Evidence Suggests Young Children Spread Covid-19 More efficiently than adults", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a common misconception that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a common misconception that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Everyone is at risk of getting COVID-19, but you have a higher chance of getting seriously ill from it if you: Are 65 or older, especially if you live in a nursing home or other care facility ;Have asthma or lung disease, though more research is needed on this.; Have a weakened immune system from conditions such as cancer and HIV, or from medications; Are severely obese with a BMI over 40; Have type II diabetes; Have a serious heart condition; Have kidney, liver, or heart disease", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone is at risk of getting COVID-19, but you have a higher chance of getting seriously ill from it if you: Are 65 or older, especially if you live in a nursing home or other care facility ;Have asthma or lung disease, though more research is needed on this.; Have a weakened immune system from conditions such as cancer and HIV, or from medications; Are severely obese with a BMI over 40; Have type II diabetes; Have a serious heart condition; Have kidney, liver, or heart disease", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease, so humans can pass it to animals and vice-versa. Here's what to know about novel coronavirus in cats, dogs, and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "host immunity to this unpredictable and highly contagious virus may not be fleeting and may be similar to that elicited by most other viral infections", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "host immunity to this unpredictable and highly contagious virus may not be fleeting and may be similar to that elicited by most other viral infections", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "host immunity to this unpredictable and highly contagious virus may not be fleeting and may be similar to that elicited by most other viral infections", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "revious work to develop a vaccine against the coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS established knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses - which accelerated development during early 2020 of varied technology platforms for a COVID-19 vaccine.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings may contribute to the design of an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "revious work to develop a vaccine against the coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS established knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses - which accelerated development during early 2020 of varied technology platforms for a COVID-19 vaccine.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Vaccines for this deadly virus are currently under development and many drugs used for other indications have been repurposed and investigated for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID 19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "One COVID-19 patient who did not produce any SARS-CoV-2-bound IgG successfully cleared SARS-CoV-2 after 46 days of illness, revealing that without antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, innate immunity alone may still be powerful enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The researchers found: 1) individuals with mild and severe disease produced neutralizing IgG to SARS-CoV-2 10 days after disease onset; 2) SARS-CoV-2 persisted longer in those with severe disease; and 3) there was cross-reactivity between antibodies to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, but only antibodies from patients with COVID-19 neutralized SARS-CoV-2. These observations provide important information on the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 that can inform the use of convalescent plasma therapy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Whether antibodies are important for the adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be determined. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms generally appear two to 14 days after exposure. Flu symptoms usually appear about one to four days after exposure.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms generally appear two to 14 days after exposure. Flu symptoms usually appear about one to four days after exposure.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports of infected humans spreading the virus to their pet dog or cat. But it is still not clear how often this happens and under what circumstances.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts believe nicotine, the chemical that makes tobacco addictive, competes with the virus to binds with cells in the body, therefore blocking it from entering. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is much more dangerous and deadly than Flu.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is much more dangerous and deadly than Flu.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you test positive for COVID-19, the best thing you can do is stay home and rest until your doctor says you're infection-free.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you test positive for COVID-19, the best thing you can do is stay home and rest until your doctor says you're infection-free.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone, a cheap and widely available steroid, may be a good treatment for patients with severe COVID-19-but not milder cases.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone, a cheap and widely available steroid, may be a good treatment for patients with severe COVID-19-but not milder cases.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High doses of vitamin C have been proven to be an effective treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High doses of vitamin C have been proven to be an effective treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High doses of vitamin C have been proven to be an effective treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people are touting the use of hydroxychloroquine, alone, or in combination with an antibiotic called azithromycin, for the treatment of people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people are touting the use of hydroxychloroquine, alone, or in combination with an antibiotic called azithromycin, for the treatment of people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Chloroquine, interferon, and antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir are agents under investigation in these trials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are a proven and effective tool in fighting the spread of COVID-19, but some people still resist wearing them.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of masks as a means of reducing transmission of COVID-19 outside healthcare settings has proved controversial.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks are a proven and effective tool in fighting the spread of COVID-19, but some people still resist wearing them.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking weed can ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Rashes, headaches, tingling: the less common coronavirus symptoms that patients have", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rashes, headaches, tingling: the less common coronavirus symptoms that patients have", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol does not destroy SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol does not destroy SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol does not destroy SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no products can cure covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no products can cure covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no products can cure covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Confined spaces are associated with increased risk of COVID-19 transmission.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Confined spaces are associated with increased risk of COVID-19 transmission.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Avoiding exposure to or use of 5G networks prevent infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoiding exposure to or use of 5G networks prevent infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are currently no drugs licensed for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cats, dogs and COVID-19 A small number of animals around the world have been infected with the coronavirus after having contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cats, dogs and COVID-19 A small number of animals around the world have been infected with the coronavirus after having contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats, dogs and COVID-19 A small number of animals around the world have been infected with the coronavirus after having contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "combinatorial VC and GA treatment for COVID-19 was associated with elevation of immunity and suppression of inflammatory stress, including activation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway, regulation of Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, ErbB signaling pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Intravenous high-dose vitamin C for the treatment of severe COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there is scarce evidence for the current treatment options available for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A major difference between the flu and COVID-19 is that the former has both preventative and curative treatments, and the latter does not.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A major difference between the flu and COVID-19 is that the former has both preventative and curative treatments, and the latter does not.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "The need for developing respective bioanalytical protocols for food and environmental safety applications to adapt in the post-lockdown period is also highlighted.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You see, we actually don't have any idea whether a Vitamin D supplement will improve COVID-19 outcomes. We don't even really know if low levels of the vitamin make outcomes worse.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You see, we actually don't have any idea whether a Vitamin D supplement will improve COVID-19 outcomes. We don't even really know if low levels of the vitamin make outcomes worse.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV Light is a really good way to tackle coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV Light is a really good way to tackle coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The evidence that COVID-19 is a bioweapon is overwhelming", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These preliminary clinical findings indicate that the relatively rapid recovery of olfactory and gustative function can mean a resolution of viral infection in most patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight does not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others. ", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can protect you from the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can protect you from the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can protect you from the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COCKTAIL of cheap vitamin supplements could prevent death from Covid-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COCKTAIL of cheap vitamin supplements could prevent death from Covid-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A COCKTAIL of cheap vitamin supplements could prevent death from Covid-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While all children are capable of getting the virus that causes COVID-19, they don't become sick as often as adults", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Spraying alcohol or chlorine over my body will kill the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Spraying alcohol or chlorine over my body will kill the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "scientists recommend against using dexamethasone in patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "scientists recommend against using dexamethasone in patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "children make up more than 7% of all coronavirus cases in the US", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children make up more than 7% of all coronavirus cases in the US", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Try to limit alcohol consumption to a moderate level to avoid vitamin deficiencies and lowered immunity.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "N95 mask helps protect the wearer from getting the covid-19, while a surgical or cloth mask is really to help protect others in case the wearer has the virus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drink water often to flush covid-19 into your stomach where acid will kill it.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drink water often to flush covid-19 into your stomach where acid will kill it.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drink water often to flush covid-19 into your stomach where acid will kill it.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "by lessening the amount of virus you take in by putting on a mask, you may also lessen the likelihood of getting severely sick if you contract COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But inhaling steam will not cure a novel coronavirus infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks and respirators do not work. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks and respirators do not work. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks and respirators do not work. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 definition, a potentially severe, primarily respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus and characterized by fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. In some patients, the disease can also damage major organs, as the heart or kidneys.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving coronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving coronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Even though most people don't experience cytokine storm, certain types of infections are more likely to cause it than others. For reasons that aren't yet completely clear, the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 seems more prone to result in cytokine storm compared to diseases caused by some other viruses. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even though most people don't experience cytokine storm, certain types of infections are more likely to cause it than others. For reasons that aren't yet completely clear, the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 seems more prone to result in cytokine storm compared to diseases caused by some other viruses. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But COVID-19 is not the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But COVID-19 is not the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Giant anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, horses, dogs, alligators, cats, sheep and Siberian tigers are also on the list of animals that may be able to catch and transmit the deadly pandemic coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Giant anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, horses, dogs, alligators, cats, sheep and Siberian tigers are also on the list of animals that may be able to catch and transmit the deadly pandemic coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Giant anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, horses, dogs, alligators, cats, sheep and Siberian tigers are also on the list of animals that may be able to catch and transmit the deadly pandemic coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "number of studies have shown how excessive alcohol consumption can weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "number of studies have shown how excessive alcohol consumption can weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Risk of animals spreading the virus that causes COVID-19 to people Some coronaviruses that infect animals can be spread to humans and then spread between people, but this is rare. This is what happened with the virus that caused the current outbreak of COVID-19, with the virus likely originating in bats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Thinly slice or grate turmeric and ginger, skin on.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children can be infected early in the course of a COVID-19 epidemic and should, therefore, be shielded from infection.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are not particularly hard to please when it comes to potential hosts -- they've been detected in many mammal and bird species, including dogs and cats, as well as livestock like cows, chickens and pigs.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Miracle Mineral Solution can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Miracle Mineral Solution can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Miracle Mineral Solution can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, damage can spread beyond the lungs and into other organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney and parts of the neurological system.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, damage can spread beyond the lungs and into other organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney and parts of the neurological system.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, damage can spread beyond the lungs and into other organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney and parts of the neurological system.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Risk of severe infection and mortality increase with advancing age and male sex. Mortality is increased by comorbidities: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lemon and hot water can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lemon and hot water can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lemon and hot water can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There Is No Cure for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There Is No Cure for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There Is No Cure for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " UV lights can be used against other coronaviruses.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " UV lights can be used against other coronaviruses.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine might even be able to protect people who come into contact with COVID-19 patients and are therefore at higher risk of infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine might even be able to protect people who come into contact with COVID-19 patients and are therefore at higher risk of infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine might even be able to protect people who come into contact with COVID-19 patients and are therefore at higher risk of infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID 19 is so dangerous despite the low mortality rate", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is not enough evidence to know the effects of cannabis on the immune system or on the susceptibility to viral infections.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for dexamethasone as a possible treatment for Covid-19 is that the virus can trigger inflammation and an uncontrolled immune response from your body.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for dexamethasone as a possible treatment for Covid-19 is that the virus can trigger inflammation and an uncontrolled immune response from your body.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a lung infection that aggressively attacks the lungs and even leaves lung cells and tissue dead", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a lung infection that aggressively attacks the lungs and even leaves lung cells and tissue dead", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Worse? Yes it does", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Worse? Yes it does", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone, and testing may be needed to help confirm a diagnosis.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone, and testing may be needed to help confirm a diagnosis.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, children have been largely spared the worst health impacts of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The harms of tobacco use are well-established. Tobacco causes 8 million deaths every year from cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the COVID-19 pandemic still going as the country enters flu season, public health experts are urging Americans to get the flu vaccine", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": " Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the COVID-19 pandemic still going as the country enters flu season, public health experts are urging Americans to get the flu vaccine", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": "All surgery performed in an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, irrespective of the known or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) status of the patient, should be regarded as high risk and protection of the surgical team at the bedside should be at the highest level.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization has also issued a statement about smoking and COVID-19: Don't do it. There is currently insufficient information to confirm any link between tobacco or nicotine in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19, it states.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Countries with hot weather have not reported cases of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with hot weather have not reported cases of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes might flush out the coronavirus and protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes might flush out the coronavirus and protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes might flush out the coronavirus and protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone: Promising Treatment for COVID-19 Is Not a Miracle Cure", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone: Promising Treatment for COVID-19 Is Not a Miracle Cure", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the light are very effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Both the expected and worst-case scenarios are investigated to show the efficacy of the upper-room UV-C approach to reduce COVID-19 air transmission in a confined space with moderate but sufficient height.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Domestic violence is a global public health problem.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Numerous articles have reported a decrease in reports of domestic violence since quarantine began", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently no treatment has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of infected patients by COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently no treatment has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of infected patients by COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently no treatment has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of infected patients by COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can't protect against infection with SARS-CoV-2. Not only does the mask not filter out smaller aerosol particles, but air leakage also occurs through the sides of the mask as you inhale.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "an N95 mask is designed to block 95% of very small particles. Although cloth masks and N95 masks have different purposes, both are intended to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Putting sesame oil on my skin will protect me against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In no way will consumption of alcohol protect you from COVID-19 or prevent you from being infected by it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In no way will consumption of alcohol protect you from COVID-19 or prevent you from being infected by it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "health care workers interacting with a coronavirus patient should wear a heavy-duty mask called an N95 respirator. These respirators are designed to fit tightly around the nose and mouth, and, when worn correctly, block out at least 95% of small airborne particles.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts advise against using substances such as marijuana or alcohol to help reduce stress, anxiety, and loneliness while social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded around the globe, there have been a few reports of pets and other animals kept in captivity being infected.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded around the globe, there have been a few reports of pets and other animals kept in captivity being infected.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you remember, COVID-19 is a novel disease and as scientists, we need to be patient to find out its characteristics. This is why I will not say we are looking for something to cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you remember, COVID-19 is a novel disease and as scientists, we need to be patient to find out its characteristics. This is why I will not say we are looking for something to cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you remember, COVID-19 is a novel disease and as scientists, we need to be patient to find out its characteristics. This is why I will not say we are looking for something to cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do people ever recover from COVID-19?. 'People who have already got diabetes or heart disease or high blood pressure seem to be more badly affected by the disease.'", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do people ever recover from COVID-19?. 'People who have already got diabetes or heart disease or high blood pressure seem to be more badly affected by the disease.'", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do people ever recover from COVID-19?. 'People who have already got diabetes or heart disease or high blood pressure seem to be more badly affected by the disease.'", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can catch COVID-19, no matter how sunny or hot the weather is.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can catch COVID-19, no matter how sunny or hot the weather is.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "that smokers with Covid-19 are more likely to develop severe disease", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "that smokers with Covid-19 are more likely to develop severe disease", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "that smokers with Covid-19 are more likely to develop severe disease", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory disease, which can evolve into multi-organ failure (MOF), leading to death.", "Question": "which tests indicate severe covid infection?", "Evidence": " Quantitative smell testing demonstrates that decreased smell function, but not always anosmia, is a major marker for SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggests the possibility that smell testing may help, in some cases, to identify COVID-19 patients in need of early treatment or quarantine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The bradykinin storm is not mutually exclusive from the cytokine storm described in severe COVID-19 in the early stages of the pandemic.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cases in children were up more than 720 percent compared to just 270 percent for all Americans. Kids still shed virus when asymptomatic", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "airborne transmission can't be ruled out", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "airborne transmission can't be ruled out", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cytokine storm in COVID-19 may have some differences from the cytokine storms in other clinical settings.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cytokine storm in COVID-19 may have some differences from the cytokine storms in other clinical settings.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cytokine storm in COVID-19 may have some differences from the cytokine storms in other clinical settings.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, you should wear coronavirus outside if you're in a crowded area.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are risks that come with using UV light devices, especially when using them on your skin.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "sars-cov-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. sars-cov-2 is the strain of coronavirus that causes the covid-19 disease.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "sars-cov-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. sars-cov-2 is the strain of coronavirus that causes the covid-19 disease.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Is Affordable and Promising in Treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Is Affordable and Promising in Treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light sanitizers are effective in killing coronavirus on our hands and phones", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light sanitizers are effective in killing coronavirus on our hands and phones", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light sanitizers are effective in killing coronavirus on our hands and phones", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who suspect they have COVID-19 (the name of the illness caused by novel coronavirus) and who need symptom relief take paracetamol, better known in Canada and the U.S. as acetaminophen (brand name Tylenol).", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sesame oil does not kill this coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, research investigating garlic's antiviral properties is limited. Though garlic is considered to be a healthy food, there's no evidence showing that eating it can prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, mesh masks won't protect you from the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, mesh masks won't protect you from the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks may be better protection than vaccines", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight (UV light) can kill the virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) prevent the COVID-19 virus cure COVID-19.  ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) prevent the COVID-19 virus cure COVID-19.  ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) prevent the COVID-19 virus cure COVID-19.  ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A drug developed over half a century ago to treat malaria is showing signs that it may also help cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most protective masks, N95 respirators, block 95% of tiny particles, including viruses", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The symptoms of COVID-19, including fever and cough", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol use, especially heavy use, weakens the immune system and thus reduces the ability to cope with infectious diseases", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The response to the ongoing pandemic has caused many people to become trapped with abusive partners.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold. No, it is in the same family as the common cold, but it is believed that the COVID-19 virus originated with bats and later transferred to humans. Common cold viruses utilize humans as their primary hosts.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold. No, it is in the same family as the common cold, but it is believed that the COVID-19 virus originated with bats and later transferred to humans. Common cold viruses utilize humans as their primary hosts.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "we've learned that children are not immune to the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cats generally don't show signs of illness from COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children May Be Silent Carriers of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Saline nasal rinses will protect me against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There has been huge speculation and uncertainty about the role of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19, but an absence of reliable information from large randomised trials.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "I don't think that there's any convincing evidence that smoking protects against coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can NOT Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Children at Low Risk for Severe COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling steam will not treat or cure novel coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Distinguishing medicinal nicotine treatment from cigarette smoking for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is critical: simply stated, smoking has no therapeutic role.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young and healthy people are in low risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV lights kill up to 99.9% of a room's airborne pathogens (coronavirus) in minutes.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New study will test whether nicotine patches can keep the coronavirus away.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and its sister drug chloroquine are under investigation for treatment of the COVID-19 coronavirus disease; Korean doctors used these anti-malaria drugs to treat COVID-19 with some success, according to a paper filed with Elsevier in March 2020, but effectiveness is unproven.Hydroxychloroquine is classified as an anti-malarial drug.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking. Scientists are still learning about the disease, but we know that smoking weakens the immune system, which makes it harder for your body to fight disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV Light on Airplanes Could Prevent Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some researchers have already keyed in on the well-established fact that nicotine is not responsible for the grave health effects of smoking, and have begun experimenting with nicotine as a treatment [4] and prevention tactic for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the primary threat posed by COVID-19 is to people's physical health, the pandemic is also taking its toll on economies, social and cultural activities, and people's mental health.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To date, there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}