{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears increase COVID-19 mortality rates ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears increase COVID-19 mortality rates ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears increase COVID-19 mortality rates ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears increase COVID-19 mortality rates ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Vitamin C Protect You from COVID-19?", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Vitamin C Protect You from COVID-19?", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Vitamin C Protect You from COVID-19?", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Vitamin C Protect You from COVID-19?", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, the novel coronavirus can survive on surfaces. No, it doesn't seem to matter.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, the novel coronavirus can survive on surfaces. No, it doesn't seem to matter.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, the novel coronavirus can survive on surfaces. No, it doesn't seem to matter.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, the novel coronavirus can survive on surfaces. No, it doesn't seem to matter.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data has shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and can spread it to other cats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data has shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and can spread it to other cats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data has shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and can spread it to other cats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data has shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and can spread it to other cats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Consumption of alcohol will not kill the virus in the inhaled air; it will not disinfect your mouth and throat; and it will not give you any kind of protection against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consumption of alcohol will not kill the virus in the inhaled air; it will not disinfect your mouth and throat; and it will not give you any kind of protection against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consumption of alcohol will not kill the virus in the inhaled air; it will not disinfect your mouth and throat; and it will not give you any kind of protection against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Traditional medicines involving plant-based formulations have proven successful in boosting immunity and providing tolerance to virus infections.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 disease can infect anyone at any age. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, COPD, diabetes and heart disease appear to be more at risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 disease can infect anyone at any age. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, COPD, diabetes and heart disease appear to be more at risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 disease can infect anyone at any age. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, COPD, diabetes and heart disease appear to be more at risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 disease can infect anyone at any age. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, COPD, diabetes and heart disease appear to be more at risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "By curbing inflammation, the drug could help people whose immune systems have become overactive through a process called a cytokine storm, which can cause severe COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live on a surgical mask for 7 days, cloth for 2 days, and paper for 3 hours. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live on a surgical mask for 7 days, cloth for 2 days, and paper for 3 hours. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live on a surgical mask for 7 days, cloth for 2 days, and paper for 3 hours. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live on a surgical mask for 7 days, cloth for 2 days, and paper for 3 hours. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, kids can get COVID-19", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight out of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, kids can get COVID-19", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More than 3 lung segments involved were associated with greater risk of development of severe COVID-19 in children. Moreover, the possible risk of the elevation of IL-6, high total bilirubin and D-dimer with univariable analysis could identify patients to be severe earlier.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, kids can get COVID-19", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected people from all cultures, religions, gender, and age groups around the world.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, kids can get COVID-19", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evolving evidence of significant differences in severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children compared to adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is currently not enough evidence to support the effectiveness of face shields for source control", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is currently not enough evidence to support the effectiveness of face shields for source control", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is currently not enough evidence to support the effectiveness of face shields for source control", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is currently not enough evidence to support the effectiveness of face shields for source control", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D may improve odds of survival from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D may improve odds of survival from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D may improve odds of survival from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D may improve odds of survival from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms for covid-19: include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. These appear as soon as 2 days, or as long as 14 days, after exposure to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light is the latest popular tool in the ongoing race to find ways to prevent oneself from catching SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light is the latest popular tool in the ongoing race to find ways to prevent oneself from catching SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers were statistically less likely to be admitted for treatment for Covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers were statistically less likely to be admitted for treatment for Covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers were statistically less likely to be admitted for treatment for Covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers were statistically less likely to be admitted for treatment for Covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "not all masks confer equal levels of protection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "not all masks confer equal levels of protection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "not all masks confer equal levels of protection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "not all masks confer equal levels of protection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "headache was a symptom in some COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headache was a symptom in some COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "headache was a symptom in some COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headache was a symptom in some COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus be transmitted over surfaces? Yes. ", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infections have, in part, successfully been treated in China by preparations from traditional Chinese medicine", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus be transmitted over surfaces? Yes. ", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Intensified research and development, and therefore funding, are needed for exploiting nature's reservoir against viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus be transmitted over surfaces? Yes. ", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As no vaccine is available for COVID-19, the development of directly acting antiviral agents and preventive strategies have to be considered.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus be transmitted over surfaces? Yes. ", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, no COVID-19 specific treatments have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Understanding these immune changes may help in finding treatments that work for older COVID-19 patients, but, it may also help younger people who may have some of the same problems without knowing it.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the lack of Vitamin D make you more susceptible to the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the lack of Vitamin D make you more susceptible to the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the lack of Vitamin D make you more susceptible to the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the lack of Vitamin D make you more susceptible to the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus does not cause heart Damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus does not cause heart Damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus does not cause heart Damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus does not cause heart Damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Before preparing or eating food it is important to always wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds for general food safety.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Before preparing or eating food it is important to always wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds for general food safety.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "The need for developing respective bioanalytical protocols for food and environmental safety applications to adapt in the post-lockdown period is also highlighted.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Before preparing or eating food it is important to always wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds for general food safety.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Before preparing or eating food it is important to always wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds for general food safety.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "HVAC systems can spread the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have any of the main symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19), get a test as soon as possible.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have any of the main symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19), get a test as soon as possible.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have any of the main symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19), get a test as soon as possible.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have any of the main symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19), get a test as soon as possible.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dry indoor air may encourage Coronavirus spread", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a person can also get the coronavirus if they touch a surface or object that has viral particles on it and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a person can also get the coronavirus if they touch a surface or object that has viral particles on it and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a person can also get the coronavirus if they touch a surface or object that has viral particles on it and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a person can also get the coronavirus if they touch a surface or object that has viral particles on it and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A lot has been written around the novel Coronavirus and how it impacts lungs, but in recent few months, experts have observed a rise in cardiac arrest cases during the pandemic.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A lot has been written around the novel Coronavirus and how it impacts lungs, but in recent few months, experts have observed a rise in cardiac arrest cases during the pandemic.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A lot has been written around the novel Coronavirus and how it impacts lungs, but in recent few months, experts have observed a rise in cardiac arrest cases during the pandemic.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A lot has been written around the novel Coronavirus and how it impacts lungs, but in recent few months, experts have observed a rise in cardiac arrest cases during the pandemic.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is no evidence that infected animals can spread COVID-19 to humans, some pet owners might be concerned, understandably so, that their pet could become infected with COVID-19 and fall ill.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there is no evidence that infected animals can spread COVID-19 to humans, some pet owners might be concerned, understandably so, that their pet could become infected with COVID-19 and fall ill.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there is no evidence that infected animals can spread COVID-19 to humans, some pet owners might be concerned, understandably so, that their pet could become infected with COVID-19 and fall ill.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread. However, due to the widespread host diversity, a detailed examination of the role of animals in this pandemic is essential to effectively fight against the outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is no evidence that infected animals can spread COVID-19 to humans, some pet owners might be concerned, understandably so, that their pet could become infected with COVID-19 and fall ill.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C can prevent or treat COVID-19 (coronavirus)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C can prevent or treat COVID-19 (coronavirus)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C can prevent or treat COVID-19 (coronavirus)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C can prevent or treat COVID-19 (coronavirus)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wet weather can kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people may acquire SARS-CoV-2 through the air and after touching contaminated objects. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people may acquire SARS-CoV-2 through the air and after touching contaminated objects. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people may acquire SARS-CoV-2 through the air and after touching contaminated objects. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people may acquire SARS-CoV-2 through the air and after touching contaminated objects. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is evidence that routine use of ibuprofen associated with higher covid-19 mortality", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is evidence that routine use of ibuprofen associated with higher covid-19 mortality", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is evidence that routine use of ibuprofen associated with higher covid-19 mortality", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is evidence that routine use of ibuprofen associated with higher covid-19 mortality", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks protect me from COVID-19 or just prevent me from ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is safe for you to defer taking anti-fever like ibuprofen medicines for minor illnesses.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe for you to defer taking anti-fever like ibuprofen medicines for minor illnesses.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe for you to defer taking anti-fever like ibuprofen medicines for minor illnesses.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe for you to defer taking anti-fever like ibuprofen medicines for minor illnesses.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "around 40% of people who contract SARS-CoV-2 most likely remain symptom-free.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "around 40% of people who contract SARS-CoV-2 most likely remain symptom-free.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "around 40% of people who contract SARS-CoV-2 most likely remain symptom-free.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "around 40% of people who contract SARS-CoV-2 most likely remain symptom-free.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "warmer weather slow coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "diabetes more than doubles your risk of dying from coronavirus.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "diabetes more than doubles your risk of dying from coronavirus.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes more than doubles your risk of dying from coronavirus.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes more than doubles your risk of dying from coronavirus.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus deaths in people with diabetes Data from NHS England in May showed us that, for those who become so unwell with coronavirus that they need to go to hospital, the risk of dying is higher for people living with diabetes than people without the condition.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus deaths in people with diabetes Data from NHS England in May showed us that, for those who become so unwell with coronavirus that they need to go to hospital, the risk of dying is higher for people living with diabetes than people without the condition.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus deaths in people with diabetes Data from NHS England in May showed us that, for those who become so unwell with coronavirus that they need to go to hospital, the risk of dying is higher for people living with diabetes than people without the condition.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus deaths in people with diabetes Data from NHS England in May showed us that, for those who become so unwell with coronavirus that they need to go to hospital, the risk of dying is higher for people living with diabetes than people without the condition.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "'Social distancing' could help stop coronavirus spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tests have confirmed that two hand sanitizer formulations recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) inactivate the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tests have confirmed that two hand sanitizer formulations recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) inactivate the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tests have confirmed that two hand sanitizer formulations recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) inactivate the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tests have confirmed that two hand sanitizer formulations recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) inactivate the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can dogs and cats get coronavirus ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can dogs and cats get coronavirus ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can dogs and cats get coronavirus ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can dogs and cats get coronavirus ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reports hypertension may be risk factor for people who get infected with the coronavirus, experts says there's not enough evidence to support that fear.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reports hypertension may be risk factor for people who get infected with the coronavirus, experts says there's not enough evidence to support that fear.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reports hypertension may be risk factor for people who get infected with the coronavirus, experts says there's not enough evidence to support that fear.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reports hypertension may be risk factor for people who get infected with the coronavirus, experts says there's not enough evidence to support that fear.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's an evidence that pets are playing a role in spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's an evidence that pets are playing a role in spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's an evidence that pets are playing a role in spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's an evidence that pets are playing a role in spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High doses of Vitamin C effectively treat coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High doses of Vitamin C effectively treat coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High doses of Vitamin C effectively treat coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High doses of Vitamin C effectively treat coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Still, supplementation like vitamin d is not a bad idea to fight covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Still, supplementation like vitamin d is not a bad idea to fight covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Still, supplementation like vitamin d is not a bad idea to fight covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Still, supplementation like vitamin d is not a bad idea to fight covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is also growing evidence that smaller particles called aerosols can hang in the air longer and travel farther.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is also growing evidence that smaller particles called aerosols can hang in the air longer and travel farther.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is also growing evidence that smaller particles called aerosols can hang in the air longer and travel farther.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is also growing evidence that smaller particles called aerosols can hang in the air longer and travel farther.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot matcha green tea (with EGCG) can do magic for covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot matcha green tea (with EGCG) can do magic for covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot matcha green tea (with EGCG) can do magic for covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot matcha green tea (with EGCG) can do magic for covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been extensive randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, and meta-analysis reviews of RCT studies, which all show that masks and respirators do not work to prevent respiratory influenza-like illnesses, or respiratory illnesses believed to be transmitted by droplets and aerosol particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C cures COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C cures COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C cures COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C cures COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "What are the best antibiotics for the coronavirus? None whatsoever.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "What are the best antibiotics for the coronavirus? None whatsoever.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What are the best antibiotics for the coronavirus? None whatsoever.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in some people with severe COVID-19, the body goes rogue and attacks one of its own key immune defenses instead of the coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die: No.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die: No.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die: No.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die: No.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking boiled garlic water will cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking boiled garlic water will cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking boiled garlic water will cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking boiled garlic water will cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Low Vitamin D Levels Tied to Odds for Severe COVID", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Low Vitamin D Levels Tied to Odds for Severe COVID", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Low Vitamin D Levels Tied to Odds for Severe COVID", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Low Vitamin D Levels Tied to Odds for Severe COVID", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart damage lingers in COVID-19 patients, even after recovery", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart damage lingers in COVID-19 patients, even after recovery", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart damage lingers in COVID-19 patients, even after recovery", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart damage lingers in COVID-19 patients, even after recovery", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can be prevented by having millets in one's diet because it generates heat in the body.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can be prevented by having millets in one's diet because it generates heat in the body.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can be prevented by having millets in one's diet because it generates heat in the body.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can be prevented by having millets in one's diet because it generates heat in the body.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering that SARS-CoV-2 cannot tolerate temperatures above 70 C, here we designed and fabricated efficient filters based on heated nickel (Ni) foam to catch and kill SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A few cats have reportedly tested positive for COVID-19 after they came into contact with people who were infected. They include pet cats and zoo animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few cats have reportedly tested positive for COVID-19 after they came into contact with people who were infected. They include pet cats and zoo animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few cats have reportedly tested positive for COVID-19 after they came into contact with people who were infected. They include pet cats and zoo animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few cats have reportedly tested positive for COVID-19 after they came into contact with people who were infected. They include pet cats and zoo animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect organs throughout the body, including lungs, throat, heart, liver, brain, kidneys and the intestines", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 spread all over the world becoming a pandemic illness, researchers have better characterized route of virus transmissibility and clinical signs and symptoms of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect organs throughout the body, including lungs, throat, heart, liver, brain, kidneys and the intestines", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect organs throughout the body, including lungs, throat, heart, liver, brain, kidneys and the intestines", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus) indicate that the virus is targeting the endothelium, one of the largest organs in the human body.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect organs throughout the body, including lungs, throat, heart, liver, brain, kidneys and the intestines", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the virus, but about 14% of people infected with corna have experienced it", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the virus, but about 14% of people infected with corna have experienced it", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the virus, but about 14% of people infected with corna have experienced it", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the virus, but about 14% of people infected with corna have experienced it", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Since patients treated with ACEIs and ARBS will have increased numbers of ACE2 receptors in their lungs for coronavirus S proteins to bind to, they may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2infections", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Since patients treated with ACEIs and ARBS will have increased numbers of ACE2 receptors in their lungs for coronavirus S proteins to bind to, they may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2infections", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Since patients treated with ACEIs and ARBS will have increased numbers of ACE2 receptors in their lungs for coronavirus S proteins to bind to, they may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2infections", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Since patients treated with ACEIs and ARBS will have increased numbers of ACE2 receptors in their lungs for coronavirus S proteins to bind to, they may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2infections", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "budesonide, commonly prescribed in the United States under the name Pulmicort, is a good treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "budesonide, commonly prescribed in the United States under the name Pulmicort, is a good treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Many drugs have shown promise for treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "budesonide, commonly prescribed in the United States under the name Pulmicort, is a good treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "budesonide, commonly prescribed in the United States under the name Pulmicort, is a good treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS MAY IMPACT COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS MAY IMPACT COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS MAY IMPACT COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS MAY IMPACT COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another candidate vaccine, called CoronaVac , being developed by Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech, protected rhesus macaque monkeys from infection with the novel coronavirus,", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings may contribute to the design of an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another candidate vaccine, called CoronaVac , being developed by Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech, protected rhesus macaque monkeys from infection with the novel coronavirus,", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another candidate vaccine, called CoronaVac , being developed by Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech, protected rhesus macaque monkeys from infection with the novel coronavirus,", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another candidate vaccine, called CoronaVac , being developed by Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech, protected rhesus macaque monkeys from infection with the novel coronavirus,", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus may cause migraine attacks. Headaches in general may be a symptom. Learn more about the new coronavirus, migraine, and COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus may cause migraine attacks. Headaches in general may be a symptom. Learn more about the new coronavirus, migraine, and COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 can result in acute interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, leucopenia (with lymphopenia) and thrombocytopenia, also seen in rheumatic diseases like lupus and Sjogrens syndrome.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus may cause migraine attacks. Headaches in general may be a symptom. Learn more about the new coronavirus, migraine, and COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Since there is still no definitive conclusion regarding which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most effective and safe in viral respiratory infections, we decided to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various NSAIDs in viral respiratory infections so that we can reach a conclusion on which NSAID is best choice for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus may cause migraine attacks. Headaches in general may be a symptom. Learn more about the new coronavirus, migraine, and COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there's actually elevated transmission during the winter months from COVID.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who died of COVID-19, acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can we get the virus from our pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can we get the virus from our pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can we get the virus from our pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can we get the virus from our pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face coverings in public can stop spreading coronanvirus when social distancing is difficult. This advice is based on evidence that people with COVID-19 can transmit the COVID-19 virus before they realize they have it.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face coverings in public can stop spreading coronanvirus when social distancing is difficult. This advice is based on evidence that people with COVID-19 can transmit the COVID-19 virus before they realize they have it.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face coverings in public can stop spreading coronanvirus when social distancing is difficult. This advice is based on evidence that people with COVID-19 can transmit the COVID-19 virus before they realize they have it.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face coverings in public can stop spreading coronanvirus when social distancing is difficult. This advice is based on evidence that people with COVID-19 can transmit the COVID-19 virus before they realize they have it.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Primary, Not Only, Cause of 94% of Deaths", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people can spread coronavirus even if they don't have symptoms (called asymptomatic) or before they have symptoms (called presymptomatic).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people can spread coronavirus even if they don't have symptoms (called asymptomatic) or before they have symptoms (called presymptomatic).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people can spread coronavirus even if they don't have symptoms (called asymptomatic) or before they have symptoms (called presymptomatic).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people can spread coronavirus even if they don't have symptoms (called asymptomatic) or before they have symptoms (called presymptomatic).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The brain is another complicated organ that may be affected by the virus. People with COVID-19 have had strokes and seizures.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 spread all over the world becoming a pandemic illness, researchers have better characterized route of virus transmissibility and clinical signs and symptoms of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The brain is another complicated organ that may be affected by the virus. People with COVID-19 have had strokes and seizures.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The brain is another complicated organ that may be affected by the virus. People with COVID-19 have had strokes and seizures.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The brain is another complicated organ that may be affected by the virus. People with COVID-19 have had strokes and seizures.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "children are unlikely to die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are unlikely to die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are unlikely to die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are unlikely to die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The populations at highest risk of severe cases of COVID-19 (the elderly and those with underlying health conditions) and the timing of the outbreak (end of winter in the Northern Hemisphere when population Vitamin D levels are typically lowest) are consistent with deficient Vitamin D status being a risk factor for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The populations at highest risk of severe cases of COVID-19 (the elderly and those with underlying health conditions) and the timing of the outbreak (end of winter in the Northern Hemisphere when population Vitamin D levels are typically lowest) are consistent with deficient Vitamin D status being a risk factor for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The populations at highest risk of severe cases of COVID-19 (the elderly and those with underlying health conditions) and the timing of the outbreak (end of winter in the Northern Hemisphere when population Vitamin D levels are typically lowest) are consistent with deficient Vitamin D status being a risk factor for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The populations at highest risk of severe cases of COVID-19 (the elderly and those with underlying health conditions) and the timing of the outbreak (end of winter in the Northern Hemisphere when population Vitamin D levels are typically lowest) are consistent with deficient Vitamin D status being a risk factor for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 can spread between people interacting in close proximity - for example, speaking, coughing, sneezing, or singing- even if those people do not symptoms", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 can spread between people interacting in close proximity - for example, speaking, coughing, sneezing, or singing- even if those people do not symptoms", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 can spread between people interacting in close proximity - for example, speaking, coughing, sneezing, or singing- even if those people do not symptoms", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 can spread between people interacting in close proximity - for example, speaking, coughing, sneezing, or singing- even if those people do not symptoms", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea can stop the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea can stop the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea can stop the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea can stop the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is this right-should everyone be wearing N95 respiratory masks to stay safe from the coronavirus? In a word, no.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is this right-should everyone be wearing N95 respiratory masks to stay safe from the coronavirus? In a word, no.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is this right-should everyone be wearing N95 respiratory masks to stay safe from the coronavirus? In a word, no.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is this right-should everyone be wearing N95 respiratory masks to stay safe from the coronavirus? In a word, no.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe coronavirus cases may start with body aches", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe coronavirus cases may start with body aches", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe coronavirus cases may start with body aches", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe coronavirus cases may start with body aches", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can people who are asymptomatic spread coronavirus? The answer is NO", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can people who are asymptomatic spread coronavirus? The answer is NO", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can people who are asymptomatic spread coronavirus? The answer is NO", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can people who are asymptomatic spread coronavirus? The answer is NO", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could be giving people Covid-19 immunity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could be giving people Covid-19 immunity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could be giving people Covid-19 immunity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could be giving people Covid-19 immunity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 patients, this decision might be influenced by known individual preferences.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing is the most effective measure of containing the spread of the new coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "even wearing non-medical grade masks or face coverings would have a profound effect in limiting coronavirus transmission", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "even wearing non-medical grade masks or face coverings would have a profound effect in limiting coronavirus transmission", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "even wearing non-medical grade masks or face coverings would have a profound effect in limiting coronavirus transmission", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "even wearing non-medical grade masks or face coverings would have a profound effect in limiting coronavirus transmission", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C supports your immune system.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C supports your immune system.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C supports your immune system.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C supports your immune system.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can make coronavirus worse", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can make coronavirus worse", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus may originated in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are a large family of different viruses and have coexisted with humans for a long time. The leap from animals to humans, however, coronavirus is new", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young and healthy peope are in low risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it safe to take acetaminophen/Tylenol to treat coronavirus symptoms? yes it is.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it safe to take acetaminophen/Tylenol to treat coronavirus symptoms? yes it is.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it safe to take acetaminophen/Tylenol to treat coronavirus symptoms? yes it is.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it safe to take acetaminophen/Tylenol to treat coronavirus symptoms? yes it is.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can be spread through mosquito bites", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can be spread through mosquito bites", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can be spread through mosquito bites", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can be spread through mosquito bites", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin Deficiency May Raise Risk of Serious COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin Deficiency May Raise Risk of Serious COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin Deficiency May Raise Risk of Serious COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin Deficiency May Raise Risk of Serious COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol (acetaminophen) is only effective at relieving pain and fever, but Advil (ibuprofen) relieves inflammation in addition to pain and fever.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol (acetaminophen) is only effective at relieving pain and fever, but Advil (ibuprofen) relieves inflammation in addition to pain and fever.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol (acetaminophen) is only effective at relieving pain and fever, but Advil (ibuprofen) relieves inflammation in addition to pain and fever.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol (acetaminophen) is only effective at relieving pain and fever, but Advil (ibuprofen) relieves inflammation in addition to pain and fever.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "simple cloth face coverings help prevent transmission of COVID-19 by people who have the virus but don't know it", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "simple cloth face coverings help prevent transmission of COVID-19 by people who have the virus but don't know it", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "simple cloth face coverings help prevent transmission of COVID-19 by people who have the virus but don't know it", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "simple cloth face coverings help prevent transmission of COVID-19 by people who have the virus but don't know it", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is crucial for preventing the spread of contagious illnesses such as COVID-19 (coronavirus). COVID-19 can spread through coughing, sneezing and close contact. By minimizing the amount of close contact we have with others, we reduce our chances of catching the virus and spreading it to our loved ones and within our community.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data shows dogs can become infected, but do not seem to show symptoms and it is not thought they spread the COVID-19 virus effectively.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data shows dogs can become infected, but do not seem to show symptoms and it is not thought they spread the COVID-19 virus effectively.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data shows dogs can become infected, but do not seem to show symptoms and it is not thought they spread the COVID-19 virus effectively.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientific data shows dogs can become infected, but do not seem to show symptoms and it is not thought they spread the COVID-19 virus effectively.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "0% Isopropyl Alcohol Is a Better Disinfectant Than 99% Isopropyl Alcohol When It Comes to COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "0% Isopropyl Alcohol Is a Better Disinfectant Than 99% Isopropyl Alcohol When It Comes to COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "0% Isopropyl Alcohol Is a Better Disinfectant Than 99% Isopropyl Alcohol When It Comes to COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "0% Isopropyl Alcohol Is a Better Disinfectant Than 99% Isopropyl Alcohol When It Comes to COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 appears to be more contagious and to spread more quickly than the flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 appears to be more contagious and to spread more quickly than the flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have found that remdesivir is highly effective at fighting the novel coronavirus in isolated cells", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have found that remdesivir is highly effective at fighting the novel coronavirus in isolated cells", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have found that remdesivir is highly effective at fighting the novel coronavirus in isolated cells", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have found that remdesivir is highly effective at fighting the novel coronavirus in isolated cells", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only people with symptoms can spread the the new coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only people with symptoms can spread the the new coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only people with symptoms can spread the the new coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only people with symptoms can spread the the new coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots appears to be the cause of death in some younger patients under the age of 50.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Natural herbal remedies have long been the main, if not the only, remedy in the oral tradition for treating illnesses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, no COVID-19 specific treatments have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs linked to lower Covid-19 mortality", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs linked to lower Covid-19 mortality", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs linked to lower Covid-19 mortality", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs linked to lower Covid-19 mortality", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people develop abdominal discomfort or nausea when calcium gets too high", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people develop abdominal discomfort or nausea when calcium gets too high", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people develop abdominal discomfort or nausea when calcium gets too high", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people develop abdominal discomfort or nausea when calcium gets too high", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can boost the immune system enough to prevent healthcare workers from catching coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can boost the immune system enough to prevent healthcare workers from catching coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can boost the immune system enough to prevent healthcare workers from catching coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can boost the immune system enough to prevent healthcare workers from catching coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Animals don't appear to play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Animals don't appear to play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Animals don't appear to play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Animals don't appear to play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To explore the extent of animal-related transmission, we aggregated 17 case reports on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals as of 15 May 2020. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask do not stopped person-to-person spread of the virus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask do not stopped person-to-person spread of the virus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask do not stopped person-to-person spread of the virus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask do not stopped person-to-person spread of the virus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion can help improve the prognosis of patients with SARI.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion can help improve the prognosis of patients with SARI.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion can help improve the prognosis of patients with SARI.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion can help improve the prognosis of patients with SARI.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G networks facilitate the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G networks facilitate the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks facilitate the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks facilitate the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In covid-19 patients especially old people, those who had sufficient levels of vitamin D were more than 51% less likely to die than patients who were deficient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In covid-19 patients especially old people, those who had sufficient levels of vitamin D were more than 51% less likely to die than patients who were deficient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In covid-19 patients especially old people, those who had sufficient levels of vitamin D were more than 51% less likely to die than patients who were deficient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In covid-19 patients especially old people, those who had sufficient levels of vitamin D were more than 51% less likely to die than patients who were deficient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "First of all, Covid-19 is just one coronavirus of many", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "First of all, Covid-19 is just one coronavirus of many", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "First of all, Covid-19 is just one coronavirus of many", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "First of all, Covid-19 is just one coronavirus of many", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take ibuprofen for body aches, headaches, or chronic health conditions, such as arthritis or lupus.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take ibuprofen for body aches, headaches, or chronic health conditions, such as arthritis or lupus.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take ibuprofen for body aches, headaches, or chronic health conditions, such as arthritis or lupus.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People may take ibuprofen for body aches, headaches, or chronic health conditions, such as arthritis or lupus.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Advil and Motrin can make COVID-19 symptoms worse.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Advil and Motrin can make COVID-19 symptoms worse.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Advil and Motrin can make COVID-19 symptoms worse.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Advil and Motrin can make COVID-19 symptoms worse.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers think that a special strain of cannabis might potentially be a valuable tool in the fight against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers think that a special strain of cannabis might potentially be a valuable tool in the fight against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers think that a special strain of cannabis might potentially be a valuable tool in the fight against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers think that a special strain of cannabis might potentially be a valuable tool in the fight against COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Mask wearing and social distancing for COVID-19 may be slowing influenza spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do you need hand sanitizer to effectively fight COVID-19? Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the most effective way of fighting coronavirus is using soap and water to wash your hands", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do you need hand sanitizer to effectively fight COVID-19? Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the most effective way of fighting coronavirus is using soap and water to wash your hands", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do you need hand sanitizer to effectively fight COVID-19? Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the most effective way of fighting coronavirus is using soap and water to wash your hands", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do you need hand sanitizer to effectively fight COVID-19? Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the most effective way of fighting coronavirus is using soap and water to wash your hands", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no clinical evidence on vitamin D in COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no clinical evidence on vitamin D in COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no clinical evidence on vitamin D in COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no clinical evidence on vitamin D in COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine safe? Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are generally considered safe when taken for conditions that they have been approved for.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine safe? Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are generally considered safe when taken for conditions that they have been approved for.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine safe? Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are generally considered safe when taken for conditions that they have been approved for.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine safe? Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are generally considered safe when taken for conditions that they have been approved for.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "all hand sanitizers works against covid-19 ", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "all hand sanitizers works against covid-19 ", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "all hand sanitizers works against covid-19 ", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "all hand sanitizers works against covid-19 ", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are infected but do not show symptoms can also spread the virus to others. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CT changes consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia can be observed in asymptomatic patients, as well as mild damage to the immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The science is clear: Face masks can prevent coronavirus transmission and save lives.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The science is clear: Face masks can prevent coronavirus transmission and save lives.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The science is clear: Face masks can prevent coronavirus transmission and save lives.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The science is clear: Face masks can prevent coronavirus transmission and save lives.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus spread 'should not be blamed on young people'", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus spread 'should not be blamed on young people'", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus spread 'should not be blamed on young people'", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus spread 'should not be blamed on young people'", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir and COVID-19:New data suggests the experimental drug can shorten how long people are sick", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir and COVID-19:New data suggests the experimental drug can shorten how long people are sick", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir and COVID-19:New data suggests the experimental drug can shorten how long people are sick", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any use, and its safety and efficacy have not been established.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any use, and its safety and efficacy have not been established.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any use, and its safety and efficacy have not been established.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any use, and its safety and efficacy have not been established.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people with diabetes, a disease that affects the body's ability to produce or use the hormone insulin to reduce glucose (sugar) in the blood, may be concerned about being at higher risk of getting COVID-19. However, this is a misconception.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people with diabetes, a disease that affects the body's ability to produce or use the hormone insulin to reduce glucose (sugar) in the blood, may be concerned about being at higher risk of getting COVID-19. However, this is a misconception.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people with diabetes, a disease that affects the body's ability to produce or use the hormone insulin to reduce glucose (sugar) in the blood, may be concerned about being at higher risk of getting COVID-19. However, this is a misconception.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people with diabetes, a disease that affects the body's ability to produce or use the hormone insulin to reduce glucose (sugar) in the blood, may be concerned about being at higher risk of getting COVID-19. However, this is a misconception.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Despite some of the same symptoms, the similarities between Lyme disease and COVID-19 stop there. The biggest difference, is the site of entry into the body for both illnesses.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Despite some of the same symptoms, the similarities between Lyme disease and COVID-19 stop there. The biggest difference, is the site of entry into the body for both illnesses.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Despite some of the same symptoms, the similarities between Lyme disease and COVID-19 stop there. The biggest difference, is the site of entry into the body for both illnesses.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVED-19, previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia) was first discovered in December 2019 and spread widely in China and all over the world in 2020", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "all workers wear face coverings to prevent the spread of their respiratory droplets. This is because people can spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by coughing, sneezing, or talking-even if they do not feel sick.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "all workers wear face coverings to prevent the spread of their respiratory droplets. This is because people can spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by coughing, sneezing, or talking-even if they do not feel sick.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "all workers wear face coverings to prevent the spread of their respiratory droplets. This is because people can spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by coughing, sneezing, or talking-even if they do not feel sick.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "all workers wear face coverings to prevent the spread of their respiratory droplets. This is because people can spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by coughing, sneezing, or talking-even if they do not feel sick.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doubles Coronavirus Death Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doubles Coronavirus Death Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doubles Coronavirus Death Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doubles Coronavirus Death Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ultraviolet light kill the coronavirus ? No", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ultraviolet light kill the coronavirus ? No", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ultraviolet light kill the coronavirus ? No", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ultraviolet light kill the coronavirus ? No", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several recent studies have looked at the impact of vitamin D on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several recent studies have looked at the impact of vitamin D on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several recent studies have looked at the impact of vitamin D on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several recent studies have looked at the impact of vitamin D on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "certain marijuana strains could possibly prevent COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "certain marijuana strains could possibly prevent COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "certain marijuana strains could possibly prevent COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "certain marijuana strains could possibly prevent COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone cures covid-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone cures covid-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone cures covid-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The antiviral drug remdesivir has been one of the few treatments that's seemed to help curb death rates in COVID-19 patients so ill that they need a ventilator.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The antiviral drug remdesivir has been one of the few treatments that's seemed to help curb death rates in COVID-19 patients so ill that they need a ventilator.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The antiviral drug remdesivir has been one of the few treatments that's seemed to help curb death rates in COVID-19 patients so ill that they need a ventilator.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The antiviral drug remdesivir has been one of the few treatments that's seemed to help curb death rates in COVID-19 patients so ill that they need a ventilator.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ideal weather conditions may have helped coronavirus thrive", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies on the use of available vaccines, including BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine), to develop immunity against this virus are also underway. Specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are also being developed in many laboratories across the world. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "National Academies Press. Rapid expert consultation on the effectiveness of fabric masks for the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you do get COVID-19, the infection could put you at greater risk for diabetes complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA happens when high levels of acids called ketones build up in your blood. It can be very serious.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you do get COVID-19, the infection could put you at greater risk for diabetes complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA happens when high levels of acids called ketones build up in your blood. It can be very serious.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you do get COVID-19, the infection could put you at greater risk for diabetes complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA happens when high levels of acids called ketones build up in your blood. It can be very serious.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you do get COVID-19, the infection could put you at greater risk for diabetes complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA happens when high levels of acids called ketones build up in your blood. It can be very serious.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid 19 is different from the flu", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid 19 is different from the flu", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The use of ACE inhibitors was associated with an almost 40% lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization for the older, Medicare Advantage patients - but there was no significant difference in risk for the younger, commercially insured patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The use of ACE inhibitors was associated with an almost 40% lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization for the older, Medicare Advantage patients - but there was no significant difference in risk for the younger, commercially insured patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ACE inhibitors was associated with an almost 40% lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization for the older, Medicare Advantage patients - but there was no significant difference in risk for the younger, commercially insured patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The use of ACE inhibitors was associated with an almost 40% lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization for the older, Medicare Advantage patients - but there was no significant difference in risk for the younger, commercially insured patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS increase COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS increase COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS increase COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D LEVELS increase COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C helps to kill the virus and reduces the symptoms of infection. It's not a COVID \"cure,\" but nothing is", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C helps to kill the virus and reduces the symptoms of infection. It's not a COVID \"cure,\" but nothing is", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C helps to kill the virus and reduces the symptoms of infection. It's not a COVID \"cure,\" but nothing is", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C helps to kill the virus and reduces the symptoms of infection. It's not a COVID \"cure,\" but nothing is", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drugs for high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 worse", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs for high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 worse", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs for high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 worse", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs for high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 worse", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 rarely spreads between people and animals", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "studies have shown that a deficiency of the nutrient (vitamin D) is linked to higher risk of severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "studies have shown that a deficiency of the nutrient (vitamin D) is linked to higher risk of severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "studies have shown that a deficiency of the nutrient (vitamin D) is linked to higher risk of severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can my pet spread the coronavirus? Yes it can", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can my pet spread the coronavirus? Yes it can", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can my pet spread the coronavirus? Yes it can", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can my pet spread the coronavirus? Yes it can", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen may not be effective for COVID-19", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "There are currently no approved medications or vaccines which have been claimed to be effective in COVID-19 prevention or treatment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen may not be effective for COVID-19", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen may not be effective for COVID-19", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen may not be effective for COVID-19", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "This coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is what's known as a zoonotic disease: It jumped from an animal species into humans. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C may help shorten the duration and severity of colds caused by other viruses, but this is no guarantee that it will have the same effect on the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C may help shorten the duration and severity of colds caused by other viruses, but this is no guarantee that it will have the same effect on the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C may help shorten the duration and severity of colds caused by other viruses, but this is no guarantee that it will have the same effect on the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C may help shorten the duration and severity of colds caused by other viruses, but this is no guarantee that it will have the same effect on the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence taking vitamin D supplements will protect people from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence taking vitamin D supplements will protect people from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence taking vitamin D supplements will protect people from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence taking vitamin D supplements will protect people from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Research shows COVID-19 is a multi-organ metabolic disease", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research shows COVID-19 is a multi-organ metabolic disease", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research shows COVID-19 is a multi-organ metabolic disease", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research shows COVID-19 is a multi-organ metabolic disease", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is a great body of evidence concerning several human organ abnormalities associated to the SARSCoV-2, enough to consider COVID-19 as a multi-systemic and polyhedral disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with mild symptoms of COVID-19 can quickly become seriously ill. Experts say these worsening conditions are usually caused by an overreaction of the immune system after symptoms first appear.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic, patients with cough, sore throat, dyspnea, hyposmia/anosmia and a history of travel to the region with confirmed COVID-19 patients, should be considered as potential COVID-19 cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with mild symptoms of COVID-19 can quickly become seriously ill. Experts say these worsening conditions are usually caused by an overreaction of the immune system after symptoms first appear.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The common symptoms were as follows: fever (25%), dry cough (17.3%), chest distress (11.5%), and fatigue (9.6%). There were 33 (63.5%) patients had comorbidities, the most common symptom was hypertension (17, 51.5%). Twenty-six (78.8%) patients developed pneumonia on admission. Lymphocytes (0.6  109/L) decreased in both mild and severe/critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with mild symptoms of COVID-19 can quickly become seriously ill. Experts say these worsening conditions are usually caused by an overreaction of the immune system after symptoms first appear.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The infection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with cancer was higher than the general population, cancer patients with COVID-19 showed deteriorating conditions and poor outcomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with mild symptoms of COVID-19 can quickly become seriously ill. Experts say these worsening conditions are usually caused by an overreaction of the immune system after symptoms first appear.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly presents as fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Transmission risk decreases with fewer people, so try to go at less busy times.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Transmission risk decreases with fewer people, so try to go at less busy times.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Transmission risk decreases with fewer people, so try to go at less busy times.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Chimps and gorillas may catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Chimps and gorillas may catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Chimps and gorillas may catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Chimps and gorillas may catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts anticipate some seasonal impact on the spread of the coronavirus, though the exact relationship is unclear.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure is a serious condition for covid-19 patients", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure is a serious condition for covid-19 patients", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure is a serious condition for covid-19 patients", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure is a serious condition for covid-19 patients", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis May Reduce Deadly COVID-19 Lung Inflammation", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis May Reduce Deadly COVID-19 Lung Inflammation", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis May Reduce Deadly COVID-19 Lung Inflammation", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis May Reduce Deadly COVID-19 Lung Inflammation", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol won't reduce coronavirus risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol won't reduce coronavirus risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol won't reduce coronavirus risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do work against viruses", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do work against viruses", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do work against viruses", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children are not COVID-19 super spreaders", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children are not COVID-19 super spreaders", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children are not COVID-19 super spreaders", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cats can pass the virus to other cats, they discovered no proof that the animals can pass COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cats can pass the virus to other cats, they discovered no proof that the animals can pass COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cats can pass the virus to other cats, they discovered no proof that the animals can pass COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reduced if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reduced if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B Could Relieve COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B Could Relieve COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B Could Relieve COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B Could Relieve COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although cardiovascular diseases in combination with COVID-19 portend increased risk of severity and mortality, the use of [ACE inhibitors and ARBs] is not the likely culprit.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although cardiovascular diseases in combination with COVID-19 portend increased risk of severity and mortality, the use of [ACE inhibitors and ARBs] is not the likely culprit.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although cardiovascular diseases in combination with COVID-19 portend increased risk of severity and mortality, the use of [ACE inhibitors and ARBs] is not the likely culprit.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although cardiovascular diseases in combination with COVID-19 portend increased risk of severity and mortality, the use of [ACE inhibitors and ARBs] is not the likely culprit.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Could Improve Survival in COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Could Improve Survival in COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Could Improve Survival in COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Could Improve Survival in COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you do not have covid-19 symptoms, you can not spread the virus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you do not have covid-19 symptoms, you can not spread the virus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you do not have covid-19 symptoms, you can not spread the virus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you do not have covid-19 symptoms, you can not spread the virus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does vaping increase your risk of getting COVID-19? Doctors weigh in", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vaping increase your risk of getting COVID-19? Doctors weigh in", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vaping increase your risk of getting COVID-19? Doctors weigh in", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vaping increase your risk of getting COVID-19? Doctors weigh in", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New evidence suggests the coronavirus has lasting impacts on the heart, raising alarm for cardiologists who have been concerned about potential long-term heart injury from COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New evidence suggests the coronavirus has lasting impacts on the heart, raising alarm for cardiologists who have been concerned about potential long-term heart injury from COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New evidence suggests the coronavirus has lasting impacts on the heart, raising alarm for cardiologists who have been concerned about potential long-term heart injury from COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New evidence suggests the coronavirus has lasting impacts on the heart, raising alarm for cardiologists who have been concerned about potential long-term heart injury from COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be made from any material as long as your face is covered", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Why Are Some People With the Coronavirus Asymptomatic? Asked how important asymptomatic spread is thought to be in the COVID-19 pandemic, Wren said: \"We don't know for sure, but it appears that there are many individuals who are asymptomatic", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Why Are Some People With the Coronavirus Asymptomatic? Asked how important asymptomatic spread is thought to be in the COVID-19 pandemic, Wren said: \"We don't know for sure, but it appears that there are many individuals who are asymptomatic", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Why Are Some People With the Coronavirus Asymptomatic? Asked how important asymptomatic spread is thought to be in the COVID-19 pandemic, Wren said: \"We don't know for sure, but it appears that there are many individuals who are asymptomatic", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Why Are Some People With the Coronavirus Asymptomatic? Asked how important asymptomatic spread is thought to be in the COVID-19 pandemic, Wren said: \"We don't know for sure, but it appears that there are many individuals who are asymptomatic", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young adults are driving coronavirus infections and are likely spreading the virus to older, more vulnerable populations", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young adults are driving coronavirus infections and are likely spreading the virus to older, more vulnerable populations", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young adults are driving coronavirus infections and are likely spreading the virus to older, more vulnerable populations", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young adults are driving coronavirus infections and are likely spreading the virus to older, more vulnerable populations", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "individuals with hypertension get more serious cases of COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "individuals with hypertension get more serious cases of COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "individuals with hypertension get more serious cases of COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "individuals with hypertension get more serious cases of COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heart disease is the main cause of the death for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir, an antiviral drug used for influenza in Japan, is currently being studied in humans for treating COVID-19 in over 30 clinical trials (as of July 31, 2020). It is not known whether it is safe or helpful for this disease.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, safety concerns remain: hyperuricaemia, teratogenicity and QTc prolongation have not yet been adequately studied. Favipiravir may be safe and tolerable in short-term use, but more evidence is needed to assess the longer-term effects of treatment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir, an antiviral drug used for influenza in Japan, is currently being studied in humans for treating COVID-19 in over 30 clinical trials (as of July 31, 2020). It is not known whether it is safe or helpful for this disease.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Twenty-nine studies were identified as potential sources of evidence of the clinical safety of favipiravir. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir, an antiviral drug used for influenza in Japan, is currently being studied in humans for treating COVID-19 in over 30 clinical trials (as of July 31, 2020). It is not known whether it is safe or helpful for this disease.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir, an antiviral drug used for influenza in Japan, is currently being studied in humans for treating COVID-19 in over 30 clinical trials (as of July 31, 2020). It is not known whether it is safe or helpful for this disease.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Is So Dangerous With COVID-19.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Is So Dangerous With COVID-19.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol stimulates the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The lockdown declared to prevent the spread of Covid 19 in India created unforeseen problems, including severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the need to manage them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol stimulates the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol stimulates the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol stimulates the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the disease that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes. When a person gets the virus, their immune system will respond by causing some inflammation. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the disease that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes. When a person gets the virus, their immune system will respond by causing some inflammation. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that patients with cardiovascular diseases are at particular risk of severe COVID-19 infection,", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that patients with cardiovascular diseases are at particular risk of severe COVID-19 infection,", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that patients with cardiovascular diseases are at particular risk of severe COVID-19 infection,", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know that patients with cardiovascular diseases are at particular risk of severe COVID-19 infection,", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "early increases in positivity rates among people age 17 to 24 were followed by several weeks of rising positivity rates in people 25 and older", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "early increases in positivity rates among people age 17 to 24 were followed by several weeks of rising positivity rates in people 25 and older", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "early increases in positivity rates among people age 17 to 24 were followed by several weeks of rising positivity rates in people 25 and older", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "early increases in positivity rates among people age 17 to 24 were followed by several weeks of rising positivity rates in people 25 and older", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "I think it is not really far from the truth to say that you can use extracts of ginger, garlic and many other medicinal plants to take care of the associated symptoms of viral infections, including COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I think it is not really far from the truth to say that you can use extracts of ginger, garlic and many other medicinal plants to take care of the associated symptoms of viral infections, including COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I think it is not really far from the truth to say that you can use extracts of ginger, garlic and many other medicinal plants to take care of the associated symptoms of viral infections, including COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "do surgical masks actually prevent the spread of COVID-19? No, absolutely not.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "do surgical masks actually prevent the spread of COVID-19? No, absolutely not.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "do surgical masks actually prevent the spread of COVID-19? No, absolutely not.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "do surgical masks actually prevent the spread of COVID-19? No, absolutely not.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a study reports the potential contribution of vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of COVID-19 in a subset of health care workers in the UK", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a study reports the potential contribution of vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of COVID-19 in a subset of health care workers in the UK", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a study reports the potential contribution of vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of COVID-19 in a subset of health care workers in the UK", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a study reports the potential contribution of vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of COVID-19 in a subset of health care workers in the UK", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nearly 150 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are currently being researched.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nearly 150 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are currently being researched.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nearly 150 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are currently being researched.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "at least 15 minutes of UVC exposure inactivated SARS, making it impossible for the virus to replicate.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it's way too early to presume nicotine is beneficial and certainly no reason for any doctor to ever recommend smoking given the established link to cancer and other illnesses.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "One reason Covid-19 has spread so rapidly is that people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus can show no symptoms of disease and yet are still contagious - they don't look or feel sick but still transmit the virus without realizing.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One reason Covid-19 has spread so rapidly is that people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus can show no symptoms of disease and yet are still contagious - they don't look or feel sick but still transmit the virus without realizing.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One reason Covid-19 has spread so rapidly is that people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus can show no symptoms of disease and yet are still contagious - they don't look or feel sick but still transmit the virus without realizing.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One reason Covid-19 has spread so rapidly is that people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus can show no symptoms of disease and yet are still contagious - they don't look or feel sick but still transmit the virus without realizing.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "even if nicotine does play a role in preventing the virus, it could cause more harm than COVID-19 if everyone started smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Here is what you should do to protect yourself from the covid-19 disease. The disease will not affect you. Your body will fight the disease. You should use garlic in your drinking water and in your food, add it while cooking, chew it all the time and use it all the time.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Here is what you should do to protect yourself from the covid-19 disease. The disease will not affect you. Your body will fight the disease. You should use garlic in your drinking water and in your food, add it while cooking, chew it all the time and use it all the time.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Here is what you should do to protect yourself from the covid-19 disease. The disease will not affect you. Your body will fight the disease. You should use garlic in your drinking water and in your food, add it while cooking, chew it all the time and use it all the time.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "So, it is wrong to say that consuming alcohol or beer products can help prevent the COVID 19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "So, it is wrong to say that consuming alcohol or beer products can help prevent the COVID 19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is known to damage the lungs and airways causing a range of severe respiratory problems. The evidence clearly shows Covid-19 virus attacks the respiratory system, which explains why smokers are at greater risk.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is known to damage the lungs and airways causing a range of severe respiratory problems. The evidence clearly shows Covid-19 virus attacks the respiratory system, which explains why smokers are at greater risk.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cough was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cough was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus. No, UV lamps do not sterilize hands or skins areas, and can actually cause irritation.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-isolation suddenly and fundamentally changed our lifestyles: how we move, where we go, how we work, how we play, who we spend time with and who is watching us. This has a huge impact on crime.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Antibodies Last for at Least Four Months After Recovery ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Antibodies Last for at Least Four Months After Recovery ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}