  We present a formalisation of finite Markov decision processes with rewards
in the Isabelle theorem prover. We focus on the foundations required for
dynamic programming and the use of reinforcement learning agents over such
processes. In particular, we derive the Bellman equation from first principles
(in both scalar and vector form), derive a vector calculation that produces the
expected value of any policy p, and go on to prove the existence of a
universally optimal policy where there is a discounting factor less than one.
Lastly, we prove that the value iteration and the policy iteration algorithms
work in finite time, producing an epsilon-optimal and a fully optimal policy
respectively.

Logic in Computer Science;Artificial Intelligence;Optimization and Control