  An increasing number of scientific experiments support the view of perception
as Bayesian inference, which is rooted in Helmholtz's view of perception as
unconscious inference. Recent study of logic presents a view of logical
reasoning as Bayesian inference. In this paper, we give a simple probabilistic
model that is applicable to both perceptual reasoning and logical reasoning. We
show that the model unifies the two essential processes common in perceptual
and logical systems: on the one hand, the process by which perceptual and
logical knowledge is derived from another knowledge, and on the other hand, the
process by which such knowledge is derived from data. We fully characterise the
model in terms of logical consequence relations.

Artificial Intelligence