  Problem: There is a lack of big data for the training of deep learning models
in medicine, characterized by the time cost of data collection and privacy
concerns. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) offer both the potential to
generate new data, as well as to use this newly generated data, without
inclusion of patients' real data, for downstream applications.
  Approach: A series of GANs were trained and applied for a downstream computer
vision spine radiograph abnormality classification task. Separate classifiers
were trained with either access or no access to the original imaging. Trained
GANs included a conditional StyleGAN2 with adaptive discriminator augmentation,
a conditional StyleGAN2 with adaptive discriminator augmentation to generate
spine radiographs conditional on lesion type, and using a novel clinical loss
term for the generator a StyleGAN2 with adaptive discriminator augmentation
conditional on abnormality (SpineGAN). Finally, a differential privacy imposed
StyleGAN2 with adaptive discriminator augmentation conditional on abnormality
was trained and an ablation study was performed on its differential privacy
impositions.
  Key Results: We accomplish GAN generation of synthetic spine radiographs
without meaningful input for the first time from a literature review. We
further demonstrate the success of synthetic learning for the spine domain with
a downstream clinical classification task (AUC of 0.830 using synthetic data
compared to AUC of 0.886 using the real data). Importantly, the introduction of
a new clinical loss term for the generator was found to increase generation
recall as well as accelerate model training. Lastly, we demonstrate that, in a
limited size medical dataset, differential privacy impositions severely impede
GAN training, finding that this is specifically due to the requirement for
gradient perturbation with noise.

Image and Video Processing;Artificial Intelligence;Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Machine Learning