  Face representation learning using datasets with a massive number of
identities requires appropriate training methods. Softmax-based approach,
currently the state-of-the-art in face recognition, in its usual "full softmax"
form is not suitable for datasets with millions of persons. Several methods,
based on the "sampled softmax" approach, were proposed to remove this
limitation. These methods, however, have a set of disadvantages. One of them is
a problem of "prototype obsolescence": classifier weights (prototypes) of the
rarely sampled classes receive too scarce gradients and become outdated and
detached from the current encoder state, resulting in incorrect training
signals. This problem is especially serious in ultra-large-scale datasets. In
this paper, we propose a novel face representation learning model called
Prototype Memory, which alleviates this problem and allows training on a
dataset of any size. Prototype Memory consists of the limited-size memory
module for storing recent class prototypes and employs a set of algorithms to
update it in appropriate way. New class prototypes are generated on the fly
using exemplar embeddings in the current mini-batch. These prototypes are
enqueued to the memory and used in a role of classifier weights for softmax
classification-based training. To prevent obsolescence and keep the memory in
close connection with the encoder, prototypes are regularly refreshed, and
oldest ones are dequeued and disposed of. Prototype Memory is computationally
efficient and independent of dataset size. It can be used with various loss
functions, hard example mining algorithms and encoder architectures. We prove
the effectiveness of the proposed model by extensive experiments on popular
face recognition benchmarks.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Artificial Intelligence;Machine Learning