  Deep neural networks are gaining in popularity as they are used to generate
state-of-the-art results for a variety of computer vision and machine learning
applications. At the same time, these networks have grown in depth and
complexity in order to solve harder problems. Given the limitations in power
budgets dedicated to these networks, the importance of low-power, low-memory
solutions has been stressed in recent years. While a large number of dedicated
hardware using different precisions has recently been proposed, there exists no
comprehensive study of different bit precisions and arithmetic in both inputs
and network parameters. In this work, we address this issue and perform a study
of different bit-precisions in neural networks (from floating-point to
fixed-point, powers of two, and binary). In our evaluation, we consider and
analyze the effect of precision scaling on both network accuracy and hardware
metrics including memory footprint, power and energy consumption, and design
area. We also investigate training-time methodologies to compensate for the
reduction in accuracy due to limited bit precision and demonstrate that in most
cases, precision scaling can deliver significant benefits in design metrics at
the cost of very modest decreases in network accuracy. In addition, we propose
that a small portion of the benefits achieved when using lower precisions can
be forfeited to increase the network size and therefore the accuracy. We
evaluate our experiments, using three well-recognized networks and datasets to
show its generality. We investigate the trade-offs and highlight the benefits
of using lower precisions in terms of energy and memory footprint.

Neural and Evolutionary Computing