  We uncover anisotropic permeability in microfluidic deterministic lateral
displacement (DLD) arrays. A DLD array can achieve high-resolution bimodal
size-based separation of microparticles, including bioparticles, such as cells.
For an application with a given separation size, correct device operation
requires that the flow remains at a fixed angle to the obstacle array. We
demonstrate via experiments and lattice-Boltzmann simulations that subtle array
design features cause anisotropic permeability. Anisotropic permeability
indicates the microfluidic array's intrinsic tendency to induce an undesired
lateral pressure gradient. This can cause an inclined flow and therefore local
changes in the critical separation size. Thus, particle trajectories can become
unpredictable and the device useless for the desired separation task.
Anisotropy becomes severe for arrays with unequal axial and lateral gaps
between obstacle posts and highly asymmetric post shapes. Furthermore, of the
two equivalent array layouts employed with the DLD, the rotated-square layout
does not display intrinsic anisotropy. We therefore recommend this layout over
the easier-to-implement parallelogram layout. We provide additional guidelines
for avoiding adverse effects of anisotropy on the DLD.

Fluid Dynamics