  Multi-organ segmentation is one of most successful applications of deep
learning in medical image analysis. Deep convolutional neural nets (CNNs) have
shown great promise in achieving clinically applicable image segmentation
performance on CT or MRI images. State-of-the-art CNN segmentation models apply
either 2D or 3D convolutions on input images, with pros and cons associated
with each method: 2D convolution is fast, less memory-intensive but inadequate
for extracting 3D contextual information from volumetric images, while the
opposite is true for 3D convolution. To fit a 3D CNN model on CT or MRI images
on commodity GPUs, one usually has to either downsample input images or use
cropped local regions as inputs, which limits the utility of 3D models for
multi-organ segmentation. In this work, we propose a new framework for
combining 3D and 2D models, in which the segmentation is realized through
high-resolution 2D convolutions, but guided by spatial contextual information
extracted from a low-resolution 3D model. We implement a self-attention
mechanism to control which 3D features should be used to guide 2D segmentation.
Our model is light on memory usage but fully equipped to take 3D contextual
information into account. Experiments on multiple organ segmentation datasets
demonstrate that by taking advantage of both 2D and 3D models, our method is
consistently outperforms existing 2D and 3D models in organ segmentation
accuracy, while being able to directly take raw whole-volume image data as
inputs.

Image and Video Processing;Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Machine Learning