  Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, dictating the
imperativeness to test the model's robustness before deployment. Transfer-based
attackers craft adversarial examples against surrogate models and transfer them
to victim models deployed in the black-box situation. To enhance the
adversarial transferability, structure-based attackers adjust the
backpropagation path to avoid the attack from overfitting the surrogate model.
However, existing structure-based attackers fail to explore the convolution
module in CNNs and modify the backpropagation graph heuristically, leading to
limited effectiveness. In this paper, we propose backPropagation pAth Search
(PAS), solving the aforementioned two problems. We first propose SkipConv to
adjust the backpropagation path of convolution by structural
reparameterization. To overcome the drawback of heuristically designed
backpropagation paths, we further construct a DAG-based search space, utilize
one-step approximation for path evaluation and employ Bayesian Optimization to
search for the optimal path. We conduct comprehensive experiments in a wide
range of transfer settings, showing that PAS improves the attack success rate
by a huge margin for both normally trained and defense models.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Cryptography and Security;Machine Learning