  The past few years have seen dramatic breakthroughs and spectacular and
puzzling discoveries in astrophysics and cosmology. In many cases, the new
observations can only be explained with the introduction of new fundamental
physics. Here we summarize some of these recent advances. We then describe
several problem in astrophysics and cosmology, ripe for major advances, whose
resolution will likely require new physics.

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology;Astrophysics;High Energy Physics - Experiment;High Energy Physics - Theory;Nuclear Experiment;Nuclear Theory