  This paper reveals that large language models (LLMs), despite being trained
solely on textual data, are surprisingly strong encoders for purely visual
tasks in the absence of language. Even more intriguingly, this can be achieved
by a simple yet previously overlooked strategy -- employing a frozen
transformer block from pre-trained LLMs as a constituent encoder layer to
directly process visual tokens. Our work pushes the boundaries of leveraging
LLMs for computer vision tasks, significantly departing from conventional
practices that typically necessitate a multi-modal vision-language setup with
associated language prompts, inputs, or outputs. We demonstrate that our
approach consistently enhances performance across a diverse range of tasks,
encompassing pure 2D and 3D visual recognition tasks (e.g., image and point
cloud classification), temporal modeling tasks (e.g., action recognition),
non-semantic tasks (e.g., motion forecasting), and multi-modal tasks (e.g.,
2D/3D visual question answering and image-text retrieval). Such improvements
are a general phenomenon, applicable to various types of LLMs (e.g., LLaMA and
OPT) and different LLM transformer blocks. We additionally propose the
information filtering hypothesis to explain the effectiveness of pre-trained
LLMs in visual encoding -- the pre-trained LLM transformer blocks discern
informative visual tokens and further amplify their effect. This hypothesis is
empirically supported by the observation that the feature activation, after
training with LLM transformer blocks, exhibits a stronger focus on relevant
regions. We hope that our work inspires new perspectives on utilizing LLMs and
deepening our understanding of their underlying mechanisms. Code is available
at https://github.com/ziqipang/LM4VisualEncoding.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Artificial Intelligence;Computation and Language;Machine Learning