  Super-resolution effects in optical and fluorescence biological systems are
analyzed and their relations with uncertainty relations are discussed.
Super-resolutions obtained in the optical systems, including especially NSOM,
SIM and hyperlens, are related to an increase of the spatial frequencies in the
object plane leading to very small effective wavelengths and thus the
resolution is increased far beyond the Abbe limit. Super-resolution
measurements obtained in the fluorescent biological systems STED, FPALM and
RESOLFT are treated. An example of a four-level STED system is analyzed in
analogy to a four-level laser system, but the special space dependence of the
STED light is taken into account, restricting the fluorescence from extremely
small volume, and thus extremely high resolution is obtained. Localization of
individual molecules is described by the FPALM method where interference
between coherent fluorescent photons is taken into account. While in the STED
method very high laser intensities are needed in its variant method known as
RESOLFT the super-resolution measurements can be obtained by much weaker light
intensities. This new method is analyzed and the reasons for a such large
reduction in light intensities are explained.

Optics;Biological Physics