  Optical and X-ray observations of strongly gravitationally lensed quasars
(especially when four separate images of the quasar are produced) determine not
only the amount of matter in the lensing galaxy but also how much is in a
smooth component and how much is composed of compact masses (e.g., stars,
stellar remnants, primordial black holes, CDM sub-halos, and planets). Future
optical surveys will discover hundreds to thousands of quadruply lensed
quasars, and sensitive X-ray observations will unambiguously determine the
ratio of smooth to clumpy matter at specific locations in the lensing galaxies
and calibrate the stellar mass fundamental plane, providing a determination of
the stellar $M/L$. A modest observing program with a sensitive, sub-arcsecond
X-ray imager, combined with the planned optical observations, can make those
determinations for a large number (hundreds) of the lensing galaxies, which
will span a redshift range of $\sim$$0.25<z<1.5$

Astrophysics of Galaxies