  I discuss the Boltzmann-Penrose question of why the initial conditions for
cosmology have low entropy. The modern version of Boltzmann's answer to this
question, due to Dyson, Kleban and Susskind, seems to imply that the typical
intelligent observer arises through thermal fluctuation, rather than cosmology
and evolution. I investigate whether this can be resolved within the string
landscape. I end with a review of the suggestion that Holographic Cosmology
provides a simpler answer to the problem. This paper is a revision of
unpublished work from the spring of 2006, combined with my talk at the Madrid
conference on String theory and Cosmology, Nov 2006.

High Energy Physics - Theory