  This paper presents a model-free reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to
solve the risk-averse optimal control (RAOC) problem for discrete-time
nonlinear systems. While successful RL algorithms have been presented to learn
optimal control solutions under epistemic uncertainties (i.e., lack of
knowledge of system dynamics), they do so by optimizing the expected utility of
outcomes, which ignores the variance of cost under aleatory uncertainties
(i.e., randomness). Performance-critical systems, however, must not only
optimize the expected performance, but also reduce its variance to avoid
performance fluctuation during RL's course of operation. To solve the RAOC
problem, this paper presents the following three variants of RL algorithms and
analyze their advantages and preferences for different situations/systems: 1) a
one-shot static convex program -based RL, 2) an iterative value iteration (VI)
algorithm that solves a linear programming (LP) optimization at each iteration,
and 3) an iterative policy iteration (PI) algorithm that solves a convex
optimization at each iteration and guarantees the stability of the consecutive
control policies. Convergence of the exact optimization problems, which are
infinite-dimensional in all three cases, to the optimal risk-averse value
function is shown. To turn these optimization problems into standard
optimization problems with finite decision variables and constraints, function
approximation for value estimations as well as constraint sampling are
leveraged. Data-driven implementations of these algorithms are provided based
on Q-function which enables learning the optimal value without any knowledge of
the system dynamics. The performance of the approximated solutions is also
verified through a weighted sup-norm bound and the Lyapunov bound. A simulation
example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented approach.

Systems and Control;Systems and Control