  LoRa lacks the sensing capabilities of channel status. Received signal
strength indicator (RSSI) decreases due to collision, interference, and
near-far effect while for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the packets are rejected
by decreasing the transmission power (TP) at a higher spreading factor (SF). To
overcome these challenges in the case of electric shelf label (ESL) to minimize
the dependency on retransmission and acknowledgment, the end devices (EDs) are
allocated around gateways (GWs) based on machine clustering with dynamic SF for
SNR while dynamic TP for RSSI. The experimental results determined that the
RSSI approach is more dominant than SNR because of determining the exact
locality of the ED that diminished the capture effect. Arithmetic distribution
of EDs for various GWs in different clusters helps to minify the near-far
effect. The resultant received power (RP) at each cluster is higher for most of
the connected EDs than the threshold RP.

Signal Processing