  Quantum catalysis is a fascinating concept which demonstrates that certain
transformations can only become possible when given access to a specific
resource that has to be returned unaffected. It was first discovered in the
context of entanglement theory and since then applied in a number of
resource-theoretic frameworks, including quantum thermodynamics. Although in
that case the necessary (and sometimes also sufficient) conditions on the
existence of a catalyst are known, almost nothing is known about the precise
form of the catalyst state required by the transformation. In particular, it is
not clear whether it has to have some special properties or be finely tuned to
the desired transformation. In this work we describe a surprising property of
multi-copy states: we show that in resource theories governed by majorization
all resourceful states are catalysts for all allowed transformations. In
quantum thermodynamics this means that the so-called "second laws of
thermodynamics" do not require a fine-tuned catalyst but rather any state,
given sufficiently many copies, can serve as a useful catalyst. These analytic
results are accompanied by several numerical investigations that indicate that
neither a multi-copy form nor a very large dimension catalyst are required to
activate most allowed transformations catalytically.

Quantum Physics