  The interest in two-dimensional and layered materials continues to expand,
driven by the compelling properties of individual atomic layers that can be
stacked and/or twisted into synthetic heterostructures. The plethora of
electronic properties as well as the emergence of many different
quasiparticles, including plasmons, polaritons, trions and excitons with large,
tunable binding energies that all can be controlled and modulated through
electrical means has given rise to many device applications. In addition, these
materials exhibit both room-temperature spin and valley polarization,
magnetism, superconductivity, piezoelectricity that are intricately dependent
on the composition, crystal structure, stacking, twist angle, layer number and
phases of these materials. Initial results on graphene exfoliated from single
bulk crystals motivated the development of wide-area, high purity synthesis and
heterojunctions with atomically clean interfaces. Now by opening this design
space to new synthetic two-dimensional materials "beyond graphene", it is
possible to explore uncharted opportunities in designing novel heterostructures
for electrical tunable devices. To fully reveal the emerging functionalities
and opportunities of these atomically thin materials in practical applications,
this review highlights several representative and noteworthy research
directions in the use of electrical means to tune these aforementioned physical
and structural properties, with an emphasis on discussing major applications of
beyond graphene 2D materials in tunable devices in the past few years and an
outlook of what is to come in the next decade.

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics;Materials Science;Strongly Correlated Electrons