  This is a speculative essay on interface design and artificial intelligence.
Recently there has been a surge of attention to chatbots based on large
language models, including widely reported unsavory interactions. We contend
that part of the problem is that text is not all you need: sophisticated AI
systems should have dashboards, just like all other complicated devices.
Assuming the hypothesis that AI systems based on neural networks will contain
interpretable models of aspects of the world around them, we discuss what data
such dashboards might display. We conjecture that, for many systems, the two
most important models will be of the user and of the system itself. We call
these the System Model and User Model. We argue that, for usability and safety,
interfaces to dialogue-based AI systems should have a parallel display based on
the state of the System Model and the User Model. Finding ways to identify,
interpret, and display these two models should be a core part of interface
research for AI.

Human-Computer Interaction;Artificial Intelligence;Machine Learning