  Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples -- minor
perturbations added to a model's input which cause the model to output an
incorrect prediction. We introduce a new method for improving the efficacy of
adversarial attacks in a black-box setting by undertraining the surrogate model
which the attacks are generated on. Using two datasets and five model
architectures, we show that this method transfers well across architectures and
outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a wide margin. We interpret the
effectiveness of our approach as a function of reduced surrogate model loss
function curvature and increased universal gradient characteristics, and show
that our approach reduces the presence of local loss maxima which hinder
transferability. Our results suggest that finding strong single surrogate
models is a highly effective and simple method for generating transferable
adversarial attacks, and that this method represents a valuable route for
future study in this field.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Machine Learning