  We consider electron spin qubits in quantum dots and define a measurement
efficiency e to characterize reliable measurements via n-shot read outs. We
propose various implementations based on a double dot and quantum point contact
(QPC) and show that the associated efficiencies e vary between 50% and 100%,
allowing single-shot read out in the latter case. We model the read out
microscopically and derive its time dynamics in terms of a generalized master
equation, calculate the QPC current and show that it allows spin read out under
realistic conditions.

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics;Quantum Physics