  Spatial reasoning poses a particular challenge for intelligent agents and is
at the same time a prerequisite for their successful interaction and
communication in the physical world. One such reasoning task is to describe the
position of a target object with respect to the intrinsic orientation of some
reference object via relative directions. In this paper, we introduce
GRiD-A-3D, a novel diagnostic visual question-answering (VQA) dataset based on
abstract objects. Our dataset allows for a fine-grained analysis of end-to-end
VQA models' capabilities to ground relative directions. At the same time, model
training requires considerably fewer computational resources compared with
existing datasets, yet yields a comparable or even higher performance. Along
with the new dataset, we provide a thorough evaluation based on two widely
known end-to-end VQA architectures trained on GRiD-A-3D. We demonstrate that
within a few epochs, the subtasks required to reason over relative directions,
such as recognizing and locating objects in a scene and estimating their
intrinsic orientations, are learned in the order in which relative directions
are intuitively processed.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Computation and Language