  We propose a reinforcement-learning algorithm to tackle the challenge of
reconstructing phylogenetic trees. The search for the tree that best describes
the data is algorithmically challenging, thus all current algorithms for
phylogeny reconstruction use various heuristics to make it feasible. In this
study, we demonstrate that reinforcement learning can be used to learn an
optimal search strategy, thus providing a novel paradigm for predicting the
maximum-likelihood tree. Our proposed method does not require likelihood
calculation with every step, nor is it limited to greedy uphill moves in the
likelihood space. We demonstrate the use of the developed deep-Q-learning agent
on a set of unseen empirical data, namely, on unseen environments defined by
nucleotide alignments of up to 20 sequences. Our results show that the
likelihood scores of the inferred phylogenies are similar to those obtained
from widely-used software. It thus establishes a proof-of-concept that it is
beneficial to optimize a sequence of moves in the search-space, rather than
optimizing the progress made in every single move only. This suggests that a
reinforcement-learning based method provides a promising direction for
phylogenetic reconstruction.

Populations and Evolution;Artificial Intelligence