  Given a digraph $D=(V,A)$, a set $B\subset V$ is a packing set in $D$ if
there are no arcs joining vertices of $B$ and for any two vertices $x,y\in B$
the sets of in-neighbors of $x$ and $y$ are disjoint. The set $S$ is a
dominating set (an open dominating set) in $D$ if every vertex not in $S$ (in
$V$) has an in-neighbor in $S$. Moreover, a dominating set $S$ is called a
total dominating set if the subgraph induced by $S$ has no isolated vertices.
The packing sets of maximum cardinality and the (total, open) dominating sets
of minimum cardinality in digraphs are studied in this article. We prove that
the two optimal sets concerning packing and domination achieve the same value
for directed trees, and give some applications of it. We also show analogous
equalities for all connected contrafunctional digraphs, and characterize all
such digraphs $D$ for which such equalities are satisfied. Moreover, sharp
bounds on the maximum and the minimum cardinalities of packing and dominating
sets, respectively, are given for digraphs. Finally, we present solutions for
two open problems, concerning total and open dominating sets of minimum
cardinality, pointed out in [Australas. J. Combin. 39 (2007), 283--292].

Combinatorics