  The Hessian of neural networks can be decomposed into a sum of two matrices:
(i) the positive semidefinite generalized Gauss-Newton matrix G, and (ii) the
matrix H containing negative eigenvalues. We observe that for wider networks,
minimizing the loss with the gradient descent optimization maneuvers through
surfaces of positive curvatures at the start and end of training, and close to
zero curvatures in between. In other words, it seems that during crucial parts
of the training process, the Hessian in wide networks is dominated by the
component G. To explain this phenomenon, we show that when initialized using
common methodologies, the gradients of over-parameterized networks are
approximately orthogonal to H, such that the curvature of the loss surface is
strictly positive in the direction of the gradient.

Machine Learning;Machine Learning