  Wall-modeled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) are conducted for the flow over
the Sandia Axisymmetric Transonic Bump (ATB) at bump chord Reynolds number, Re
= 1x10^6 and Mach number, Ma = 0.875. Utilizing various subgrid-scale and wall
models, comparisons are made between the simulations and experiments for
quantities of engineering interest, such as the skin friction coefficient (Cf)
and wall pressure coefficient (Cp) data. Favorable agreements between the
simulations and the experiments are achieved, with the simulations predicting
the shock location, size, and strength of the separation bubble with reasonable
accuracy. In particular, it was established that the realism of the incoming
turbulent boundary layer onto the bump is very important for the correct and
robust prediction of the skin friction in the upstream region of the bump.
Furthermore, a resolution limitation on the predictive capability of the
equilibrium wall model in the favorable pressure gradient region is
established. Finally, preliminary results utilizing a pressure-gradient
inclusive modification to the equilibrium wall model predicts the skin friction
within the separation bubble at affordable resolutions

Fluid Dynamics