  Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are now a well-established tool for
solving computational imaging problems. Modern CNN-based algorithms obtain
state-of-the-art performance in diverse image restoration problems.
Furthermore, it has been recently shown that, despite being highly
overparameterized, networks trained with a single corrupted image can still
perform as well as fully trained networks. We introduce a formal link between
such networks through their neural tangent kernel (NTK), and well-known
non-local filtering techniques, such as non-local means or BM3D. The filtering
function associated with a given network architecture can be obtained in closed
form without need to train the network, being fully characterized by the random
initialization of the network weights. While the NTK theory accurately predicts
the filter associated with networks trained using standard gradient descent,
our analysis shows that it falls short to explain the behaviour of networks
trained using the popular Adam optimizer. The latter achieves a larger change
of weights in hidden layers, adapting the non-local filtering function during
training. We evaluate our findings via extensive image denoising experiments.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Image and Video Processing;Signal Processing