  According to the World Economic Forum, cyber attacks are considered as one of
the most important sources of risk to companies and institutions worldwide.
Attacks can target the network, software, and/or hardware. During the past
years, much knowledge has been developed to understand and mitigate
cyberattacks. However, new threats have appeared in recent years regarding
software attacks that exploit hardware vulnerabilities. We define these attacks
as architectural attacks. Today, both industry and academy have only limited
comprehension of architectural attacks, which represents a critical issue for
the design of future systems. To this end, this work proposes a new taxonomy, a
new attack model, and a complete survey of existing architectural attacks. As a
result, our study provides the tools to understand the Architectural Attacks
deeply and start building better designs as well as protection mechanisms.

Cryptography and Security