  This paper considers the problem of designing physical watermark signals in
order to optimally detect possible replay attack in a linear time-invariant
system, under the assumption that the system parameters are unknown and need to
be identified online. We first provide a replay attack model, where an
adversary replays the previous sensor data in order to fool the system. A
physical watermarking scheme, which leverages a random control input as a
watermark to detect the replay attack, is then introduced. The optimal
watermark signal design problem is cast as an optimization problem, which aims
to achieve the optimal trade-off between control performance and intrusion
detection. An online watermarking design and system identification algorithm is
provided to deal with systems with unknown parameters. We prove that the
proposed algorithm converges to the optimal one and characterize the almost
sure convergence rate. A numerical example and an industrial process example
are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Systems and Control;Systems and Control;Signal Processing