  Wide accessibility of imaging and profile sensors in modern industrial
systems created an abundance of high-dimensional sensing variables. This led to
a a growing interest in the research of high-dimensional process monitoring.
However, most of the approaches in the literature assume the in-control
population to lie on a linear manifold with a given basis (i.e., spline,
wavelet, kernel, etc) or an unknown basis (i.e., principal component analysis
and its variants), which cannot be used to efficiently model profiles with a
nonlinear manifold which is common in many real-life cases. We propose deep
probabilistic autoencoders as a viable unsupervised learning approach to model
such manifolds. To do so, we formulate nonlinear and probabilistic extensions
of the monitoring statistics from classical approaches as the expected
reconstruction error (ERE) and the KL-divergence (KLD) based monitoring
statistics. Through extensive simulation study, we provide insights on why
latent-space based statistics are unreliable and why residual-space based ones
typically perform much better for deep learning based approaches. Finally, we
demonstrate the superiority of deep probabilistic models via both simulation
study and a real-life case study involving images of defects from a hot steel
rolling process.

Machine Learning;Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition;Machine Learning