  We report on a real-time demand response experiment with 100 controllable
devices. The experiment reveals several key challenges in the deployment of a
real-time demand response program, including time delays, uncertainties,
characterization errors, multiple timescales, and nonlinearity, which have been
largely ignored in previous studies. To resolve these practical issues, we
develop and implement a two-level multi-loop control structure integrating
feed-forward proportional-integral controllers and optimization solvers in
closed loops, which eliminates steady-state errors and improves the dynamical
performance of the overall building response. The proposed methods are
validated by Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) tests.

Systems and Control;Disordered Systems and Neural Networks;Systems and Control;Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems;Physics and Society