  Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely applied in many
safety-critical domains, such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis.
However, concerns have been raised with respect to the trustworthiness of these
models: The standard testing method evaluates the performance of a model on a
test set, while low-quality and insufficient test sets can lead to unreliable
evaluation results, which can have unforeseeable consequences. Therefore, how
to comprehensively evaluate CNNs and, based on the evaluation results, how to
enhance their trustworthiness are the key problems to be urgently addressed.
Prior work has used mutation tests to evaluate the test sets of CNNs. However,
the evaluation scores are black boxes and not explicit enough for what is being
tested. In this paper, we propose a white-box diagnostic approach that uses
mutation operators and image transformation to calculate the feature and
attention distribution of the model and further present a diagnosis score,
namely D-Score, to reflect the model's robustness and fitness to a dataset. We
also propose a D-Score based data augmentation method to enhance the CNN's
performance to translations and rescalings. Comprehensive experiments on two
widely used datasets and three commonly adopted CNNs demonstrate the
effectiveness of our approach.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition