  Designing a distribution of environments in which RL agents can learn
interesting and useful skills is a challenging and poorly understood task, for
multi-agent environments the difficulties are only exacerbated. One approach is
to train a second RL agent, called a teacher, who samples environments that are
conducive for the learning of student agents. However, most previous proposals
for teacher rewards do not generalize straightforwardly to the multi-agent
setting. We examine a set of intrinsic teacher rewards derived from prediction
problems that can be applied in multi-agent settings and evaluate them in
Mujoco tasks such as multi-agent Hide and Seek as well as a diagnostic
single-agent maze task. Of the intrinsic rewards considered we found value
disagreement to be most consistent across tasks, leading to faster and more
reliable emergence of advanced skills in Hide and Seek and the maze task.
Another candidate intrinsic reward considered, value prediction error, also
worked well in Hide and Seek but was susceptible to noisy-TV style distractions
in stochastic environments. Policy disagreement performed well in the maze task
but did not speed up learning in Hide and Seek. Our results suggest that
intrinsic teacher rewards, and in particular value disagreement, are a
promising approach for automating both single and multi-agent environment
design.

Machine Learning;Artificial Intelligence;Multiagent Systems;Machine Learning