  Machine-learning models are becoming increasingly prevalent in our lives, for
instance assisting in image-classification or decision-making tasks.
Consequently, the reliability of these models is of critical importance and has
resulted in the development of numerous approaches for validating and verifying
their robustness and fairness. However, beyond such specific properties, it is
challenging to specify, let alone check, general functional-correctness
expectations from models. In this paper, we take inspiration from
specifications used in formal methods, expressing functional-correctness
properties by reasoning about $k$ different executions, so-called $k$-safety
properties. Considering a credit-screening model of a bank, the expected
property that "if a person is denied a loan and their income decreases, they
should still be denied the loan" is a 2-safety property. Here, we show the wide
applicability of $k$-safety properties for machine-learning models and present
the first specification language for expressing them. We also operationalize
the language in a framework for automatically validating such properties using
metamorphic testing. Our experiments show that our framework is effective in
identifying property violations, and that detected bugs could be used to train
better models.

Machine Learning;Software Engineering