Learning Objectives To draw Lewis structures. To recognize molecules that are likely to have multiple covalent bonds. DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURES For very simple molecules and molecular ions, we can write the Lewis structures by merely pairing up the unpaired electrons on the constituent atoms. See these examples: For more complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow the step-by-step procedure outlined here: Determine the total number of valence (outer shell) electrons among all the atoms. For cations, subtract one electron for each positive charge. For anions, add one electron for each negative charge. Draw a skeleton structure of the molecule or ion, arranging the atoms around a central atom. (Generally, the least electronegative element should be placed in the center.) Connect each atom to the central atom with a single bond (one electron pair). Distribute the remaining electrons as lone pairs on the terminal atoms (except hydrogen), completing an octet around each atom. Place all remaining electrons on the central atom. Rearrange the electrons of the outer atoms to make multiple bonds with the central atom in order to obtain octets wherever possible. Let us determine the Lewis structures of OF 2 and HCN as examples in following this procedure: 1. Determine the total number of valence (outer shell) electrons in the molecule or ion. For a molecule, we add the number of valence electrons (use the main group number) on each atom in the molecule. This is the total number of electrons that must be used in the Lewis structure. O + 2 (F) = OF 2 6e - + (2 x 7e - ) = 20e - H + C + N = HCN 1e - + 4e - + 5e - = 10e - 2. Draw a skeleton structure of the molecule or ion, arranging the atoms around a central atom and connecting each atom to the central atom with a single (one electron pair) bond. Note that H and F can only form one bond, and are always on the periphery rather than the central atom. 3. Distribute the remaining electrons as lone pairs on the terminal atoms (except hydrogen) to complete their valence shells with an octet of electrons. In OF 2 , six electrons are placed on each F. In HCN, six electrons placed on N 4. Place all remaining electrons on the central atom. In OF 2 , 4 electrons are placed on O. In HCN: no electrons remain (the total valence of 10e - is reached) so nothing changes. 5. Rearrange the electrons of the outer atoms to make multiple bonds with the central atom in order to obtain octets wherever possible. In OF 2 , each atom has an octet as drawn, so nothing changes. In HCN, form two more C–N bonds Finally, check to see if the total number of valence electrons are present in the Lewis structure. And then, inspect if the H atom has 2 electrons surrounding it and if each of the main group atoms is surrounded by 8 electrons. MULTIPLE BONDS In many molecules, the octet rule would not be satisfied if each pair of bonded atoms shares only two electrons. Review HCN in Step 5 above. Another example is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). CO 2 has a total valence of 4e - + (2 x 6e - ) = 16e - . Following steps 1 to 4, we draw the following: This does not give the carbon atom a complete octet; only four electrons are in its valence shell. This arrangement of shared electrons is far from satisfactory. In this case, more than one pair of electrons must be shared between two atoms for both atoms to have an octet. A second electron pair from each oxygen atom must be shared with the central carbon atom shown by the arrows above. A lone pair from each O must be converted into a bonding pair of electrons. In this arrangement, the carbon atom shares four electrons (two pairs) with the oxygen atom on the left and four electrons with the oxygen atom on the right. There are now eight electrons around each atom. Two pairs of electrons shared between two atoms make a double bond between the atoms, which is represented by a double dash: Some molecules contain triple bonds (like HCN, shown above). Triple bonds are covalent bonds in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Another compound that has a triple bond is acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), whose Lewis diagram is as follows: Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) Draw the Lewis diagram for each molecule. \(\ce{N2}\) \(\ce{CH2O}\) (The carbon atom is the central atom.) One application of CH 2 O, also called formaldehyde, is the preservation of biological specimens. Aqueous solutions of CH 2 O are called formalin and have a sharp, characteristic (pungent) odor. Solution The total number of electrons is 2 x 5 = 10 electrons. The bond between the two nitrogen atoms is a triple bond. The Lewis diagram for N 2 is as follows: The total number of electrons is 4 x 2(1) + 6 = 12 electrons. In CH 2 O, the central atom is surrounded by two different types of atoms. The Lewis diagram that fills each atom’s valence electron shell is as follows: Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) Draw the Lewis diagram for each molecule. \(\ce{O2}\) \(\ce{C2H4}\) Answer a: or Answer b: or or Example \(\PageIndex{2}\) Which is the correct Lewis structure for N 2 H 2 ? A. B. C. Solution Lewis structure A is the correct answer. It has a total of (2 x 5e - ) + (2 x 1e - ) = 12e - . Each of the N atoms satisfy the octet requirement and the H atoms follow the duet rule. Structure B is electron deficient. It has only 10e - instead of 12. Structure C has 14 (2 extra) electrons. The N atoms do not satisfy the octet. Which is the correct Lewis structure for NOCl? A. B. C. Answer Structure A violates the octet rule; N is surrounded by only 6e - . Structure B violates the octet rule; Cl has 10e - around it. Furthermore, there are a total of 20e - instead of 18e - . Structure C is the correct structure. It has a total of 6e - + 5e - + 7e - = 18e - . Each atom is surrounded by 8 electrons (octet rule). Key Takeaways A Lewis structure shows the bonding and nonbonding electrons around individual atoms in a molecule. Some molecules must have multiple covalent bonds between atoms to satisfy the octet rule. A double bond contains four electrons and a triple bond contains six electrons.