Learning Objectives State the different measurement systems used in chemistry. Describe how prefixes are used in the metric system and identify how the prefixes milli-, centi-, and kilo- compare to the base unit. Units, such as liters, pounds, and centimeters, are standards of comparison for measurements. When we buy a 2-liter bottle of a soft drink, we expect that the volume of the drink was measured, so it is two times larger than the volume that everyone agrees to be 1 liter. The meat used to prepare a 0.25-pound hamburger is measured so it weighs one-fourth as much as 1 pound. Without units, a number can be meaningless, confusing, or possibly life threatening. Suppose a doctor prescribes phenobarbital to control a patient’s seizures and states a dosage of “100” without specifying units. Not only will this be confusing to the medical professional giving the dose, but the consequences can be dire: 100 mg given three times per day can be effective as an anticonvulsant, but a single dose of 100 g is more than 10 times the lethal amount. SI Base Units All measurements depend on the use of units that are well known and understood. The English or Imperial system of measurement units (inches, feet, ounces, etc.) are not used in science because of the difficulty in converting from one unit to another. The metric system is used because all metric units are based on multiples of 10, making conversions very simple. The metric system was originally established in France in 1795. The International System of Units is a system of measurement based on the metric system. The acronym SI is commonly used to refer to this system and stands for the French term, Le Système International d'Unités . The SI was adopted by international agreement in 1960 and is composed of seven base units in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Quantity SI Base Unit Symbol Length meter \(\text{m}\) Mass kilogram \(\text{kg}\) Temperature kelvin \(\text{K}\) Time second \(\text{s}\) Amount of a Substance mole \(\text{mol}\) Electric Current ampere \(\text{A}\) Luminous Intensity candela \(\text{cd}\) The first units are frequently encountered in chemistry. All other measurement quantities, such as volume, force, and energy, can be derived from these seven base units. Unfortunately, the Metric System is Not Ubiquitous The map below shows the adoption of the SI units in countries around the world. The United States has legally adopted the metric system for measurements, but does not use it in everyday practice. Great Britain and much of Canada use a combination of metric and imperial units. Prefix Multipliers Conversions between metric system units are straightforward because the system is based on powers of ten. For example, meters, centimeters, and millimeters are all metric units of length. There are 10 millimeters in 1 centimeter and 100 centimeters in 1 meter. Metric prefixes are used to distinguish between units of different size. These prefixes all derive from either Latin or Greek terms. For example, mega comes from the Greek word \(\mu \varepsilon \gamma \alpha \varsigma\), meaning "great". Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) lists the most common metric prefixes and their relationship to the central unit that has no prefix. Length is used as an example to demonstrate the relative size of each prefixed unit. Prefix Unit Abbreviation Meaning Example giga \(\text{G}\) 1000000000 1 gigameter \(\left( \text{Gm} \right)=10^9 \: \text{m}\) mega \(\text{M}\) 1000000 1 megameter \(\left( \text{Mm} \right)=10^6 \: \text{m}\) kilo \(\text{k}\) 1000 1 kilometer \(\left( \text{km} \right)=1,000 \: \text{m}\) hecto \(\text{h}\) 100 1 hectometer \(\left( \text{hm} \right)=100 \: \text{m}\) deka \(\text{da}\) 10 1 dekameter \(\left( \text{dam} \right)=10 \: \text{m}\) NaN NaN 1 1 meter \(\left( \text{m} \right)\) deci \(\text{d}\) 1/10 1 decimeter \(\left( \text{dm} \right)=0.1 \: \text{m}\) centi \(\text{c}\) 1/100 1 centimeter \(\left( \text{cm} \right)=0.01 \: \text{m}\) milli \(\text{m}\) 1/1,000 1 millimeter \(\left( \text{mm} \right)=0.001 \: \text{m}\) micro \(\mu\) 1/1,000,000 1 micrometer \(\left( \mu \text{m} \right)=10^{-6} \: \text{m}\) nano \(\text{n}\) 1/1,000,000,000 1 nanometer \(\left( \text{nm} \right)=10^{-9} \: \text{m}\) pico \(\text{p}\) 1/1,000,000,000,000 1 picometer \(\left( \text{pm} \right)=10^{-12} \: \text{m}\) There are a couple of odd little practices with the use of metric abbreviations. Most abbreviations are lowercase. We use "\(\text{m}\)" for meter and not "\(\text{M}\)". However, when it comes to volume, the base unit "liter" is abbreviated as "\(\text{L}\)" and not "\(\text{l}\)". So we would write 3.5 milliliters as \(3.5 \: \text{mL}\). As a practical matter, whenever possible you should express the units in a small and manageable number. If you are measuring the weight of a material that weighs \(6.5 \: \text{kg}\), this is easier than saying it weighs \(6500 \: \text{g}\) or \(0.65 \: \text{dag}\). All three are correct, but the \(\text{kg}\) units in this case make for a small and easily managed number. However, if a specific problem needs grams instead of kilograms, go with the grams for consistency. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Unit Abbreviations Give the abbreviation for each unit and define the abbreviation in terms of the base unit. kiloliter microsecond decimeter nanogram Solutions Unnamed: 0 Explanation Answer a The prefix kilo means “1,000 ×,” so 1 kL equals 1,000 L. kL b The prefix micro implies 1/1,000,000th of a unit, so 1 µs equals 0.000001 s. µs c The prefix deci means 1/10th, so 1 dm equals 0.1 m. dm d The prefix nano means 1/1000000000, so a nanogram is equal to 0.000000001 g. ng Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) Give the abbreviation for each unit and define the abbreviation in terms of the base unit. kilometer milligram nanosecond centiliter Answer a: km Answer b: mg Answer c: ns Answer d: cL Summary Metric prefixes derive from Latin or Greek terms. The prefixes are used to make the units manageable. The SI system is based on multiples of ten. There are seven basic units in the SI system. Five of these units are commonly used in chemistry. Contributions & Attributions This page was constructed from content via the following contributor(s) and edited (topically or extensively) by the LibreTexts development team to meet platform style, presentation, and quality: Marisa Alviar-Agnew ( Sacramento City College ) Henry Agnew (UC Davis)