As you might imagine, the synthesis of a large peptide chain by sequential addition of one amino acid at a time is a long and arduous process. An immense simplification is possible, however, using methods introduced by R. Bruce Merrifield, who received the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In the Merrifield solid-phase method, peptide synthesis is carried out with the growing amino acid chain covalently bonded to small beads of a polymer resin, rather than in solution. In the original procedure, polystyrene resin was used, prepared so that one of every hundred or so benzene rings contained a chloromethyl (−CH 2 Cl) group. A Boc-protected C-terminal amino acid was then attached to the resin through an ester bond formed by S N 2 reaction. With the first amino acid bonded to the resin, a repeating series of four steps is then carried out to build a peptide. The steps in the solid-phase procedure have been improved substantially over the years, but the fundamental idea remains the same. A common procedure is use of the Wang resin, developed by Su-Sun Wang, with the Fmoc protecting group. Less common is using the PAM (phenylacetamidomethyl) resin with Boc as the N-protecting group. Robotic peptide synthesizers are now used to automatically repeat the coupling, washing, and deprotection steps with different amino acids. Each step occurs in high yield, and mechanical losses are minimized because the peptide intermediates are never removed from the insoluble polymer until the final step. Peptides with 20 amino acids can be routinely prepared in a few hours.