When you have completed Chapter 19, you should be able to fulfill all of the detailed objectives listed under each individual section. design a multi‑step synthesis in which you may have to use any of the reactions discussed in this chapter together with any number of reactions from previous chapters. solve “road‑map” problems that require a knowledge of the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones. use evidence from any combination of infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and chemical reactions to determine the structure of an unknown aldehyde or ketone. define, and use in context, the key terms introduced in this chapter.