Learning Objectives Define Le Chatelier's principle . Predict the direction of shift for an equilibrium under stress. Once equilibrium is established, the reaction is over, right? Not exactly. An experimenter has some ability to affect the equilibrium. Chemical equilibria can be shifted by changing the conditions that the system experiences. We say that we "stress" the equilibrium. When we stress the equilibrium, the chemical reaction is no longer at equilibrium, and the reaction starts to move back toward equilibrium in such a way as to decrease the stress. The formal statement is called Le Chatelier's principle : If an equilibrium is stressed, then the reaction shifts to reduce the stress. There are several ways to stress an equilibrium. One way is to add or remove a product or a reactant in a chemical reaction at equilibrium. When additional reactant is added, the equilibrium shifts to reduce this stress: it makes more product. When additional product is added, the equilibrium shifts to reactants to reduce the stress. If reactant or product is removed, the equilibrium shifts to make more reactant or product, respectively, to make up for the loss. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) Given this reaction at equilibrium: \[N_{2}+3H_{2}\rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}\nonumber \] In which direction—toward reactants or toward products-—does the reaction shift if the equilibrium is stressed by each change? H 2 is added. NH 3 is added. NH 3 is removed. Solution If H 2 is added, there is now more reactant, so the reaction will shift toward products to reduce the added H 2 . If NH 3 is added, there is now more product, so the reaction will shift toward reactants to reduce the added NH 3 . If NH 3 is removed, there is now less product, so the reaction will shift toward products to replace the product removed. Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) Given this reaction at equilibrium: \[CO(g)+Br_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons COBr_{2}(g)\nonumber \] In which direction—toward reactants or toward products—does the reaction shift if the equilibrium is stressed by each change? Br 2 is removed. COBr 2 is added. Answers toward reactants toward reactants It is worth noting that when reactants or products are added or removed, the value of the K eq does not change . The chemical reaction simply shifts, in a predictable fashion, to reestablish concentrations so that the K eq expression reverts to the correct value. How does an equilibrium react to a change in pressure? Pressure changes do not markedly affect the solid or liquid phases. However, pressure strongly impacts the gas phase. Le Chatelier's principle implies that a pressure increase shifts an equilibrium to the side of the reaction with the fewer number of moles of gas, while a pressure decrease shifts an equilibrium to the side of the reaction with the greater number of moles of gas. If the number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the reaction, pressure has no effect. Example \(\PageIndex{2}\) What is the effect on this equilibrium if pressure is increased? \[N_{2}(g)+3H_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}(g)\nonumber \] Solution According to Le Chatelier's principle, if pressure is increased, then the equilibrium shifts to the side with the fewer number of moles of gas. This particular reaction shows a total of 4 mol of gas as reactants and 2 mol of gas as products, so the reaction shifts toward the products side. Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\) What is the effect on this equilibrium if pressure is decreased? \[3O_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons 2O_{3}(g)\nonumber \] Answer Reaction shifts toward reactants. What is the effect of temperature changes on an equilibrium? It depends on whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Recall that endothermic means that energy is absorbed by a chemical reaction, while exothermic means that energy is given off by the reaction. As such, energy can be thought of as a reactant or a product, respectively, of a reaction: endothermic: energy + reactants → products exothermic: reactants → products + energy Because temperature is a measure of the energy of the system, increasing temperature can be thought of as adding energy. The reaction will react as if a reactant or a product is being added and will act accordingly by shifting to the other side. For example, if the temperature is increased for an endothermic reaction, essentially a reactant is being added, so the equilibrium shifts toward products. Decreasing the temperature is equivalent to decreasing a reactant (for endothermic reactions) or a product (for exothermic reactions), and the equilibrium shifts accordingly. Example \(\PageIndex{3}\) Predict the effect of increasing the temperature on this equilibrium. \[PCl_{3}+Cl_{2}\rightleftharpoons PCl_{5}+60kJ\nonumber \] Solution Because energy is listed as a product, it is being produced, so the reaction is exothermic. If the temperature is increasing, a product is being added to the equilibrium, so the equilibrium shifts to minimize the addition of extra product: it shifts back toward reactants. Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\) Predict the effect of decreasing the temperature on this equilibrium. \[N_{2}O_{4}+57kJ\rightleftharpoons 2NO_{2}\nonumber \] Answer Equilibrium shifts toward reactants. In the case of temperature, the value of the equilibrium has changed because the K eq is dependent on temperature. That is why equilibria shift with changes in temperature. A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a reaction. Overall, a catalyst is not a reactant and is not used up, but it still affects how fast a reaction proceeds. However, a catalyst does not affect the extent or position of a reaction at equilibrium. It helps a reaction achieve equilibrium faster. Chemistry is Everywhere: Equilibria in the Garden Hydrangeas are common flowering plants around the world. Although many hydrangeas are white, there is one common species ( Hydrangea macrophylla ) whose flowers can be either red or blue, as shown in the accompanying figure. How is it that a plant can have different colored flowers like this? Interestingly, the color of the flowers is due to the acidity of the soil that the hydrangea is planted in. An astute gardener can adjust the pH of the soil and actually change the color of the flowers. However, it is not the H + or OH − ions that affect the color of the flowers. Rather, it is the presence of aluminum that causes the color change. The solubility of aluminum in soil, and the ability of plants to absorb it, is dependent upon the acidity of the soil. If the soil is relatively acidic, the aluminum is more soluble, and plants can absorb it more easily. Under these conditions, hydrangea flowers are blue, as Al ions interact with anthocyanin pigments in the plant. In more basic soils, aluminum is less soluble, and under these conditions the hydrangea flowers are red. Gardeners who change the pH of their soils to change the color of their hydrangea flowers are therefore employing Le Chatelier's principle: the amount of acid in the soil changes the equilibrium of aluminum solubility, which in turn affects the color of the flowers. Key Takeaways Le Chatelier's principle addresses how an equilibrium shifts when the conditions of an equilibrium are changed. The direction of shift can be predicted for changes in concentrations, temperature, or pressure. Catalysts do not affect the position of an equilibrium; they help reactions achieve equilibrium faster. Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) Define Le Chatelier's principle . What is meant by a stress? What are some of the ways an equilibrium can be stressed? Given this equilibrium, predict the direction of shift for each stress. \[H_{2}(g)+I_{2}(s)+53kJ\rightleftharpoons 2HI(g)\nonumber \] decreased temperature increased pressure removal of HI Given this equilibrium, predict the direction of shift for each stress. \[H_{2}(g)+F_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons 2HF(g)+546kJ\nonumber \] increased temperature addition of H 2 decreased pressure Given this equilibrium, predict the direction of shift for each stress. \[2SO_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons 2SO_{3}(g)+196kJ\nonumber \] removal of SO 3 addition of O 2 decreased temperature Given this equilibrium, predict the direction of shift for each stress. \[CO_{2}(g)+C(s)+171kJ\rightleftharpoons 2CO(g)\nonumber \] addition of CO increased pressure addition of a catalyst The synthesis of NH 3 uses this chemical reaction. \[N_{2}(g)+3H_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}(g)+92kJ\nonumber \] Identify three stresses that can be imposed on the equilibrium to maximize the amount of NH 3 . The synthesis of CaCO 3 uses this chemical reaction. \[CaO(s)+CO_{2}(g)\rightleftharpoons CaCO_{3}(s)+180kJ\nonumber \] Identify three stresses that can be imposed on the equilibrium to maximize the amount of CaCO 3 . Answers When an equilibrium is stressed, the equilibrium shifts to minimize that stress. toward reactants toward reactants toward products toward products toward products toward products increased pressure, decreased temperature, removal of NH 3