In this exercise, two commercially available antacids are evaluated and compared by: determining the number of moles of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized per gram of each antacid. calculating the cost effectiveness of each antacid. Acid indigestion is a common ailment caused by the overproduction of stomach acid, \(\ce{HCl}\). Over-the-counter antacids provide some relief from the symptoms of acid indigestion. They are generally made up of some mixture of weak bases such as \(\ce{Mg(OH)2}\), \(\ce{Al(OH)3}\), and \(\ce{CaCO3}\) that can react with \)\ce{HCl}\) as shown in these net ionic equations: \[\ce{H^{+} (aq) +OH^{-} (aq) -> H2O(l)}\] \[\ce{2H^{+}(aq) + CO3^{2-} (aq) -> H2O (l) + CO2 (g)}\] In this exercise, the method of titration will be used to determine the number of moles of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized per gram of antacid. In the “back-titration,” a portion of antacid will be mixed with an excess of \(\ce{HCl}\). The \(\ce{H^+}\) that has not reacted with the antacid is then titrated with standardized \(\ce{NaOH}\) in the presence of the indicator bromophenol blue to a blue end point. The end point , is defined as the volume of \(\ce{OH^-}\) needed to see a color change. Because only the tiniest excess of \(\ce{OH^-}\) over \(\ce{H^+}\) can cause the color change of an indicator, the end point is a close approximation of the equivalence point. (The difference between the end point and the equivalence point is known as the titration error .) At the equivalence point, the number of moles of \(\ce{OH^-}\) added is equal to the number of moles of excess \(\ce{H^+}\) that had not been neutralized by the antacid. By knowing the total moles of \(\ce{HCl}\) added, one can then calculate the number of moles of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized by the antacid. \[\text{Total moles of } \ce{H^+} = \text{moles of } \ce{H^+} \text{neutralized by antacid + moles of } \ce{H^+} \text{neutralized by } \ce{NaOH}\] Because the antacid includes both \(\ce{OH^-}\) and \(\ce{CO3^{2-}}\), it is not possible to calculate the number of moles of each of these ion species independently. Instead, the number of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized by the antacid is found. The amount of antacid required to neutralize one mole of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized is said to be one “equivalent.” \[ \text{total equivalent of antacid} = \text{total mole of } \ce{H^+} \text{neutralized}\] The more cost effective antacid is the one that costs fewer dollars per equivalent. Procedure Materials and Equipment Antacid tablets – Rolaids ®, Tums ®, etc. It is preferable to use tablets that are white and have no added flavor. Mortar and pestle Two Ehrlenmeyer flasks and at least two 100 mL beakers Bunsen burner Ring stand with ring clamp and wire gauze Standardized \(\ce{HCl}\) solution – about 0.1M Standardized \(\ce{NaOH}\) solution – about 0.1M Bromophenol blue indicator solution Two Burets* Wear goggles at all times during this experiment. Take care in handling both \(\ce{HCl}\) and \(\ce{NaOH}\). Should either of these solutions come in contact with skin or eyes, rinse thoroughly with water. Allow enough time for the boiled antacid solution to come to room temperature before touching it. Part A: Preparation of Antacid Sample Choose an antacid and record its name on the data sheet. With a mortar and pestle, crush one tablet of antacid to as fine a powder as possible. Weigh out between 0.3 – 0.4 g of the powdered antacid into a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask (250 mL). Record the mass of the antacid sample to 0.001g. Part B: Preparation of Burets Obtain two burets from the stockroom and, with soap and water, wash them with a brush. Rinse them well with deionized water (When the buret is cleaned properly, there should be no water droplets clinging to the inside of the buret.) One buret will be filled with the standardized \(\ce{HCl}\) and the other with standardized \(\ce{NaOH}\). Label them accordingly and record their concentrations as indicated on the label. It is important that the concentration of the acid and base are not diluted with any of the water left over from cleaning. So, before filling the burets, rinse them well with at least two 4-mL portions of either \(\ce{HCl}\) or \(\ce{NaOH}\) as appropriate. Using a beaker, fill the burets with \(\ce{HCl}\) and \(\ce{NaOH}\). Note that bubbles take up space, so make sure to dislodge any bubbles that might be stuck in the tip of the buret by lightly tapping the tip or by letting a portion of the solution run rapidly through the tip. Record the initial buret readings for both \(\ce{HCl}\) and \(\ce{NaOH}\). Part C: Addition of excess \(\ce{HCl}\) to the antacid Record the initial volume of \(\ce{HCl}\) in the buret and add approximately 40 mL of standardized \(\ce{HCl}\) to the prepared antacid sample. Record the final volume of \(\ce{HCl}\) in the buret to 0.01 mL. In order to dissolve as much as of the antacid as possible and to drive off as much dissolved \(\ce{CO2}\) as possible, gently boil the mixture of antacid + \(\ce{HCl}\) for about two minutes. Cool the mixture to room temperature. There may be a significant amount of substances that are not dissolved in your mixture. Because the active ingredients of an antacid are quite water soluble, the solids will not affect the results. The solids are a mixture of inactive ingredients such as the coating and some binding compounds. Add 6 - 8 drops of bromophenol blue indicator solution. The solution should be yellow if there is excess \(\ce{H^+}\) in solution. If the solution is green, blue, or a mixture of both green and blue, there is excess \(\ce{OH^-}\) in solution and more \(\ce{HCl}\) must be added. From the buret, add about 20 ml of \(\ce{HCl}\), again recording to 0.01 mL. Make sure there is enough \(\ce{HCl}\) in the buret. Remember, it is not possible to measure the volume of \(\ce{HCl}\) if the level drops below the 50.00 mL mark! Assess the color of the solution. If it is not yellow, repeat the addition of \(\ce{HCl}\) until it is. Part D: Titration of excess \(\ce{HCl}\) Begin the neutralization of the excess \(\ce{HCl}\) with the addition of standardized \(\ce{NaOH}\). Record the initial volume on the \(\ce{NaOH}\) buret to 0.01 mL. Begin the titration by slowly adding the \(\ce{NaOH}\) in 1 mL increments. Mix well between additions by swirling the flask. As more and more \(\ce{NaOH}\) is added, the solution will turn from yellow to green and then finally blue. The titration reaches the end point when the addition of one to three drops of \(\ce{NaOH}\) turn the solution blue and that color is stable with mixing for at least 20 seconds. Record the final buret reading and calculate the number of \(\ce{OH^-}\) moles added. Part E: Back-Titration-Only necessary if too much \(\ce{NaOH}\) has been added and the end point has been exceeded If your solution is intensely blue – you’ve added too much \(\ce{NaOH}\)! Don’t panic, this error can be corrected. Add enough of the standardized \(\ce{HCl}\) to make the solution yellow. (About 5 - 8 mL) Record the new total volume of \(\ce{HCl}\). Again from the buret, add \(\ce{NaOH}\) slowly until the solution turns blue. Part F: Repeat Repeat the procedure with another brand of antacid. Make every effort to reach an endpoint that has equivalent in its “blueness.” Clean Up Before returning burets to the stockroom, rinse them thoroughly with deionized water. Wash glassware with soap and water and rinse thoroughly with deionized water. Pre-laboratory Assignment: Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Antacids Show all calculations clearly. A student dissolves 0.326 g of a powdered antacid in 32.36 mL of 0.1034 M \(\ce{HCl}\). The student boils the mixture and then allows it to cool. Finally, the student adds bromophenol blue indicator to the mixture, which turns yellow. Calculate the total number of moles of \(\ce{HCl}\) added to the antacid. Boiling the mixture helps get rid of dissolved \(\ce{CO2}\). What is the source of most of this \(\ce{CO2}\)? Suppose that 11.72 mL of 0.1506 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) is required to turn the solution from yellow to blue. Calculate the total moles of \(\ce{OH^-}\) added. Calculate the difference between the total moles of \(\ce{HCl}\) added and the total moles of \(\ce{NaOH}\) added. How many moles of \(\ce{HCl}\) reacted with the antacid? How many equivalents of antacid are present in the sample? Find the number of equivalents of antacid present per gram of antacid. Note that the number of moles of \(\ce{HCl}\) that react with the antacid equals the number of equivalents of antacid present. Given that the antacid costs $5.99 per 100 tablet bottle and that the average mass of a tablet is 650 mg, calculate the cost per equivalent (in $/eq) of this antacid. Lab Report: Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Antacids Experimental Data Experimental Data Mass of Antacid 0 1 2 Antacid name NaN NaN Mass of empty flask NaN NaN Mass of flask + antacid NaN NaN Mass of antacid NaN NaN Addition of \(\ce{HCl}\) 0 1 2 Molarity of \(\ce{HCl}\) NaN NaN Initial buret reading NaN NaN Final buret reading NaN NaN Volume of \(\ce{HCl}\) added NaN NaN Moles of \(\ce{HCl}\)added NaN NaN Addition of more \(\ce{HCl}\) – only if needed (i.e. if solution is blue after addition of bromophenol blue) Addition of more \(\ce{HCl}\) – only if needed (i.e. if solution is blue after addition of bromophenol blue).1 Addition of more \(\ce{HCl}\) – only if needed (i.e. if solution is blue after addition of bromophenol blue).2 Initial buret reading NaN NaN Final buret reading NaN NaN Volume of extra \(\ce{HCl}\) added NaN NaN Moles of extra \(\ce{HCl}\) added NaN NaN Back Titration with more \(\ce{HCl}\) – only if needed (i.e. if you pass the endpoint when titrating with \(\ce{NaOH}\) and need to add more \(\ce{HCl}\)) Back Titration with more \(\ce{HCl}\) – only if needed (i.e. if you pass the endpoint when titrating with \(\ce{NaOH}\) and need to add more \(\ce{HCl}\)).1 Back Titration with more \(\ce{HCl}\) – only if needed (i.e. if you pass the endpoint when titrating with \(\ce{NaOH}\) and need to add more \(\ce{HCl}\)).2 Initial buret reading NaN NaN Final buret reading NaN NaN Volume of extra \(\ce{HCl}\) added NaN NaN Moles of extra \(\ce{HCl}\) added NaN NaN Total moles of \(\ce{HCl}\) added NaN NaN Titration with \(\ce{NaOH}\) 0 1 2 Molarity of \(\ce{NaOH}\) NaN NaN Initial buret reading NaN NaN Final buret reading NaN NaN Volume of \(\ce{NaOH}\) added NaN NaN Total moles of \(\ce{NaOH}\) added to neutralize excess \(\ce{HCl}\) NaN NaN Additional Data – to be provided by your instructor 0 1 2 Cost of antacid per package NaN NaN Mass of antacid per package NaN NaN Cost of antacid per gram NaN NaN Calculations 0 1 2 Moles of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized by the antacid sample NaN NaN Equivalents of antacid in sample analyzed NaN NaN Equivalents per gram of antacid (in eq/gram) NaN NaN Cost of antacid per equivalent (in $/eq) NaN NaN Below, show your work for each of these calculations for the first antacid you analyzed. Moles of \(\ce{H^+}\) neutralized by the antacid sample: Equivalents of antacid in sample analyzed: Equivalents per gram of antacid (in eq/gram): Cost of antacid per equivalent (in $/eq): Conclusions • Which antacid is the better buy? Explain.