Freshly-baked bread is light and fluffy as a result of the action of yeast on sugar. The yeast converts the sugar to carbon dioxide, which at high temperatures causes the dough to expand. The end result is an enjoyable treat, especially when covered with melted butter. Charles's Law French physicist Jacques Charles (1746-1823) studied the effect of temperature on the volume of a gas at constant pressure. Charles's Law states that the volume of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas when pressure is kept constant. The absolute temperature is temperature measured with the Kelvin scale. The Kelvin scale must be used because zero on the Kelvin scale corresponds to a complete stoppage of molecular motion. Mathematically, the direct relationship of Charles's Law can be represented by the following equation: \[\frac{V}{T} = k\nonumber \] As with Boyle's Law, \(k\) is constant only for a given gas sample. The table below shows temperature and volume data for a set amount of gas at a constant pressure. The third column is the constant for this particular data set and is always equal to the volume divided by the Kelvin temperature. Temperature \(\left( \text{K} \right)\) Volume \(\left( \text{mL} \right)\) \(\frac{V}{T} = k\) \(\left( \frac{\text{mL}}{\text{K}} \right)\) 50 20 0.4 100 40 0.4 150 60 0.4 200 80 0.4 300 120 0.4 500 200 0.4 1000 400 0.4 When this data is graphed, the result is a straight line, indicative of a direct relationship, shown in the figure below. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The volume of a gas increases as the Kelvin temperature increases. Notice that the line goes exactly toward the origin, meaning that as the absolute temperature of the gas approaches zero, its volume approaches zero. However, when a gas is brought to extremely cold temperatures, its molecules would eventually condense into the liquid state before reaching absolute zero. The temperature at which this change into the liquid state occurs varies for different gases. Charles's Law can also be used to compare changing conditions for a gas. Now we use \(V_1\) and \(T_1\) to stand for the initial volume and temperature of a gas, while \(V_2\) and \(T_2\) stand for the final volume and temperature. The mathematical relationship of Charles's Law becomes: \[\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}\nonumber \] This equation can be used to calculate any one of the four quantities if the other three are known. The direct relationship will only hold if the temperatures are expressed in Kelvin. Temperatures in Celsius will not work. Recall the relationship that \(\text{K} = \: ^\text{o} \text{C} + 273\). Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) A balloon is filled to a volume of \(2.20 \: \text{L}\) at a temperature of \(22^\text{o} \text{C}\). The balloon is then heated to a temperature of \(71^\text{o} \text{C}\). Find the new volume of the balloon. Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem. Known \(V_1 = 2.20 \: \text{L}\) \(T_1 = 22^\text{o} \text{C} = 295 \: \text{K}\) \(T_2 = 71^\text{o} \text{C} = 344 \: \text{K}\) Unknown Use Charles's Law to solve for the unknown volume \(\left( V_2 \right)\). The temperatures have first been converted to Kelvin. Step 2: Solve. First, rearrange the equation algebraically to solve for \(V_2\). \[V_2 = \frac{V_1 \times T_2}{T_1}\nonumber \] Now substitute the known quantities into the equation and solve. \[V_2 = \frac{2.20 \: \text{L} \times 344 \: \text{K}}{295 \: \text{K}} = 2.57 \: \text{L}\nonumber \] Step 3: Think about your result. The volume increases as the temperature increases. The result has three significant figures. Summary