Learning Objectives When you have completed Chapter 26, you should be able to fulfill all of the detailed objectives listed under each individual section. use the information provided by an amino acid analysis, an Edman degradation and a carboxypeptidase hydrolysis to determine the structure of an unknown polypeptide. outline the approach that you would use to synthesize a given peptide, providing appropriate mechanistic details if requested to do so. define, and use in context, the key terms introduced in this chapter. Amino acids are important biochemicals, as they are the building blocks from which proteins and polypeptides are assembled. We begin this chapter with an examination of some of the fundamental chemistry of amino acids: their structures, stereochemistry and synthesis. We then discuss the nature of peptides and of the peptide bond, and present the complex issue of determining the order in which the various amino‑acid residues occur in a given peptide. Once a chemist knows the exact order the of the residues in a given peptide, the next challenge is to determine a method by which the same peptide can be prepared in the laboratory. Thus, two sections are devoted to the problem of protein synthesis. The final sections in the chapter deal with the classification, overall structure and denaturation of proteins. 26.0: Chapter Objectives 26.1: Introduction 26.2: Structures of Amino Acids 26.3: Amino Acids, the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, and Isoelectric Points 26.4: Synthesis of Amino Acids 26.5: Peptides and Proteins 26.6: Amino Acid Analysis of Peptides 26.7: The Edman Degradation Edman degradation is the process of purifying protein by sequentially removing one residue at a time from the amino end of a peptide. To solve the problem of damaging the protein by hydrolyzing conditions, Pehr Edman created a new way of labeling and cleaving the peptide. Edman thought of a way of removing only one residue at a time, which did not damage the overall sequencing. This was done by adding Phenyl isothiocyanate, which creates a phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative with the N-terminal. 26.8: Peptide Synthesis 26.9: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique 26.10: Protein Structure 26.11: Enzymes and Coenzymes