Why does the color change? If you look at a typical bottle of copper sulfate, it will be a bluish-green. If someone were to tell you that copper sulfate is white, you likely would not believe them. However, it turns out that you are both right; it just depends on the copper sulfate. Your blue-green copper sulfate has several water molecules attached to it, while your friend's copper sulfate is anhydrous (no water attached). Why the difference? The water molecules interact with some of the \(d\) electrons in the copper ion and produce the color. When the water is removed, the electron configuration changes and the color disappears. Percent of Water in a Hydrate Many ionic compounds naturally contain water as part of the crystal lattice structure. A hydrate is a compound that has one or more water molecules bound to each formula unit. Ionic compounds that contain a transition metal are often highly colored. Interestingly, it is common for the hydrated form of a compound to be of a different color than the anhydrous form, which has no water in its structure. A hydrate can usually be converted to the anhydrous compound by heating. For example, the anhydrous compound cobalt (II) chloride is blue, while the hydrate is a distinctive magenta color. The hydrated form of cobalt (II) chloride contains six water molecules in each formula unit. The name of the compound is cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate and its formula is \(\ce{CoCl_2} \cdot 6 \ce{H_2O}\). The formula for water is set apart at the end of the formula with a dot, followed by a coefficient that represents the number of water molecules per formula unit. It is useful to know the percent of water contained within a hydrate. The sample problem below demonstrates the procedure. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Percent of Water in a Hydrate Find the percent water in cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate, \(\ce{CoCl_2} \cdot 6 \ce{H_2O}\). Solution Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem . The mass of water in the hydrate is the coefficient (6) multiplied by the molar mass of \(\ce{H_2O}\). The molar mass of the hydrate is the molar mass of the \(\ce{CoCl_2}\) plus the mass of water. Known Mass of \(\ce{H_2O}\) in \(1 \: \text{mol}\) hydrate \(= 108.12 \: \text{g}\) Molar mass of hydrate \(= 237.95 \: \text{g/mol}\) Unknown percent H 2 O = ?% Calculate the percent by mass of water by dividing the mass of \(\ce{H_2O}\) in 1 mole of the hydrate by the molar mass of the hydrate and multiplying by \(100\%\). Step 2: Calculate. \[\% \: \ce{H_2O} = \frac{108.12 \: \text{g} \: \ce{H_2O}}{237.95 \: \text{g}} \times 100\% = 45.44\% \: \ce{H_2O}\nonumber \] Step 3: Think about your result. Nearly half of the mass of the hydrate is composed of water molecules within the crystal. Summary The process of calculating the percent water in a hydrate is described. Review What is a hydrate? How can you convert a hydrate to an anhydrous compound? What does hexahydrate mean?