What are the effects of waste within our environment? Where to dump the garbage? Where to put the waste materials we don’t want, after we have made what we do want? For many years we just dumped the waste in the nearest lake, river, empty spot of ground, and didn’t worry about it. However, as we learn more about the effects of chemicals on living systems, we have become more concerned about the effects of all this dumping. In many cases, we just didn’t know what the long-term effects would be. Today, dumping is generally illegal and offenders pay heavy penalties of fines and jail sentences. Environment Many chemicals that were once commonly used were later discovered to be harmful to the environment , to human health, or to both. The element lead was once a common additive to gasoline and to paint. Plumbing pipes were once typically made of lead. Only since the 1970s has the danger of lead become apparent. It causes brain damage; small children (who might chew on objects painted with lead-based paint) are particularly susceptible. The use of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing pipes is now banned; new materials are being developed to replace hazardous lead components. Lead is still widely used in car batteries. In recent years, battery recycling has become common—about \(98\%\) of car batteries are recycled today. The used batteries go to a processing plant where they are crushed and placed in a tank. The lead sinks to the bottom, to be separated and melted. The plastic can then be used in a number of applications. The battery acids are treated with chemicals to neutralize them before they are disposed of. How Chemists Help the Environment Chemists are involved in all aspects of environmental protection. In the case of lead, chemists measured the amount of lead in soil, paint, plumbing, blood, and other materials. Chemists studied the chemical processes in the body to see how lead did its damage. Methods for removal of lead from the body were developed with the help of chemists. New gasoline products were developed that fostered fuel efficiency and smooth running of engines, without the presence of lead. Chemists continue to look for threats to our health and the environment—and to search for alternatives—so that harmful chemicals can be replaced with others that will do the job as effectively, but without the harm. Summary Environmental contamination is a major problem today. Lead contamination has serious harmful effects on the body. Chemists contribute in many ways to helping with issues of lead contamination. Review Where was lead found in products? What is a hazard of lead? What happens to the lead in used car batteries? List two ways chemists help with issues related to lead contamination.