Learning Objectives Identify the relative volume of gas consumed or produced based on a balanced chemical equation for a reaction. The behavior of gases can be represented by gas laws as will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 6. Avogadro's law states that all gases (that show ideal behavior) contain the same number of molecules in the same volume (at the same temperature and pressure). Thus, the ratios of volumes of gases involved in a chemical reaction are given by the coefficients in the equation for the reaction, provided that the gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. We can extend Avogadro’s law (that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas) to chemical reactions with gases: Gases combine, or react, in definite and simple proportions by volume, provided that all gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. For example, since nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to produce ammonia gas according to the balanced equation below \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⟶\ce{2NH3}(g) \nonumber \] a given volume of nitrogen gas reacts with three times that volume of hydrogen gas to produce two times that volume of ammonia gas, if pressure and temperature remain constant. The explanation for this is illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). According to Avogadro’s law, equal volumes of gaseous N 2 , H 2 , and NH 3 , at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Because one molecule of N 2 reacts with three molecules of H 2 to produce two molecules of NH 3 , the volume of H 2 required is three times the volume of N 2 , and the volume of NH 3 produced is two times the volume of N 2 . Example \(\PageIndex{5}\): Reaction of Gases Propane, C 3 H 8 ( g ), is used in gas grills to provide the heat for cooking. What volume of O 2 ( g ) measured at 25 °C and 760 torr is required to react with 2.7 L of propane measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure? Assume that the propane undergoes complete combustion. Solution The ratio of the volumes of C 3 H 8 and O 2 will be equal to the ratio of their coefficients in the balanced equation for the reaction: \[\begin{align} &\ce{C3H8}(g)+\ce{5O2}(g) ⟶ &&\ce{3CO2}(g)+\ce{4H2O}(l)\\ \ce{&1\: volume + 5\: volumes &&3\: volumes + 4\: volumes} \end{align} \nonumber \] From the equation, we see that one volume of C 3 H 8 will react with five volumes of O 2 : \[\mathrm{2.7\cancel{L\:C_3H_8}×\dfrac{5\: L\:\ce{O2}}{1\cancel{L\:C_3H_8}}=13.5\: L\:\ce{O2}} \nonumber \] A volume of 13.5 L of O 2 will be required to react with 2.7 L of C 3 H 8 . Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\) An acetylene tank for an oxyacetylene welding torch provides 9340 L of acetylene gas, C 2 H 2 , at 0 °C and 1 atm. How many tanks of oxygen, each providing 7.00 × 10 3 L of O 2 at 0 °C and 1 atm, will be required to burn the acetylene? \[\ce{2C2H2 + 5O2⟶4CO2 + 2H2O} \nonumber \] Answer 3.34 tanks (2.34 × 10 4 L) Example \(\PageIndex{6}\): Volumes of Reacting Gases Ammonia is an important fertilizer and industrial chemical. Suppose that a volume of 683 billion cubic feet of gaseous ammonia, measured at 25 °C and 1 atm, was manufactured. What volume of H 2 ( g ), measured under the same conditions, was required to prepare this amount of ammonia by reaction with N 2 ? \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⟶\ce{2NH3}(g) \nonumber \] Solution Because equal volumes of H 2 and NH 3 contain equal numbers of molecules and each three molecules of H 2 that react produce two molecules of NH 3 , the ratio of the volumes of H 2 and NH 3 will be equal to 3:2. Two volumes of NH 3 , in this case in units of billion ft 3 , will be formed from three volumes of H 2 : \[\mathrm{683\cancel{billion\:ft^3\:NH_3}×\dfrac{3\: billion\:ft^3\:H_2}{2\cancel{billion\:ft^3\:NH_3}}=1.02×10^3\:billion\:ft^3\:H_2} \nonumber \] The manufacture of 683 billion ft 3 of NH 3 required 1020 billion ft 3 of H 2 . (At 25 °C and 1 atm, this is the volume of a cube with an edge length of approximately 1.9 miles.) Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\) What volume of O 2 ( g ) measured at 25 °C and 760 torr is required to react with 17.0 L of ethylene, C 2 H 4 ( g ), measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure? The products are CO 2 and water vapor. Answer 51.0 L Summary Avogadro's law may be used to determine the volume of gaseous reactant(s) or product(s) based on a balanced chemical equation.