A common interpretation of entropy is that it is somehow a measure of chaos or randomness. There is some utility in that concept. Given that entropy is a measure of the dispersal of energy in a system, the more chaotic a system is, the greater the dispersal of energy will be, and thus the greater the entropy will be. Ludwig Boltzmann (1844 – 1906) (O'Connor & Robertson, 1998) understood this concept well, and used it to derive a statistical approach to calculating entropy. Boltzmann proposed a method for calculating the entropy of a system based on the number of energetically equivalent ways a system can be constructed. Boltzmann proposed an expression, which in its modern form is: \[S = k_b \ln(W) \label{Boltz} \] This rather famous equation is etched on Boltzmann’s grave marker in commemoration of his profound contributions to the science of thermodynamics (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Calculate the entropy of a carbon monoxide crystal, containing 1.00 mol of \(\ce{CO}\), and assuming that the molecules are randomly oriented in one of two equivalent orientations. Solution Using the Boltzmann formula (Equation \ref{Boltz}): \[S = nK \ln (W) \nonumber \] And using \(W = 2\), the calculation is straightforward. \[ \begin{align*} S &= \left(1.00 \, mol \cot \dfrac{6.022\times 10^{23}}{1\,mol} \right) (1.38 \times 10^{-23} J/K) \ln 2 \\ &= 5.76\, J/K \end{align*} \]