4.1: Aldehydes and Ketones- Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Nucleophilic addition reactions were described in general terms in Unit 18. In Unit 19, we take a more detailed look at these reactions as we make a comprehensive study of the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are discussed together because their chemistry is very similar. However, as you work through the unit, be sure to look for specific instances where the chemistry of these two classes of compounds differs. 4.1.1: Chapter Objectives and Preview of Carbonyl Chemistry 4.1.2: Naming Aldehydes and Ketones 4.1.3: Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones 4.1.4: Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones 4.1.5: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 4.1.6: Nucleophilic Addition of Water- Hydration 4.2: Carboxylic Acids This chapter presents a straightforward discussion of the chemistry of carboxylic acids (formerly called “fatty acids”) and nitriles. As usual, we begin with a description of how the compounds are named. We then consider the subtleties of their structure, and how these structural features influence physical properties, such as boiling point. We place considerable emphasis on the dissociation of carboxylic acids and the effect of substituents on acid strength. 4.2.1: Chapter Objectives and Introduction to Carboxylic Acids 4.2.2: Naming Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles 4.2.3: Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids 4.2.4: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - An Overview 4.2.5: Chemistry of Esters 4.2.6: Chemistry of Amides