Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances Substance \(ΔH^∘_\ce{f}\) (kJ mol–) \(ΔG^∘_\ce{f}\) (kJ mol–1) \(S^∘_{298}\) (J K–1 mol–1) aluminum aluminum aluminum aluminum Al(s) 0 0 28.3 Al(g) 324.4 285.7 164.54 \(\ce{Al^{3+}} \left( aq \right)\) -531 -485 -321.7 Al2O3(s) –1676 –1582 50.92 AlF3(s) –1510.4 –1425 66.5 AlCl3(s) –704.2 –628.8 110.67 AlCl3·6H2O(s) –2691.57 –2269.40 376.56 Al2S3(s) –724.0 –492.4 116.9 Al2(SO4)3(s) –3445.06 –3506.61 239.32 antimony antimony antimony antimony Sb(s) 0 0 45.69 Sb(g) 262.34 222.17 180.16 Sb4O6(s) –1440.55 –1268.17 220.92 SbCl3(g) –313.8 –301.2 337.80 SbCl5(g) –394.34 –334.29 401.94 Sb2S3(s) –174.89 –173.64 182.00 SbCl3(s) –382.17 –323.72 184.10 SbOCl(s) –374.0 — — arsenic arsenic arsenic arsenic As(s) 0 0 35.1 As(g) 302.5 261.0 174.21 As4(g) 143.9 92.4 314 As4O6(s) –1313.94 –1152.52 214.22 As2O5(s) –924.87 –782.41 105.44 AsCl3(g) –261.50 –248.95 327.06 As2S3(s) –169.03 –168.62 163.59 AsH3(g) 66.44 68.93 222.78 H3AsO4(s) –906.3 — — barium barium barium barium Ba(s) 0 0 62.5 Ba(g) 180 146 170.24 \(\ce{Ba^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -537.6 -560.8 9.6 BaO(s) –548.0 –520.3 72.1 BaCl2(s) –855.0 –806.7 123.7 BaSO4(s) –1473.2 –1362.3 132.2 beryllium beryllium beryllium beryllium Be(s) 0 0 9.50 Be(g) 324.3 286.6 136.27 BeO(s) –609.4 –580.1 13.8 bismuth bismuth bismuth bismuth Bi(s) 0 0 56.74 Bi(g) 207.1 168.2 187.00 Bi2O3(s) –573.88 –493.7 151.5 BiCl3(s) –379.07 –315.06 176.98 Bi2S3(s) –143.1 –140.6 200.4 boron boron boron boron B(s) 0 0 5.86 B(g) 565.0 521.0 153.4 B2O3(s) –1273.5 –1194.3 53.97 B2H6(g) 36.4 87.6 232.1 H3BO3(s) –1094.33 –968.92 88.83 BF3(g) –1136.0 –1119.4 254.4 BCl3(g) –403.8 –388.7 290.1 B3N3H6(l) –540.99 –392.79 199.58 HBO2(s) –794.25 –723.41 37.66 bromine bromine bromine bromine Br2(l) 0 0 152.23 Br2(g) 30.91 3.142 245.5 Br(g) 111.88 82.429 175.0 \(\ce{Br^-} \left( aq \right)\) -120.9 -102.82 80.71 BrF3(g) –255.60 –229.45 292.42 HBr(g) –36.3 –53.43 198.7 cadmium cadmium cadmium cadmium Cd(s) 0 0 51.76 Cd(g) 112.01 77.41 167.75 \(\ce{Cd^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -75.90 -77.61 -73.2 CdO(s) –258.2 –228.4 54.8 CdCl2(s) –391.5 –343.9 115.3 CdSO4(s) –933.3 –822.7 123.0 CdS(s) –161.9 –156.5 64.9 calcium calcium calcium calcium Ca(s) 0 0 41.6 Ca(g) 178.2 144.3 154.88 \(\ce{Ca^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -542.96 -553.04 -55.2 CaO(s) –634.9 –603.3 38.1 Ca(OH)2(s) –985.2 –897.5 83.4 CaSO4(s) –1434.5 –1322.0 106.5 CaSO4·2H2O(s) –2022.63 –1797.45 194.14 CaCO3(s) (calcite) –1220.0 –1081.4 110.0 CaSO3·H2O(s) –1752.68 –1555.19 184.10 carbon carbon carbon carbon C(s) (graphite) 0 0 5.740 C(s) (diamond) 1.89 2.90 2.38 C(g) 716.681 671.2 158.1 CO(g) –110.52 –137.15 197.7 CO2(g) –393.51 –394.36 213.8 \(\ce{CO_3^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -677.1 -527.8 -56.9 CH4(g) –74.6 –50.5 186.3 CH3OH(l) –239.2 –166.6 126.8 CH3OH(g) –201.0 –162.3 239.9 CCl4(l) –128.2 –62.5 214.4 CCl4(g) –95.7 –58.2 309.7 CHCl3(l) –134.1 –73.7 201.7 CHCl3(g) –103.14 –70.34 295.71 CS2(l) 89.70 65.27 151.34 CS2(g) 116.9 66.8 238.0 C2H2(g) 227.4 209.2 200.9 C2H4(g) 52.4 68.4 219.3 C2H6(g) –84.0 –32.0 229.2 CH3CO2H(l) –484.3 –389.9 159.8 CH3CO2H(g) –434.84 –376.69 282.50 C2H5OH(l) –277.6 –174.8 160.7 C2H5OH(g) –234.8 –167.9 281.6 \(\ce{HCO_3^-} \left( aq \right)\) -691.11 -587.06 95 C3H8(g) –103.8 –23.4 270.3 C6H6(g) 82.927 129.66 269.2 C6H6(l) 49.1 124.50 173.4 CH2Cl2(l) –124.2 –63.2 177.8 CH2Cl2(g) –95.4 –65.90 270.2 CH3Cl(g) –81.9 –60.2 234.6 C2H5Cl(l) –136.52 –59.31 190.79 C2H5Cl(g) –112.17 –60.39 276.00 C2N2(g) 308.98 297.36 241.90 HCN(l) 108.9 125.0 112.8 HCN(g) 135.5 124.7 201.8 cesium cesium cesium cesium \(\ce{Cs^+} \left( aq \right)\) -248 -282.0 133 chlorine chlorine chlorine chlorine Cl2(g) 0 0 223.1 Cl(g) 121.3 105.70 165.2 \(\ce{Cl^-} \left( aq \right)\) -167.2 -131.2 56.5 ClF(g) –54.48 –55.94 217.78 ClF3(g) –158.99 –118.83 281.50 Cl2O(g) 80.3 97.9 266.2 Cl2O7(l) 238.1 — — Cl2O7(g) 272.0 — — HCl(g) –92.307 –95.299 186.9 HClO4(l) –40.58 — — chromium chromium chromium chromium Cr(s) 0 0 23.77 Cr(g) 396.6 351.8 174.50 \(\ce{CrO_4^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -881.2 -727.8 50.21 \(\ce{Cr_2O_7^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -1490.3 -1301.1 261.9 Cr2O3(s) –1139.7 –1058.1 81.2 CrO3(s) –589.5 — — (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) –1806.7 — — cobalt cobalt cobalt cobalt Co(s) 0 0 30.0 \(\ce{Co^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -67.4 -51.5 -155 \(\ce{Co^{3+}} \left( aq \right)\) 92 134 -305.0 CoO(s) –237.9 –214.2 52.97 Co3O4(s) –910.02 –794.98 114.22 Co(NO3)2(s) –420.5 — — copper copper copper copper Cu(s) 0 0 33.15 Cu(g) 338.32 298.58 166.38 \(\ce{Cu^+} \left( aq \right)\) 51.9 50.2 -26 \(\ce{Cu^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) 64.77 65.49 -99.6 CuO(s) –157.3 –129.7 42.63 Cu2O(s) –168.6 –146.0 93.14 CuS(s) –53.1 –53.6 66.5 Cu2S(s) –79.5 –86.2 120.9 CuSO4(s) –771.36 –662.2 109.2 Cu(NO3)2(s) –302.9 — — fluorine fluorine fluorine fluorine F2(g) 0 0 202.8 F(g) 79.4 62.3 158.8 \(\ce{F^-} \left( aq \right)\) -332.6 -278.8 -13.8 F2O(g) 24.7 41.9 247.43 HF(g) –273.3 –275.4 173.8 hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen H2(g) 0 0 130.7 H(g) 217.97 203.26 114.7 \(\ce{H^+} \left( aq \right)\) 0 0 0 \(\ce{OH^-} \left( aq \right)\) -230.0 -157.2 -10.75 \(\ce{H_3O^+} \left( aq \right)\) -285.8 NaN 69.91 H2O(l) –285.83 –237.1 70.0 H2O(g) –241.82 –228.59 188.8 H2O2(l) –187.78 –120.35 109.6 H2O2(g) –136.3 –105.6 232.7 HF(g) –273.3 –275.4 173.8 HCl(g) –92.307 –95.299 186.9 HBr(g) –36.3 –53.43 198.7 HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59 H2S(g) –20.6 –33.4 205.8 H2Se(g) 29.7 15.9 219.0 iodine iodine iodine iodine I2(s) 0 0 116.14 I2(g) 62.438 19.3 260.7 I(g) 106.84 70.2 180.8 \(\ce{I^-} \left( aq \right)\) -55.19 -51.57 11.13 IF(g) 95.65 –118.49 236.06 ICl(g) 17.78 –5.44 247.44 IBr(g) 40.84 3.72 258.66 IF7(g) –943.91 –818.39 346.44 HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59 iron iron iron iron Fe(s) 0 0 27.3 Fe(g) 416.3 370.7 180.5 \(\ce{Fe^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -89.1 -78.90 -137.7 \(\ce{Fe^{3+}} \left( aq \right)\) -48.5 -4.7 -315.9 Fe2O3(s) –824.2 –742.2 87.40 Fe3O4(s) –1118.4 –1015.4 146.4 Fe(CO)5(l) –774.04 –705.42 338.07 Fe(CO)5(g) –733.87 –697.26 445.18 FeCl2(s) –341.79 –302.30 117.95 FeCl3(s) –399.49 –334.00 142.3 FeO(s) –272.0 –255.2 60.75 Fe(OH)2(s) –569.0 –486.5 88. Fe(OH)3(s) –823.0 –696.5 106.7 FeS(s) –100.0 –100.4 60.29 Fe3C(s) 25.10 20.08 104.60 lead lead lead lead Pb(s) 0 0 64.81 Pb(g) 195.2 162. 175.4 \(\ce{Pb^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -1.7 -24.43 10.5 PbO(s) (yellow) –217.32 –187.89 68.70 PbO(s) (red) –218.99 –188.93 66.5 Pb(OH)2(s) –515.9 — — PbS(s) –100.4 –98.7 91.2 Pb(NO3)2(s) –451.9 — — PbO2(s) –277.4 –217.3 68.6 PbCl2(s) –359.4 –314.1 136.0 lithium lithium lithium lithium Li(s) 0 0 29.1 Li(g) 159.3 126.6 138.8 \(\ce{Li^+} \left( aq \right)\) -278.5 -293.3 13.4 LiH(s) –90.5 –68.3 20.0 Li(OH)(s) –487.5 –441.5 42.8 LiF(s) –616.0 –587.5 35.7 Li2CO3(s) –1216.04 –1132.19 90.17 magnesium magnesium magnesium magnesium \(\ce{Mg^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -466.9 -454.8 -138.1 manganese manganese manganese manganese Mn(s) 0 0 32.0 Mn(g) 280.7 238.5 173.7 \(\ce{Mn^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -220.8 -228.1 -73.6 MnO(s) –385.2 –362.9 59.71 MnO2(s) –520.03 –465.1 53.05 Mn2O3(s) –958.97 –881.15 110.46 Mn3O4(s) –1378.83 –1283.23 155.64 \(\ce{MnO_4^-} \left( aq \right)\) -541.4 -447.2 191.2 \(\ce{MnO_4^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -653.0 -500.7 59 mercury mercury mercury mercury Hg(l) 0 0 75.9 Hg(g) 61.4 31.8 175.0 \(\ce{Hg^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) NaN 164.8 NaN \(\ce{Hg_2^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) 172.4 153.9 84.5 HgO(s) (red) –90.83 –58.5 70.29 HgO(s) (yellow) –90.46 –58.43 71.13 HgCl2(s) –224.3 –178.6 146.0 Hg2Cl2(s) –265.4 –210.7 191.6 HgS(s) (red) –58.16 –50.6 82.4 HgS(s) (black) –53.56 –47.70 88.28 HgSO4(s) –707.51 –594.13 0.00 nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen N2(g) 0 0 191.6 N(g) 472.704 455.5 153.3 NO(g) 90.25 87.6 210.8 NO2(g) 33.2 51.30 240.1 N2O(g) 81.6 103.7 220.0 N2O3(g) 83.72 139.41 312.17 \(\ce{NO_3^-} \left( aq \right)\) -205.0 -108.7 146.4 N2O4(g) 11.1 99.8 304.4 N2O5(g) 11.3 115.1 355.7 NH3(g) –45.9 –16.5 192.8 \(\ce{NH_4^+} \left( aq \right)\) -132.5 -79.31 113.4 N2H4(l) 50.63 149.43 121.21 N2H4(g) 95.4 159.4 238.5 NH4NO3(s) –365.56 –183.87 151.08 NH4Cl(s) –314.43 –202.87 94.6 NH4Br(s) –270.8 –175.2 113.0 NH4I(s) –201.4 –112.5 117.0 NH4NO2(s) –256.5 — — HNO3(l) –174.1 –80.7 155.6 HNO3(g) –133.9 –73.5 266.9 oxygen oxygen oxygen oxygen O2(g) 0 0 205.2 O(g) 249.17 231.7 161.1 O3(g) 142.7 163.2 238.9 phosphorus phosphorus phosphorus phosphorus P4(s) 0 0 164.4 P4(g) 58.91 24.4 280.0 P(g) 314.64 278.25 163.19 PH3(g) 5.4 13.5 210.2 PCl3(g) –287.0 –267.8 311.78 PCl5(g) –374.9 –305.0 364.4 P4O6(s) –1640.1 — — P4O10(s) –2984.0 –2697.0 228.86 \(\ce{PO_4^{3-}} \left( aq \right)\) -1277 -1019 -222 HPO3(s) –948.5 — — \(\ce{HPO_4^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -1292.1 -1089.3 -33 \(\ce{H_2PO_4^-} \left( aq \right)\) -1296.3 -1130.4 90.4 H3PO2(s) –604.6 — — H3PO3(s) –964.4 — — H3PO4(s) –1279.0 –1119.1 110.50 H3PO4(l) –1266.9 –1124.3 110.5 H4P2O7(s) –2241.0 — — POCl3(l) –597.1 –520.8 222.5 POCl3(g) –558.5 –512.9 325.5 potassium potassium potassium potassium K(s) 0 0 64.7 K(g) 89.0 60.5 160.3 \(\ce{K^+} \left( aq \right)\) -252.4 -283.3 102.5 KF(s) –576.27 –537.75 66.57 KCl(s) –436.5 –408.5 82.6 rubidium rubidium rubidium rubidium \(\ce{Rb^+} \left( aq \right)\) -246 -282.2 124 silicon silicon silicon silicon Si(s) 0 0 18.8 Si(g) 450.0 405.5 168.0 SiO2(s) –910.7 –856.3 41.5 SiH4(g) 34.3 56.9 204.6 H2SiO3(s) –1188.67 –1092.44 133.89 H4SiO4(s) –1481.14 –1333.02 192.46 SiF4(g) –1615.0 –1572.8 282.8 SiCl4(l) –687.0 –619.8 239.7 SiCl4(g) –662.75 –622.58 330.62 SiC(s, beta cubic) –73.22 –70.71 16.61 SiC(s, alpha hexagonal) –71.55 –69.04 16.48 silver silver silver silver Ag(s) 0 0 42.55 Ag(g) 284.9 246.0 172.89 \(\ce{Ag^+} \left( aq \right)\) 105.6 77.11 72.68 Ag2O(s) –31.05 –11.20 121.3 AgCl(s) –127.0 –109.8 96.3 Ag2S(s) –32.6 –40.7 144.0 sodium sodium sodium sodium Na(s) 0 0 51.3 Na(g) 107.5 77.0 153.7 \(\ce{Na^+} \left( aq \right)\) -240.1 -261.9 59 Na2O(s) –414.2 –375.5 75.1 NaCl(s) –411.2 –384.1 72.1 strontium strontium strontium strontium \(\ce{Sr^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -545.8 -557.3 -32.6 sulfur sulfur sulfur sulfur S8(s) (rhombic) 0 0 256.8 S(g) 278.81 238.25 167.82 \(\ce{S^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) 41.8 83.7 22 SO2(g) –296.83 –300.1 248.2 SO3(g) –395.72 –371.06 256.76 \(\ce{SO_4^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -909.3 -744.5 20.1 \(\ce{S_2O_3^{2-}} \left( aq \right)\) -648.5 -522.5 67 H2S(g) –20.6 –33.4 205.8 \(\ce{HS^-} \left( aq \right)\) -17.7 12.6 61.1 H2SO4(l) –813.989 690.00 156.90 \(\ce{HSO_4^-} \left( aq \right)\) -885.75 -752.87 126.9 H2S2O7(s) –1273.6 — — SF4(g) –728.43 –684.84 291.12 SF6(g) –1220.5 –1116.5 291.5 SCl2(l) –50 — — SCl2(g) –19.7 — — S2Cl2(l) –59.4 — — S2Cl2(g) –19.50 –29.25 319.45 SOCl2(g) –212.55 –198.32 309.66 SOCl2(l) –245.6 — — SO2Cl2(l) –394.1 — — SO2Cl2(g) –354.80 –310.45 311.83 tin tin tin tin Sn(s) 0 0 51.2 Sn(g) 301.2 266.2 168.5 SnO(s) –285.8 –256.9 56.5 SnO2(s) –577.6 –515.8 49.0 SnCl4(l) –511.3 –440.1 258.6 SnCl4(g) –471.5 –432.2 365.8 titanium titanium titanium titanium Ti(s) 0 0 30.7 Ti(g) 473.0 428.4 180.3 TiO2(s) –944.0 –888.8 50.6 TiCl4(l) –804.2 –737.2 252.4 TiCl4(g) –763.2 –726.3 353.2 tungsten tungsten tungsten tungsten W(s) 0 0 32.6 W(g) 849.4 807.1 174.0 WO3(s) –842.9 –764.0 75.9 zinc zinc zinc zinc Zn(s) 0 0 41.6 Zn(g) 130.73 95.14 160.98 \(\ce{Zn^{2+}} \left( aq \right)\) -153.9 -147.1 -112.1 ZnO(s) –350.5 –320.5 43.7 ZnCl2(s) –415.1 –369.43 111.5 ZnS(s) –206.0 –201.3 57.7 ZnSO4(s) –982.8 –871.5 110.5 ZnCO3(s) –812.78 –731.57 82.42 complexes complexes complexes complexes [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis –898.7 — — [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans –896.2 — — NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] –837.6 — — [Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 –2733.0 — — [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis –874.9 — — [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans –877.4 — — [Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis –689.5 — — [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis –681.2 — — [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans –677.4 — — [Co(en)3](ClO4)3 –762.7 — — [Co(en)3]Br2 –595.8 — — [Co(en)3]I2 –475.3 — — [Co(en)3]I3 –519.2 — — [Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 –1034.7 –221.1 615 [Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 –1088.7 –412.9 331 [Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 –1282.0 –524.5 448 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 –1017.1 –582.5 366.1 [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 –725.5 — — [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 –994.1 — — [Ni(NH3)6]Br2 –923.8 — — [Ni(NH3)6]I2 –808.3 — —