The objectives of this laboratory are to: Understand properties and uses of synthetic thermoplastics Compare the physical properties of “Big Six” plastics Identify everyday plastics by their physical properties Draw basic structures of polymers when given monomer structure The word “polymer” means “many units”. A polymer can be made up of many repeating units, which are small monomer molecules that have been covalently bonded. Figure 1 (from Chemistry in Context) shows a single monomer, and a polymer made of identical monomers linked together. A polymer can contain hundreds of monomers, totaling thousands of atoms. Examples of naturally-occurring polymers are silk, cotton, wood, cotton, starch, natural rubber, skin, hair and DNA. In the early 1900s, chemists began to replicate natural polymers, and create synthetic polymers, beginning with nylon which mimics silk in its strength and flexibility. Plastic is a type of synthetic polymer. Currently, more than 60,000 plastics are manufactured for industrial and commercial purposes. Roughly 75% of the plastics used in this country can be categorized as one of six types, or “The Big Six”. These polymers are listed in the table below. No. Name Abbreviation Uses 1 polyethylene terephthalate PET clear bottles and containers, fleece, carpet 2 high-density polyethylene HDPE opaque bottles and containers, buckets, crates 3 polyvinyl chloride PVC rigid from: pipes & credit cards; soft form: tubing 4 low-density polyethylene LDPE bags, films, sheets, bubble wrap, toys 5 polypropylene PP bottle caps, yogurt containers, furniture 6 polystyrene PS expandable form: styrofoam; crystal form: CD cases These six polymers are thermoplastic: they can be melted and reshaped, or recycled. The numbers are used to ease identification of the plastics, so that they can be separated for recycling. The symbol used on plastic packaging materials is three arrows in a triangle shape, with the number of plastic in the middle. This symbol makes recycling easier by making the identification of plastics easier. The Big Six thermoplastics have these general attributes: recyclable insoluble in water resistant to most chemicals lightweight yet strong can be shaped can be colored with pigments usually made from petroleum used to make items that have no alternatives from other materials The most common of the Big Six plastics is high-density polyethylene (HDPE). It is composed of repeating units of the monomer ethylene — (H2C-CH2)n— Monomers are linked together in an addition polymerization reaction. Each new monomer adds to one end with a covalent bond; the total number of monomers in the polymer is represented by the subscript, n. The resulting polymer is a chain of monomers linked together. The figure below depicts one part of the polymer chain. How many monomers are present? In this experiment, you will be qualitatively analyzing plastic polymers for physical characteristics of opacity, flexibility, durability, and breakability. You’ll also analyze the density of each plastic by checking whether pellet samples float or sink in three liquids of different densities. In this lab, you will make a polymer bouncy ball using a chemical reaction between borax and glue. Glue contains the polymer polyvinyl acetate, which cross-links to itself when reacted with borax (diagram below). After cross-linking, the glue is no longer fluid, but more solid. Adding cornstarch helps to bind the molecules together so that they hold their shape. Procedure Safety No materials used in this experiment should be ingested. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) required: safety goggles, lab coat, closed-toe shoes Materials and Equipment samples of Big Six plastics (marked with recycling symbols), pellets of Big Six plastics, 1:1 95% ethanol/water solution, distilled water, 10% NaCl solution, 3 small test tubes, glass stirring rod, wash bottle with distilled water, 3 small beakers, 3 plastic spoons, paper cup, Elmer’s glue, borax, cornstarch, ruler Part A: Physical Characteristics of Plastic Polymers Samples of different plastics are available at the front bench. Identify the samples by looking for the number/recycling symbol. Use these samples to analyze physical characteristics of each type of plastic: recyclability, opacity, durability/hardness, and flexibility. Part B: Density Tests of Big Six Plastics Three solutions of different densities will be used: Solution A = 1:1 95% ethanol/water, density = 0.94 g/cm3 Solution B = distilled water, density = 1.0 g/cm3 Solution C = 10% NaCl, density = 1.08 g/cm3 Obtain and label three small test tubes: Solution A, B and C. Add about 3 mL (two full dropper squirts) to each test tube. Place one piece of each plastic into each of the three test tubes. Push each piece under the liquid surface with a glass stirring rod. Surface tensions will cause all of the plastic to float until each is “wetted” and submerged using the rod. Record whether the sample sinks rapidly, sinks slowly, floats on the surface, or floats below the surface (but doesn’t sink to bottom). If the sample floats, it has a density lower than that of the solution. This may be relative to another sample that floats. If the sample sinks, it has a density greater than that of the liquid. The sample may also sink rapidly or slowly relative to other samples. 4. Test each of the six plastic types accordingly, to complete the table in the lab report. Part C: Polymer Bouncy Balls Obtain front bench: paper cup with approximately 100 mL of Elmer’s glue (sample cup will be marked to 100 mL), ruler and 3 plastic spoons. Obtain a wash bottle with distilled water. Obtain from your locker: 3 small beakers, stirring rod, small graduated cylinder Making Polymer Bouncy Ball #1: In a glass beaker, add: 3 level spoonfuls of glue 5 mL distilled water 1 level spoonful of borax powder DO NOT STIR. Allow the ingredients to interact for 10-15 seconds. Then use stirring rod to mix. Once the mixture becomes impossible to stir, take it out of the beaker and mold the ball with your hands. The ball will start out sticky and messy, but will solidify as it is kneaded. Record physical observations about the ball in the table: is the ball stretchy? goopy? slimy? Use the ruler and hold the ball at a height of 30 cm (=12 in) above the bench. Drop the ball and record how high it bounces. Making Polymer Bouncy Ball #2: In a glass beaker, add: 3 level spoonfuls of glue 5 mL distilled water 1 level spoonful of cornstarch 1 level spoonful of borax Repeat steps 2-4 from previous. Making Polymer Bouncy Ball #3: In a glass beaker, add: 3 level spoonfuls of glue 1 level spoonful of cornstarch 1 level spoonful of borax Repeat steps 2-4 from previous. You and your lab partner may take home these bouncy balls, as all of the materials are non- toxic. However, please remember that they’re not edible! Report Synthetic Polymers and Plastics Part A: Physical Characteristics Find or choose one type of each of the following plastic polymers, and report the following characteristics: Plastic number Short Name (HDPE, LDPE, etc) Clear (yes or no) Opaque (yes or no) Flexibility (can be bent?) Durability (hard or soft) Breakability (can be cracked?) Recyclable (yes or no) 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 3 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 4 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 5 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Part B: Density Tests Report for plastic samples in each liquid: sinks rapidly, sinks slowly, floats on top, floats below surface Plastic number 1:1 ethanol/water density = 0.94 g/cm3 Water density = 1.0 g/cm3 10% NaCl solution density = 1.08 g/cm3 1 NaN NaN NaN 2 NaN NaN NaN 3 NaN NaN NaN 4 NaN NaN NaN 5 NaN NaN NaN 6 NaN NaN NaN Relative Plastic Densities: 0 1 2 3 Less than 0.94 g/cm3 Less than 1.0 g/cm3 Less than 1.08 g/cm3 More than 1.08 g/cm3 NaN NaN NaN NaN Ranking of densities: (lowest) _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (highest) Part C: Polymer Bouncy Balls Polymer Ball composition Approximate height bounced Physical characteristics Ball #1: NaN NaN Ball #2 NaN NaN Ball #3 NaN NaN Questions Which of the Big Six plastics was the most flexible? Which of the Big Six plastics would be the best material for each of the following examples? Use short names to identify each plastic (e.g. HDPE). a replacement for a glass window ? a take-out container for food? a flexible, expandable bag for carrying items? a lightweight bottle cap? An unknown plastic floats in a 10% NaCl solution but sinks in water. What is the range of possible density values this plastic may have? Suggest the composition of this plastic. 4. Why is it important to dislodge any adhering bubbles in the density tests? PET plastic (number 1) is the most valuable waste plastic at the present time. Suggest a way to separate it commercially from other waste plastics. Sometimes plastic containers are made from two polymers and not just one. What would happen to the water density test if HDPE and PVC were mixed? Why are plastic recyclers very concerned about identifying the different polymers and not mixing them together? The figure below depicts polymerization of polystyrene (PS). Circle the original monomers and determine how many monomers are present. 9. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is composed of the vinyl chloride monomer. The monomer structure and general reaction are shown below. Draw a polyvinyl chloride polymer composed of five monomers arranged in a head-to-tail pattern. For the bouncy balls you made, what is the name of the monomer? What is the role of each of the following in the formation of the polymer? glue borax cornstarch Which ball bounced the highest? Based on your data in the table, which compound was most likely responsible for this?