8.1: Optical Atomic Spectra The energy of ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic radiation is sufficient to cause a change in an atom’s valence electron configuration, resulting atomic absorption, atomic emission, and atomic fluorescence spectra. Although these spectra have narrow lines, there are a number of factors that affect line widths. 8.2: Atomization Methods Atomic methods require that the sample consist of individual gas phase atoms or gas phase atomic ions. With rare exceptions, this is not the form in which we obtain samples. Examples of atomization methods include the use of flames, resistive heating, plasmas, and electric arcs and sparks. 8.3: Sample Introduction Methods In addition to a method of atomization, atomic methods require a means of placing the sample within the device used for atomization. The analysis of seawater for sodium ions requires a means for working with a sample that is in solution. Examples of different methods of sample introduction include aspirating a solution directly into a flame, injecting a small aliquot of solution onto a resistive heating mechanism, or exposing a solid sample to a laser or electric spark. More details on specific