Helsinki, Finland —
The Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman has found that an infant formula study has been conducted on thousands of newborns in several hospitals without obtaining informed consent from the parents, who were not informed of the commercial funding for the study. Additionally, the study was found to have been started and carried out for six months without
ethical committee approval, and suffered from other shortcomings.
Numerous shortcomings were found in a study which according to documents signed by WHO Director-General candidate Pekka Puska, head of the Finnish National Public Health Institute (NPHI)
"complies with the law regarding medical research and good research
practice. ...  informed consent fulfills the requirements of the
law. ... distribution of infant formula does not deviate from legal
norms."
The Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman Riitta-Leena Paunio disagreed with
professor Puska. On October 25, the 60th anniversary of the filing of the
indictment in Doctors' Trial (of the Nuremberg Trials) which led to the framing of modern medical research ethics, she resolved a complaint filed by The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland. According to the resolution, it was not possible for the parents to give informed consent as required by law due to many reasons.
The Ombudsman lists lack of disclosure of the study's funding, lack of
clear statement pointing the benefits of breastfeeding, lack of
disclosure of the fact that the Principal Investigator working within
NPHI is an inventor and benefactor in a patent on the research formula
owned by the Finnish formula manufacturer Valio, as reasons for
lack of capacity to give informed consent. The Ombudsman also
points out that during discovery of the facts concerning the study,
NPHI gave information which was simply not true. Documents
given during discovery by NPHI were signed by Pekka Puska, the Finnish
candidate for the post of WHO Director-General.  NPHI also claimed in
statements signed by professor Puska to have accepted public funding
addressed only directly to it, while in actual fact NPHI accepted
public funding addressed to Valio which Valio directed to NPHI.
Further omissions pointed out by the Ombudsman include lack of the
naming of the one single person responsible for the safety of the
study as required by Finnish law and omissions in giving information
and asking for consent and ethical approval when changes to the study
were made, and the omission of not asking for consent from both parents.
According to the Parliamentary Ombudsman's resolution, both National
Public Health Institute and the ethical committee failed in fulfilling
their duties. The Ombudsman reminds that according to the Finnish
Constitution, everyone has the right to life, personal liberty, integrity and security.
No one shall be treated in a manner violating human dignity. Medical research
has a connection to this basic right. The Ombudsman also cites the Declaration of Helsinki and international conventions on human rights in her decision. During the discovery phase of the complaint, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
stated that the Declaration of Helsinki, named after the Finnish capital, is not legally binding.
The aim of the study was to find out whether removal of bovine insulin
from infant formula would reduce type 1 diabetes (IDDM) and find out
mechanisms leading to IDDM, whose prevalence in Finland is more than
in any other country in the world.
The complaint, filed in April, 2004 by The Breastfeeding Support
Association in Finland (founded 1997), asked the Ombudsman to find out
the legality of an infant formula product development study with
national health implications, funded by the Finnish infant formula
manufacturer Valio and carried out by the National Public Health
Institute of Finland.
The two major points in the complaint were to find out
1) whether the study fulfills informed consent requirements, when
parents are not told enough about the benefits of breastfeeding nor
the product development nature and commercial funding of the study 
2) whether it is legal to distibute infant formula provided by an infant
formula manufacture free of charge from the hospital with means which
resemble the milk nurse practice of some infant formula companies.
The Breastfeeding Support Association based the first part of the
complaint on the law concerning medical research. The second part was
based on the part of International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk
Substitutes established in 1981 by the general assembly of the World
Health Organization (WHO) implemented in Finnish law and the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (right to best possible
health, advancement of breastfeeding).
The Breastfeeding Support Association pressed that they think the
study's aims (both the product development goals and the scientific
goal of finding out whether dietary bovine insulin triggers the
autoimmune reaction causing IDDM) are valid and important, but that
research should be done according to laws, international conventions
and ethical principles.
While the part of the complaint concerning informed consent was
successful, the Breastfeeding Support Association expressed disappointment that the part regarding formula distribution was not successful.  The Parliamentary Ombudsman's resolution stated that the Finnish legislation placing restrictions on gratis infant formula distribution is not meant to apply to medical research, and the same holds for food
safety legislation. The Breastfeeding Support Association is looking into whether international conventions require changes to
legislation. The Breastfeeding Support Association has stated that many of the problems in the study could perhaps have been avoided if infant formula research would have at least the same checks and balances as drug research has.  This would be prudent, since infant
formula is the only nutrition for most infants in an important phase of their lives and thus it's effects can be much greater than the
effect of many drugs used only occasionally.
The Breastfeeding Support Association has been concerned with outside, partly commercial funding directing the research of NPHI. According to "Good Research Practic, Handbook" (2005), outside funding amounts to 40 percent of NPHI's spending, and the policy is to get as much outside funding to carry out NPHI's plan of action as possible. Research on breastmilk was planned in the study the complaint was filed on, but was not carried out because of lack of funding.
The director of National Public Health Institute of Finland is a candidate for the Director-General post of the World Health Organization (election to be held 6th-9th November, 2006), and considered to be among the three leading candidates by The Lancet.
The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland is a volunteer association, founded in 1997, whose work is based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (article 24) and WHO breastfeeding promotion programs.
The Association is funded by membership fees, advertisements in the Imetysuutiset newsletter and fees on training of volunteers. RAY (Finland's Slot Machine Association which funds health and social welfare projects) has awarded the association a grant for 2005/06 for the purpose of establishing a nationwide project, which includes the maintenance and advertising of the Breastfeeding Support Hotline.
The City of Helsinki has awarded the Association a small grant annually to support mothers in the Helsinki area. In the other
municipalities in Finland some local groups have had opportunities to apply for grants from local social authorities.
The Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman exercises oversight to ensure that public authorities and officials observe the law and fulfil their du­ties in the discharge of their functions. In addition to authorities and officials, the scope of oversight includes also other parties performing public functions.
The Ombudsman's office aims to ensure good administration and the observance of constitutional and human rights.
The National Public Health Institute of Finland, according to it's website, promotes people's possibilities to live healthy life and is responsible as an expert body under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, for providing various professionals and citizens the best available information for their choices.
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Finnish parliamentary ombudsman faults infant formula study