---
extra_gated_heading: "You need to agree to share your contact information to access this dataset"
extra_gated_description: | 
   ## Terms of Use for Early-Access

   This dataset is an Early-Access release shared by the Institutional Data Initiative for research and public-interest use (the “Service”). These terms are intended to support experimentation while encouraging collaboration and feedback as we refine the dataset and work with contributing institutions to define shared, long-term norms for open data reuse. To share questions or feedback, contact us at [contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org](mailto:contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org).

extra_gated_prompt: | 
   **By accessing or downloading the dataset or otherwise using the Service, you agree to the following:**

   1. **Noncommercial Use Only**   
      You may use the Service solely for **noncommercial purposes**. Open-source projects and other public-use efforts are welcome, even if they may indirectly support commercial use, so long as they are unaffiliated with commercial actors or intent.

      If you are affiliated with a commercial organization or plan to use the Service for commercial purposes (including AI model training), you will **contact us first at [contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org](mailto:contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org)**.  
      
   2. **No Redistribution**  
      You may **not share or redistribute** the Service or any of the data provided through the Service, in whole or in part, including through public repositories or aggregators. If you want others to access it, please direct them to the attribution link.

   3. **Derivative Works**  
      You may create derivative works for noncommercial use, but you may not make available any such derivative works that substantially reproduce the original dataset. Only outputs that are significantly transformed and cannot substitute for the original—such as evaluations, summary statistics, or visualizations—may be shared, with attribution.  
      
   4. **Attribution**   
      If you use the dataset in public-facing work, you must include attribution substantially similar to:  
      
      *Institutional Books* provided by the Institutional Data Initiative with source material contributed by Harvard Library, available at [https://institutionaldatainitiative.org/institutional-books](https://institutionaldatainitiative.org/institutional-books).  
      
      Minor modifications to fit citation style or formatting are permitted, provided the essential elements remain intact.

   5. **Provisional Terms**   
      These terms apply only to this Early-Access release and may change. We are actively working with contributing institutions to develop a long-term framework for responsible, open data sharing.

   6. **DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY**  
      TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ACCESS TO “SERVICE IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND (EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR OTHERWISE), INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NONINFRINGEMENT. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE SERVICE WILL OPERATE IN AN UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE MANNER OR THAT THE SERVICE IS FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT (A) THE SERVICE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR EXPECTATIONS OR ACHIEVE THE INTENDED PURPOSES; (B) THE SERVICE WILL NOT EXPERIENCE OUTAGES OR OTHERWISE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, OR SECURE; (C) THE INFORMATION OR SERVICES OBTAINED THROUGH OR FROM THE SERVICE WILL BE ACCURATE, COMPLETE, CURRENT, ERROR-FREE, OR RELIABLE; (D) ANY DEFECTS IN OR ON THE SERVICE WILL BE CORRECTED; OR (E) THAT ANY POLLS OR OTHER SOLICITATIONS OF INFORMATION POSTED THROUGH THE SERVICE BY YOU OR OTHER USERS ARE SAFE OR APPROPRIATE FOR YOUR OR OTHER USERS’ PARTICIPATION.  WE MAKE NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY REGARDING YOUR ABILITY TO TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM OR THROUGH THE SERVICE, AND YOU AGREE AND ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOUR ABILITY TO ACCESS THE SERVICE MAY BE IMPAIRED.  
      
   7. **LIMITATION OF LIABILITY**  
      EXCEPT INSOFAR AS THE FOLLOWING LIMITATION MAY BE PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY DIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, WHETHER FORESEEABLE OR UNFORESEEABLE (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF PROFITS OR EARNING POWER, LOSS OF DATA, LOSSES DUE TO ERRORS OR INTERRUPTION IN AVAILABILITY OF THE SERVICE, UNAVAILABILITY OF ANY SERVICE, SERVER, OR COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY, OR DAMAGES DUE TO ACTS OR OMISSIONS OF OTHERS USING THE SERVICE), ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE SERVICE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION YOUR AND OTHERS’ USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SERVICE, OR YOUR RELIANCE UPON INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM OR THROUGH THE SERVICE, WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT, STATUTORY, OR OTHER LAW.  OUR TOTAL CUMULATIVE LIABILITY TO YOU ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE SERVICE (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IN THE WAYS DESCRIBED IN THE PRECEDING SENTENCE), WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT, STATUTORY, OR OTHER LAW, WILL NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNT, IF ANY, THAT YOU PAID US TO USE THE SERVICE IN THE TWELVE MONTHS PRECEDING THE CLAIM.  THE DISCLAIMERS AND LIMITATIONS SET FORTH IN THIS SECTION SHALL APPLY, TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WHETHER OR NOT WE HAVE BEEN NEGLIGENT OR OTHERWISE AT FAULT.  
      YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT, FOR PURPOSES OF THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMERS AND LIMITATIONS, AS WELL AS THE INDEMNITY PROVISION IN SECTION 8 BELOW, THE TERMS “WE,” “OUR,” “US,” “INSTITUTIONAL DATA INITIATIVE,” AND “IDI” INCLUDE THE CORPORATE BODY PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, ALSO KNOWN AS HARVARD UNIVERSITY, AND ITS VARIOUS SCHOOLS, THE MEMBERS OF ITS GOVERNING BOARDS, AND ITS OFFICERS, FACULTY MEMBERS, EMPLOYEES, FELLOWS, AND TO THE EXTENT WORKING ON IDI, ITS STUDENTS, CONTRACTORS, AND REPRESENTATIVES.  
   8. **Indemnification**  
      You agree to indemnify us and hold us harmless from any and all claims, liabilities, damages, losses and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs, relating to or arising out of (a) your use or attempted use of the Service in violation of these Terms of Service; or (b) your violation of any law or rights of any third party in connection with your use of the Service.  
      
   9. **Governing Law/ Jurisdiction**  
      You agree that the Terms of Service and any claim or dispute arising out of or relating to the Service or Terms of Service will be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, excluding its conflicts of laws principles.  You agree that all such claims and disputes will be heard and resolved exclusively in the federal or state courts located in and serving Middlesex or Suffolk County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.  You consent to the personal jurisdiction of those courts over you for this purpose, and you waive and agree not to assert any objection to such proceedings in those courts (including any defense or objection of lack of proper jurisdiction or inconvenience of forum). 
      
   10. **Whole Agreement/ Amendment**  
      These Terms of Service constitute the entire agreement between you and Harvard with respect to your use of the Service.  We reserve the right to amend these Terms of Service at any time.  The Service will post notice of changes to the terms on this webpage, and by accessing the Service after modifications to these Terms of Service have been posted, you agree to be bound by all the modified terms.  Accordingly, you should periodically revisit this page to review the then-current Terms of Service.  
      
extra_gated_fields:
  I accept the noncommercial IDI Terms of Use for Early-Access and will not redistribute the dataset: checkbox
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: barcode_src
    dtype: string
  - name: title_src
    dtype: string
  - name: author_src
    dtype: string
  - name: date1_src
    dtype: string
  - name: date2_src
    dtype: string
  - name: date_types_src
    dtype: string
  - name: page_count_src
    dtype: int32
  - name: token_count_o200k_base_gen
    dtype: int32
  - name: language_src
    dtype: string
  - name: language_gen
    dtype: string
  - name: language_distribution_gen
    sequence:
    - name: language
      dtype: string
    - name: proportion
      dtype: float64
  - name: topic_or_subject_src
    dtype: string
  - name: topic_or_subject_gen
    dtype: string
  - name: topic_or_subject_score_gen
    dtype: float64
  - name: genre_or_form_src
    dtype: string
  - name: general_note_src
    dtype: string
  - name: ocr_score_src
    dtype: int32
  - name: ocr_score_gen
    dtype: int32
  - name: likely_duplicates_barcodes_gen
    sequence: string
  - name: text_analysis_gen
    struct:
    - name: text_by_page_gen
      struct:
      - name: tokenizability_score
        dtype: float64
      - name: char_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: word_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: word_count_unique
        dtype: int32
      - name: word_type_token_ratio
        dtype: float64
      - name: bigram_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: bigram_count_unique
        dtype: int32
      - name: bigram_type_token_ratio
        dtype: float64
      - name: trigram_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: trigram_count_unique
        dtype: int32
      - name: trigram_type_token_ratio
        dtype: float64
      - name: sentence_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: sentence_count_unique
        dtype: int32
    - name: text_by_page_src
      struct:
      - name: tokenizability_score
        dtype: float64
      - name: char_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: word_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: word_count_unique
        dtype: int32
      - name: word_type_token_ratio
        dtype: float64
      - name: bigram_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: bigram_count_unique
        dtype: int32
      - name: bigram_type_token_ratio
        dtype: float64
      - name: trigram_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: trigram_count_unique
        dtype: int32
      - name: trigram_type_token_ratio
        dtype: float64
      - name: sentence_count
        dtype: int32
      - name: sentence_count_unique
        dtype: int32
  - name: identifiers_src
    struct:
    - name: lccn
      sequence: string
    - name: isbn
      sequence: string
    - name: ocolc
      sequence: string
  - name: hathitrust_data_ext
    struct:
    - name: url
      dtype: string
    - name: rights_code
      dtype: string
    - name: reason_code
      dtype: string
    - name: last_check
      dtype: string
  - name: text_by_page_src
    sequence: large_string
  - name: text_by_page_gen
    sequence: large_string
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: data/train-*
---

# 📚 Institutional Books 1.0

Institutional Books is a growing corpus of public domain books. This 1.0 release is comprised of 983,004 public domain books digitized as part of Harvard Library's participation in the Google Books program project and refined by the Institutional Data Initiative. Use of this data is governed by the [IDI Terms of Use for Early-Access](#terms-of-use-for-early-access).

- 983K books, published largely in the 19th and 20th centuries
- 242B `o200k_base` tokens
- 386M pages of text, available in both original and post processed OCR export formats
- 254 unique volume-level languages
- Extensive volume-level metadata, including both original and generated components
- Refined through collection-level deduplication, OCR artifact and text analysis, and OCR text post-processing

The Institutional Data Initiative at Harvard Law School Library works with knowledge institutions—from libraries and museums to cultural groups and government agencies—to refine and publish their collections as data. [Reach out to collaborate on your collections](https://institutionaldatainitiative.org/#get-involved).
  
**More information:**
- 📄 [Full analysis available in our technical report](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08300)
- 🌐 [Website](https://institutionaldatainitiative.org/institutional-books)

**See also:**
- 🗂️ [Metadata-only version](https://huggingface.co/datasets/instdin/institutional-books-1.0-metadata)
- ⚙️ [Pipeline](https://github.com/instdin/institutional-books-1-pipeline)
- 🏷️ [Topic classification model](https://huggingface.co/institutional/institutional-books-topic-classifier-bert)


--- 

## Quickstart

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("instdin/institutional-books-1.0", split="train", streaming=True)

for row in dataset:
  print(row["title_src"])
```

A metadata-only version of this dataset is also [available](https://huggingface.co/datasets/instdin/institutional-books-1.0-metadata).

---

## Fields

### Suffixes
| Suffix | Description
| --- | --- |
| `_src` | _"From source"_. This field's data comes from information we gathered from the collection itself. |
| `_gen` | _"Generated"_. This field's data was generated as part of our analysis / post-processing. | 
| `_ext` | _"External"_. This field's data was pulled from an external source via a records matching mechanism. |

### Row-level fields
| Field name | Type | Description | Ref. in technical report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `barcode_src` | String | The volume's barcode. Serves as a primary key/identifier. | 3 |
| `title_src` | String | Merge of all the title-related bibliographic metadata available for this volume. | 3 |
| `author_src` | String | Merge of all the author name-related bibliographic metadata available for this volume. | 3 |
| `date1_src` | String | First available date for that volume. Described in `date_types_src`. May contain placeholder characters. See [MARC 21 specification](https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd008a.html) for details. | 4.3 |
| `date2_src` | String | Second available date for that volume. | 4.3 |
| `date_types_src` | String | Describes the nature of `date1_src` and `date2_src`. See [MARC 21 specification](https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd008a.html) for details. | 4.3 |
| `page_count_src` | Int | Page count for that volume. | 4.2 | 
| `token_count_o200k_base_gen` | Int | Total tokens for that volume's OCR-extracted text, as measured with `o200k_base`. | 4.2 | 
| `language_src` | String | ISO 639-3 code for the main language of this book, as expressed in the collection's bibliographic metadata. Converted from original ISO 639-2B for convenience. | 4.4 | 
| `language_gen` | String | ISO 693-3 code for the main language of this book, as detected by our text-level language analysis of the OCR-extracted text. | 4.4 | 
| `language_distribution_gen` | Dict | Distribution of the languages detected by our text-level language analysis. Only languages for which more than 1000 `o200k_base` tokens were detected in total were kept. | 4.4 | 
| `topic_or_subject_src` | String | Topic or subject information, as expressed in the collection's bibliographic metadata. Only available for (approximately) half of the collection. | 4.5 | 
| `topic_or_subject_gen` | String | High-level "topic" assigned to this volume by our [topic classification model](https://huggingface.co/instdin/institutional-books-topic-classifier-bert). Inferred from existing metadata. One of the [Library of Congress' Classification Outline](https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/) first-level items. | 4.5 |
| `topic_or_subject_score_gen` | Float | Confidence score returned by our [topic classification model](TBD) for this specific prediction. | 4.5 |
| `genre_or_form_src` | String | Genre or form information, as expressed in the collection's bibliographic metadata. Only available for (approximately) 10% of the collection. | 4.5 |
| `general_note_src` | String | Additional notes about this specific volume in the collection's bibliographic metadata. | 3 |
| `ocr_score_src` | Int (0-100) | Primary OCR quality score, as expressed in the collection's metadata. | 4.7 |
| `ocr_score_gen` | Int (0-100) | Secondary OCR quality score, generated by using [pleias/OCRoscope](https://github.com/Pleias/OCRoscope) on the collection's OCR-extracted text. | 4.7 |
| `likely_duplicates_barcodes_gen` | List | List of barcodes for which the OCR-extracted text is highly-similar to this volume's. | 4.6 |
| `text_analysis_gen` | Dict | High-level text analysis of the OCR-extracted text, both original and post-processed. | 4.8 |
| `identifiers_src` | Dict | List of bibliographic identifiers, as expressed in the collection's metadata. | 3 |
| `hathitrust_data_ext` | Dict | Rights determination data pulled from the [Hathitrust API](https://www.hathitrust.org/) for this volume. | 5 |
| `text_by_page_src` | List[String] | Original OCR-extracted text for this volume. | 4.2 |
| `text_by_page_gen` | List[String] | Post-processed OCR-extracted text for this volume. Available for books in the following languages: `eng`, `deu`, `fra`, `ita`, `spa` (~850K books). | 4.9 |

### Nested: `language_distribution_gen` fields
| Field name | Type | Description 
| --- | --- | --- |
| `languages` | List[String] | List of ISO 693-3 codes. Sorted by prevalence. |
| `proportion` | List[Float] | List of percentages. Sorted by prevalence. |

### Nested: `text_analysis_gen` fields
| Field name | Type | Description | Ref. in technical report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `text_by_page_src` | Dict | Text analysis data for the original OCR-extracted text. | 4.8 |
| `text_by_page_gen` | Dict | Text analysis data for the post-processed OCR-extracted text. | 4.9 |

_Both dicts are shaped as follows when available:_

| Field name | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `tokenizability_score` | Float (0.0-100.0) | Measure of how close to 1.25 `o200k_base` token per word this text is. |
| `char_count` | Int | Total characters. |
| `word_count` | Int | Total detected words (language-aware tokenization). |
| `word_count_unique` | Int | Total unique detected words. |
| `word_type_token_ratio` |  Float (0.0-100.0) | Lexical diversity at word level. May help identify the underlying document type. |
| `bigram_count` | Int | Total bigrams. |
| `bigram_count_unique` | Int | Total unique bigrams. |
| `bigram_type_token_ratio` |  Float (0.0-100.0) | Lexical diversity at bigram level. May help identify the underlying document type. |
| `trigram_count` | Int | Total bigrams. |
| `trigram_count_unique` | Int | Total unique bigrams. |
| `trigram_type_token_ratio` |  Float (0.0-100.0) | Lexical diversity at bigram level. May help identify the underlying document type. |
| `sentence_count` | Int | Total detected sentences. |
| `sentence_count_unique` | Int | Total unique detected sentences. |

### Nested: `identifiers_src` fields
| Field name | Type | Description | 
| --- | --- | --- | 
| `lccn` | List[String] | List of Library of Congress Control Numbers, if available. |
| `isbn` | List[String] | List of International Standard Book Numbers, if available. |
| `ocolc` | List[String] | List of OCLC Control Numbers, if available. |

### Nested: `hathitrust_data_ext` fields
| Field name | Type | Description | 
| --- | --- | --- | 
| `url` | String | Permalink to that volume on Hathitrust. |
| `rights_code` | String | [Hathitrust's rights determination code](https://www.hathitrust.org/the-collection/preservation/rights-database/#:~:text=for%20open%20access-,Attributes,-Attributes). |
| `reason_code` | String | [Hathitrust's rights determination reason code](https://www.hathitrust.org/the-collection/preservation/rights-database/#:~:text=note%20for%20details-,Reasons,-Rights%20code%20reasons). |
| `last_check` | String | Date at which that information was pulled from the Hathitrust API. |

---

## Terms of Use for Early-Access

This dataset is an Early-Access release shared by the Institutional Data Initiative for research and public-interest use (the “Service”). These terms are intended to support experimentation while encouraging collaboration and feedback as we refine the dataset and work with contributing institutions to define shared, long-term norms for open data reuse. To share questions or feedback, contact us at [contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org](mailto:contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org).

**By accessing or downloading the dataset or otherwise using the Service, you agree to the following:**

1. **Noncommercial Use Only**   
   You may use the Service solely for **noncommercial purposes**. Open-source projects and other public-use efforts are welcome, even if they may indirectly support commercial use, so long as they are unaffiliated with commercial actors or intent.

   If you are affiliated with a commercial organization or plan to use the Service for commercial purposes (including AI model training), you will **contact us first at [contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org](mailto:contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org)**.  
   
2. **No Redistribution**  
   You may **not share or redistribute** the Service or any of the data provided through the Service, in whole or in part, including through public repositories or aggregators. If you want others to access it, please direct them to the attribution link.

3. **Derivative Works**  
   You may create derivative works for noncommercial use, but you may not make available any such derivative works that substantially reproduce the original dataset. Only outputs that are significantly transformed and cannot substitute for the original—such as evaluations, summary statistics, or visualizations—may be shared, with attribution.  
   
4. **Attribution**   
   If you use the dataset in public-facing work, you must include attribution substantially similar to:  
   
   *Institutional Books* provided by the Institutional Data Initiative with source material contributed by Harvard Library, available at [https://institutionaldatainitiative.org/institutional-books](https://institutionaldatainitiative.org/institutional-books).  
   
   Minor modifications to fit citation style or formatting are permitted, provided the essential elements remain intact.

5. **Provisional Terms**   
   These terms apply only to this Early-Access release and may change. We are actively working with contributing institutions to develop a long-term framework for responsible, open data sharing.

6. **DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY**  
   TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ACCESS TO “SERVICE IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND (EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR OTHERWISE), INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NONINFRINGEMENT. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE SERVICE WILL OPERATE IN AN UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE MANNER OR THAT THE SERVICE IS FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT (A) THE SERVICE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR EXPECTATIONS OR ACHIEVE THE INTENDED PURPOSES; (B) THE SERVICE WILL NOT EXPERIENCE OUTAGES OR OTHERWISE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, OR SECURE; (C) THE INFORMATION OR SERVICES OBTAINED THROUGH OR FROM THE SERVICE WILL BE ACCURATE, COMPLETE, CURRENT, ERROR-FREE, OR RELIABLE; (D) ANY DEFECTS IN OR ON THE SERVICE WILL BE CORRECTED; OR (E) THAT ANY POLLS OR OTHER SOLICITATIONS OF INFORMATION POSTED THROUGH THE SERVICE BY YOU OR OTHER USERS ARE SAFE OR APPROPRIATE FOR YOUR OR OTHER USERS’ PARTICIPATION.  WE MAKE NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY REGARDING YOUR ABILITY TO TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM OR THROUGH THE SERVICE, AND YOU AGREE AND ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOUR ABILITY TO ACCESS THE SERVICE MAY BE IMPAIRED.  
   
7. **LIMITATION OF LIABILITY**  
   EXCEPT INSOFAR AS THE FOLLOWING LIMITATION MAY BE PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY DIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, WHETHER FORESEEABLE OR UNFORESEEABLE (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF PROFITS OR EARNING POWER, LOSS OF DATA, LOSSES DUE TO ERRORS OR INTERRUPTION IN AVAILABILITY OF THE SERVICE, UNAVAILABILITY OF ANY SERVICE, SERVER, OR COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY, OR DAMAGES DUE TO ACTS OR OMISSIONS OF OTHERS USING THE SERVICE), ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE SERVICE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION YOUR AND OTHERS’ USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SERVICE, OR YOUR RELIANCE UPON INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM OR THROUGH THE SERVICE, WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT, STATUTORY, OR OTHER LAW.  OUR TOTAL CUMULATIVE LIABILITY TO YOU ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE SERVICE (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IN THE WAYS DESCRIBED IN THE PRECEDING SENTENCE), WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT, STATUTORY, OR OTHER LAW, WILL NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNT, IF ANY, THAT YOU PAID US TO USE THE SERVICE IN THE TWELVE MONTHS PRECEDING THE CLAIM.  THE DISCLAIMERS AND LIMITATIONS SET FORTH IN THIS SECTION SHALL APPLY, TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, WHETHER OR NOT WE HAVE BEEN NEGLIGENT OR OTHERWISE AT FAULT.  
   YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT, FOR PURPOSES OF THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMERS AND LIMITATIONS, AS WELL AS THE INDEMNITY PROVISION IN SECTION 8 BELOW, THE TERMS “WE,” “OUR,” “US,” “INSTITUTIONAL DATA INITIATIVE,” AND “IDI” INCLUDE THE CORPORATE BODY PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, ALSO KNOWN AS HARVARD UNIVERSITY, AND ITS VARIOUS SCHOOLS, THE MEMBERS OF ITS GOVERNING BOARDS, AND ITS OFFICERS, FACULTY MEMBERS, EMPLOYEES, FELLOWS, AND TO THE EXTENT WORKING ON IDI, ITS STUDENTS, CONTRACTORS, AND REPRESENTATIVES.  
8. **Indemnification**  
   You agree to indemnify us and hold us harmless from any and all claims, liabilities, damages, losses and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs, relating to or arising out of (a) your use or attempted use of the Service in violation of these Terms of Service; or (b) your violation of any law or rights of any third party in connection with your use of the Service.  
   
9. **Governing Law/ Jurisdiction**  
   You agree that the Terms of Service and any claim or dispute arising out of or relating to the Service or Terms of Service will be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, excluding its conflicts of laws principles.  You agree that all such claims and disputes will be heard and resolved exclusively in the federal or state courts located in and serving Middlesex or Suffolk County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.  You consent to the personal jurisdiction of those courts over you for this purpose, and you waive and agree not to assert any objection to such proceedings in those courts (including any defense or objection of lack of proper jurisdiction or inconvenience of forum).  

10. **Whole Agreement/ Amendment**  
   These Terms of Service constitute the entire agreement between you and Harvard with respect to your use of the Service.  We reserve the right to amend these Terms of Service at any time.  The Service will post notice of changes to the terms on this webpage, and by accessing the Service after modifications to these Terms of Service have been posted, you agree to be bound by all the modified terms.  Accordingly, you should periodically revisit this page to review the then-current Terms of Service.  
   
---

## Disclaimers

### Harmful Language and Content in this Dataset
This dataset is a collection of historical works that reflect the language, culture, and perspectives of their time. Users should be aware that some materials may contain language or portrayals that are outdated, offensive, or harmful today, such as racism, sexism, colonial attitudes, and other forms of discrimination. Some content may include inaccurate information, providing insight into historical contexts that existed at the time of writing. The text is maintained in its original form to retain contextual understanding and facilitate research efforts, but we encourage critical awareness and cultural sensitivity for the creators and/or subjects of the collection. These materials are offered as part of a historical perspective, but should not be considered a stand-alone research collection constructed to give a balanced perspective on any topic.

### Harmful Language in Bibliographic Description
Metadata for this collection may contain language that is overtly or implicitly harmful, outdated, or biased, or may by omission fail to represent important perspectives. Metadata may contain language created decades ago. It is common practice within the field of library science to reuse descriptions provided from the creator of the materials. While in some instances this allows communities and individuals to represent their materials in their own words, unexamined use of this practice may mean that racist or other offensive terminologies appear in our description. We also use national standardized terms in our work that can be outdated and harmful. Note that terminology in historical materials and in library descriptions does not always match the language we currently understand to be preferred by members of the communities depicted.

Furthermore, we acknowledge that the act of collecting materials is not always neutral, and the work of describing and classifying library materials is influenced by inherent personal, institutional, and societal biases. Outdated or offensive terminologies may be present in metadata such as subject headings, and harmful language or bias may be introduced by catalogers supplying titles and descriptions. In other cases, books themselves present racist, offensive or otherwise harmful viewpoints in titles or descriptions that are routinely transcribed by catalogers. 

_Note:_ Some language in this statement was adopted from Harvard Library’s statement on [Harmful Language in Library collections](https://library.harvard.edu/harmful-language-library-collections). 

### Rights Determination Statement
We respect the intellectual property rights of authors, publishers, and other rights holders. While we have taken deliberate steps to include only those volumes for which there is no known copyright restriction, specifically those identified by the HathiTrust Digital Library with a status of “public domain,” “public domain in the United States,” or “CC-Zero,” copyright determinations are complex and context-dependent, and occasionally subject to error.

While this is relatively low risk, some volumes in this dataset may be in the public domain in the United States but still subject to copyright or other rights protections in other jurisdictions. Additionally, the absence of an explicit copyright claim or rights status does not guarantee that a work is in the public domain, either in the U.S. or abroad. Information about the copyright status of individual volumes is provided on a good-faith basis and reflects available data at the time of determination, but we cannot guarantee its completeness or accuracy.

Users of this dataset will be solely responsible for making independent legal assessments about how and where they use the materials. Some uses of materials may also be restricted by trademark, privacy, publicity rights, or other such rights or restrictions. It is the user's sole responsibility to consider the possibility that such rights or restrictions may be involved and to secure any needed permissions. If any rights holder believes that a work included in this release is misidentified or improperly included, we welcome [contact](mailto:contact@institutionaldatainitiative.org) and will promptly review any concerns. Our goal is to provide broad public access while maintaining respect for intellectual property rights and ensuring responsible data stewardship.

---

## Cite

```bibtext
@misc{cargnelutti2025institutionalbooks10242b,
      title={Institutional Books 1.0: A 242B token dataset from Harvard Library's collections, refined for accuracy and usability}, 
      author={Matteo Cargnelutti and Catherine Brobston and John Hess and Jack Cushman and Kristi Mukk and Aristana Scourtas and Kyle Courtney and Greg Leppert and Amanda Watson and Martha Whitehead and Jonathan Zittrain},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2506.08300},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08300}, 
}
```