The Most Dangerous Equation [pdf]
Ah hello law of small numbers, survivorship bias and fundamental attribution error - we meet again. If you understand these 3 biases - you'll wonder what kind of world you have actually been living in all this time.I'm going to repost a my comment about this very concept as related to startups from a while ago because I believe HNers will appreciate it - it's from an article called "Startup School And Survivor Bias" (hope that's ok :)Source: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4685042============================================================Startups: never have so many understood so little about the statistics of variance present in the outcomes of small samples.People like to speak of 10x productivity, non-stop work and geniuses - but the reality is much less interesting. A large number of small teams working on many different problems will by definition have a great variance in outcomes just by random extraneous factors (also known as the law of small numbers and insensitivity to sample size).> A certain town is served by two hospitals. In the larger hospital about 45 babies are born each day, and in the smaller hospital about 15 babies are born each day. As you know, about 50% of all babies are boys. However, the exact percentage varies from day to day. Sometimes it may be higher than 50%, sometimes lower.For a period of 1 year, each hospital recorded the days on which more than 60% of the babies born were boys. Which hospital do you think recorded more such days?1) The larger hospital2) The smaller hospital3) About the same (that is, within 5% of each other)56% of subjects chose option 3, and 22% of subjects respectively chose options 1 or 2. However, according to sampling theory the larger hospital is much more likely to report a sex ratio close to 50% on a given day than the smaller hospital.Relative neglect of sample size were obtained in a different study of statistically sophisticated psychologists-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insensitivity_to_sample_size> A deviation of 10% or more from the population proportion is much more likely when the sample size is small. Kahneman and Tversky concluded that "the notion that sampling variance decreases in proportion to sample size is apparently not part of man's repertoire of intuitions. For anyone who would wish to view man as a reasonable intuitive statistician such results are discouraging."-- http://www.decisionresearch.org/pdf/dr36.pdfTaking lessons as gospel from these "10x" events is by definition foolhardy and merely an extension of the bullshit pushed by the entire "Good To Great" Jim Collins business book industry.It's like taking lessons from survivors of the Titanic on how to survive the sinking of a ship. It's quite simple - be a young female child with a life vest and rich parents (or in startup land - a young upper-middle class male living in California during a venture bubble, a cyclical investment in the Valley with a convergence of secondary technologies, above average intelligence and a college degree from a reputable university).I have a personal rule with any kind of advice or explanation coming out of anyone working in a "soft" industry - if it's vague - it's bullshit. All of the advice given at these events are bullshit by this definition. So are many other things - and yeah it doesn't preclude me from spouting it. Or using the advice at my discretion.But honestly - startup founders literally have no idea why things take off and they have no idea why they win. That's why they have to keep pivoting - it increases their luck surface area and their ability to gain traction - after which they simply must hold on tight while surfing the wave.YouTube was a dating site - didn't work - pivot - video traction - venture up - ride.PayPal was a Palm Pilot app - didn't work - pivot - traction - venture up - ride.Google sold corporate search - didn't work - pivot - copy PPC from Overture - lever up - traction hits - ride.Instagram - started with a location checking HTML5 app 2 years too early - pivot - copy PicPlz and Hipstamatic - hit traction - lever up - ride.Angry Birds - fail at hitting nearly every game in the past decade - pivot - take a shot at the iPhone - hits traction - lever up - ride.Of the startups that didn't pivot - they either skipped the pivot thanks to previous side projects/companies or already had traction - and all they had to do was lever up and ride.I'm going to make this clear - there is absolutely, positively nothing wrong with this - not at all - it is merely reality and not particularly unfair.People stating pointless platitudes that success is due to things like "Be 10x more productive", "Commitment" and "People, product, and philosophy" are simply wasting their breath, other people's time and confusing what actually happens. These things may or not be either actionable, predictive or sufficient for success.Here's my list of startup advice:Be alive. Be male. Be young. Don't have health issues. Be born in America or move there. Enter the cycle after a recession. Speak English. Enter a growing/new field where the level of competition is low and so is the sophistication of your competition. Surf cost trends down from expensive to mass consumer markets. Work bottom up - on small things. Be of above average intelligence. Have family support. Have a college degree.Oh and most importantly of all: Get fucking lucky.The hindsight/survivorship biases in combination with faulty causality and the narrative fallacy will completely hose your thinking - so be careful.More interesting stuff:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biases_in_judgment_and_...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biaseshttp://www.econ.yale.edu/~shiller/behfin/2000-05/rabin.pdfDisclaimer: Biases rule your thoughts and mine - this post is also subject to both bullshit and biases (mostly bullshit - I do love that word). Think for yourself.