How did software get so reliable without proof?
Isn't it evolution and Darwinian selection?Bad pieces tend to die out, good pieces get replicated, "breed", mutated and incorporated[1]. Biological systems are not fault-tolerant. They are resilient on the average, under typical conditions.[1] Among species, we get vertical transfer of genes (parent(s) to offsprings), horizontal (e.g. plasmids between bacteria). Getting as a piece of DNA as a submodule (this element-of relationship) is rare... but happens (e.g the mitochondrium). In software, it is one of the most common relationships.