Counterexamples in Type Systems: programs that crash, segfault or explode (2021)
I don't think there's a truly safe programming language. When I was an undergraduate talking to somebody at the C. S. department (I was not a C. S. student, but I talked with many C. S. students) somebody there said that the risk of segfaults in C and Java, when the program approaches hundreds of kloc, are about equal. It's only in small, ungeneralizable programs where Java's GC guarantees safety.Some people know how to manage memory and others don't. If you know how to manage memory, even C is a safe language. If you don't, not even the most formally-verified garbage-collected language can save you.