How many medical studies are faked or flawed?
"For more than 150 trials, Carlisle got access to anonymized individual participant data (IPD). By studying the IPD spreadsheets, he judged that 44% of these trials contained at least some flawed data: impossible statistics, incorrect calculations or duplicated numbers or figures, for instance. And in 26% of the papers had problems that were so widespread that the trial was impossible to trust, he judged — either because the authors were incompetent, or because they had faked the data."So, 70% fake/flawed. The finding falls in line with other large scale replication studies in medicine, which have had replication success rates ranging from 11 to 44%. [1] It's quite difficult to imagine why studies where a positive outcome is a gateway to billions of dollars in profits, while a negative outcome would result in substantial losses, might end up being somehow less than accurate.[1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_crisis#In_medicine