YC Research: Universal Healthcare
(Full-time co-founder of a healthcare startup here): W/r/t the US specifically: it seems there is no shortage of inefficiencies and obvious solutions to the inefficiencies in the US healthcare system.  To me, the real problem seems to be a system that has almost diabolically evolved to create competing interests that deadlock all sides into a sub-optimal solution.  Specifically-- patients, payers, physicians, pharma, facilities and insurers almost all have indirect but competing interests much like the Dining Philosopher's problem we're familiar with in Computer Science.I'm not sure what the solution is short of a total swamp draining, but our startup went overseas to develop/trial our product in a country with a single payer system.  Not perfect, but much more amenable to finding efficiencies.