Understanding IP, TCP, and HTTP
How I love it when people without deep knowledge of some subject write authoritative sounding articles.Without guarantee of completeness, to avoid the spread of misinformation:- IPv6 fragmentation has nothing to do with some "minimum payload size" (whatever that is) - there simply is no fragmentation being done by routers, the sender still can fragment however it pleases, and presumably will do so whenever it has to send a packet that doesn't fit through the path MTU.- The end points use Packet Too big ICMP6 messages to determine _path_ MTU, which is different from just "the MTU".- With IPv4, the sender chooses whether a router will fragment when the packet exceeds the next-hop MTU or whether the router should drop the packet and send a Fragmentation Needed ICMP message - where the latter again is used for path MTU discovery.- Path MTU discovery is useful because it allows the sending IP implementation to push the chunking higher up the stack when the sending higher-level protocol has the capability (as is the case with TCP, but not with UDP, for example), which tends to produce lower overhead. Unfortunately, some clueless firewall administrators, such as those responsible for AWS EC2, do filter all ICMP because they for unknown reasons consider it to be bad, thus breaking PMTUD, which can lead to hanging TCP connections.- TCP sequence numbers are for bytes, always, with the special case of SYN and FIN also counting as "bytes" in the sequence, but never for segments.