Poetry has always been at the heart of Arabic culture, not least as the oldest means for its earliest speakers to record their beliefs and wisdom, oral narratives and philosophy.
It began in the Arabian peninsula more than 1,500 years ago, predating Islam, but has now become a global art form.
Historically, its reach has relied on the extent of Arab states and Muslim influence. Andalusian poetry, for example, died out in the Iberian peninsula after the fall of Granada in 1492, but its form and style still inspire 21st-century poets in Morocco 500 years later.
For centuries, the classic Arabic poem was dominated by the ode – a poem directly about someone or something. Then, during the 1940s, Iraqi poets such as the pioneering Nazik al-Malaika, started to adapt a modern approach that mixed classical structure with western influences including TS Eliot.
Contemporary poetry is now written wherever Arab poets live, be it at home or overseas, in exile or in refugee camps.
During the past two decades, digital platforms have helped the spread of its appeal, rekindling its popularity. But it is never more popular than when it is read and shared in public, from cafes, arts festivals and radio broadcasts to TV shows, weddings and funerals.
Arabic poets write in a variety of forms and styles, including the classic ode, the modern ode and free prose. There is also room for works and recitals in colloquial Arabic, especially in Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Jordan, where it finds a broad audience.
Writing poetry, like reading and discovering it, is an act of adventure and astonishment led by intuition and a love of words. It is a personal journey.
Contemporary Arab poets may write in more varied forms and styles than ever before, but they still capture the essence of our age, using Arabic lyricism, metaphors and images in conjunction with twists and astonishment to captivate readers and listeners.
Many modern writers in the Arab world began their literary careers by practising poetry, including Iman Mersal, Nouri al-Jarrah, and Maram al-Masri.
In doing so they gained a sense of Arabic's rhythm and precision, taking care with their words, seeing the world afresh and looking for the transcendental beyond the banal.
Poets are also furious defenders of the human soul whenever it comes under attack from tyranny and totalitarianism. One of Mahmoud Darwish's famous poems, Write Down! I Am An Arab, was written after he was released from an Israeli prison in the 1960s.
Yet too much Arabic poetry has yet to be translated into English. In preparing this selection, for example, it was surprising not to find a volume of works by al-Mutannabi, who some regard as the greatest Arab poet who ever lived. There will always be a gap in any Anglophone library of literature if his poems, and accompanying commentary about his life, are absent from the bookshelf.
Summarising the history and geography of Arabic poetry is no easy task. The poets below are listed in no particular order and only offered as a gateway to a wider world. Feel free to share your own favourites on MEE's Twitter and Facebook pages, also the hashtag #worldpoetryday.
Heir to the throne of the Kindah tribe, which was based in the Arabian peninsula, al-Qais chose a life of travelling, drinking, fighting – and poetry.
His masterpiece is the Mu'allaqa, an ode so revered that it is written in gold on sheets of paper which are then hung on the walls of the Kaabah in Mecca, Islam's most revered shrine (its name translates as "hung ode").
Other poets may have their own famed works, but al-Qais is considered by many to be superior because of his astonishing metaphors and beautiful verses, which echo his desire to be a worthy lover, wise man, warrior and master. Such work, which he perfected, has gone on to heavily influence the writing of those who followed.
May You Be Happy This Morning, Worn Traces!
north, south, at the caravan staging posts.
to tread for their smooth and velvety touch.
with quickening breath from intoxicant lips.
Tamadir bint Amr, better known as al-Khansa, is one of the Arab world's famous female poets, converting to Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammed.
Her masterpiece is her eulogies to her brother Sakhr, a tribal chief who was severely wounded and later died after a raid against the rival Bani Assad tribe.
Her verses are full of fine metaphors about loss, life, love and departure. Yet, while four of her children were killed during Muslim battles against the Romans and Persians, al-Khansa refused to write any eulogies to them, saying that Islam had taught her not to wail for the dead.
and weep a stream of tears for Sakhr!
it was as if my eyes were rubbed with grit.
at times I wrapped myself in my remaining rags.
like lions that arrive in pastures lush.
The reputation of Abu Nuwas in the Arab world is built on his adoration of wine and as the poet of gay love.
Born in Ahvaz, in modern-day Iran, he moved at a young age to Iraq, the governing seat of the then-mighty Abbasid Caliphate.
Around 1,500 of his verses survive, including several masterpieces which reflect his experience of cosmopolitan life in Baghdad where nations gathered in taverns, libraries, bazaars, mosques and bath houses.
His work is punchy, spontaneous and full of sharp twists as he vocally celebrated pleasure, male lovers, wine, music and good company, while despising war and the clash of swords.
Abu Nuwas was close to the entourage of the Caliph Al-Ma'mun, entertaining him and his followers with jokes, anecdotes and lustful verses. On his death bed he repented his sins and died as a Muslim.
By such as are not up to it.
The life of Al-Mutanabbi is perhaps best described as an epic journey to glory, money and power.
Through his near 300 poems, he mastered Arabic verse like no other and treated poetry as a craft to be studied and taught, through work that spoke of wisdom, pride, courage, fighting the Romans and worshipping one's ego.
Many of his verses are used today as proverbs to reflect on life experiences of friendship, love, departure, war and death.
Born in Kufa, Iraq, as Ahmed bin al-Hussein al-Kindi, his nickname translates as "he who would be a prophet".
He never rested in one place, travelling to Baghdad, Damascus, Tiberias, Antioch, Aleppo and Cairo among others, earning income from emirs for his poetic praise for them.
Al-Mutanabbi was killed by bandits while travelling from Ahvaz in modern-day Iran: his influence at the time was such that news of his death reverberated like thunder around the Muslim world.
and noble deeds come in proportion to the noble.
great deeds, in great men's eyes, are small.
even lions do not claim as much.
which of the two wine-pourers was the clouds?
and then, when he drew near, the skulls drenched it again.
When he was four, al-Maarri went blind due to smallpox. It left him housebound for much of his life: unlike his hero al-Mutannabi, al-Maarri did not leave home for almost four decades, preferring solitude to mingling with people.
His poetry encompasses philosophy, contemplation and pessimism: to many followers, who flocked to his home, he was regarded as the poet of philosophers and the philosopher of poets.
Al-Ma'arri's masterpiece is The Luzumiyat and the Resalat Al-Ghufran (The Epistle of Forgiveness), which focuses on the experience of poets in hell and paradise more than 200 years before Dante's Divine Comedy.
But opponents condemned al-Maarri for heresy because he mocked the followers of all religions. The attacks occurred not only during his lifetime but long after his death: in February 2013 – a thousand years after he was active - Syrian militants decapitated a statue of the philosopher poet in his hometown of Maarrat al-Numan in Syria.
We laughed, and O how foolish was our laughter!
Dwellers on earth should cry and never cease.
We'll never be remoulded as one piece.
Refilled, as long as it remains unbroken.
To particles of dust swept by the winds.
Considered the leading light of his generation, Darwish has been translated more than any other modern Arabic poet into English.
He was born in the Palestinian village of al-Birwa under the British mandate but fled as the Israeli authorities took control and displaced thousands of Arabs.
In much of his work he mixed modern poetry with Arabic rhythmical meters: subjects included the Palestinian revolution of 1965-1993 and the mass exodus of 1948, known as the Catastrophe or Nakba.
Darwish won several prestigious international awards, among them the Prince Claus Fund in 2004.
- Why did you leave the horse alone?
says to his son: Be strong like your grandfather!
- Tomorrow. Perhaps in two days, my son!
Translated by Jeffrey Sacks from Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone?
Mersal is an Egyptian poet and currently a professor of Arabic Literature at the University of Alberta, Canada.
Mersal's poems delve into the personal and banal but then morph into metaphors about life, travel and motherhood.
She writes free prose, a style of poetry which is not metered by the Arabic rhythm: These Are Not Oranges, My Love, a selection of her works, was published in 2008.
You read to absent reality.
You hide your shyness behind foul language.
Camouflage your weakness by lengthening your fingernails.
reorganising the contents of drawers sometimes.
eyelids as a fire breaks out.
life exists only to be watched from a distance.
Al-Jarrah, who is Syrian by birth, is best known for his use of free prose, collating a chorus of voices inspired by mythology, folktales and ancient Greek theatre protagonists.
He is currently the editor of Al-Jadeed cultural magazine, dividing his time between London and Abu Dhabi. Recent work translated into English includes A Boat to Lesbos and Other Poems.
wheat in the chopper of your faces. Rise as the high mountains rose in your smooth cheeks.
emerged from the broken tablet of the alphabet.
Originally from Sudan, Abdel Bari grew up in Saudi Arabia and is considered one of the most influential voices in contemporary classical Arabic poetry.
His work brews with Sufism and Arabic myths as well as Quranic stories and Islamic philosophy.
He has published three poetry collections and won several international honours, including the Arab African Youth award in 2016, although his work has yet to be translated into English.
If you like listening to the music of the Arabic tongue, check out his recital of What Has Not Been Told By Zarqa' al-Yamam above.
The prose poems of the Syrian poet Maram al-Marsi reflect on love, exile, nostalgia for her homeland and the war in Syria.
One of the most famous female poets in the Arab world, she settled in Paris after leaving her hometown of Latakia in 1982.
One of her most popular collections, A Red Cherry On A White-tiled Floor, was translated into English in 2003.