How was the project conceived?
Does the project have a political or advocacy aim?
What categories are included in the project?
How does the project define the category "Anti-Sharia Legislation"?
How does the project define the category "Opposition to Refugee Resettlement"?
How does the project define the category "Opposition to Mosques, Muslim Cemeteries & Schools"?
How does the project define the category "Anti-Muslim Actions & Statements by Elected & Appointed Officials"?
How does the project define the category "Hate Incidents Against Mosques & Islamic Centers"?
How does the project define the category "Media Reports of Anti-Muslim Violence and Crimes"?
Why doesn't the project include federal officials, federal legislation, or Presidential Executive Orders?
Are the graph, the two maps, and the spreadsheet interactive?
What timeframe does the project look at?
What are the project's limits?
How was the dataset compiled?
Does the project provide access to its dataset?
How often will the project be updated?
How should the project be cited?
How can I contact the project with a media request?
Can I support the project?
How can I provide feedback or ask additional questions?
How does the project define the category "Media Reports of Anti-Muslim Violence & Crimes"?
Are the graph, the two maps, and spreadsheet interactive?
Muslim communities across the United States have, over the last several years, become concerned about anti-Muslim activities that were taking place and yet not being covered by national media outlets. In numerous research trips to communities around the country, New America became aware of this widespread concern, and created this database to better understand and evaluate the scope and scale of anti-Muslim activities at the state and local level.
The aim of the project is to use scholarship and data to provide an interactive and visual representation of anti-Muslim incidents at the state and local level in the United States. The project serves as a resource hub for policymakers, elected officials, scholars, researchers, reporters, and the public. The project makes it possible for a range of stakeholders to discuss anti-Muslim incidents with a shared set of facts. Is there an increase in anti-Muslim incidents? Where and when has anti-Muslim incidents been at its most pernicious and threatening?
No. The project is nonpartisan and it is based on in-depth and independent research. In compiling the more than 700 incidents that are included in the project, we avoided editorializing, we describe each incident as it was reported, and we do not cite advocacy groups. We clearly define our six categories of incidents and we are careful to include only those incidents that meet the criteria for each category (described below). This means that we take a conservative approach to what we include and what we exclude from the dataset.
The project includes the following six categories: (1.) Anti-Sharia Legislation, (2.) Opposition to Refugee Resettlement, (3.) Opposition to Mosques, Muslim Cemeteries & Schools, and (4.) Anti-Muslim Actions & Statements by Elected & Appointed Officials, (5.) Hate Incidents Against Mosques & Islamic Centers, and (6.) Media Reports of Anti-Muslim Violence and Crimes. Definitions for these categories are given in the answers that follow.
Anti-Sharia Legislation is defined by legislation that bans Sharia, or Islamic law, from implementation or consideration in the court systems of a state. More recently, bills often use the term 'foreign law' to mask the intent of the bill. The term 'foreign law' gained importance after earlier efforts to explicitly target Sharia law were declared unconstitutional by the courts.
Opposition to Refugee Resettlement is defined as any legislation or action by public officials that hinder the refugee resettlement process or voice opposition to the resettlement of refugees in a certain area. In nearly all cases, opposition to refugee resettlement is meant to restrict the resettlement of Muslim refugees. For this category, the project only includes actions or statements by public officials and not actions by the general public. This is because appointed or elected officials hold positions to formulate, introduce, and implement policy, whereas the general public does not hold such positions. For instance, the project excludes the following incident in Sunbury, PA, where fliers promoting white nationalism and stating "refugees not welcome" were found on the Sunbury Islamic Center by members of the community.
Opposition to Mosques, Muslim Cemeteries and Schools refers to opposition from state and local governments as well as opposition from elected and appointed officials, at times accompanied by protests from non-Muslim community members. This opposition is often supplemented with anti-Muslim rhetoric or a lack of sufficient explanation. In some instances, local governing bodies approved mosque, Muslim cemetery, or school projects despite protest from non-Muslim community members. These cases were not included because there was no opposition from the local government.
The category Hate Incidents Against Mosques & Islamic Centers is defined as media reported incidents of vandalism, destruction, threats, or other criminal acts directed against mosques and Islamic centers. The project relies on media reports because self-reported incidents are hard to verify. We also include incidents against Sikh temples when there is clear evidence that the incident was driven by anti-Muslim bias. For example, we included an incident from Spokane, WA, where a Sikh temple was vandalized by a man who said he thought it was a mosque affiliated with ISIS.
Furthermore, we did not include a number of incidents that could not be directly linked to anti-Muslim prejudice. For example, we do not include robberies of mosques, unless there was evidence that robbery was motivated by anti-Muslim ideology.
The project defines these incidents as those that involve threats, harassment, physical harm, attempts at physical harm, or any other criminal incidents that were reported as motivated by prejudice against Muslims. The project relies on media reports because self-reported incidents are hard to verify, and we avoid the rubric "hate crimes" due to inconsistencies in different local and state jurisdictions as well as the fact that some states have no hate crime laws on the books. Included among this category are cases such as a December 2016 incident during which a female Muslim municipal employee was ridiculed by a male state employee, who also grabbed the woman's hijab off her head and threw it on the ground. The man was arrested but not charged with a hate crime. Nevertheless, the incident demonstrates harassment and anti-Muslim bias.
The project excludes incidents without explicit anti-Muslim bias that may be motivated by anti-immigrant or anti-Middle Eastern bias. For example, we do not include a 2015 incident at Penn State University during which an Indian student was harassed and assaulted by another student who admitted it was because the victim appeared to be Middle Eastern. The project does not presume that perpetrators of prejudice-driven violence and crimes are informed enough to target the right people. However, we do not want to run the risk of conflating anti-immigrant or anti-Middle Eastern bias with anti-Muslim bias.
Some incidents clearly demonstrated anti-Muslim bias but did not involve criminal acts or violence. This was apparent in a December 2017 incident during which a Pearland, TX, substitute teacher called the police on a Muslim 6-year-old with Down syndrome because she claimed to have heard the child say "Allah" and "boom" several times in class. According to the child's father, the claims are impossible because the child does not speak at all. Despite obvious anti-Muslim bias, such cases are not included in the project because they are not characterized by violence or criminal incidents.
Furthermore, we did not include a number of incidents that could not be directly linked to anti-Muslim prejudice. We also did not include incidents of violence and crimes against groups often mistaken as Muslim, such as Sikhs, unless there was evidence that the suspect was driven by anti-Muslim bias. We did not include a January 2017 incident in Woodland, CA, where a Sikh-owned business was burglarized and vandalized with racist messages such as "terrorist" and the N-word, before the perpetrators attempted to burn down the building. While the messages are obviously racist, they are not explicitly anti-Muslim. We did include an October 2016 incident in Lakeland, TN, during which a group of teenagers assaulted an Israeli man because he "looked Muslim" to them. The man had no affiliation with Islam. There was, however, explicit anti-Muslim bias present in this case.
Anti-Muslim actions by federal officials, federal legislation, and Presidential Executive Orders receive a significant amount of attention from national media outlets. We felt including them would replicate much that is already well documented. However, incidents at the state and local level by elected and appointed officials receive far less attention. Our aim was to build and maintain a dataset that provides a fuller picture of what is happening across the country and which is often overlooked in public discussions.
Yes. The graph, maps, and spreadsheet are interactive. This means that you can click on most categories within each interactive tool – the timeline, maps, and spreadsheet – and you will see a different visual representation of the data. Please take some time to explore the different ways in which the data can be visualized.
The dataset covers incidents from 2012 to present. We focused on this timeframe because it includes two presidential election cycles and so the data provides a fuller understanding of the extent to which national politics and world events may have an impact at the state and local level.
While we did an exhaustive search of publicly available information there are limits to the dataset. First, we may have overlooked some incidents. Second, if incidents are not reported and/or publicly available we would not be able to identify them. Third, hate crimes are typically not published by federal, state, or local governments. As a result, there is no way to include all hate crimes. Lastly, we only include those incidents that firmly meet our criteria; therefore, there were a number of incidents that we intentionally excluded from our dataset.
To compile the dataset we consulted researchers and scholars working on these and related topics. We also relied on multiple databases to include, but not limited to: LexisNexis, LegiScan, and various Internet search engines and related tools. LegiScan has been a helpful resource for tracking anti-Sharia and anti-refugee legislation. Digital versions of bills, along with their current status, can be located on LegiScan. In some instances, we also contacted local media outlets, police and sheriff departments, city offices, and other possible sources that could be identified and reached.
Yes. The dataset can be found at the bottom of the page (in the right hand corner). It can be downloaded in both CSV and JSON format.
The research is ongoing and the project is updated on a fortnightly basis.
The project is a collective effort by a team of analysts under the leadership of Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America and the founding director of its Muslim Diaspora Initiative.
Any reference to the project should cite Robert McKenzie, a Senior Fellow at New America and the founding Director of its Muslim Diaspora Initiative.
Media requests should be sent to Robert McKenzie at mckenzie@newamerica.org.
The project was funded with support from New America and individual donors.
Yes. The project needs financial support so we can dedicate two analysts full time to identifying and analyzing anti-Muslim incidents at the state and local level. We are extremely grateful for any and all donations. New America is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and all donations are tax deductible. Our federal ID number is 52-2096845. Contributions may be submitted online, by check, wire transfer or stock. For additional information on how to support the project, please contact Robert McKenzie at mckenzie@newamerica.org.
If you are aware of any incidents that are not included in the dataset or if you believe that we have mislabeled incidents please contact Robert McKenzie at mckenzie@newamerica.org. We welcome any and all other feedback and questions!
This project provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date source of publicly available information about anti-Muslim activities at the state and local level in the United States. The dataset, which is broken down into five categories, is from 2012 to present and it is visualized in the form of an interactive graph, two maps, and a spreadsheet.
Robert L. McKenzie, PhD, is a senior fellow at New America and director of its Muslim Diaspora Initiative. McKenzie is a domestic and foreign policy analyst and scholar of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), with fifteen years of applied research and work experience for the U.S. government, private sector, and academia.