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The energy value of coal, or fuel content, is the amount of potential energy coal contains that can be converted into heat. This value can be calculated and compared with different grades of coal and other combustible materials, which produce different amounts of heat according to their grade.
While chemistry provides ways of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal. The grade of a sample of coal does not precisely define its chemical composition, so calculating the coal's actual usefulness as a fuel requires determining its proximate and ultimate analysis (see "Chemical Composition" below).
Chemical composition of the coal is defined in terms of its proximate and ultimate (elemental) analyses. The parameters of proximate analysis are moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Elemental or ultimate analysis encompasses the quantitative determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen within the coal. Additionally, specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and particular carbonization properties
The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal[ citation needed]. Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters. Dulong suggests the following approximate formula for Q when the oxygen content is less than 10%:
Q = 337C + 1442(H - O/8) + 93S,
where C is the mass percent of carbon, H is the mass percent of hydrogen, O is the mass percent of oxygen, and S is the mass percent of sulfur in the coal. With these constants, Q is given in kilojoules per kilogram.
Coal assay techniques
Energies per unit mass
Heat of combustion
"Using Charcoal Efficiently." Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 10 Nov 2011. [1]
"Combustion Training." (c)2011 E Instruments International, LLC. [2]
Coal types by grade
(lowest to highest)
Peat1
Sub-bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Graphite1
Coal combustion
Black coal equivalent
Coal pollution mitigation
Coal preparation plant
Coal-seam fire
Coal tar
Flue gas
Coalfields
Coal dust
Coal refuse
Coal slurry
Coal homogenization
Coal liquefaction
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
Mining regions
Peak coal
Refined coal
Coal town
Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
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Coal technology
Thermodynamic properties
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