Saint John of Damascus
Christian saint
Alternative Titles: Johannes Damascenus, John Damascene, Saint John Damascene, Saint John Damascus
Saint John of Damascus, also called Saint John Damascene, Latin Johannes Damascenus, (born c. 675, Damascus—died Dec. 4, 749, near Jerusalem; Western feast day December 4), Eastern monk and theological doctor of the Greek and Latin churches whose treatises on the veneration of sacred images placed him in the forefront of the 8th-century Iconoclastic Controversy, and whose theological synthesis made him a preeminent intermediary between Greek and medieval Latin culture.
John of Damascus succeeded his father as one of the Muslim caliph's tax officials, and while still a government minister he wrote three Discourses on Sacred Images, c. 730, defending their veneration against the Byzantine emperor Leo III and the Iconoclasts. The Iconoclasts obtained a condemnation of John at the Council of Hieria in 754 that was reversed at the second Council of Nicaea in 787.
Soon after 730, John became a monk at Mar Saba, near Jerusalem, and there passed the rest of his life studying, writing, and preaching, acquiring the name "the Golden Orator" (Greek: Chrysorrhoas, literally "the Golden Stream"). Among his approximately 150 written works the most significant is Pēgē gnōseōs, ("The Source of Knowledge"), a synthesis of Christian philosophy and doctrine that was influential in directing the course of medieval Latin thought and that became the principal textbook of Greek Orthodox theology. Revised c. 743, it is composed of three parts: the philosophical ("Dialectica"), drawing largely from the late 3rd-century Neoplatonist Porphyry's Isagoge, an introduction to the logic of Aristotle; the historical, transcribing sections from the 4th-century Greek churchman Epiphanius' work Panarion, on heresies; and the theological and most widely known segment, the "Exposition [Ekthesis] of the Orthodox Faith." Essentially a résumé of the 4th-century Cappadocian Fathers Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa, and expressed in Aristotelian vocabulary, it manifests some distinctive originality in John's choice of texts and annotations reflecting Antiochene analytical theology. Through its translation into Oriental languages and Latin, the "Exposition" served both Eastern and Western thinkers not only as a source of logical and theological concepts but also, by its systematic style, as a model for subsequent theological syntheses composed by medieval Scholastics. The "Exposition" speculates on the nature and existence of God, providing points of contention for later theologians.
Elsewhere the "Exposition" analyzes the nature of free choice and the will. The author was sensitive to this question in light of Christian doctrine on personal responsibility for salvation. He describes the human will as a rational appetite or inclination to the good, functioning with regard to ends or goals rather than with means, which relate more to the intellect. In God there is will but no deliberation.
A counterpart to The Source of Knowledge is John's anthology of moral exhortations, the Sacred Parallels, culled from biblical texts and from writings of the Church Fathers. Among his literary works are several intricately structured kanōns (q.v.), or hymns for the Greek liturgy, although his reputation in liturgical poetry rests largely on his revision of the Eastern Church's hymnal, the Octoēchos.
Christianity: Consensus: patterns of agreement
…respected synthesis is that of John of Damascus (c. 675–749), whose defense of icon veneration also anticipated the decision of the seventh ecumenical council (Nicaea II, 787). In his "Exposition of the Orthodox Faith," the Damascene first treats God, who is by nature incomprehensible. His existence and unity, however, can…
Christianity: Political relations between East and West
John of Damascus, an Arab monk in Muslim Palestine, who was the author of an encyclopaedic compendium of logic and theology. Within the empire, St. Theodore Studites, abbot of the Studium (monastery) near Constantinople, vigorously attacked iconoclasm, and he also led a revival of monasticism…
Byzantine Empire: The Iconoclastic controversy
…was, however, the 8th-century theologian St. John of Damascus. Drawing upon Neoplatonic doctrine, John suggested that the image was but a symbol, and the creation of the icon was justified, since, by virtue of the Incarnation, God had himself become human.…
Damascus, Syria
December 4, 749
"Pēgē gnōseōs"
"Isagoge"
"Panarion"
subjects of study
role in
Iconoclastic Controversy
The Catholic Encyclopedia - St. John Damascene