An Astounding Amount of Water Has Been Discovered Beneath the Martian North Pole
The Martian north polar cap.
Image: SA/DLR/FU Berlin; NASA MGS MOLA Science Team
Using ground-penetrating radar, scientists detected a massive reservoir of frozen water sandwiched by layers of sand beneath the northern polar ice cap on Mars. This reservoir contains so much ice that, if melted and brought to the surface, it would submerge the entire planet.
"This was a surprise even for us," Stefano Nerozzi, the lead author of the new paper and a PhD student at the University of Texas at Austin, told Gizmodo in an email.
The massive reservoir was detected within Mars' northern cavi unit, a deposit of multiple layers of water ice mixed in with sand that formed over the course of hundreds of millions of years. The cavi unit rests about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) beneath the Martian north pole, and prior to the new study, scientists figured it was primarily composed of sand dunes and contained less than 50 percent water ice by volume. These estimates were based on observations of visible outcrops, which revealed significant amounts of dark sands intermixed with small amounts of frozen water.
But now, radar scans from orbit suggests the cavi unit is packed with more water ice than sand, making it possibly the third-largest water reservoir on the Red Planet, followed only by the two polar ice caps. The new paper was published this week in Geophysical Research Letters.
These new observations were made by the Shallow Radar, or SHARAD, instrument aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. SHARAD emits surface-penetrating radar waves that allowed Nerozzi's team to discern the internal structures and composition of the cavi unit.
Observations revealed horizontal slabs rich in ice that were sandwiched by alternating layers of sand. The distribution of water ice ranged from 61 to 88 percent by volume, which means the cavi unit is primarily composed of frozen water. As noted in the press release, if melted and brought to the surface, "the newly discovered polar ice would be equivalent to a global layer of water around Mars at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) deep." That's a lot of water.
This composite image shows alternating layers of ice and sand in an area where they're exposed on the surface of Mars. The water ice appears as light-colored, while the sand is darker blue.
Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
SHARAD data showed that the frequency and volume of the ice slabs increased with proximity to the north pole. In one region, for example, the researchers detected two sand sheets over 40 kilometers (25 miles) wide on top of a layer of ice ranging in depth from 50 to 100 meters (165 to 330 feet).
These buried structures are the remnants of former ice caps which shrunk and were buried during warm periods, according to the paper. Consequently, this cavi unit contains a historical record of the Martian climate. The layers of ice are like the rings on a tree, showing the growth and retreat of ancient polar caps over the years. Like Earth, Mars has experienced multiple ice ages. During the warm periods, sand enveloped the shrunken ice caps, protecting them from the Sun and in turn preventing the ice from evaporating into the atmosphere.
"The only hypothesis that can reconcile our results and all the previous studies is that the cavi unit is made of alternating ice sheets, remnants of former polar caps, and sand layers, which acted as protective blanket and prevented the complete retreat of the old polar ice," Nerozzi told Gizmodo. "This is another big surprise in itself, because it means that we have a new and unexpected record of past polar ice cap growth and retreat that dates back hundreds of millions of years."
Prior to the new study, scientists figured the ancient ice caps were lost, but SHARAD data suggests otherwise.
"These results are significant because it attests to past climate cycles in the north polar region," Matthew Chojnacki, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona who was not involved in the new research, said in an email to Gizmodo. "For tens of millions of years, maybe longer, wind built up massive sand deposits which were repeatedly buried with various levels of ice. These intra-dune ice deposits happen on Earth but I'm not aware of such a large example as this north polar cavi unit on Mars."
The new finding could also tell us a bit more about water ice located elsewhere on Mars, particularly in the lower latitudes. Jack Holt, co-author of the study and a researcher at the University of Arizona, previously used SHARAD to confirm the presence of massive glaciers in the Martian mid-latitudes—one of which is three times the size of Los Angeles. These glaciers are almost completely comprised of water ice, but they're obscured by surface materials.
"Surprisingly, the total volume of water locked up in these buried polar deposits is roughly the same as all the water ice known to exist in glaciers and buried ice layers at lower latitudes on Mars, and they are approximately the same age," said Holt in the University of Texas press release.
Mars, as we're learning, holds a tremendous amount of water. This theoretically bodes well for future colonists in need of the precious liquid.
"The ice sheets might be very pure, with only a few percent dust impurities. However, this unit is buried underneath a polar ice cap up to 2 kilometers thick, so it is not easy to reach," said Nerozzi. "It would be much easier to extract nearly pure water from the ice at the surface of the polar cap. To make it drinkable, or process it into fuel for rockets, one would need to filter out the dust impurities and perhaps some salts."
Nerozzi is continuing to study this cavi unit and using SHARAD to read the record of past polar cap evolution. Given the geological and climate data how available, he might even be able to reconstruct the entire formation history of the cavi.
"This would give us precious insights into the past distribution of water on the planet, and thus if any amount of liquid water existed near the equator that could have supported life," said Nerozzi.
George is a senior staff reporter at Gizmodo.
CLBnntt
"A layer 1.5 meters deep" is not remotely enough to submerge the planet. I assume they were simplifying, saying that's what it would do if Mars were perfectly spherical, which is isn't. If its volume is the planet's entire surface area times 1.5 meters depth, then that means it could cover 10% of the planet surface with a layer 15 meters deep, or 1% with a layer 150 meters deep. So it's not really that huge an amount, and it's odd that that analogy was used.