Bolivarianism
"Bolivarian" redirects here. For the political movement in Venezuela involving this ideology, see Bolivarian Revolution.
Bolivarianism is a mix of pan-American, socialist and national-patriotic ideals fixed against injustices of imperialism, inequality and corruption named after Simón Bolívar, the 19th-century Venezuelan general and liberator from the Spanish monarchy then in abeyance, who led the struggle for independence throughout much of South America.
1 Bolivarianism of Hugo Chávez
2 Other definitions and dispute
2.1 Pan-Americanism
2.2 Chavismo
3 Spread
Bolivarianism of Hugo Chávez[edit]
President (list)
Disputed with Juan Guaidó since 23 January 2019
Delcy Rodríguez
President: Juan Guaidó
Constituent National Assembly
President: Diosdado Cabello
Supreme Tribunal of Justice
Recent elections
Presidential: 2013
Parliamentary: 2015
Constituent: 1999
Regional: 2012
Municipal: 2017
Referendums: 2009
Minister: Jorge Arreaza (list)
Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela
Nationality law
Chávez's foreign policy
Venezuela portal
Lake Maracaibo
Politics and elections
Communal Councils
History and wars
Captaincy General
Simon Bolívar's campaigns
Gran Colombia
Bolivarian
In recent years, Bolivarianism's most significant political manifestation was in the government of Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez, who from the beginning of his presidency called himself a Bolivarian patriot and applied his interpretation of several of Bolívar's ideals to everyday affairs, as part of the Bolivarian Revolution. That included the 1999 Constitution, which changed Venezuela's name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and other ideas such as the Bolivarian Schools, Bolivarian Circles and the Bolivarian University of Venezuela. The term "Bolivarianism" is often used specifically to refer to Chávez's rule.
The central points of Bolivarianism as extolled by Chávez are the following:[citation needed]
Latin American economic and political sovereignty (anti-imperialism)
Grassroots political participation of the population via popular votes and referendums (participative democracy)
Economic self-sufficiency (in food, consumer durables and so on)
Instilling in people a national ethic of patriotic service
Equitable distribution of (South America's) vast natural resources
Eliminating corruption
Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Bolívar's ideals, was also drawn from the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Chávez was also influenced by the Hispanic American tradition of cooperativism early in his life, such as that practiced by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Salvador Allende. Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Although Chávez himself referred to his ideology as bolivarianismo ("Bolivarianism"), Chávez's supporters and opponents in Venezuela refer to themselves as being either for or against chavismo ("Chavism").[citation needed] Chávez supporters refer to themselves as chavistas.[citation needed]
Later in his life, Chávez would acknowledge the role that democratic socialism (a form of socialism that calls for democratic institutions in the economy) plays in Bolivarianism. Chávez declared his support for democratic socialism as integral to Bolivarianism, proclaiming that humanity must embrace "a new type of socialism, a humanist one, which puts humans, and not machines or the state, ahead of everything".[1] He later reiterated this sentiment in a 26 February speech at the 4th Summit on Social Debt held in Caracas.
Other definitions and dispute[edit]
Historically, there has been no universally accepted definition as to the proper use of the terms "Bolivarianism" and "Bolivarian" within all the countries in the region. Many leaders, movements and parties have indistinctly used them to describe themselves throughout most of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Pan-Americanism[edit]
Main article: Pan-Americanism
People who have called themselves bolivarianos claim to follow the general ideology expressed in Bolívar's texts such as the Carta de Jamaica and the Discurso de Angostura. Some of Bolívar's ideas include forming a union of Hispanic American countries, providing public education and enforcing sovereignty to fight against foreign invasion, which has been interpreted to include economic domination by foreign powers. An example of such a union was Gran Colombia, a block of countries consisting of Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá (part of New Granada in that time) and Ecuador.
The Colombian insurgent group FARC has in recent years also considered itself to be inspired by Bolívar's ideals and by his role in the 19th century independence struggle against Spain. It has also publicly declared its sympathy towards Chávez and his Bolivarian Revolution, though none of the either confirm or deny any involvement with the insurgent group.
A Venezuelan guerrilla organization, the Bolivarian Forces of Liberation, also espouses Bolivarianism, although it is not known if they have any ties to the Venezuelan government.
Chavismo[edit]
Main article: Chavismo
Bolivarianism in Venezuela is also referred to (sometimes pejoratively by its opponents)[2] as Chavismo or "Chavezism".[3] Adherents are referred to as Chavistas.
Several political parties in Venezuela support Chavismo. The main party, directly affiliated with Chávez, is the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which replaced the Fifth Republic Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Quinta Republica, usually referred to by the three letters MVR). Other parties and movements supporting Chavismo include Communist Party of Venezuela, Venezuelan Popular Unity and Tupamaros.
The left-wing Fatherland for All (Spanish: Patria Para Todos or PPT), Movement for Socialism (Spanish: Movimiento al Socialismo or MAS), Radical Cause (Spanish: Causa R) and For Social Democracy (Spanish: Por la Democracia Social) initially supported Chavismo, but they have since distanced themselves from it and now oppose it.
A 2002 article in The Boston Globe said Chavismo "fueled the eruption of public fury that swept the charismatic and confrontational president back into power after a group of military officers deposed him for two days in April in favor of a businessman-president", adding that the "Chavismo phenomenon has almost religious qualities".[4]
Spread[edit]
Bolivarianism was emulated in Bolivia and Ecuador, which experienced crises of political parties.[5] According to a 2017 study, Bolivarianism failed to spread further through Latin America and the Caribbean "in nations where political parties and democratic institutions remained functioning, and where the left and civil society valued democracy, pluralism, and liberal rights due to brutal autocratic experiences".[5] The study also found that "the fear of Bolivarianism also led to a coup against president Zelaya in Honduras".[5]
Aspects of Bolivarianism were adapted by the Spanish political party Podemos.[5]
Bolivarian propaganda
List of political parties in Venezuela
Socialism of the 21st century
^ Sojo, Cleto A. (31 January 2005). "Venezuela's Chávez Closes World Social Forum with Call to Transcend Capitalism". Venezuela Analysis. Retrieved 20 October 2005.
^ "Page not found". Vheadline. Archived from the original on 10 November 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
^ Morsbach, Greg (6 December 2005). "Chavez opponents face tough times". BBC News. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
^ Ceaser, Mike (17 December 2002). "Chavez followers stay loyal despite Venezuela Crisis". Boston Globe. p. 33.
^ a b c d Torre, Carlos de la (10 April 2017). "Hugo Chávez and the diffusion of Bolivarianism". Democratization. 0 (7): 1271–1288. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1307825. ISSN 1351-0347.
52nd President of Venezuela (1999–2013)
Early life and career
Military career
Coup attempt of 1992
Presidential election of 1998
Death and state funeral
1999 Constitution
United Socialist Party of Venezuela
Constitutional referendum of 2007
Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03
Recall referendum of 2004
2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
2007 RCTV protests
Boliburguesía
Bolivarian Circles
Bolivarian missions
Bolivarian Revolution
Plan Bolívar 2000
Venezuelan Communal Councils
Bank of the South
Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
Petrocaribe
Aló Presidente
Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
El pueblo soy yo
Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
¿Por qué no te callas?
Public image of Hugo Chávez
¿¡Revolución!?
Venezuelanalysis.com
Venezuela Information Office
X-Ray of a Lie
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivarianism&oldid=888317395"
Political movements