Asian and eastern cultures approach perspective from an opposite philosophy. The traditional oriental artist believed that parallel lines converged as thelines approached the spectator. This belief involves the observer as an activeparticipant in the image rather than a passive bystander. This philosophy ortechnique is known as reverse perspective. For further study in reverseperspective, study works before 1729, particularly those paintings executedby Japanese artist Kiyonobu, founder of the Torii school. Reverse perspective is when parallel horizontal lines converge as theyapproach the observer. This technique requires the location of the pictureplane behind the station point creating the illusion of enclosing or limitedspace that actively involves the observer in the image area. The observersees the image as large, flat (in perspective), and detailed (without the affectsof aerial perspective). The spatial panorama presented to the observer israrely noticeably enclosed by an implied picture plane. Figure 5-10 illustrates the location of the picture plane and a resultantFigure 5-10.Reverse perspective.