And that's why actually in the 19th century the Ottoman Empire, which then covered the whole Middle East, made very important reforms -- reforms like giving Christians and Jews an equal citizenship status, accepting a constitution, accepting a representative parliament, advancing the idea of freedom of religion.
这就是为什么在19世纪 征服了整个中东的奥斯曼帝国 做出了非常重要的变革-- 变革包括给予基督教徒和犹太教徒 平等地位 承认宪法 承认议会代表 推进宗教自由