b'\n_START_ARTICLE_\nAg\xc3\xa8ncia Espacial Europea\n_START_SECTION_\nEls inicis de l\'ESA\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nLa primera missi\xc3\xb3 cient\xc3\xadfica de l\'ESA fou l\'any 1975, el Cos-B, un programa de proves de monitoratge d\'emissions de rajos gamma a l\'univers._NEWLINE_El projecte estrella de l\'ESA \xc3\xa9s el programa Ariane consistent en una s\xc3\xa8rie de sistemes de llan\xc3\xa7ament. Durant els anys 80, la ESA va desenvolupar diferents models del coet. La versi\xc3\xb3 m\xc3\xa9s usada fou l\'Ariane 4, que fou operativa entre el 1988 i el 2003, i que consagr\xc3\xa0 l\'ESA com la l\xc3\xadder en llan\xc3\xa7aments comercials.\n_START_SECTION_\nSlovenia\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nCurrently the only associated member state is Slovenia. Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full members.\n_START_SECTION_\nCanada\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nSince 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within ESA. By virtue of this accord, the Canadian Space Agency takes part in ESA\'s deliberative bodies and decision-making and also in ESA\'s programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 2010-12-15 with a term extending to 2020. For 2014, Canada\'s annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was \xe2\x82\xac6,059,449 (CAD$8,559,050). For 2017, Canada has increased its annual contribution to \xe2\x82\xac21,600,000 (CAD$30,000,000).\n_START_SECTION_\nApropiaci\xc3\xb3 i assignaci\xc3\xb3 pressupost\xc3\xa0ria\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nESA is funded from annual contributions by national governments as well as from an annual contribution by the European Union (EU)._NEWLINE_The budget of ESA was \xe2\x82\xac5.250 billion in 2016. Every 3\xe2\x80\x934 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference. This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for ESA for several years.   The 2016 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown in the chart on the right._NEWLINE_Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of \xe2\x82\xac2015 million, of which \xe2\x82\xac755 million is paid as direct financial contribution to ESA. Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and ESA (e.g. COROT). Also, ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example European Union Satellite Centre).\n_START_SECTION_\nLa UE i l\'Ag\xc3\xa8ncia Espacial Europea\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nThe political perspective of the European Union (EU) was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014, although this date was not met. The EU is already the largest single donor to ESA\'s budget and non-ESA EU states are observers at ESA._NEWLINE_La ESA est\xc3\xa0 formada per les organitzacions espacials i altres entitats de 22 pa\xc3\xafsos: Alemanya, \xc3\x80ustria, B\xc3\xa8lgica, Dinamarca, Espanya, Est\xc3\xb2nia, Finl\xc3\xa0ndia, Fran\xc3\xa7a, Gr\xc3\xa8cia, Hongria, Irlanda, It\xc3\xa0lia, Luxemburg, Noruega, Pa\xc3\xafsos Baixos, Pol\xc3\xb2nia, Portugal, Regne Unit, Romania, Su\xc3\xa8cia, Su\xc3\xafssa i Tx\xc3\xa8quia. Pr\xc3\xb2ximament s\'hi uniran pa\xc3\xafsos que recentment s\'han unit a la Uni\xc3\xb3 Europea.\n_START_SECTION_\nFlota de vehicles de llan\xc3\xa7ament\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA\'s fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at ESA\'s Guiana Space Centre. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra \'push\' of nearly 500\xc2\xa0m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth\'s poles where rotational velocity approaches zero.\n_START_SECTION_\nFinan\xc3\xa7ament de vehicles de llan\xc3\xa7ament Ariane\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nHistorically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily "with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare."  ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to competitive bids for the development of the Ariane 6.\n_START_SECTION_\nHist\xc3\xb2ria\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nAt the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for unmanned space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was Czechoslovak Vladim\xc3\xadr Remek who in 1978 became the first non-Soviet or American in space (the first man in space being Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union) \xe2\x80\x93 on a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, followed by the Pole Miros\xc5\x82aw Hermaszewski and East German Sigmund J\xc3\xa4hn in the same year. This Soviet co-operation programme, known as Intercosmos, primarily involved the participation of Eastern bloc countries. In 1982, however, Jean-Loup Chr\xc3\xa9tien became the first non-Communist Bloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station._NEWLINE_Because Chr\xc3\xa9tien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visits to Mir._NEWLINE_During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the International Space Station. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom._NEWLINE_In the summer of 2008, ESA started to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the European Astronaut Corps were selected - five men and one woman.\n_START_SECTION_\nVehicles tripulants\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nIn the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch vehicle. Around 1978 it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of Hermes was introduced. The craft was comparable to early proposals for the Space Shuttle and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the Ariane 5 rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was planned solely for use in low Earth orbit space flights. The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly. With the fall of the Soviet Union ESA looked forward to co-operation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent. The Columbus space station programme had a similar fate._NEWLINE_In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested. While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the Russian Space Agency have emerged. Following talks with the Russian Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005, a co-operation between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. A \xe2\x82\xac50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006._NEWLINE_In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current Soyuz design. This project was pursued with Roskosmos instead of the cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft was contemplated for 2008._NEWLINE_In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a \xe2\x82\xac21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design._NEWLINE_In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASA\'s Orion programme. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA\'s new manned spacecraft. ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion\'s launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts._NEWLINE_In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with Sierra Nevada Corporation for co-operation in Dream Chaser project. Further studies on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or DC4EU project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanized Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5.\n_START_SECTION_\nCooperaci\xc3\xb3 amb altres pa\xc3\xafsos i organitzacions\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nESA has signed co-operation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of ESA: Argentina, Brazil, China, India (for the Chandrayan mission), Russia and Turkey._NEWLINE_Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the European Union, NASA of the United States and is participating in the International Space Station together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA).\n_START_SECTION_\nUni\xc3\xb3 Europea\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nESA is not an agency or body of the European Union (EU), and has non-EU countries (Norway, and Switzerland) as members. There are however ties between the two, with various agreements in place and being worked on, to define the legal status of ESA with regard to the EU._NEWLINE_There are common goals between ESA and the EU. ESA has an EU liaison office in Brussels. On certain projects, the EU and ESA co-operate, such as the upcoming Galileo satellite navigation system. Space policy has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the European Council. Under the European Space Policy of 2007, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed themselves to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space._NEWLINE_The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D space agency. Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA._NEWLINE_Former Italian astronaut Umberto Guidoni, during his tenure as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, "since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space. We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players."_NEWLINE_The first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009. A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance.\n_START_SECTION_\nNASA\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA. Since ESA\'s astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA\'s astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights on which ESA participate with astronauts in experiments._NEWLINE_In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been ESA\'s main partner. Cassini\xe2\x80\x93Huygens was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the Infrared Space Observatory, INTEGRAL, SOHO, and others. Also, the Hubble Space Telescope is a joint project of NASA and ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the James Webb Space Telescope and the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. NASA has committed to provide support to ESA\'s proposed MarcoPolo-R mission to return an asteroid sample to Earth for further analysis. NASA and ESA will also likely join together for a Mars Sample Return Mission.\n_START_SECTION_\nCooperaci\xc3\xb3 amb altres ag\xc3\xa8ncies espacials\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nSince China has started to invest more money into space activities, the Chinese Space Agency has sought international partnerships. ESA is, beside the Russian Space Agency, one of its most important partners. Two space agencies cooperated in the development of the Double Star Mission. In 2017, ESA sent two astronauts to China for two weeks sea survival training with Chinese astronauts in Yantai, Shandong._NEWLINE_ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the CSTS, the preparation of French Guiana spaceport for launches of Soyuz-2 rockets and other projects. With India, ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the ISRO\'s Chandrayaan-1 in 2008. ESA is also co-operating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with JAXA is the BepiColombo mission to Mercury._NEWLINE_Speaking to reporters at an air show near Moscow in August 2011, ESA head Jean-Jacques Dordain said ESA and Russia\'s Roskosmos space agency would "carry out the first flight to Mars together."\n_START_SECTION_\nLleng\xc3\xbces\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nAccording to Annex 1, Resolution No. 8 of the ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure, English, French and German may be used in all meetings of the Agency, with interpretation provided into these three languages. All official documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA Council being available in German as well.\n_START_SECTION_\nESA i les institucions de la UE\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nThe Flag of Europe is the one to be flown in space during missions (for example it was flown by ESA\'s Andre Kuipers during Delta mission)_NEWLINE_The Commission is increasingly working together towards common objectives. Some 20 per cent of the funds managed by ESA now originate from the supranational budget of the European Union._NEWLINE_However, in recent years the ties between ESA and the European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting Europe\'s social, political and economic policies._NEWLINE_The legal basis for the EU/ESA co-operation is provided by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in May 2004. According to this agreement, the European Commission and ESA co-ordinate their actions through the Joint Secretariat, a small team of EC\'s administrators and ESA executive. The Member States of the two organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG)._NEWLINE_ESA maintains a liaison office in Brussels to facilitate relations with the European institutions.\n_START_SECTION_\nGarantir l\xe2\x80\x99acc\xc3\xa9s europeu a l\xe2\x80\x99espai\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nIn May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the European Union and their member states._NEWLINE_Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESA\'s Director General, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to space and exploration._NEWLINE_Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member States all commit to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating to space.\n_START_SECTION_\nIncidents\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nOn 3 August 1984 ESA\'s Paris headquarters were severely damaged and six people were hurt when a bomb exploded, planted by the far-left armed Action Directe group._NEWLINE_On 14 December 2015, hackers from Anonymous breached ESA\'s subdomains and leaked thousands of login credentials.\n_START_SECTION_\nTelevisi\xc3\xb3\n_START_PARAGRAPH_\nESA Television \xc3\xa9s la cadena de televisi\xc3\xb3 que emet l\'AEE. Es transmet tan sols per mitj\xc3\xa0 d\'una xarxa de Televisi\xc3\xb3 per sat\xc3\xa8l\xc2\xb7lit, i peri\xc3\xb2dicament emet programaci\xc3\xb3 per l\'Eutelsat, en concret, pel sat\xc3\xa8l\xc2\xb7lit Eutelsat 9A, que permet la recepci\xc3\xb3 de l\'informaci\xc3\xb3 a Europa, Africa del Nord i Orient Mitj\xc3\xa0. A m\xc3\xa9s a m\xc3\xa9s, de tant en tant, emet esdeveniments en directe, tamb\xc3\xa9 a trav\xc3\xa9s dels diferents sat\xc3\xa8l\xc2\xb7lits d\'Eutelsat a tot el continent europeu. El sat\xc3\xa8l\xc2\xb7lit propietat de l\'Agencia Espacial Europea difon les emissions, livestreams i programes a tot Europa gr\xc3\xa0cies al EUTELSAT 9A, a 9\xc2\xba est de banda K, amb el transponder 59 (11900.1 MHz, de polaritzaci\xc3\xb3 horitzontal). Utilitza el DVB-S2._NEWLINE_ESA Television emet Retransmissi\xc3\xb3 en directe de llan\xc3\xa7aments de sat\xc3\xa8l\xc2\xb7lits i missions espacials, Informaci\xc3\xb3 i not\xc3\xadcies actualitzades via EBS i Dos magazines al mes de 4 minuts cada un, que es retransmet fins a 21 vegades en set idiomes diferents. Tot aix\xc3\xb2 es pot trobar al cat\xc3\xa0leg online de la web. D\'inici, l\'ESA Television no s\'emetia simult\xc3\xa0niament a trav\xc3\xa9s d\'internet, aix\xc3\xad doncs, la programaci\xc3\xb3 era descarregable gr\xc3\xa0cies a un lloc web de FTP. Aquest requeria que els usuaris iniciessin sessi\xc3\xb3; es podia accedir al nom d\'usuari i la contrasenya registrant-se al Servei de Notificaci\xc3\xb3 de la Televisi\xc3\xb3 d\'ESA. Un cop registrats, els usuaris que accedissin al canal, hi podien trobar tot el material penjat. Des del 2008, a part del que ja hem explicat, l\'ESA ja transmet alguns events i activitats en directe, utilitzant la plataforma Livestream.com. Entre aquestes activitats, hi podem trobar exploracions espacials llan\xc3\xa7aments i fins i tot algunes transmissions peri\xc3\xb2diques. Tamb\xc3\xa9 s\'informa de les pr\xc3\xb2ximes transmissions, de manera que a la p\xc3\xa0gina web s\'indica el dia, l\'hora d\'inici i fi de la transmissi\xc3\xb3 i el tipus i format.'