Don't forget anti-growth. The Urban Growth Boundary is an example of this.

The UGB was put in place to make Eugene move toward some kind of imagined Utopia, where everyone lives a lifestyle of multimodal housing, rides bikes, or takes public transportation.

UGB's are failing all over the country...why?

First - most people don't want to live that way for a multitude of reasons.

Second - UGB's make housing prices escalate as supply shrinks and demand grows - which in turn, makes the chasm between the haves and have nots even wider. This in turn drives out the working class, and those who can't afford to live within the UGB. Which in turn, leads to the growth of outlying areas, and forces the working class to commute even further to work - evaporating any benefits gained from the few multimodal communities that get put in place before the majority move to outlying areas.

What's the take away? In Utopia, no one knows how to do a simple cost benefit analysis.