Valuable clarification by Prof De Vos. A matter yet to receive the consideration it should is the one of various Constitutional oaths. Prior to election of office bearers to parliament, an election process follow. Also all sorts of Constitutional office bearers, in the legislature, executive or judiciary, goes through a form of nomination,  canditure until appointment to office. Office is only taken upon the Constitutional prescribed oath, words of which is not simply a nice procedural adornment. It creates a new legal obligation for the office bearer to serve according to truth and honesty. Is it for instance that ANC MP's were in breach of the oath and legal obligation in the vote of no convidence, but this is a matter of evidence. There is no statutory criminal sanction for breach of that oath. Is it a common law criminal offence to act against such oath. Does it not terminate holding office ipso facto. Does the Constitution exclude criminal sanction for breach of oath?