What is Gluconeogenesis?
[[File:Gluconeogenesis.png|thumb|Simplified gluconeogenesis processed (in humans). Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acids (dotted lines) may be changed to pyruvate a bit under fasting.]] '''Gluconeogenesis''' (GNG) is a chemical process in [[organism|living bodies]]. In gluconeogenesis, the body turns [[fat]]s and [[protein]]s ([[glucogenic amino acid]]s) into [[sugar]]s called [[glucose]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/lehningerprincip01lehn|title=Lehninger principles of biochemistry.|last1=Lehninger|first1=Albert L.|last2=Nelson|first2=David L. (David Lee)|last3=Cox|first3=Michael M.|date=2000|publisher=New York : Worth Publishers|others=Duke University Libraries|isbn=978-1-57259-153-0}}</ref> In most [[vertebrate|animals with spines]], gluconeogenesis happens in the [[liver]], but some animals have gluconeogenesis in the [[kidney]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Key protein causing excess liver production of glucose in diabetes identified|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110928125414.htm|access-date=2021-06-03|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref> gluconeogenesis usually happens when the organism has not eaten many [[Low-carbohydrate diet|starches or sugars]] or eaten [[fasting|nothing at all]] for a long time. Not eating and not eating starch can cause [[ketosis]], which is when some cells cannot use [[ketone]]s for fuel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rui|first=Liangyou|date=January 2014|title=Energy Metabolism in the Liver|journal=Comprehensive Physiology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=177–197|doi=10.1002/cphy.c130024|isbn=9780470650714|issn=2040-4603|pmc=4050641|pmid=24692138}}</ref> ==Process== [[File:Amino acid catabolism revised.png|thumb|300px|Simplification of [[proteinogenic amino acid]]s. Some amino acids can be used in gluconeogenesis and some cannot:<ref>{{cite book|chapter=20. Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis |first1=Denise R|last1= Ferrier|first2=Pamela C|last2=Champe|first3=Richard A|last3=Harvey | name-list-style = vanc |title=Biochemistry (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews)