What is Macedonian phalanx?
[[File:Macedonian battle formation-en.svg|right|thumb|330px|Macedonian battle formation. The [[hypaspist]]s, elite heavy infantry, are mislabeled as elite heavy cavalry.]] [[File:Makedonische phalanx.png|300px|right|thumb|The Macedonian phalanx: the shields are smaller and lighter than with a traditional hoplite phalanx, the '''sarissa''' is twice as long as the traditional spears. ]] The '''Macedonian phalanx''' is an [[infantry]] formation developed by [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]. It was used by his son [[Alexander the Great]] to conquer the [[Persian Empire]]. The formation was made up of [[spear]]men carrying 18 to 20 ft (5.5{{ndash}}6 m) long [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]]. These were called '''sarissas'''. They were two-handed; the smaller shields were slung over the left shoulder. The Macedonian phalanx was [[wikt:impregnable|impregnable]] from the front, but vulnerable from the sides and back, where it could be attacked by the enemy [[cavalry]]. Therefore, the system required protection, which it got from the Macedonian cavalry, which was the most flexible force. At the start of a battle, Alexander used the phalanx to pin down the enemy. His heavy cavalry would drive the enemy horse from the field, and then charge selected opponents or exposed enemy unit flanks. Then, the phalanx would move against the centre. The early Greek [[city states]] often fought on narrow [[valley]] floors, where cavalry was not so important. Often, there was little or no cavalry. But in the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], the battles were fought on more open land, where cavalry was a great force. An example of this is the [[Battle of Gaugamela]]. There, Alexander manoeuvered to the right to prevent a [[double envelopment]] from the Persian army. [[Darius]] commanded his cavalry on his left flank to check the oblique movement of the Greeks by attacking their cavalry. Alexander's Companion cavalry then charged the weakened enemy center where Darius was posted and were followed by the [[phalanx formation]]. {{Ancient Greek Military W