What is Calvin cycle?
[[File:Calvin-cycle4.svg|thumb|right|300px|The Calvin cycle.]] The '''Calvin cycle''' (also known as the '''Benson-Calvin cycle''') is the set of [[chemical reaction]]s that take place in [[chloroplast]]s during [[photosynthesis]]. The cycle is [[Light-independent reaction|light-independent]] because it takes place after the energy has been captured from [[sunlight]]. The Calvin cycle is named after [[Melvin Calvin]], who won a [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for finding it in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 Melvin Calvin |work=nobelprize.org |access-date=January 14, 2011}}</ref> Calvin and his colleagues, [[Andrew Benson]] and [[:en:James_Bassham|James Bassham]], did the work at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M |title=The path of carbon in photosynthesis |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=781–7 |year=1950 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)56368-7 |pmid=14774424 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Context == Using the [[radioactive]] [[carbon-14]] [[isotope]] as a [[wikt:trace|tracer]], [[Melvin Calvin|Calvin]], [[Andrew Benson]] and their team mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during [[photosynthesis]]. They traced the carbon-14 from soaking up its atmospheric [[carbon dioxide]] to its conversion into [[carbohydrate]]s and other [[organic compound]]s.<ref>{{Citation|pmid = 13383309 |last=Calvin M. 1956 |title=The photosynthetic cycle. |volume=38|issue=11|periodical=Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol.|year=1956 |pages=1233–44}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|pmid = 13363921 |last=Barker S.A. ''et al'' 1956 |title=Intermediates in the photosynthetic cycle.|volume=21|issue=2|periodical=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |year=1956 |pages=376–7|doi = 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90022-1|s2cid=2051618 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mt5s7hr }}</ref> The [[Microorganism|single-celled]] [[algae]] ''[[Chlorella]]'' was used to trace the carbon-14.<ref>{{cite web