What is Duke of Normandy?
The title '''Duke of Normandy''' was given to the [[:wikt:rulers|rulers]] of the [[:wikt:duchy|duchy]] of [[Normandy]].{{efn|This is a title of [[:wikt:convenience|convenience]] used by [[historians]]. The first leaders of Normandy used the title [[count]] or [[marquis]]. It was not until the middle of the eleventh century that the counts of Normandy called themselves Dukes.<ref>François Neveux, ''The Normans; The Conquests that Changed the Face of Europe'', trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2008), p. 69</ref>}} This [[Fiefdom|fief]] was created in 911 by [[Charles the Simple]] King of France for [[Rollo]], a leader of Northmen.<ref>David C. Douglas, ''William the Conqueror; The Norman Impact upon England'' (Berkeley; Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1964), p. 16</ref> In 1066 the seventh duke, William II, became King [[William I of England]].{{efn|Historians call him William II as he was the second 'Duke' of Normandy named William; William I of England as he was the first English king named William. [[Ordinal number]]s after names are almost always assigned by later historians to tell one of the same name and title from another—usually in the same family. }} The title of Duke of Normandy was held by the Kings of England until [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] gave up the title by [[wikt:treaty|treaty]] in 1259.<ref>John Le Patourel, ''Feudal empires: Norman and Plantagenet'' (London: Hambledon Press, 1984), p. 200</ref> [[John I of England|King John]] had lost mainland Normandy in 1204, and kept only the [[Channel Islands]].<ref>W L Warren, ''King John'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 99</ref> Today the Channel Islands are a British [[Crown dependency]].<ref>''The World Factbook 2010'', prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc., 2010), p. 327</ref> In 1660 when [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] was restored to the throne, the King of France, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], created Charles' brother [[Jame