What is Ludwig Boltzmann?
{{Infobox scientist | name = Ludwig Boltzmann | image = Boltzmann2.jpg | caption = Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-1906) | birth_date = {{Birth date|1844|2|20|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austrian Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1906|9|5|1844|2|20|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Duino]], [[Italy]] | nationality = [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] [[Austrian]] | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Josef Stefan]] | doctoral_students = [[Paul Ehrenfest]]<br /> [[Philipp Frank]]<br /> [[Gustav Herglotz]] | known_for = [[Boltzmann constant]]<br />[[Boltzmann equation]]<br />[[Boltzmann distribution]]<br />[[Stefan–Boltzmann law]] | footnotes = | fields = [[Physics]] | workplaces = [[University of Graz]]<br>[[University of Vienna]]<br>[[University of Munich]]<br>[[Leipzig University]] }} '''Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann''' (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was a well-known [[Austria|Austrian]] [[physicist]], member of the Impreial Austrian Academy of Sciences. He was considered to build the foundations for scientific fields including [[statistical mechanics]] and [[Nhiệt động lực học thống kê|statistical thermodynamics]]. He was one of the major contributors for [[atomic theory]] while the [[Atom|atomic]] model was still highly controversial. Besides [[Max Planck]], he was also the first person who had ideas for [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]. == Biography == === Childhood and Education === Boltzmann was born in [[Vienna]], the capital of [[Austrian Empire]]. His father, Ludwig George Boltzmann, was a tax official. His mother, Katharina Pauernfeind, came from [[Salzburg]]. At childhood, his parents invited a private tutor to teach him. He then attended high school in [[Linz]]. When he was 15 years old, his father died. Since 1863, Boltzmann studied physics at the [[University of Vienna]]. Some of his teachers were [[Johann Josef Loschmidt]], [[Joseph Stefan]], [[Andreas von Ettingshausen]] and [[Jozef Petzval]]. Boltzmann received his doctorate in 1866. In 1867, Boltzmann