What is Hardy–Weinberg law?
The '''Hardy–Weinberg law''' was developed independently by an [[England|English]] [[mathematician]], [[G.H. Hardy]], and a [[Germany|German]] [[Medical doctor|doctor]], [[Wilhelm Weinberg]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17779291 |year=1908 |author=Hardy G.H. |title=Mendelian proportions in a mixed population |volume=28 |issue=706 |pages=49–50 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.28.706.49 |journal=Science.|bibcode=1908Sci....28...49H }}</ref><ref>Weinberg W. 1908. Über den Nachweis der Vererbung beim Menschen. ''Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg'' '''64''': 368–382.</ref> This concept is also known as the ''Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium'', ''Hardy–Weinberg theorem'' or ''Hardy–Weinberg principle''. Sometimes Weinberg's name is placed first. The law is a foundation of [[population genetics]], and it is still taught to students today.<ref>Gillespe J.H. 2004. ''Population genetics: a concise guide''. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore MD.</ref> It states that the proportions of [[allele]]s of all [[gene]]s in any population will remain the same unless perturbed (disturbed). That applies to all [[allele|loci]] on all [[chromosome]]s in the population. Possible perturbations are: :♦ gene [[mutation]] :♦ [[natural selection]] :♦ small population size where random effects like [[genetic drift]] and [[inbreeding]] may occur. H/W populations are assumed to be infinite in size. :♦ assortative mating instead of [[random mating]]. In effect, this would split the population down into small groups, see item above. :♦ [[migration]] into or out of the population under study. It follows that any systematic change in the [[frequency]] of alleles in a population ''must'' be due to the effect of one or more of these causes. Of course, like all aspects of [[Mendelian inheritance]], the expected proportions of alleles are [[Probability|probabilities]]. It was for that reason that [[statistics|statistical]] [[Statistical significance|tests of significance]], such as [[standard error]]s, were developed. Although a