What is 1259?
{{Year nav|1259}} {{Year in various calendars|1259}} {{Year article header|1259}} == Events == === Europe === * The [[Oxford Parliament (1258)|Oxford Parliament]], led by [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]], leads to the acceptance by King [[Henry III of England]] of the [[Provisions of Oxford]]. * September – The [[Empire of Nicaea]] defeats the [[Principality of Achaea]] at the [[Battle of Pelagonia]], ensuring the eventual reconquest of [[Constantinople]] in [[1261]]. * [[December 4]] – The kings [[Louis IX of France]] and [[Henry III of England]] agree to the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]], in which Henry renounces his claims to [[France|French]]-controlled territory on continental [[Europe]] (including [[Normandy]]) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels. * The famous [[fresco]]es of the [[Boyana Church]] in [[Bulgaria]] are completed (the church and its murals are now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]). * The [[Germany|German]] cities of [[Lübeck]], [[Wismar]], and [[Rostock]] enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the [[Baltic Sea]], laying the groundwork for the [[Hanseatic League]]. * [[Nogai Khan]] leads the second [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Golden Horde]] attack against [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]]. === Asia === * [[August 11]] – While conducting a siege against the [[Song Dynasty]] city known as [[Fishing Town]] in the province of [[Chongqing]], [[China]], the [[Mongol]] [[Khagan]], [[Mongke Khan]] dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including [[wikt:succumbing|succumbing]] to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, [[dysentery]], and even [[cholera]] epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the [[Mongol Empire]], while his brothers [[Ariq Böke]] and [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]] soon convene their own [[kuriltai]] to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four year long civil war from [[1260]] to [[1264]]. In the end, Ariq Böke s