What is July 13?
{{calendar}} {{day}} == Events == === Up to 1900 === * [[1174]] &ndash; [[William the Lion]] of [[Scotland]] is captured at [[Alnwick]], [[Northumberland]], by forces loyal to [[Henry II of England]]. * [[1249]] &ndash; [[Alexander III of Scotland]] is crowned King. * [[1260]] &ndash; The [[Livonian Order]] suffers its greatest defeat in the [[13th century]] in the [[Battle of Durbe]] against the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. * [[1501]] &ndash; [[Basel]] joins the [[Swiss Confederation]]. * [[1558]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gravelines (1558)|Battle of Gravelines]]: In [[France]], [[Spain|Spanish]] forces led by Count [[Lamoral of Egmont]] defeat the French forces of Marshal [[Paul des Thermes]] at [[Gravelines]]. * [[1573]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]]: The [[Siege of Haarlem]] ends after seven months. * [[1643]] &ndash; [[English Civil War]]: [[Battle of Roundway Down]] – In [[England]], Lord [[Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester]], commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the [[Parliament]]arian Sir [[William Waller]]. * [[1772]] &ndash; [[James Cook]] starts his second voyage from [[Plymouth, Devon|Plymouth]], [[England]]. * [[1787]] &ndash; The [[United States Congress]] enacts the [[Northwest Ordinance]] establishing governing rules for the [[Northwest Territory]]. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of [[slavery]]. * [[1793]] &ndash; [[Jean-Paul Marat]], one of the leaders of the [[French Revolution]], is murdered by [[Charlotte Corday]]. * [[1794]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Vosges]] between [[France|French]] forces and those of [[Prussia]] and [[Austria]]. * [[1814]] &ndash; The [[Carabinieri]], the national [[gendarmerie]] of [[Italy]], is founded. * [[1822]] &ndash; [[Greek War of Independence]]: [[Greece|Greeks]] defeat [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces at [[Thermopylae]]. * [[1832]] &ndash; [[Henry Rowe Schoolcraft]] finds [[Lake Itasca]], the source of the [[Mississippi River]]. * [[1837]] &ndash; Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]] m