What is Francis Galton?
{{Infobox_Scientist | name = Francis Galton | image = Francis Galton.jpg | caption = Francis Galton | birth_date = {{birth date|1822|2|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Birmingham]], [[England]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1911|1|17|1822|2|16|df=y}} | death_place = [[Haslemere]], [[Surrey]], [[England]] | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] | field = [[Anthropology]] and [[heredity]] | work_institution = [[Meteorological Council]]<br>[[Royal Geographical Society]] | alma_mater = [[King's College London]]<br>[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] | doctoral_advisor = [[William Hopkins]] | doctoral_students = [[Karl Pearson]] | known_for = [[Eugenics]]<br>[[Bean machine|The Galton board]] | prizes = [[Copley medal]] (1910) | religion = | footnotes = }} Sir '''Francis Galton''' [[Royal Society|FRS]] (Birmingham, 16 February 1822 – Surrey, 17 January 1911), [[Cousin#Half_cousins|half-cousin]] of [[Charles Darwin]], was an [[England|English]] [[scientist]]. His main field of work was [[human biology]] and [[inheritance]] of mental characteristics. Galton was a [[polymath]]: an [[anthropologist]], a [[Eugenics|eugenicist]], a tropical [[explorer]], [[geographer]], [[inventor]], [[meteorologist]], proto-[[Genetics|geneticist]], [[Psychometrics|psychometrician]], and [[Statistics|statistician]]. He was knighted in 1909. Galton produced over 340 papers and books in his lifetime. He created the statistical concepts of [[normal distribution]], [[correlation]] and [[regression]] toward the [[mean]]. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and [[inheritance]] of [[intelligence]]. He was the first person to do [[twin]] studies. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about monozygotic ([[identical twins]]) and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference.<ref>Bulmer M. 2000. ''Francis Galton, pioneer of heredity and biometry''. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore MD.