What is Nadezhda Mandelstam?
[[File:Наде́жда Я́ковлевна Мандельшта́м.jpg|thumbnail|Nadezhda Mandelstam in 1925]] '''Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam''', born as ''Nadezhda Yakovlevna Hazin'', (31 October 1899 in [[Saratov]] - 9 December 1980 in [[Moscow]]) was a [[Russians|Russian]] writer and the wife of poet [[Osip Mandelstam]]. She grew up in [[Kiev]], after she studied art. She married Osip Mandelstam in 1921, and lived in [[Ukraine]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Moscow]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Osip wrote a poem about the Russian leader, called ''[[Stalin Epigram]]''. It angered the Russian government, and in 1934 he was arrested, and ordered to live in [[Cherdyn]], [[Perm]] region and later to [[Voronezh]]. The government of [[Russia]] often used internal exile (sending people to live in small towns hundreds of miles from the big cities) instead of sending people to [[prison]]. Nadezhda went into exile with Osip. Osip Mandelstam was released but arrested again in 1938. Before the government could decide where to send him he died in a camp near [[Vladivostok]]. After this Nadezhda Mandelstam never lived in the same place for long, and she often changed jobs. She did this to hide from the [[NKVD]] (Russian [[Secret police|Secret Police]]). When she was living in [[Kalinin]] the police came to arrest her her, but she had moved to a new house the day before. She decided to spend her life collecting and publishing all of her husband's poems, and most of the poems she ''learned by heart'' (memorised). After [[Stalin]] died Nadezhda Mandelstam published he book and was allowed to return to [[Moscow]] in 1958. In 1979 she gave her [[archive]]s (letters, books and [[photograph]]s) to [[Princeton University]] in the [[United States of America]]. Nadezhda Mandelstam died in 1980 in Moscow, aged 81. == Books by Nadezhda Mandelstam == * ''Hope against Hope'' ({{ISBN|1-86046-635-4}}) * ''Hope Abandoned'' ({{ISBN|0-689-10549-5}}) {{DEFAULTSORT:Mandelstam, Nadezhda}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1980 deaths]] [[Category:Russian