text: Shining with the new ball
  For most cricket connoisseurs, there's no sight in the game as compelling as that of a first-rate fast bowler running in with new ball in hand, ready to inflict untold damage on the opposition line-up. And if there is a top-notch new-ball exponent from each end, then the anticipation doubles, especially if conditions are friendly for fast bowling. Over the years, there have been several new-ball pairs who have shaken opening batsmen, though the stocks have dwindled the world over in the last few years. This article looks at the best ones, and at the destruction they have caused.
  There have been a few pairs who have shone brightly for a few games before fading quickly, but one of the first prerequisites for a top-class pair is that they should have played a fair number of matches together (apart from, quite obviously, having taken plenty of wickets in those matches). Even without looking at the stats, the following pairs are shoo-ins in any discussion on new-ball bowling: Lindwall-Miller, Lillee-Thomson, Donald-Pollock, Wasim-Waqar, McGrath-Gillespie, and a few others.
  No discussion on quick bowling is complete, though, without a prominent mention of the West Indians. While most names listed above operated in an attack that consisted of three fast bowlers plus a spinner, the West Indians, in the 1980s, worked as a four-man hunting pack (more on them in the first Stats from the Past piece). It was almost as if it didn't matter who took the new ball and who came on first- and second-change - for the batsmen it was one relentless barrage of quick, skilful bowling. It changed a bit in the 1990s, though, when Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh became the clear leaders of the attack.
  So let's look at how these new-ball pairs compared with each other. The table below looks at their numbers - individually and together - in the innings in which they shared the new ball. With a 100-wicket cut-off for each bowler, the pair with the best combined bowling average is the Garner-Marshall combination: both averaged marginally over 20 runs per wicket, and their combined average in the innings in which they took the new ball was an outstanding 20.16.
  In fact, Garner didn't take the new ball that often in his Test career - only 49 times out of 111 innings did he bowl at the start of an innings, over a three-year period from 1984 to 1987. Out of those 49 innings, 43 times his new-ball partner was Marshall, and together they wreaked havoc. Some of their most memorable performances include their combined 12-wicket haul against England at The Oval in 1984, when each bowler took six, and against Australia in Kingston earlier that year, when they returned combined figures of 13 for 158.
  |Bowler 1||Wkts/ Ave||Bowler 2||Wkts/ Ave||Tests||Tot. wkts||Average||Strike rate|
  |Joel Garner||108/ 20.31||Malcolm Marshall||122/ 20.03||23||230||20.16||44.77|
  |Allan Donald||185/ 21.08||Shaun Pollock||161/ 21.68||44||346||21.36||50.86|
  |Courtney Walsh||226/ 22.66||Curtly Ambrose||186/ 21.42||52||412||22.10||55.44|
  |Wasim Akram||238/ 21.88||Waqar Younis||238/ 22.90||56||476||22.39||46.05|
  |Glenn McGrath||192/ 21.21||Jason Gillespie||170/ 25.06||47||362||23.02||53.26|
  |Glenn McGrath||121/ 19.59||Brett Lee||107/ 28.83||29||228||23.93||50.26|
  |Ray Lindwall||126/ 24.17||Keith Miller||104/ 24.81||33||230||24.46||62.63|
  |Andy Roberts||110/ 24.47||Michael Holding||106/ 26.09||28||216||25.27||55.60|
  |Brian Statham||141/ 25.72||Fred Trueman||142/ 25.78||35||283||25.75||60.78|
  |Makhaya Ntini||102/ 31.39||Dale Steyn||160/ 22.89||31||262||26.20||45.13|
  |Matthew Hoggard||121/ 26.90||Steve Harmison||127/ 27.70||33||248||27.31||50.36|
  |Shaun Pollock||120/ 27.33||Makhaya Ntini||146/ 28.86||34||266||28.17||59.24|
  * Only in innings in which both bowlers opened the bowling
  The next four pairs in the list above are all those who bowled in the 1990s and the early 2000s, and their presence explains why opening the batting during that period was such an unenviable task. Donald and Pollock were outstanding, and England got a taste of their powers early in their partnership, when each took seven wickets and led South Africa to a thumping win in Cape Town in 1996. Donald took five in the first and two in the second, while for Pollock the sequence was reversed. England's batsmen didn't stand a chance against that onslaught. Donald and Pollock were at it again at Headingley in 1998, taking eight wickets each, but South Africa still managed to lose that one by 23 runs. Their best, though, was against the same opponents in Johannesburg the following year, when they took 19 out of 20 England wickets in a resounding win.
  Walsh and Ambrose loved bowling against England too: in that famous 46-all-out Test in Trinidad in 1994, they took 16 of the 19 wickets taken by West Indian bowlers; at Lord's more than six years later, they were equally devastating, taking 15 wickets, though England managed to squeeze a win. Other teams felt the heat too - against South Africa in Port Elizabeth, the duo had another 15-wicket Test, though West Indies lost that one too. In all of Test history, Ambrose and Walsh are one of only two new-ball pairs with more than 400 wickets between them in the innings in which they opened the bowling.
  The other pair to achieve the feat is the dreaded Ws: Akram and Waqar took 476 wickets in the innings in which they opened the attack, terrorising batsmen for a decade and more with their pace and swing. One of their most impressive combined efforts was against Australia in Karachi in 1994. The match is famous for Pakistan's one-wicket escape to victory, but Akram and Waqar were both in smashing form, taking 15 wickets in the match. Against a top-notch West Indies side in 1990, they had another memorable game, taking 15 wickets again and winning the battle against a rival bowling attack that included Ambrose, Bishop, Marshall and Walsh.
  In the second half of the 1990s, there emerged another pair, this time from Australia, to inflict further misery on batsmen. Glenn McGrath was already a mean bowler, and when he joined hands with Jason Gillespie, the combination - along with the presence of Shane Warne - made match-winning contributions in several Australian wins. England's batsmen are unlikely to forget Lord's 2001, when both took five-fors and had a combined match haul of 15 wickets. Barbados 1999 was another 15-wicket game for them, though the Test is only remembered for Brian Lara's heroics.
  Each of these four pairs of new-ball bowlers took more than 340 wickets, and the difference in their averages was less than two runs, which is a fair indication of just how great they all were. The rest of the pairs in the table above all took less than 300 wickets, though there are some fine averages there too. Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller, for instance, each averaged less than 25 in their new-ball partnership, which lasted 33 Tests, while Andy Roberts and Michael Holding averaged just over 25. Brian Statham and Fred Trueman are the first England pair in the table, averaging less than 26 in the 35 Tests in which they opened the attack.
  Apart from these 12 pairs, there are some others who deserve to be listed too. In each case, at least one of the two bowlers didn't touch 100 wickets in the innings in which they opened the bowling, but even so, some of them achieved terrific numbers. Ambrose's defining new-ball partnership was with Walsh, but the Ambrose-Ian Bishop pairing was arguably even more terrifying in the brief period when Bishop was fully fit and at his fastest. For example, check out this Test against England at the usually placid Antigua Oval in 1990: Bishop and Ambrose combined to take 14 for 221, and England were routed by an innings. Or this Test in Perth in 1993, when the combined figures for the pair were 17 for 136 and the result was another innings win for West Indies. And in this game in Lahore, Ambrose and Bishop took 13 of 16 wickets, even when the rest of the cast included Walsh and Marshall. Fortunately for opposition batsmen, Bishop's fitness gave way relatively early in his career.
  Dennis Lillee's partnership with Jeff Thomson is one of the most talked about new-ball pairs in Test cricket, but numbers show that Terry Alderman achieved better results when he opened the bowling with Lillee. In 13 Tests, they took only one wicket fewer than the Lillee-Thomson combination in 16, though that is largely because Lillee's average fell in his combination with Thomson - he averaged more than 27 with him, and less than 22 with Alderman.
  Lillee and Alderman opened the attack for less than two years in the early 1980s (before that unfortunate injury in the Perth Test against England in 1982), but in those 13 Tests they formed a superb team. In that famous Headingley Test in 1981, the pair took 16 out of 20 England wickets; in the last Test of the same series, they accounted for 15. Lillee and Thomson had a couple of fine series against England in the mid-1970s, but they were new-ball partners in only 16 Tests, mostly before Lillee's exodus to play for Kerry Packer.
  There are several other top-notch pairs in the table below: Imran Khan formed excellent partnerships with Akram and Sarfraz Nawaz, while Javagal Srinath and Venkatesh Prasad were a fine act for India in the second half of the 1990s, with a better combined bowling average than, among others, Bob Willis and Ian Botham.
  |Bowler 1||Wkts/ Ave||Bowler 2||Wkts/ Ave||Tests||Tot. wkts||Average||Strike rate|
  |Curtly Ambrose||103/ 17.36||Ian Bishop||93/ 20.73||23||196||18.96||47.42|
  |Dennis Lillee||74/ 21.97||Terry Alderman||57/ 25.53||13||131||23.52||51.17|
  |Imran Khan||106/ 22.26||Wasim Akram||82/ 26.45||25||188||24.09||55.35|
  |Dennis Lillee||62/ 27.13||Jeff Thomson||70/ 25.10||16||132||26.05||53.07|
  |Graham McKenzie||86/ 26.45||Neil Hawke||65/ 27.75||18||181||27.01||66.55|
  |Sarfraz Nawaz||98/ 30.15||Imran Khan||129/ 24.84||28||227||27.14||62.80|
  |Andrew Caddick||90/ 28.74||Darren Gough||104/ 26.06||26||194||27.30||50.25|
  |Javagal Srinath||86/ 27.09||Venkatesh Prasad||60/ 28.52||18||146||27.68||57.48|
  |Richard Hadlee||84/ 23.96||Ewen Chatfield||55/ 34.60||18||139||28.17||62.24|
  |Bob Willis||87/ 26.20||Ian Botham||100/ 31.35||26||187||28.95||59.39|
  |Karsan Ghavri||75/ 36.04||Kapil Dev||108/ 26.25||27||183||30.26||59.90|
  |Kapil Dev||86/ 32.79||Manoj Prabhakar||92/ 36.51||32||178||34.71||79.97|
  All 12 bowling pairs in the first table have superb records, but how much better were they than the average bowler during their time span? The table below compares their combined average (in the innings in which they shared the new ball) with the bowling average during the period in which they bowled. Marshall and Garner, for example, shared the new ball between 1984 and 1987, during which period the overall bowling average in Test cricket was 32.63, which means the duo was 1.62 times better than the average during their era. The Donald-Pollock duo are next, with the three other great bowling pairs of the 1990s all close behind.
  Lower down the table, the era bowling averages have made a difference to the ratios. During the period in which Dale Steyn and Makhaya Ntini shared the new ball, the overall bowling average ballooned to more than 35, an indication of the drought in great bowlers. Due to this, their ratio is an impressive 1.34, which is better than those for Roberts-Holding, Statham-Trueman and Lindwall-Miller, even though all three pairs had slightly better averages. Similarly, the ratio for Statham-Trueman is the lowest among the 12 pairs in the table below, because the overall average during that era was a relatively low 29.60.
  As the lists above show, the 1990s were a particularly difficult period for opening batsmen, what with so many top-class fast bowlers operating. The decade bowling average for the 1990s was 27.84, which is the best since the 1950s. Since 2000, though, that figure has moved up to more than 31.
  |Decade||Tests||Wickets||Average||Strike rate||5WI/ 10WM|
  |Since 2000||528||7184||31.53||59.7||273/ 34|
  And what about the poor openers who had to face up to these bowlers most often? Here's a look at the ones who faced up to at least one of these bowlers in at least 40 innings.
  At the top of the pile of openers is Alec Stewart, the highly underrated England batsman. He faced these bowlers for a decade, between 1990 and 1999, and did exceptionally well, averaging 46.88 in 54 innings, which is well above his career average of 39.54. His best Test batting performance came in one of those Tests, against West Indies in Barbados in 1994, where he scored 118 and 143 against an attack that included Ambrose and Walsh.
  Michael Atherton played 128 out of 212 Test innings against an attack that included at least one of these greats, and he didn't fare as well, averaging only 34.12 in those innings (against a career average of 37.69). He did manage to get out to them plenty of times, though.
  What's also noticeable about this list is the range of averages: none above 50, only one above 45, and mostly in the 30s and early 40s. It's quite likely most of these openers wish they'd been born a decade later, when the quality of new-ball bowling isn't a patch on that in the 1990s and earlier.
  |Alec Stewart||54||2438||46.88||5/ 12|
  |Michael Slater||51||2074||44.12||4/ 10|
  |Matthew Hayden||41||1715||43.97||8/ 5|
  |Graham Gooch||43||1760||42.92||3/ 9|
  |Marcus Trescothick||60||2295||40.26||4/ 11|
  |Mark Taylor||73||2619||38.51||6/ 15|
  |Michael Atherton||128||4231||34.12||8/ 24|
  |Gary Kirsten||59||1879||33.55||4/ 9|
  |Sherwin Campbell||41||1033||26.48||2/ 7|
  The list of opening combinations that faced these bowlers most often reveal the same struggle: among pairs who batted against these bowlers in more than 20 innings, only one has an opening partnership average of 40. Luckily for the opening batsmen over the last decade, their job is considerably easier.
  |Pair||Innings||Runs||Average stand||100/ 50 stands|
  Some stats contributed by Travis Basevi.
  S Rajesh is stats editor of ESPNcricinfo. Follow him on Twitter