text: ## How do you calculate Pearson chi square value?
  
  You subtract the expected count from the observed count to find the difference between the two (also called the “residual”). You calculate the square of that number to get rid of positive and negative values (because the squares of 5 and -5 are, of course, both 25).
  
  ## How do you interpret chi-square effect size?
  
  For the chi-square test, the effect size index w is calculated by dividing the chi-square value by the number of scores and taking the square root, and it is considered small if w = 0.10, medium if w = 0.30, and large if w = 0.50. An effect size index represents the magnitude of an effect, independent of sample size.
  
  What does it mean to have a small effect size?
  
  An effect size is a measure of how important a difference is: large effect sizes mean the difference is important; small effect sizes mean the difference is unimportant.
  
  ### How do you interpret effect size?
  
  In general, the greater the Cohen’s d, the larger the effect size. For Pearson’s r, the closer the value is to 0, the smaller the effect size. A value closer to -1 or 1 indicates a higher effect size.
  
  ### How do you calculate Cohen’s F from eta squared?
  
  Eta squared can be converted into Cohen’s f and vice versa as follows: f = √ η2 / (1 – η2) or η2 = f 2 / (1 + f 2).
  
  Why do we calculate effect size?
  
  Effect size helps readers understand the magnitude of differences found, whereas statistical significance examines whether the findings are likely to be due to chance. Both are essential for readers to understand the full impact of your work.
  
  ## What is p-value in chi-square test?
  
  Chi Square is goodness of fit of your model and p value is the significance value of your tests. for example, in hypothesis test your results support your hypothesis at .
  
  ## What would a chi-square significance value of P 0.05 suggest?
  
  A p-value less than 0.05 (typically ≤ 0.05) is statistically significant. It indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, as there is less than a 5% probability the null is correct (and the results are random).
  
  What is a good Chi-square value?
  
  If the significance value that is p-value associated with chi-square statistics is 0.002, there is very strong evidence of rejecting the null hypothesis of no fit. It means good fit.
  
  ### What is Chi-square value?
  
  The Chi-square value is a single number that adds up all the differences between our actual data and the data expected if there is no difference. If the actual data and expected data (if no difference) are identical, the Chi-square value is 0. A bigger difference will give a bigger Chi-square value.
  
  ### Is an effect size of 0.8 good?
  
  The larger the effect size, the larger the difference between the average individual in each group. In general, a d of 0.2 or smaller is considered to be a small effect size, a d of around 0.5 is considered to be a medium effect size, and a d of 0.8 or larger is considered to be a large effect size.
  
  What does an effect size of 0.4 mean?
  
  The mean effect size in psychology is d = 0.4, with 30% of of effects below 0.2 and 17% greater than 0.8. In education research, the average effect size is also d = 0.4, with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 considered small, medium and large effects.
  
  ## How is Cohen’s F calculated?
  
  Cohen’s f is an extension of Cohen’s d, which is the appropriate measure of effect size to use for a t test. Cohen’s d is the difference between two group means divided by the pooled SD for the two groups. The relationship between f and d when one is comparing two means (equal sample sizes) is d = 2f.