text: # Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions – Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space – Exercise 28.2 | Set 1
  
  Last Updated : 14 Jul, 2021
  
  ### Question 1. Show that the three lines with direction cosines 12/13, -3/13, – 4/13; 4/13, 12/13, 3/13; 3/13, – 4/13, 12/13 are mutually perpendicular.
  
  Solution:
  
  The direction cosines of the three lines are
  
  l1 = 12/13, m1 = -3/13, n1 = -4/13
  
  l2 = 4/13, m2 = 12/13, n2 = 3/13
  
  l3 = 3/13, m3 = -4/13, n3 = 12/13
  
  So, l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 == 0
  
  Also,
  
  l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 == 0
  
  l1 l3 + m1 m3 + n1 n3 == 0
  
  Therefore, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
  
  Hence proved.
  
  ### Question 2. Show that the line through the points (1, âˆ’1, 2) and (3, 4, âˆ’2) is perpendicular to the through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  is passing through the points (1, -1, 2) and (3, 4, -2).
  
  Also,is passing through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
  
  Then,
  
  Now,
  
  = 6 + 10 – 16
  
  = 0
  
  Therefore, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
  
  Hence proved.
  
  ### Question 3. Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points (âˆ’1, âˆ’2, 1) and, (1, 2, 5).
  
  Solution:
  
  Equations of lines passing through the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are given by
  
  So, the equation of a line passing through (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is
  
  Also, the equation of the line passing through the points ( -1, -2,1) and (1, 2, 5) is
  
  We know that two lines are parallel if,
  
  And the Cartesian equations of the two lines are given by,
  
  So, we get,
  
  Therefore, the given lines are parallel to each other.
  
  Hence proved.
  
  ### Question 4. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (âˆ’2, 4, âˆ’5) and parallel to the line given by .
  
  Solution:
  
  We know that the cartesian equation of a line passing through a point with position vectorand parallel to the vectoris given by,
  
  Here,
  
  The cartesian equation of the required line is,
  
  =>
  
  ### Question 5. Show that the linesandare perpendicular to each other.
  
  Solution:
  
  We have
  
  And also,
  
  These equations can be re-written as,
  
  . . . . (1)
  
  . . . . (2)
  
  Therefore, the vector parallel to line (1) is given by,
  
  And the vector parallel to line (2) is given by,
  
  Now,
  
  = 7 – 10 + 3
  
  = 0
  
  Therefore, the given two lines are perpendicular to each other.
  
  Hence proved.
  
  ### Question 6. Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5, âˆ’1) and (4, 3, âˆ’1).
  
  Solution:
  
  The direction ratios of the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) are 2, 1, 1.
  
  Let
  
  The direction ratios of the line joining the points (3, 5, -1) and (4, 3, -1) are 1, -2, 0.
  
  Let
  
  Now,
  
  = 2 – 2 + 0
  
  = 0
  
  So, we get.
  
  Therefore, the two lines joining the given points are perpendicular to each other.
  
  Hence proved.
  
  ### Question 7. Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.
  
  Solution:
  
  The direction ratios of the line parallel to x-axis are proportional to 1, 0, 0.
  
  Equation of the line passing through the origin (0, 0, 0) and parallel to x-axis is
  
  =>
  
  ### Question 8. Find the angle between the following pair of line:
  
  (i)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines .
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 1
  
  As cos Î¸ = 1
  
  => Î¸ = 0Â°
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is 0Â°.
  
  (ii)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines .
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given line, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 19/21
  
  As cos Î¸ = 19/21
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (19/21)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (19/21).
  
  (iii)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  Letandbe vector parallel to the given line.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given line, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 6/12
  
  = 1/2
  
  As cos Î¸ = 1/2
  
  => Î¸ = Ï€/3
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is Ï€/3.
  
  ### Question 9. Find the angle between the following pair of line:
  
  (i)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  Let,andbe vectors parallel to the given line.
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given line, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 8/5âˆš3
  
  As cos Î¸ = 8/5âˆš3
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (8/5âˆš3)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (8/5âˆš3).
  
  (ii)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  =
  
  As cos Î¸ =
  
  => Î¸ =
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is.
  
  (iii)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  The equation of the given line can be re-written as
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 11/14
  
  As cos Î¸ = 11/14
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (11/14)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (11/14).
  
  (iv)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  The equations of the given lines can be re-written as
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 0
  
  As cos Î¸ = 0
  
  => Î¸ = Ï€/2
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is Ï€/2.
  
  (v)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  The equations of the given lines can be re-written as,
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 4/5âˆš6
  
  As cos Î¸ = 4/5âˆš6
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (4/5âˆš6)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (4/5âˆš6).
  
  (vi)and
  
  Solution:
  
  We have,
  
  And also,
  
  The equations of the given lines can be re-written as
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given lines.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 0
  
  As cos Î¸ = 0
  
  => Î¸ = Ï€/2
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is Ï€/2.
  
  ### Question 10. Find the angle between the pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to:
  
  (i) 5, âˆ’12, 13 and âˆ’3, 4, 5
  
  Solution:
  
  We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to 5, âˆ’12, 13 and âˆ’3, 4, 5.
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the two given lines.
  
  Then, the angle between the two given lines is same as the angle betweenand.
  
  Now,
  
  The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 5, – 12, 13 is,
  
  And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to -3, 4, 5 is,
  
  Let Î¸ be the angle between the lines.
  
  Now,
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 1/65
  
  As cos Î¸ = 1/65
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (1/65)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (1/65).
  
  (ii) 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8
  
  Solution:
  
  We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8.
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given two lines.
  
  Then, the angle between the lines is same as the angle betweenand.
  
  Now,
  
  The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 2, 2, 1 is,
  
  And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 4, 1, 8 is,
  
  Let Î¸ be the angle between the lines.
  
  Now,
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 2/3
  
  As cos Î¸ = 2/3
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (2/3)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (2/3).
  
  (iii) 1, 2, âˆ’2 and âˆ’2, 2, 1
  
  Solution:
  
  We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to 1, 2, âˆ’2 and âˆ’2, 2, 1.
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the two given lines.
  
  Then, the angle between the two given lines is same as the angle betweenand.
  
  Now,
  
  The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 1, 2, – 2 is,
  
  And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to -2, 2, 1 is,
  
  Let Î¸ be the angle between the lines.
  
  Now,
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 0
  
  As cos Î¸ = 0
  
  => Î¸ = Ï€/2
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is Ï€/2.
  
  (iv) a, b, c and b âˆ’ c, c âˆ’ a, a âˆ’ b
  
  Solution:
  
  We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to a, b, c and b âˆ’ c, c âˆ’ a, a âˆ’ b.
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the given two lines.
  
  Then, the angle between the two lines is same as the angle betweenand.
  
  Now,
  
  The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to a, b, c is,
  
  And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to b – c, c – a, a – b is,
  
  Let Î¸ be the angle between the lines.
  
  Now,
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 0
  
  As cos Î¸ = 0
  
  => Î¸ = Ï€/2
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is Ï€/2.
  
  ### Question 11. Find the angle between two lines, one of which has direction ratios 2, 2, 1 while the other one is obtained by joining the points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12).
  
  Solution:
  
  The direction ratios of the line joining the points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12) are proportional to 4, 1, 8.
  
  Letandbe vectors parallel to the lines having direction ratios proportional to 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8.
  
  Now,
  
  If Î¸ is the angle between the given lines, then
  
  =
  
  =
  
  = 2/3
  
  As cos Î¸ = 2/3
  
  => Î¸ = cos-1 (2/3)
  
  Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos-1 (2/3).
  
  ### Question 12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, âˆ’4) and parallel to the line.
  
  Solution:
  
  The direction ratios of the line parallel to lineare proportional to 4, 2, 3.
  
  Equation of the required line passing through the point (1, 2,-4) having direction ratios proportional to 4, 2, 3 is
  
  =>
  
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