text: ## Introduction to Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts
  
  The belts are flexible machine elements that are used to transmit power. The transmission of power between the two pulleys that are mounted to shafts that may be parallel or perpendicular or inclined at certain angle. The diameter of the pulleys may same or different depending on the requirement of the speed. The belt drives are always preferred when the shock loads are involved. The factors like linear velocity of the belt, angle of lap and belt tension plays a major role in determining the power capacity of the belt drive.
  
  ## Types of Belts
  
  The following are the important types of belts:
  
  • Flat belts
  
  • Trapezoidal belts or V-belts
  
  Circular belts or rope
  
  ## Ratio of Driving Tensions for Flat Belt Drives
  
  Let us assume the pulley shown in figure is a driven pulley and is driven by a driving pulley or driver. Also we assume that the direction of rotation of the pulleys are in the clockwise.
  
  Let, T1 and T2 be the tight side tension and slack side tension or loose side tension respectively.
  
  µ be the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley
  
  θ be the angle of lap or angle of contact or angle of embracement in radians.
  
  Now, consider a small element PQ of the belt with an included angle dq at the centre of the pulley. Considering the equilibrium the following forces are present on the belt element PQ:
  
  • Tension T in the belt at the point P
  
  • Tension (T + δT) in the  belt at the point Q
  
  • Normal reaction RN
  
  • Force of friction or frictional force F
  
  The magnitude of F will be equal to µ × RN
  
  Resolving all the forces in a horizontal direction,
  
  RN = (T + δT) × sin(δθ/2) + (T × sin(δθ/2))
  
  Since, (δθ/2) is very small angle, the value of sin(δθ/2) can be written as (δθ/2) in the above equation, we get
  
  RN = (T + δT) × (δθ/2) + (T × (δθ/2))
  
  = T × (δθ/2) + (δT × (δθ/2)) + T × (δθ/2)
  
  Since the value of δT×(δθ/2) is too small and hence neglecting the term, we get
  
  RN = T × δθ
  
  Now, resolving all the forces in a vertical direction, we get
  
  µ × RN = (T + δT) × cos(δθ/2) - T × cos(δθ/2)
  
  Since the angle (δθ/2) is very small, substituting the value of cos(δθ/2) as 1 in the above equation, we get
  
  µ × RN = (T + δT) - T = δT
  
  RN = (δT / µ)
  
  Now equating the both the values of RN, we get
  
  (δθ/µ) = T × δθ
  
  (δT / T) = µ × δθ
  
  Integrating the above equation and applying the limits for the tension from T1 to T2 and the angle of lap from 0 to θ respectively, we get
  
  This above equation is known as the Ratio of Driving Tensions for the Flat Belts.
  
  This equation gives the relationship between the tensions on the tight side and the slack or loose side in terms of the angle of lap and the frictional coefficient between the belt and the pulley.
  
  ## Angle of Lap or Angle of Contact
  
  The angle of lap for the open belt drives can be determined from the relation
  
  Where,
  
  Where, r1 and r2 are the radius of smaller and larger pulleys respectively and x is the centre distance between the driving and driven pulleys.
  
  Example
  
  A flat belt runs over a driving pulley of diameter 500 mm at 180 rpm. The maximum tension in the belt is limited to 2000 N. Taking the coefficient of friction between the pulley and the belt as 0.25 and the angle of lap as 160o, determine the power transmitted by the belt.
  
  Given Data:
  
  Diameter of the pulley,                   D = 500 mm = 0.5 m
  
  Rotational speed of the pulley,        N = 180 rpm
  
  Maximum tension in the belt,            T1 = 2000 N
  
  Coefficient of friction,                      µ = 0.25
  
  Angle of contact,                             θ = 160 × ( p / 180) = 2.793 rad
  
  To determine the power transmission, we need to find out the velocity of the belt.
  
  The linear velocity of the belt,
  
  Let, T2 be the tension on the slack side of the belt
  
  We know that the ratio of driving tensions for the flat belt is given by
  
  Power transmitted by the belt, P = (T1 – T2)×v
  
  = (2000 – 995) × 4.712
  
  P = 4735.56 W
  
  P = 4.74 kW
  
  Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts
  
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