text: ﻿ adele ring : définition de adele ring et synonymes de adele ring (anglais)
  
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  ## définition - adele ring
  
  voir la définition de Wikipedia
  
  Wikipedia
  
  In algebraic number theory and topological algebra, the adele ring (other names are the adelic ring, the ring of adeles) is a self dual topological ring which is built on the field of rational numbers (or, more generally, any algebraic number field). It involves in a symmetric way all the completions of the field.
  
  The adele ring was invented by Claude Chevalley for the purposes of simplifying and clarifying class field theory. It has also found hundreds of applications outside class field theory.
  
  The adele ring and its relation to the number field are among the most fundamental objects in number theory. The quotient of its multiplicative group by the multiplicative group of the algebraic number field is the central object in class field theory. It is a central principle of Diophantine geometry to study solutions of polynomials equations in number fields by looking at their solutions in the larger complete adele ring, where it is generally easier to detect solutions, and then deciding which of them come from the number field.
  
  The word "adele" is short for "additive idele" and it was invented by André Weil. The previous name was the valuation vectors. The ring of adeles was historically preceded by the ring of repartitions, a construction which avoids completions, and is today sometimes referred to as pre-adele.
  
  ## Definitions
  
  The profinite completion of the integers, , is the inverse limit of the rings Z/nZ:
  
  $\hat{\mathbb{Z}} = \varprojlim \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}.$
  
  By the Chinese remainder theorem it is isomorphic to the product of all the rings of p-adic integers:
  
  $\hat{\mathbb{Z}} = \prod_{p} \mathbb{Z}_p.$
  
  The ring of integral adeles AZ is the product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Z} = \mathbb{R} \times \hat{\mathbb{Z}}.$
  
  The ring of (rational) adeles AQ is the tensor product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Q} =\mathbb{Q}\otimes_\mathbb Z \mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Z}$
  
  (topologized so that AZ is an open subring).
  
  More generally the ring of adeles AF of any algebraic number field F is the tensor product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_F =F\otimes_\mathbb Z \mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Z}$
  
  (topologized as the product of $\deg(F)$ copies of AQ).
  
  The ring of (rational) adeles can also be defined as the restricted product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Q} = \mathbb{R} \times {\prod_{p}}' \mathbb{Q}_p$
  
  of all the p-adic completions Qp and the real numbers (or in other words as the restricted product of all completions of the rationals). In this case the restricted product means that for an adele (a, a2, a3, a5, …) all but a finite number of the ap are p-adic integers.
  
  The adeles of a function field over a finite field can be defined in a similar way, as the restricted product of all completions.
  
  ## Properties
  
  The adele ring is a locally compact complete group with respect to its most natural topology. This group is self dual in the sense that it is topologically isomorphic to its group of characters. The adelic ring contains the number or function field as a discrete co-compact subgroup. Similarly, the multiplicative group of adeles, called the group of ideles, is a locally compact group with respect to its topology defined below.
  
  ## Applications
  
  The self-duality of the adeles of the function field of a curve over a finite field easily implies the Riemann-Roch theorem for the curve and the duality theory for the curve.
  
  The group of invertible elements of the adele ring is the idele group. It is not given the subset topology, as the inverse is not continuous in this topology. Instead the ideles are identified with the closed subset of all pairs (x,y) of A×A with xy=1, with the subset topology. The quotient of the idele group by the diagonal embedding of the invertible elements of the number field or field of functions is called the idele class group. It is the key object of class field theory which describes abelian extensions of the field. The product of the local reciprocity maps in local class field theory gives a homomorphism from the idele group to the Galois group of the maximal abelian extension of the number or function field. The reciprocity law, which is a high level generalization of the Gauss quadratic reciprocity law, states that the product vanishes on the multiplicative group of the number field. Thus we obtain the global reciprocity map from the idele class group to the abelian part of the absolute Galois group of the field.
  
  As a locally compact abelian group, the adeles have a nontrivial translation invariant measure. Similarly, the group of ideles has a nontrivial translation invariant measure using which one defines a zeta integral. The latter was explicitly introduced in papers of Kenkichi Iwasawa and John Tate. The zeta integral allows to study several key properties of the zeta function of the number field or function field in a beautiful concise way, reducing its functional equation of meromorphic continuation to a simple application of harmonic analysis and self-duality of the adeles, see Tate's thesis.
  
  The ring A combined with the theory of algebraic groups leads to adelic algebraic groups. For the function field of a smooth curve over a finite field the quotient of the multiplicative group (i.e. GL(1)) of its adele ring by the multiplicative group of the function field of the curve and units of integral adeles, i.e. those with integral local components, is isomorphic to the group of isomorphisms of linear bundles on the curve, and thus carries a geometric information. Replacing GL(1) by GL(n), the corresponding quotient is isomorphic to the set of isomorphism classes of n vector bundles on the curve, as was already observed by André Weil.
  
  Another key object of number theory is automorphic representations of adelic GL(n) which are constituents of the space of square integrable complex valued functions on the quotient by GL(n) of the field. They play the central role in the Langlands correspondence which studies finite dimensional representations of the Galois group of the field and which is one of noncommutative extensions of class field theory.
  
  Another development of the theory is related to the Tamagawa number for an adelic linear algebraic group. This is a volume measure relating G(Q) with G(A), saying how G(Q), which is a discrete group in G(A), lies in the latter. A conjecture of André Weil was that the Tamagawa number was always 1 for a simply connected G. This arose out of Weil's modern treatment of results in the theory of quadratic forms; the proof was case-by-case and took decades, the final steps were taken by Robert Kottwitz in 1988 and V.I. Chernousov in 1989. The influence of the Tamagawa number idea was felt in the theory of arithmetic of abelian varieties through its use in the statement of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, and through the Tamagawa number conjecture developed by Spencer Bloch, Kazuya Kato and many other mathematicians.
  
  ## References
  
  Almost any book on modern algebraic number theory, such as:
  
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  ○   Lettris
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explanation: The provided text is an encyclopedia entry about the adele ring, a concept in algebraic number theory and topological algebra. It defines the adele ring, describes its properties, and explains its applications in class field theory, Diophantine geometry, and other areas of number theory. The text does not contain a specific question or a question and answer.
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distilabel_metadata.content: ﻿ adele ring : définition de adele ring et synonymes de adele ring (anglais)
  
  Publicité ▼
  
  ## définition - adele ring
  
  voir la définition de Wikipedia
  
  Wikipedia
  
  In algebraic number theory and topological algebra, the adele ring (other names are the adelic ring, the ring of adeles) is a self dual topological ring which is built on the field of rational numbers (or, more generally, any algebraic number field). It involves in a symmetric way all the completions of the field.
  
  The adele ring was invented by Claude Chevalley for the purposes of simplifying and clarifying class field theory. It has also found hundreds of applications outside class field theory.
  
  The adele ring and its relation to the number field are among the most fundamental objects in number theory. The quotient of its multiplicative group by the multiplicative group of the algebraic number field is the central object in class field theory. It is a central principle of Diophantine geometry to study solutions of polynomials equations in number fields by looking at their solutions in the larger complete adele ring, where it is generally easier to detect solutions, and then deciding which of them come from the number field.
  
  The word "adele" is short for "additive idele" and it was invented by André Weil. The previous name was the valuation vectors. The ring of adeles was historically preceded by the ring of repartitions, a construction which avoids completions, and is today sometimes referred to as pre-adele.
  
  ## Definitions
  
  The profinite completion of the integers, , is the inverse limit of the rings Z/nZ:
  
  $\hat{\mathbb{Z}} = \varprojlim \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}.$
  
  By the Chinese remainder theorem it is isomorphic to the product of all the rings of p-adic integers:
  
  $\hat{\mathbb{Z}} = \prod_{p} \mathbb{Z}_p.$
  
  The ring of integral adeles AZ is the product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Z} = \mathbb{R} \times \hat{\mathbb{Z}}.$
  
  The ring of (rational) adeles AQ is the tensor product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Q} =\mathbb{Q}\otimes_\mathbb Z \mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Z}$
  
  (topologized so that AZ is an open subring).
  
  More generally the ring of adeles AF of any algebraic number field F is the tensor product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_F =F\otimes_\mathbb Z \mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Z}$
  
  (topologized as the product of $\deg(F)$ copies of AQ).
  
  The ring of (rational) adeles can also be defined as the restricted product
  
  $\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Q} = \mathbb{R} \times {\prod_{p}}' \mathbb{Q}_p$
  
  of all the p-adic completions Qp and the real numbers (or in other words as the restricted product of all completions of the rationals). In this case the restricted product means that for an adele (a, a2, a3, a5, …) all but a finite number of the ap are p-adic integers.
  
  The adeles of a function field over a finite field can be defined in a similar way, as the restricted product of all completions.
  
  ## Properties
  
  The adele ring is a locally compact complete group with respect to its most natural topology. This group is self dual in the sense that it is topologically isomorphic to its group of characters. The adelic ring contains the number or function field as a discrete co-compact subgroup. Similarly, the multiplicative group of adeles, called the group of ideles, is a locally compact group with respect to its topology defined below.
  
  ## Applications
  
  The self-duality of the adeles of the function field of a curve over a finite field easily implies the Riemann-Roch theorem for the curve and the duality theory for the curve.
  
  The group of invertible elements of the adele ring is the idele group. It is not given the subset topology, as the inverse is not continuous in this topology. Instead the ideles are identified with the closed subset of all pairs (x,y) of A×A with xy=1, with the subset topology. The quotient of the idele group by the diagonal embedding of the invertible elements of the number field or field of functions is called the idele class group. It is the key object of class field theory which describes abelian extensions of the field. The product of the local reciprocity maps in local class field theory gives a homomorphism from the idele group to the Galois group of the maximal abelian extension of the number or function field. The reciprocity law, which is a high level generalization of the Gauss quadratic reciprocity law, states that the product vanishes on the multiplicative group of the number field. Thus we obtain the global reciprocity map from the idele class group to the abelian part of the absolute Galois group of the field.
  
  As a locally compact abelian group, the adeles have a nontrivial translation invariant measure. Similarly, the group of ideles has a nontrivial translation invariant measure using which one defines a zeta integral. The latter was explicitly introduced in papers of Kenkichi Iwasawa and John Tate. The zeta integral allows to study several key properties of the zeta function of the number field or function field in a beautiful concise way, reducing its functional equation of meromorphic continuation to a simple application of harmonic analysis and self-duality of the adeles, see Tate's thesis.
  
  The ring A combined with the theory of algebraic groups leads to adelic algebraic groups. For the function field of a smooth curve over a finite field the quotient of the multiplicative group (i.e. GL(1)) of its adele ring by the multiplicative group of the function field of the curve and units of integral adeles, i.e. those with integral local components, is isomorphic to the group of isomorphisms of linear bundles on the curve, and thus carries a geometric information. Replacing GL(1) by GL(n), the corresponding quotient is isomorphic to the set of isomorphism classes of n vector bundles on the curve, as was already observed by André Weil.
  
  Another key object of number theory is automorphic representations of adelic GL(n) which are constituents of the space of square integrable complex valued functions on the quotient by GL(n) of the field. They play the central role in the Langlands correspondence which studies finite dimensional representations of the Galois group of the field and which is one of noncommutative extensions of class field theory.
  
  Another development of the theory is related to the Tamagawa number for an adelic linear algebraic group. This is a volume measure relating G(Q) with G(A), saying how G(Q), which is a discrete group in G(A), lies in the latter. A conjecture of André Weil was that the Tamagawa number was always 1 for a simply connected G. This arose out of Weil's modern treatment of results in the theory of quadratic forms; the proof was case-by-case and took decades, the final steps were taken by Robert Kottwitz in 1988 and V.I. Chernousov in 1989. The influence of the Tamagawa number idea was felt in the theory of arithmetic of abelian varieties through its use in the statement of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, and through the Tamagawa number conjecture developed by Spencer Bloch, Kazuya Kato and many other mathematicians.
  
  ## References
  
  Almost any book on modern algebraic number theory, such as:
  
  Publicité ▼
  
  Contenu de sensagent
  
  • définitions
  • synonymes
  • antonymes
  • encyclopédie
  
  • definition
  • synonym
  
  Publicité ▼
  
  dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web
  
  Alexandria
  
  Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !
  
  Essayer ici, télécharger le code;
  
  Solution commerce électronique
  
  Augmenter le contenu de votre site
  
  Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML.
  
  Parcourir les produits et les annonces
  
  Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu.
  
  Indexer des images et définir des méta-données
  
  Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue).
  
  Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet.
  
  Jeux de lettres
  
  Les jeux de lettre français sont :
  ○   Anagrammes
  ○   jokers, mots-croisés
  ○   Lettris
  ○   Boggle.
  
  Lettris
  
  Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée.
  
  boggle
  
  Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer
  
  Dictionnaire de la langue française
  Principales Références
  
  La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés.
  Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID).
  L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU).
  
  Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions.
  Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent.
  
  5590 visiteurs en ligne
  
  calculé en 0,063s
  
  Je voudrais signaler :
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distilabel_metadata.raw_output_q_a_detector_0: The provided text is an encyclopedia entry about the adele ring, a concept in algebraic number theory and topological algebra. It defines the adele ring, describes its properties, and explains its applications in class field theory, Diophantine geometry, and other areas of number theory. The text does not contain a specific question or a question and answer.
  
  Label: no-question