Out of its nine novels, Alain Mabanckou has conceived a very cohesive literary work so far. From one novel to the other, the social body seems indeed to be structured by the same relational logic of systematic doubling. Such a logic runs from the mimetic desire at work within different forms of social identification and imitation, to various interferences and duplications between human beings and animals, or between the living world and the invisible world. Exploring these different ways of structuring fiction through duplication, this paper underscores the major part endorsed by mythical elements within African society, and it underlines the role of literature not only in interpreting but also in recreating their meaning.