This article presents the synthesis of results of sociological research carried out over fifteen years on racism in private enterprises and labour unions. In France, it is only recently that the question of “racial” discriminations has appeared as a social problem, and an institution set up to eradicate it. However, systemic racism exists, whereby direct and indirect discrimination accumulates in various domains, such as education and training, residential segregation, citizenship, etc., though it is generally denied or ignored. Immigrants and descendants of immigrants thus tend to be disadvantaged as regards employment and wages. In companies, demeaning stereotypes make the victims responsible for their situation, and add to various means of intimidation oriented at reducing minority workers to silence. Labour unions denounce employers’ racism, but, for various reasons, meet with a lot of difficulties dealing directly with racism and discrimination. While struggles against discriminatory treatment are waged here or there, sometimes successfully, but they are generally not taken over at the national level.