The re-examination of the protocols of evaluation in the 1970s, from the perspective of French-speaking Europeans illustrate the development of a current that focussed on the production of knowledge of action by the actors themselves, which strengthened their assertiveness and their political strength. In this respect, many of the changes in evaluation in subsequent decades seem to be more restrictive and can be viewed as a step backwards. The history of evaluation should be put into question. It is usually viewed as a field in which there is linear, continuous, and inclusive growth.