The medical advances made over the last decades considerably increased the survival rate of premature babies, but it is still difficult to predict the long-term sequelae and developmental trajectories of these children. A good number of them will require specialized and adapted long-term follow-up, which makes prematurity a public health issue. This article is a reflexive review of the literature surrounding the psychoaffective impacts of premature birth in children. The aim of this text is to arouse reflection on premature birth as a possible psychic trauma in infants. Some sequelae attributed to prematurity, often considered as a medical condition and irreversible, may instead be due to birth trauma. Providing premature children and their families with interventions aimed to reduce the harmful effects of this trauma could help foster their overall development.