 Self-esteem and victimization in adolescent dating relationships: The moderating role of gender and relationship status 
Early dating experiences have a significant influence on adolescents’ socioemotional development, especially the occurrence of dating violence (DV), which has been found to negatively impact adolescents’ self-esteem. While several types of intimate relationships may be experienced by adolescents, such as romantic and dating relationships, no study has yet examined the role of relationship status and gender in the association between DV victimization and self-esteem. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations between various forms of DV (i.e., psychological, physical, or sexual) and self-esteem, as well as the interactive effect of gender and relationship status among adolescent victims of DV. The sample comprised 809 adolescents aged between 14 and 19 (M = 16.68, SD = 1.40) who completed online questionnaires. In addition to sociodemographic information, participants also completed self-esteem, DV victimization, and relationship status measures. Results of the analyses of covariance revealed that girls had lower levels of self-esteem than boys. Moreover, among adolescent victims of sexual DV, those in romantic relationships had higher self-esteem than those who were no longer in a relationship. These findings support the importance of considering gender and relationship status when intervening with adolescent victims of DV and promoting positive self-esteem development.