This article analyzes the security challenges of conflicts in the Middle East and their impact on Iranian-Turkish relations, which are marked by differences over the issue of regional security based on divergent perceptions of national security, especially since the Syrian conflict. This study shows that shifting power relationships in the Middle East have created new security issues with political, military, economic and societal ramifications. On the one hand, the Middle East is facing a new form of struggle between regional powers—particularly Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey—and on the other, it is confronted with the activities of non-state actors involved in the war in Syria and Iraq. This new balance of power has created a security dilemma as the crises and conflicts in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen provoke a situation of chaos.