The algerian steppe is an arid ecosystem characterized by limited natural resources, a poor soil, and low and opened vegetable formations and severe climatic conditions. This work is a contribution of studying the problem of the desertification in El Bayadh region. It is based on two methods of follow-up and understanding, a phyto-ecological diagnosis and the use of remote sensing and SIG as powerful tool of follow-up and investigation. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of desertification phenomena in Algeria and to analyze the principal discriminating factors in the evolution of this ecological problem and its socio-economic consequences on the traditional system balance of the pastoral organization.