Urban Ecosystems: Innovation or Creativity? Comparing the Montreal and the Munich Ecosystems
Two cities with a reputation for creativity are compared using an inductive, case-study-based approach. An analysis grid specifically developed for this study highlights the leading role played by a creative Underground in Montreal while the institutional actors of the Upperground set the pace in Munich. This comparison leads us to distinguish the dynamics that drive each of the two cities: creativity in Montreal, innovation in Munich. The success of both cities comes with increasing living costs, highlights the cyclical nature of the two paths, and brings to the forefront other actors that the literature had ignored until now.