Contribution to a Workload Explanatory Framework: The Case of Customer Service
Rapidly changing organizations are associated with work intensification which translates into workload problems. Scientific literature has clearly identified workload as an important risk factor for individuals and for organizations. Though current knowledge on workload allows for the measurement of its impacts on individuals and on organizations, it is still difficult to clearly identify its nature and to improve working conditions accordingly. The objective of this paper is to contribute additional information to a workload framework applied to work situations where individual characteristics, professional activity and organizational contexts are all determinants of a complex and dynamic work situation. The goal of this study is to improve knowledge on the workload phenomenon and ultimately to determine important direct and indirect factors influencing workload. A field study in real working situations was conducted among customer service agents in the insurance industry. Observations in natural settings, individual interviews and focus groups were conducted using an activity analysis ergonomic approach. Results show the presence of five dynamic factors affecting workload: 1) working tool design considering the task at hand, 2) multiplication and variety of demands, 3) balance between organizational expectations and means to achieve them, 4) simultaneous activities to assure customer satisfaction and, finally, 5) minimal feedback and recognition on a daily basis. These results underline the fact that quantity of work is not necessarily the basis of the problem; rather, workload is closely associated with the conditions in which work activities are being accomplished. This understanding of the daily working reality of customer service agents allowed us to contribute and to improve a comprehensive workload framework. This case study is part of a cumulative effort to document and analyze, in real life situations, various work occupations in order to propose a generalized explanatory framework of workload that can be applied to everyday life.