In spite of social gains obtained by French-speaking people living as a minority in Canada, social inequalities between minority Francophones and majority Anglophones persist. However, other social categories and groups (women, ethnic communities, etc) within minority Francophones, in conformity with the Canadian Multiculturalism Act, assert some rights on the basis of their particular identity. What action is required when the interests of one group enter in conflict with the interests of the others? This essay proposes a framework of thinking likely to direct our research on “minorities within minority Francophones”. First, it focuses on the reasons for which research relating to the complexity of identities/social inequalities within minority Francophones in Canada was late in emerging. Then, it tries, starting from intersectional analysis, to analyze the effects of multiculturalism on minority Francophones. Does Canadian multiculturalism harm the interests of minority Francophones? The idea defended in this essay is not to put minority Francophones in conflict with other minority groups, but to think the simultaneity and the plurality of domination’s processes by moving from the identity polemic to the ground of social inequalities. It is suggested that it is the ambiguity of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act that allows, paradoxically, this reversal of perspective.