NPM and post-NPM in European Metropolitan Cities: the Lack of Communication, a Resilience Tool of the Politician
The research compares (the UK / France / Italy) management and communication practices of European metropolitan cities. This article concludes in a diversity of NPM implementations and discourses. The post-NPM seems more uniformly spread, but its valuation in local communication is limited. The NPM had widely contributed to a transfer of power to managers. Politicians do not practice a complete communication, required by the post-NPM, to avoid transferring power to citizens. This lack of communication is a resilience tool of the elected representative.