Owing to the Inventory of Ethnological Resources for Intangible Heritage (IREPI), begun in 2003-2004, Québec became a pioneer in the creation of an inventory of intangible cultural heritage on its territory. In selecting resource persons or “heritage bearers,” Université Laval's Canada Research Chair in Ethnological Heritage has developed a methodology combining interview techniques and audio-visual techniques to conduct field surveys. These collected data are valorized by means of new technologies by creating a multimedia inventory on the Internet, rather than by the “classical” method of a simple paper inventory or by card. In 2006, France embarked on this trend based on the methodology used in Quebec. One of the pilot operations, conducted in Aquitaine, also turns to audiovisual tools to image the inventory of intangible cultural heritage, following a research method combining an empirical approach, inventory sheets (text description and short films), and dissemination in the form of physical and virtual exposure. If these ethnological-style methods of investigation seem similar, these inventories emerge in a particular historical, social, and political context that shapes and models them according to the rhetoric of heritage or the institutional and legal frameworks in place on either side of the Atlantic. The temporal problems of survey work, of the conservation and use of collected data, and of the “heritage gaze” and its construction are also inherent to these applied research projects.