 Recurrent involvement with the child protection system: A multilevel longitudinal analysis 
Objective : Socio-environmental factors such as poverty, and avaibility and accessability of psychosocial services could all influence the challenges faced by vulnerable families. This paper examines the extent to which socioeconomic vulnerability, psychosocial service consultations, and preventative social services spending impacts multiple involvement with the child proteciton system in Quebec. Participants and setting: The study population includes all children whose ongoing child protection intervention in Quebec closed between 2002 and 2017 (N=76,176). Methods: This clinical population study uses a multilevel longitudinal research design drawing anonymized clinical administrative data from all of Quebec’s child protection jurisdictions spanning 15 years, and Quebec data extracted from the 2011 Canadian National Household Survey , and provincial data on health expenditures and use of social services from the Ministry of Health and Social Services. Results : Of the total population studied, 32.5 % (N = 24,816) experienced a recurrence of maltreatment during the study period. Multilevel hazard results indicate that negelct, behavioural problems and socioeconomic vulnerabilities all contriuute to the increase risk at the individual level of maltreatment recurrence. Also , the rate of psychosocial consultations, controlling for social services spending and individual factors, predicted increased maltreatment recurrence. Specifically, psychosocial services, and social services spending account for 27.9 % of the variation in jurisdictional maltreatment recurrence for younger children less than 5 years of age, 30.4 % for children age 5 to 11 years and 13.3 % for older children age 12 to 17 years. These findings have implications for decision makers, funding agencies, and child protection agencies to improve jurisdictional resources to reduce the socio-environmental risk factors that increase maltreatment reccruence.