The author is an Innu (Cree) and occupies an important elected position of responsability within his Nation. He identifies here, from the view of Indigenous Peoples, the parameters of the current question of self-government. The paper analyses the meaning of words used in this debate, the rights of Indigenous Peoples from the perspective of International Law, the comparison with the situation in Québec, the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement treaty relation, the logic between nationalisms and federalisms, the comparison with the immigration problematic in certain countries and examples of the status of indigenous rights around the world. Finally, it attempts, with the necessary nuances and in its proper perspective, to situate the problem that may represent the "ethnicity" of indigenous nationalism.