The sharp fluctuations in energy prices over the past 20 years have made some households precarious because of their situation linked to their income, a poorly isolated housing and/or long daily commutes. This theme of energy poverty has thus gradually emerged as an object of local public action by strengthening significantly with the price peak of of oil in 2008-2012. How can the local stakeholders organize themselves to face this social issue of the energy transition? To answer this question, this article reports on a research conducted in three different territories, active in the fight against energy poverty related to housing and mobility. It shows the gradual intensification of collective action in this area since the 2000s, and highlights limits of sectoral policies (social action, energy, housing, transport, etc.), and on the other hand the current financing and regulation methods that make it difficult to conduct long term actions. Finally, the observations on the three territories show the opportunities of the ongoing institutional developments over the past ten years (intercommunality and metropolization).