This paper argues for an instrumentalist perspective of ethnicity in the Middle East. The definition of ethnicity and the specificity of ethnic boundaries in the region are discussed. It is proposed to examine the processes by which non-ethnic questions end up reinforcing ethnic boundaries, and two examples are given. The impact of the definition of collective identity by nationalist and islamic movements on ethnic boundaries is also examined. Finally, the instrumentalization of ethnic identity by local or international actors is discussed and examples are given.