 Memories of epidemics 
Since the 1800s, the Anicinapek have experienced various epidemics that have left traces in their memory and practices, revived during the confinement of Spring 2020. These traces differ from those left in the chronicles of non-Indigenous authors. Governmental and ecclesiastical authorities thought them to be without resources, knowledge, and effective medicine. From a perspective of decolonizing knowledge, we question the hegemony of the non-Indigenous discourse on the historic epidemics in exploring how the Anicinapek conceptualized the notion of epidemics as well as the practices they deployed. This paper draws primarily on a body of data formed from two types of sources: oral histories collected during longitudinal surveys; and written documents by Anicinapek. By highlighting the emic view, we sketch a picture of the ideological and cosmological foundations of their health care system from the mid-19th century to the 1970s.