 Maternal and paternal mind-mindedness and preschoolers’ emotion understanding among low-income families 
The purpose of this study is to describe maternal and paternal comments on their preschoolers’ mental states during free play interactions among high-risk families and to examine whether these comments are related to children’s understanding of emotions. The sample consisted of 78 children aged 3-5 years and their parents receiving social welfare. Parent-child interactions were filmed during a home visit and coded for mind-mindedness. Children’s understanding of emotion was assessed using a puppet task. Results showed that preschoolers exposed to more appropriate maternal mental comments about their desires exhibited better emotion understanding. No link between paternal mind-mindedness and children’s emotion understanding was found. These results contribute to our understanding of the relation between parental mind-mindedness, including those of fathers who have been understudied thus far, and emotion understanding in preschoolers living in high-risk conditions.