This article explores the issue of forced sterilization of indigenous populations as a bioethical problem, from an interdisciplinary point of view based on historical sociology and in dialogue with medical anthropology, gender studies and human rights. Its methodology is based on the study of an empirical case, in connection with an ethnography carried out in a municipality of southern Mexico, in the state of Guerrero. It is complemented by a documentary research which allowed, among other things, the construction of a theoretical case from the events that occurred in Peru, at the same time as the Mexican case, in the 1990s. The main finding of this historical research work is that forced sterilization, although largely due to a population control policy as well as certain family planning practices, is also related, in the particular case of indigenous peoples, to the counterinsurgency process against guerrillas, characteristic of those years in Latin America.