The article discusses the absence of representation of French speaking minorities living outside of Quebec in debates on minorities in political theory. The authors argue that the distinction between national minorities and ethnic minorities is not useful for understanding their situation. They suggest that Raymond Breton’s concept of institutional completeness is better suited and that it should be considered the equivalent of the principle of self-determination for national minorities and of the principle of non-discrimination for ethnic minorities. Thus, they reinterpret the concept in a normative way and explain how it allows the development of measures better adapted to the concerns of minorities such as French speaking minorities living outside of Quebec in comparison with those of national minorities and of ethnic minorities.