Taking as its starting point the experiences of the descendants of North Africans immigrants to France, this paper attempts to provide a synthesis of studies carried out by the author. While my research was not focused explicitly on the religious question but rather on socio-professional integration, it nonetheless includes numerous elements that can contribute to a reflection on what it means “to be Muslim in France after September 11”. This line of questioning will be pursued firstly with respect to discrimination encountered at work, before turning to the question of prejudice experienced in daily life, since the aim is to investigate the effects of stigmatization, beyond unequal treatment, in the construction of citizenship for these individuals. The role of the media in the production of negative representations is examined. Overcoming stigma constitutes a struggle for the definition of self, which coincides with the process of affirming a new Muslim identity.