The authors present and analyse the theoretical project of Dipesh Chakrabarty, an important figure of Postcolonial Studies, aiming at « provincializing » some European sociohistorical developments, as well as the critic of Eurocentrism made by John M. Hobson, a well-known advocate of Neo-Weberian Historical Sociology in International Relations. Following the presentation of these contributions to Postcolonial approaches and to the turn toward anti-Eurocentrism in Neo-Weberian analysis, the authors argue that these theories tend to build on a critic of a long-deserted kind of Marxism, which makes them disregard the articulation between the modernity of international relations and the emergence of a global capitalist order. The authors conclude by stating the importance of a return to classical social theory to sharpen the evaluation of the role of past and contemporary Eurocentric practices in international relations.