The Elementary forms of performative Acts
The article investigates the use of “performance” in contemporary theories and develops a threefold typology of performative action. Ritual performances are primarily concerned with the conformity of their participants (1). Theatrical performances are characterized by fictionality and introduce a distinction between performers and audiences (2). Social performances are also directed at audiences, but have to appear authentic in order to be successful (3). These elementary forms of performative action constitute complex social processes such as fictional stage dramas and non-fictional social dramas. However, stage dramas are often based on historical events and frequently cite social performances, whereas the actors in a social drama draw heavily on fictional performances and established rituals in order to achieve resonance in the cultural background of an audience. In the end, it will become clear that all three forms of performance are empirically intertwined – and they all tap the same cultural reservoir of the social imaginary.