This article traces the evolution of the role of music education in primary and secondary school music programs in Quebec’s French public schools. Teaching music, optional from 1904 to 1936, when it consisted essentially of teaching songs by ear, became compulsory between 1937 and 1980. Although it often consisted of learning theory and music appreciation, active teaching methods were gradually introduced. Since 1981, music has been an option among the arts disciplines (dance, drama, visual arts, and music). While singing is still taught, especially in primary school, teaching music now involves experimenting with playing instruments in a group setting, and places greater emphasis on student creativity. Some of the reasons for teaching music have not survived the decades, such as facilitating the acquisition of religious and patriotic values. By contrast, others are still relevant, such as child development and pleasure.