Experimentation on chromium (VI): Evolution in sea water and impact on a clam and indigenous bacteria of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)
This laboratory study aimed to compare the biological impact of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) present in chromium-containing treated cement and in chromium-free treated cement, by considering two trophic levels: the indigenous bacteria and macrofauna represented by the clam Ruditapes decussatus. In both types of microcosms, one containing only seawater and the other containing seawater and sediment, European clams Ruditapes decussatus were introduced at a density of 20 individuals per aquarium. Four types of aquariums were used: control (T), contaminated with non-dechromated cement (0.16 mg•L-1 of Cr (VI)), contaminated with dechromated cement (0.05 mg•L-1 of Cr (VI)), and one contaminated with potassium dichromate (0.16 mg•L-1 of Cr (VI)). Two replicates were performed for each type of microcosm. The Cr (VI) content of the water was determined with a colorimetric assay at the beginning of the experiment and after 96 h. The quantification of heterotrophic bacteria was performed by the Most Probable Number method. About 80% of the Cr (VI) present in the sediment-water aquarium was trapped in the sediment. Cement, non-dechromated and dechromated, caused 100% clam mortality after three days. However, only 40% clam mortality was observed in aquariums contaminated with K2Cr2O7. A decrease in total bacterial load was observed in the sediment for all treatments. We conclude that the presence of sediment in the aquariums led to a reduction of the Cr (VI) concentration in the overlying water, and that despite the chromium removal treatment effected on one of the cements, both types of cement had a negative impact on clams and indigenous bacteria, the impact being stronger for chromium-containing treated cement.