The article proposes to elaborate an anthropology of the Cameroonian State in order to understand the political stakes of the last presidential election of 2018 and the failure of the multiparty system introduced at the beginning of the 1990s. From a postcolonial perspective, it seems that Cameroon reorganized itself around a unitary Francophone State to consolidate the current power of the elite. The article describes the mechanisms of this reification by relying on the constitutional texts and the institutions protecting the status quo. It also discusses the geopolitical challenges of the terrorist group Boko Haram and the crisis of the English-speaking part. These threats tend to strengthen the unitary and security State to the detriment of a political debate on the future of Cameroon.