 Training in, through, or for research in training engineering: The case of a Master’s degree in adult education 
Implemented gradually since 2002 and following in the footsteps of the “Bologna Process” initiated in the late 1990s, successive reforms of university education in France have profoundly changed the landscape of higher professional degrees. The Diplômes d’Enseignement Supérieur Spécialisé (DESS) (Specialized Higher Education Diplomas), which have become professional Masters, offer a paradigmatic example of the tensions between the former aims of professionalization in universities and the teaching to, by, or for research present in these diplomas. The case of the professional Master’s degree in “Strategy and Engineering in Adult Training” (SIFA) at Rennes 2 University illustrates this problem.