Building on the notion of strategic culture, this article substantiates the existence of a historical tension between Europeanism, continentalism and internationalism in Canadian foreign policy. We explore this basic tension at the conceptual level, but also through the positions taken by governments and political parties since World War ii. We note that, by aligning itself on Washington, the Conservative government of Stephen Harper (2006-2009) is the first to privilege continentalism exclusively and at the expense of other perspectives. While the decline of Europeanism seems inevitable, the anticipated resilience of Canada’ s strategic culture leads us to question this attempt at transforming Canadian foreign policy.