Today, it has become difficult to maintain the fiction of homogeneity and the national markets that modern nationalism contributed to creating. We face new realities underscored by many important authors: the expansion of markets and the search for resources; the saturation of markets and the necessity of concentrating on added value, niche products, specialization and distinction; the increase and diversification of migration movements and of networks of communication and of circulation of goods; and the emergence of the new economy based on services and information, which favours communication-based forms of work and a commodification of language (Heller, 2003). These processes cause us to re-think the linkage of language, culture, identity and citizenship. We look more towards the economic sphere and its transnational linkages; multilingualism becomes more attracting; communicative competence becomes more important in more sectors. In the political sphere, there are attempts to develop a conception of nationalism which is meant to be inclusive and respectful of diversity.