The uncontrolled urbanization in African cities with inadequate access to urban waste management services, generates landscapes that become places of multiple and varied interactions between health and environment. Subject to strong urban growth in a context of under-equipment in sanitation services, the city of Nouakchott is not an exception in this situation resulting in the spread of many diseases and leading to many public health problems. To investigate the health risks faced by populations, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in August 2004 among 836 households in three districts of the city. The study results show the major health problems (malaria syndrome, respiratory affections, and digestive troubles) experienced by people while highlighting the prevalence of the most recurrent diseases including acute respiratory infections (28.0 %) and diarrhea (17.2 %) and environmental factors of exposure to health risks. Thus, the importance of the hygienic diseases in global morbidity shows that the city presents ecological conditions favourable to the development of urban pathology. The decisive influence of environmental conditions in the occurrence of these diseases makes it possible to consolidate the common conceptions on the links between health and environment. Moreover, these interactions reflect the incidence of urban poverty very rampant in studied areas. These results call for an integrated approach to health, environment and poverty issues in the development policies of the cities.