Fig. 1. WRF-Chem configuration of three modeling domains at different grid resolutions over the Middle East region; (left panel): 10.3°–36.1° latitude, 29.5°–63.3° longitude, (50 km × 50 km), (middle panel): 17.2°–30.6° latitude, 40.6°–58.8° longitude, (10 km × 10 km), and (right panel): 24.1°–26.4° latitude, 50.6°–51.9° longitude, (2 km × 2 km).