about 70% of stroke patients experience altered arm function , and about 40% are left with a nonfunctional arm.1 arm weakness limits the individual s activities of daily living and impacts negatively on quality of life.2 the greatest recovery in upper limb function is achieved in the 6 months following a stroke , and this period offers the best opportunity for rehabilitation interventions . the main predictor of success in physical therapy is the amount of therapy undertaken , and guidelines for patients recommend high intensity repetitive motions.3 rehabilitative therapy has focused on practicing  normal
 movements to encourage return of relevant function and inhibit compensatory habits that may prevent further recovery .
more recently , there has been an emphasis on strengthening , practice of functional tasks , and forcing use of the weak limb to complete everyday activities using constraint - induced movement therapy.46 the national stroke guidelines endorse 45 minutes of daily physiotherapy in the rehabilitation phase of stroke recovery.1 physiotherapy , however , is both labor - intensive and expensive , and service provision varies widely . at present , only 50% of people with stroke receive the rehabilitation to meet their needs during the crucial first 6 months.1 furthermore , although therapists prescribe a home exercise regimen , only about 31% of patients complete the recommended exercise.7 rehabilitation after stroke using virtual reality therapy is of increasing interest.811 a cochrane review on the effect of virtual reality on arm function found limited evidence that it may be beneficial in improving arm function and activities of daily living when compared with the same dose of conventional therapy .
the authors conclusion was that present studies were too small and too few to draw conclusions and more randomized controlled trials ( rcts ) were needed.12 nintendo wii sports ( wii ) is commercially available and offers task specific training that is repetitive and motivating13,14 and may be a useful adjunct to rehabilitation.1517 wii games include tennis , golf , boxing , baseball , and bowling activities , which are played using a remote control held in the same way that real world objects such as the handle of a racket are held and manipulated .
the research into its efficacy is limited , although it is being used by stroke therapists.11 pilot studies have suggested faster task performance following use of wii , with no wii-related side effects or injuries.16,17
the trial of wii in stroke ( twist ) is a multicenter , pragmatic , parallel group , rct with blinded outcome assessment , incorporating a qualitative study and cost - effectiveness analysis ( table 1 ) .
the primary outcome in the rct is arm function as measured by the action research arm test ( arat ) at 6 weeks.18 the arat assesses ability to handle objects and tests grasp , grip , pinch , and gross movement of elbow and shoulder of the affected arm.19,20 secondary outcome measures include occupational performance , stroke impact , and severity . the canadian occupational performance measure ( copm )
is used to detect change in self - perception of occupational performance over time.21 the stroke impact scale ( sis ) assesses change in impairments , disabilities , and handicaps following a stroke.22 the modified rankin scale ( mrankin ) measures disability following stroke.23 these outcome measures will be applied at baseline , 6 weeks , and 6 months .
arm function will be assessed at 6 months using the arat and motor activity log-14 ( mal14 ) .
the mal14 ascertains how well the participant has performed day to day tasks using their affected arm.24,25 participants will be asked to complete a diary to capture a daily record of duration of arm exercises and adverse events .
the diary is brief and enables the participant or carer to record daily exercise time , adverse events , and visits from the national health service ( nhs ) , private carers , and social services staff .
baseline data collection will include demographic data , type of stroke using the oxfordshire community stroke project classification,26 affected arm strength using the medical research council scale of muscle strength,27 and cognitive function using the montreal cognitive assessment.28 outcome measures will be purchased ( arat , copm ) or permission to use in study will be obtained from authors ( mal14 , eq-5d 3l , mrankin , and sis ) .
the qualitative study will explore participants and carers experiences of using the wii and barriers to its implementation .
the health economic analysis will estimate the incremental cost per quality - adjusted life year ( qaly ) gained from the cost perspective of health care and personal social services .
a total of 240 participants will be recruited to the rct across ten sites in the uk by the local research practitioners .
once participants have given written informed consent , outcome measures will be assessed at baseline , 6 weeks , and 6 months .
a research therapist will either install the wii in the participant s home and instruct them on the use of the wii , or will advise the participant on tailored arm exercises to be performed during the 6-week intervention phase .
all participants will be instructed to perform warm - up exercises prior to tailored arm exercises or wii exercises to minimize the risk of injury .
the research therapist will visit the patient prior to the 6-week assessment to collect participant s diary and wii if applicable .
the research therapist will remind participants not to disclose their treatment allocation during the subsequent assessment visits by the research practitioner .
participants will be telephoned by a non - blinded member of the local research team on a weekly basis to encourage them to complete their diary and enable them to express any concerns they may have had about the study .
all research staff will be trained at site initiation in all outcome measures use of the trial website , case report form ( crf ) completion and safety considerations .
eligible participants with arm weakness following stroke will be randomized to one of two groups .
the intervention group will be instructed to undertake up to 45 minutes of exercise , in a seated position , using the wii game daily for 6 weeks at home .
the wii console and game will be provided on loan to trial participants as part of the study for the duration of the intervention period .
the control group will be instructed to undertake up to 45 minutes of tailored arm exercises , in a seated position , daily for 6 weeks at home .
both groups will continue to receive usual care and rehabilitation as provided by their services in the area .
allocation to intervention will be determined by use of a web - based randomization service , accessed by the research therapist prior to the setup visit .
allocation will be stratified by center , baseline arat score ( scores 049 and 5057 ) , and previous use of a wii. the research team will visually inspect the wii and clean with antiseptic wipes prior to allocation to the next participant in the intervention group .
serious adverse events will be reported by the site s principal investigator ( pi ) to the clinical trials unit ( ctu ) and reported on a monthly basis to the trial steering committee ( tsc ) , chief investigator ( ci ) , and sponsor .
minor adverse events thought not to be related to the trial will not be reported .
for the primary outcome of arat score at 6 weeks , the literature suggests a standard deviation of about 15 and that a clinically important effect is six points.29 for a two - tailed t - test at the 5% level and with 80% power , completed data are required on 99 patients per group . to allow for attrition
a statistical analysis plan will be prepared by the study statistician , in advance of any statistical analysis of the study data .
participants choosing to withdraw from either intervention arm will be followed up where possible , and reasons for withdrawal , if elicited , will be reported according to the consort ( consolidated standards of reporting trials ) guidelines.30 baseline characteristics will be summarized using suitable descriptive statistics .
the principal analysis will be analysis of covariance with terms for treatment group and stratification variables .
a further analysis will replace baseline arat score group ( as stratified ) by the actual arat scores in order to explore the robustness of conclusions . in each case , least - squares mean treatment differences and their 95% confidence intervals will be reported .
both analyses will be repeated for the secondary outcome measure of arat at 6 months , and other continuous outcome measures .
the interactions between treatment group and the stratification variables will be examined and allowed for in the analyses as appropriate .
all audio recordings will be transcribed verbatim , and the transcribed interviews will be analyzed using thematic analysis.31 the field notes and observation data obtained during the interviews will be included in the analysis process .
themes will be drawn from the data using constant comparison methods ; participants accounts will be compared and contrasted to enhance interpretation .
if data are unclear , findings will be presented to participants to allow further comment in order to aid interpretation .
the qualitative researcher will use a computer - aided program to manage the data . for trustworthiness , the lead qualitative researcher will analyze a subset of five transcripts .
any unresolved disagreements will be resolved by discussion with the ci , ensuring that data will be presented in such a way as to maintain blinding of treatment group .
the economic evaluation will estimate the incremental cost per qaly gained from the perspective of health and social care utilization .
the costs of the wii equipment will be the price paid annuitized over a useful life of 3 years assuming the equipment could be used by eight clients per year .
the main source of information on resource use will be the participant diaries which will include prompts derived from the service receipt inventory ( sri).32 the sri will also be used retrospectively at 6 months .
when an assessment of need is completed during the trial , details of agreed care package will be recorded .
unit costs of health and social care services will be taken from standard published sources.33,34 health - related quality of life will be assessed by eq-5d 3l35 and valued using the york tariff.36 the economic evaluation will provide within - trial estimates of the incremental cost - effectiveness ratio .
sampling variation will be analyzed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis , reported as a scatterplot on the cost - effectiveness plane .
sensitivity analysis to estimate the effects of parameter uncertainty will include an exploration of the sensitivity of results to differences in the costs and effects of different provisions of rehabilitation services .
data will be recorded on study - specific data - collection forms ( crfs ) .
persons authorized to collect and record trial data at each site will be listed on the study site delegation log and authorized by the pi . completed crfs will be checked and signed at the research site by the research practitioner or research therapist ( as applicable ) before being sent to the ctu for double - data entry onto a password - protected database accessed via the internet .
the ci will be responsible for the overall running of the study and will be in regular contact with the principle investigators at the other trial centers . each trial center will have a pi , a research administrator , a research practitioner , and a research therapist to conduct this study
. the ctu will coordinate trial activities and assist with overall trial management and monitoring .
a data - monitoring committee will not be convened due to the nature of the intervention and short duration of the trial .
the trial - management group ( tmg ) will include the ci , ctu trial coordinator , trial statistician , and other members of the team and will meet regularly to monitor progress .
the tsc will include a representative from the funder and a lay person . early on in the recruitment phase ,
these were 1 ) that a proportion of patients were assessed as having the highest possible arat score at baseline and 2 ) the slow recruitment rate .
further to this , the research therapists asked that patients with severe shoulder subluxation be excluded , as pain precluded participants from playing the wii or doing arm exercises . in response to these concerns ,
the tsc recommended baseline arat stratification for randomization was changed from 30 to 50 points and the mal14 be added as a secondary outcome measure at 6 months follow - up as a second outcome measure for arm function .
the tsc also recommended some changes to the eligibility criteria which were implemented by the tmg : to exclude patients with symptomatic shoulder subluxation , to broaden the inclusion criteria to include patients with non - dominant weakness , and to remove the requirement for participants to have supervision during their exercises .
finally , the number of participating centers was increased from seven to ten , and the tmg applied to the funder for an extension to the recruitment period in order to maximize the chances that the trial could recruit the full sample size .
all changes to the protocol were approved by the sponsor , the research ethics committee , and the funder .
the primary outcome in the rct is arm function as measured by the action research arm test ( arat ) at 6 weeks.18 the arat assesses ability to handle objects and tests grasp , grip , pinch , and gross movement of elbow and shoulder of the affected arm.19,20 secondary outcome measures include occupational performance , stroke impact , and severity .
the canadian occupational performance measure ( copm ) is used to detect change in self - perception of occupational performance over time.21 the stroke impact scale ( sis ) assesses change in impairments , disabilities , and handicaps following a stroke.22 the modified rankin scale ( mrankin ) measures disability following stroke.23 these outcome measures will be applied at baseline , 6 weeks , and 6 months .
arm function will be assessed at 6 months using the arat and motor activity log-14 ( mal14 ) .
the mal14 ascertains how well the participant has performed day to day tasks using their affected arm.24,25 participants will be asked to complete a diary to capture a daily record of duration of arm exercises and adverse events .
the diary is brief and enables the participant or carer to record daily exercise time , adverse events , and visits from the national health service ( nhs ) , private carers , and social services staff .
baseline data collection will include demographic data , type of stroke using the oxfordshire community stroke project classification,26 affected arm strength using the medical research council scale of muscle strength,27 and cognitive function using the montreal cognitive assessment.28 outcome measures will be purchased ( arat , copm ) or permission to use in study will be obtained from authors ( mal14 , eq-5d 3l , mrankin , and sis ) .
the qualitative study will explore participants and carers experiences of using the wii and barriers to its implementation .
the health economic analysis will estimate the incremental cost per quality - adjusted life year ( qaly ) gained from the cost perspective of health care and personal social services .
a total of 240 participants will be recruited to the rct across ten sites in the uk by the local research practitioners .
once participants have given written informed consent , outcome measures will be assessed at baseline , 6 weeks , and 6 months .
a research therapist will either install the wii in the participant s home and instruct them on the use of the wii , or will advise the participant on tailored arm exercises to be performed during the 6-week intervention phase .
all participants will be instructed to perform warm - up exercises prior to tailored arm exercises or wii exercises to minimize the risk of injury . written instructions for both groups
the research therapist will visit the patient prior to the 6-week assessment to collect participant s diary and wii if applicable .
the research therapist will remind participants not to disclose their treatment allocation during the subsequent assessment visits by the research practitioner .
participants will be telephoned by a non - blinded member of the local research team on a weekly basis to encourage them to complete their diary and enable them to express any concerns they may have had about the study .
all research staff will be trained at site initiation in all outcome measures use of the trial website , case report form ( crf ) completion and safety considerations .
eligible participants with arm weakness following stroke will be randomized to one of two groups .
the intervention group will be instructed to undertake up to 45 minutes of exercise , in a seated position , using the wii game daily for 6 weeks at home . the wii console and game
will be provided on loan to trial participants as part of the study for the duration of the intervention period .
the control group will be instructed to undertake up to 45 minutes of tailored arm exercises , in a seated position , daily for 6 weeks at home
. both groups will continue to receive usual care and rehabilitation as provided by their services in the area .
allocation to intervention will be determined by use of a web - based randomization service , accessed by the research therapist prior to the setup visit .
allocation will be stratified by center , baseline arat score ( scores 049 and 5057 ) , and previous use of a wii.
the research team will visually inspect the wii and clean with antiseptic wipes prior to allocation to the next participant in the intervention group .
serious adverse events will be reported by the site s principal investigator ( pi ) to the clinical trials unit ( ctu ) and reported on a monthly basis to the trial steering committee ( tsc ) , chief investigator ( ci ) , and sponsor .
minor adverse events thought not to be related to the trial will not be reported .
for the primary outcome of arat score at 6 weeks , the literature suggests a standard deviation of about 15 and that a clinically important effect is six points.29 for a two - tailed t - test at the 5% level and with 80% power , completed data are required on 99 patients per group . to allow for attrition
a statistical analysis plan will be prepared by the study statistician , in advance of any statistical analysis of the study data .
participants choosing to withdraw from either intervention arm will be followed up where possible , and reasons for withdrawal , if elicited , will be reported according to the consort ( consolidated standards of reporting trials ) guidelines.30 baseline characteristics will be summarized using suitable descriptive statistics
the principal analysis will be analysis of covariance with terms for treatment group and stratification variables .
a further analysis will replace baseline arat score group ( as stratified ) by the actual arat scores in order to explore the robustness of conclusions . in each case , least - squares mean treatment differences and their 95% confidence intervals will be reported .
both analyses will be repeated for the secondary outcome measure of arat at 6 months , and other continuous outcome measures .
the interactions between treatment group and the stratification variables will be examined and allowed for in the analyses as appropriate .
all audio recordings will be transcribed verbatim , and the transcribed interviews will be analyzed using thematic analysis.31 the field notes and observation data obtained during the interviews will be included in the analysis process .
themes will be drawn from the data using constant comparison methods ; participants accounts will be compared and contrasted to enhance interpretation .
if data are unclear , findings will be presented to participants to allow further comment in order to aid interpretation .
the qualitative researcher will use a computer - aided program to manage the data . for trustworthiness , the lead qualitative researcher will analyze a subset of five transcripts .
any unresolved disagreements will be resolved by discussion with the ci , ensuring that data will be presented in such a way as to maintain blinding of treatment group .
the economic evaluation will estimate the incremental cost per qaly gained from the perspective of health and social care utilization .
the costs of the wii equipment will be the price paid annuitized over a useful life of 3 years assuming the equipment could be used by eight clients per year .
the main source of information on resource use will be the participant diaries which will include prompts derived from the service receipt inventory ( sri).32 the sri will also be used retrospectively at 6 months .
when an assessment of need is completed during the trial , details of agreed care package will be recorded .
unit costs of health and social care services will be taken from standard published sources.33,34 health - related quality of life will be assessed by eq-5d 3l35 and valued using the york tariff.36 the economic evaluation will provide within - trial estimates of the incremental cost - effectiveness ratio . if appropriate , modelling beyond the term of the trial will be undertaken .
sampling variation will be analyzed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis , reported as a scatterplot on the cost - effectiveness plane .
sensitivity analysis to estimate the effects of parameter uncertainty will include an exploration of the sensitivity of results to differences in the costs and effects of different provisions of rehabilitation services .
data will be recorded on study - specific data - collection forms ( crfs ) .
persons authorized to collect and record trial data at each site will be listed on the study site delegation log and authorized by the pi . completed crfs will be checked and signed at the research site by the research practitioner or research therapist ( as applicable ) before being sent to the ctu for double - data entry onto a password - protected database accessed via the internet .
the ci will be responsible for the overall running of the study and will be in regular contact with the principle investigators at the other trial centers . each trial center will have a pi , a research administrator , a research practitioner , and a research therapist to conduct this study
. the ctu will coordinate trial activities and assist with overall trial management and monitoring .
a data - monitoring committee will not be convened due to the nature of the intervention and short duration of the trial .
the trial - management group ( tmg ) will include the ci , ctu trial coordinator , trial statistician , and other members of the team and will meet regularly to monitor progress .
early on in the recruitment phase , the tmg reported two emerging issues of concern to the tsc .
these were 1 ) that a proportion of patients were assessed as having the highest possible arat score at baseline and 2 ) the slow recruitment rate .
further to this , the research therapists asked that patients with severe shoulder subluxation be excluded , as pain precluded participants from playing the wii or doing arm exercises . in response to these concerns ,
the tsc recommended baseline arat stratification for randomization was changed from 30 to 50 points and the mal14 be added as a secondary outcome measure at 6 months follow - up as a second outcome measure for arm function .
the tsc also recommended some changes to the eligibility criteria which were implemented by the tmg : to exclude patients with symptomatic shoulder subluxation , to broaden the inclusion criteria to include patients with non - dominant weakness , and to remove the requirement for participants to have supervision during their exercises .
finally , the number of participating centers was increased from seven to ten , and the tmg applied to the funder for an extension to the recruitment period in order to maximize the chances that the trial could recruit the full sample size .
all changes to the protocol were approved by the sponsor , the research ethics committee , and the funder .
twist is the first uk rct assessing the feasibility , cost effectiveness , and acceptability of wii in stroke rehabilitation .
 introductionmany stroke patients experience loss of arm function requiring rehabilitation , which is expensive , repetitive , and does not always translate into  real life . 
  nintendo wii sports ( wii ) may offer task - specific training that is repetitive and motivating . 
 the trial of wii in stroke ( twist ) is designed to investigate feasibility , efficacy , and acceptability using wii to improve affected arm function for patients after stroke.methodthis is a randomized controlled trial ( rct ) , incorporating a qualitative study and health economics analysis that compares playing wii versus arm exercises in patients receiving standard rehabilitation in a home setting within 6 months of stroke with a motor deficit of less than 5 on the mrc ( medical research council ) scale ( arm ) . in this study 
 , we expect to randomize 240 participants.outcome measuresprimary outcome is change in affected arm function at 6 weeks follow - up in intervention and control group using the action research arm test . 
 secondary outcomes include occupational performance using the canadian occupational performance measure , quality of life using the stroke impact scale , cost effectiveness analysis , and a qualitative study investigating factors that influence use of wii for patients and carers.conclusiontwist is the first uk rct assessing the feasibility , cost effectiveness , and acceptability of wii in stroke rehabilitation . 
 the trial has been registered with isrctn 06807619 and uk crn 11030 . 
 results of the study will be published after completion of study in august 2014 . 
Introduction
Methods
Outcome measures
Recruitment and flow through study
Trial intervention
Randomization
Equipment check
Adverse-event recording
Sample size
Statistical analysis
Analysis of nested qualitative study
Cost-effectiveness evaluation
Data collection
Study oversight
Protocol amendments
Conclusion