the constantly increasing number of people aged 65 years implies the necessity to intensify and improve the medical care offered to this group of patients .
the multiple concomitant diseases and related polypharmacy in the elderly are the reasons why the reliable diagnostic process is difficult and demands a holistic approach .
the assessment of the clinical condition of an elderly patient should include the interactions among the specific disease entities and the burden resulting from the superimposing pathogens.1,2 respiratory system diseases occurring in people aged 65 years constitute a complex problem ; the cases of paroxysmal or chronic dyspnea should be diagnosed within the basic diagnostic process and should not be treated only as an iatrogenic complication . establishing proper diagnosis is also significant because of the six - fold increased mortality occurring in seniors with reference to incorrect diagnosis or underdiagnosis.3 moreover , the cognitive function disorders that can be present in the elderly considerably influence the accurate examining process.4 according to international studies , the most frequent diseases affecting the respiratory system that occur in the elderly are neoplasms , chronic respiratory failure , lung and bronchial inflammatory conditions , and bronchial asthma , which is divided into late- or very late - onset asthma and late- or early - onset old - age asthma ( the disease starts before the elderly age and is characterized by a long - term course , reaching elderly age).5 because of the frequency of occurrence of respiratory system diseases in seniors , spirometry should be performed within the basic diagnostic process .
it is a useful diagnostic tool , allowing to assess and monitor the lung function and to evaluate the efficiency of spasmolytic drugs .
one should take into account that the examination results depend on the condition , structure , and reactivity of the respiratory tract , concomitant diseases , and the possibility to perform the examination properly.4,6 the diagnostic process in elderly patients is additionally hampered by the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) as well as decreased lung recoil pressure , chest compliance , and respiratory muscle force ; it is also complicated in smokers.7
the study objective was to assess the factors influencing spirometry results in hospitalized patients aged $ 65 years with respiratory system disorders .
medical documentation of patients treated at the regional medical center of the jelenia gra valley hospital in poland between january and december 2012 was analyzed .
the analysis referred to the age , sex , place of residence , main diagnosis , place of treatment ( inpatients vs outpatients ) , recommended diet , nicotine dependence , spirometry results , and the time of hospital stay .
statistical analysis was performed with the statistica 9.1 program . for the measurable variables , arithmetic means , standard deviations , and ranges of variation
the quantitative variables were examined by the shapiro  wilk test to determine the distribution type . to compare the results , the t - test , the one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) test , and the post hoc test ( scheff s test ) were applied . for all comparisons , the level of =0.05 was assumed .
additionally , the dependence between chosen variables was determined with the use of the pearson correlation test ( =0.05 ) .
the authors obtained the consent of the bioethical committee of the wroclaw medical university no kb 608/2011 and of the director of the jelenia gra hospital . in the research , the medical documentation of 217 ( 100% ) patients aged 65 years
was analyzed ; 54.8% of the patients ( 119 ) were men and 45.2% of the patients ( 98 ) were women .
most patients were on a normal diet ( 70.5% ; 153 ) , 11.1% ( 24 ) were on an easily digestible diet , 17.1% ( 37 ) were on a diabetic diet , and 1.3% ( 3 ) were on a liver disease diet .
in the studied population , 53.9% ( 117 ) declared being nonsmokers , 35.5% ( 77 ) were habitual smokers , 9.7% ( 21 ) were former smokers , and 0.9% ( 2 ) were passive smokers .
in the research , the medical documentation of 217 ( 100% ) patients aged 65 years was analyzed ; 54.8% of the patients ( 119 ) were men and 45.2% of the patients ( 98 ) were women .
most patients were on a normal diet ( 70.5% ; 153 ) , 11.1% ( 24 ) were on an easily digestible diet , 17.1% ( 37 ) were on a diabetic diet , and 1.3% ( 3 ) were on a liver disease diet .
there were no cases of malnutrition observed during the study . in the studied population ,
53.9% ( 117 ) declared being nonsmokers , 35.5% ( 77 ) were habitual smokers , 9.7% ( 21 ) were former smokers , and 0.9% ( 2 ) were passive smokers .
the majority of patients ( 59.4% ; 129 ) stayed in the hospital ; the rest ( 40.6% ; 88 ) were treated in the outpatient pulmonology clinic .
the most frequently established diagnoses were as follows : malignant neoplasm ( 18% ; 39 ) , other specified respiratory system diseases ( 17.5% ; 38 ) ( including interstitial lung diseases , copd , lung tissue diseases with fibrosis , lung abscess , hyperventilation , pyothorax , and hemopty - sis ) , unspecified respiratory system diseases ( 14.7% ; 32 ) , bronchial asthma ( 12.4% ; 27 ) , sleep apnea ( 7.4% ; 16 ) , benign neoplasm or chronic respiratory failure ( 6.5% each ; 14 each ) , bronchiectasis or acute respiratory failure ( 4.6% each ; 10 each ) , bronchitis or sarcoidosis ( 2.8% each ; 6 each ) , pneumonia ( 1.4% ; 3 ) , and pneumoconiosis ( 0.9% ; 2 ) .
the patients hospitalization time ranged from 2 days to 25 days 
 ( x=5.43.5days ) ; in women ( 98 ) , it ranged from 2 days to 19 days 
 ( x=5.63.3days ) , and in men ( 119 ) , it ranged from 2 days to 25 days 
 ( x=5.23.6days ) . there is no statistically significant difference between these results ( p>0.05 ) .
the results concerning the forced vital capacity ( fvc ) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) parameters differed between men and women ( 
 x=2.61.1 , 
 x=3.41.2 , p<0.001 and 
 x=1.90.9 , 
 x=241.1 , p<0.001 , respectively ) .
the results of the fev1/fvc parameter ( in % ) obtained for both sexes were similar and remained within the range of 37%100% 
 ( x=7215 ) .
there was no relationship observed between the place of residence and the results for the fvc ( p>0.05 ) , fev1 ( p>0.05 ) , and fev1/fvc ( % ) ( p>0.05 ) parameters , as well as the diet applied ( p>0.05 ) .
the diet did not influence the fvc ( p>0.05 ) or fev1 ( p>0.05 ) parameter results ; however , a statistically significant dependence was proved for the fev1/fvc parameter ( % ) .
the study showed no statistically significant dependence between the results concerning hospitalization time ( p>0.05 ) and the fvc ( p>0.05 ) and fev1 ( p>0.05 ) parameters among patients who were nonsmokers , former smokers , or nicotine addicts . in turn , statistically significant differences were noted among the results ( p=0.0034 ) for the fev1/fvc parameter ( % ) in particular groups ( table 1 ) .
there was also a statistically significant correlation between the influence of the specificity of particular hospital wards and the outpatient pulmonology clinic running the treatment on the results of fvc ( p>0.05 ) , fev1 ( p>0.05 ) , or fev1/fvc
however , hospitalization time proved to be dependent on the main diagnosis ( p<0.001 ) ( table 2 ) .
the study showed that the range of the fvc parameter values among patients with a malignant neoplasm was 1.04.5 
 ( x=2.80.9 ) , with other specified respiratory system diseases was 1.760 
 ( x=3.21.0 ) , with sleep apnea was 1.85.6 
 ( x=3.61.1 ) , with bronchial asthma was 1.65.2 
 ( x=3.31.2 ) , with unspecified respiratory system diseases was 0.86.6 
 ( x=2.81.4 ) , with benign neoplasms was 1.15.3 
 ( x=3.61.2 ) , with bronchiectasis was 0.84.1 
 ( x=2.70.9 ) , with acute respiratory failure was 0.93.7 
 ( x=2.11.0 ) , and with chronic respiratory failure was 0.74.7 
 ( x=2.31.3 ) .
the range of the fev1 parameter values among patients with a malignant neoplasm was 0.93.2 
 ( x=2.00.7 ) , with other specified respiratory system diseases was 0.94.8 
 ( x=2.31.0 ) , with sleep apnea was 1.54.6 
 ( x=2.90.8 ) , with bronchial asthma was 0.64.2 
 ( x=2.41.0 ) , with unspecified respiratory system diseases was 0.86.2 
 ( x=2.21.2 ) , with benign neoplasms was 0.74.7 
 ( x=2.81.1 ) , with bronchiectasis was 0.83.3 
 ( x=2.10.7 ) , with acute respiratory failure was 0.71.8 
 ( x=1.20.4 ) , and with chronic respiratory failure was 0.63.3 
 ( x=1.30.8 ) .
statistically significant differences were seen among the obtained results ( p<0.001 ) . also , the results for the fev1/fvc parameter ( % ) were analyzed .
the range of the fev1/fvc parameter values ( % ) among patients with the main diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm was 50%100% 
 ( x=72.011.8 ) , with other specified respiratory system diseases was 17%96% 
 ( x=67.316.1 ) , with sleep apnea was 71%91% 
 ( x=80.613.7 ) , with bronchial asthma was 41%94% 
 ( x=72.813.7 ) , with unspecified respiratory system diseases was 45%100% 
 ( x=77.316.2 ) , with benign neoplasms was 54%87% 
 ( x=75.89.8 ) , with bronchiectasis was 51%100% 
 ( x=80.513.9 ) , with acute respiratory failure was 42%94% 
 ( x=65.819.5 ) , and with chronic respiratory failure was 37%86% 
 ( x=60.615.5 ) .
statistically significant differences were observed among the results ( p<0.001 ) . within the research , the correlations were also analyzed between the patients age , hospitalization time , and the fvc parameter results .
significant correlations were observed between the hospitalization time and the values of the fvc ( r=0.39 , p<0.001 ) , fev1 ( r=0.44 , p<0.001 ) , and fev1/fvc ( % ) ( r=0.32 , p<0.001 ) parameters , as well as between the fvc ( r=0.21 , p=0.002 ) and fev1 parameters and the patients age ( r=0.18 , p=0.009 ) and the number of hospitalization days ( r=0.16 , p=0.022 ) .
no statistically significant correlation was observed between the fvc parameter value and bmi ( r=0.04 , p=0.583 ) , fev1 parameter value and bmi ( r=0.07 , p=0.332 ) , and fev1/fvc parameter value ( % ) and bmi ( r=0.04 , p=0.581 ) .
in elderly patients , lung elasticity impairment occurs , resulting in peripheral respiratory tract instability , premature obturation , and gas exchange disorders caused by improper balance between ventilation and perfusion . because of the worsening anatomical conditions , cardiovascular system disorders , psychophysical impairment , and motor system atrophy
, the course of respiratory system diseases in seniors usually turns out more severe than in younger patients .
immunological reactions are also of some importance ; they become considerably milder with the passage of time , which results in milder disease attacks , with rarer and longer remissions.8 respiratory system diseases in the elderly are a complex medical problem .
a careful diagnostic process performed in patients aged $ 65 years should contribute to increased detectability of the diseases under discussion , and therefore to improved therapeutic effects .
what is important is a positive dependence among the degrees of managing each of the chronic diseases , as a better control of each of them results in a milder course of the others.4 the majority of the patients in the study were treated in the hospital .
this is , however , a situation of little comfort for seniors because hospitalization constitutes a serious factor increasing stress and the risk of complications.911 the authors also analyzed the hospitalization time , which was strongly diverse ( 225 days ) , and additionally , it was longer in the case of men .
the time of hospital stay depended on the general condition of the patients , their disease , and the level of self - care . in patients who were not self - reliant ,
the hospitalization period was usually longer , allowing to counteract the lack of control over the possible occurrence of adverse effects of the treatment.12 in accordance with the recommendations of the polish phtysiopneumonological society,13 spirometry was performed in all patients .
this is an examination of special significance in the elderly who present with a weak perception of respiratory system disease symptoms . in this case
, spirometry should be performed several times : during the entrance visit , as part of controlling the patient s condition , after treatment implementation and obtaining symptoms improvement , in the situation of worsening the patient s condition or the progress of the disease , and additionally , as a yearly control.14 it is a difficult task to properly perform spirometry ; the examination requires efficient cooperation between the patient and the technician to fulfill the demands of repeatability and correctness .
when the patients cognitive competence is impaired , performing spirometry becomes especially troublesome because of the existing dementia or disability .
moreover , the examination is also a burden for the patient , as the subsequent intense respiratory manoeuvers can be compared to the exercise test.15 thus , cardiac arrhythmias can occur in the course of spirometry .
therefore , for safety reasons , patients should be examined in a sitting position , and the history of myocardial infarction should constitute an absolute contraindication to performing spirometry.16 the results obtained for the fvc parameter differed between men and women . among women , there was a bigger result range observed and the values were higher than in men .
moreover , a statistically significant dependence was noted between the fvc parameter values and the patients age : the results were lower in the so - called older elderly than in the younger elderly .
these outcomes reflect the study results obtained by falaschetti et al who found out that the physiological value of the fvc index differed between men and women and decreased with age .
one should not therefore arbitrarily assume a stable value for the index s lower norm limit , as this could result in false - positive outcomes.17,18 statistically significant differences were also observed between the fev1 parameter results in both sexes , as well as between the values of this parameter and the patients age .
the results for the fev1 parameter in women were higher than in men , which is consistent with the outcomes obtained by sharma and goodwin .
the researchers observed that the fev1 parameter values gradually decreased with age and were additionally dependent on individual factors , including sex.19 the study also included the fev1/fvc comparison analysis .
the parameter turns out to be dependent on the patient s sex , height , and body mass .
it decreases when a disease occurs.13 among the respondents , the fev1/fvc index remained within the range of 37%100% .
low values depend on the main diagnoses established in patients ; if the fev1 value decreases , the fev1/fvc index becomes smaller.20 lowered values of the index point at an obstructive ventilation defect  when an obstruction for the air flow in the respiratory tract occurs , within the first second of the exhalation , the patient is not able to exhale an appropriate quantity of air from the lungs in relation to the total amount of air in the lungs .
the relation of fev1 to fvc is a factor that supports establishing the diagnosis . according to the european respiratory society criteria
, copd should be diagnosed with fev1 ( % ) < 88% of the predicted value in men or < 89% in women.21 in a restrictive lung disease , fev1 and fvc can also be lowered owing to fibrosis or some other lung pathology .
there was no relationship observed between the place of residence and the frequency of respiratory tract diseases , which remains in contrast to other literature reports within this issue.22 this seems to be caused by the place of performing the research ( lack of big urban agglomerations and respondents coming from small towns and rural areas ) .
the performed analyses showed that the patients diet did not influence the values of the fvc and fev1 parameters .
this confirms literature reports maintaining that the relationship between food allergens and , for instance , asthma is difficult to prove . an atopic patient presenting with skin lesions and digestive system abnormalities can suffer from asthma of a different origin .
although a significant percentage of allergic reactions to food is suggested in younger patients , there is no practical evidence for the phenomenon in the elderly.8 however , the research revealed a statistically significant difference in this issue concerning the value of the fev1/fvc parameter .
no statistically significant correlation was observed between the hospitalization time and the values of the fvc and fev1 parameters among nonsmokers , former smokers , and present smokers . in turn , statistically significant differences were noted between the results for the fev1/fvc parameter obtained in the mentioned groups .
highest values were observed in nonsmokers , which confirms the influence of nicotine addiction on the incidence of respiratory system diseases.23 within the analysis , particular spirometry results were confronted with the established diagnoses .
highest results were noted in patients with the diagnosis of sleep apnea or benign neoplasm .
a low fvc index can reflect restrictive ventilation defects,24 which was supported by the performed analyses .
the widest range of values was observed in patients with unspecified respiratory system diseases and with chronic respiratory failure .
the structure of the fev1 parameter results was similar . in turn , the fev1/fvc index turned out highest among patients with the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm , sleep apnea , and bronchiectasis .
the widest range of values was observed in patients with acute respiratory failure , specified and unspecified respiratory system diseases , and chronic respiratory failure .
here , one should definitely consider the progression of the disease process as well as the level of its control by the patients themselves and by the medical care professionals . disciplined
patients receiving specialist treatment show smaller ranges of spirometry results than those who do not follow medical advice .
this is reflected in the prognosis , which is uncertain in the elderly and depends on the course of diseases.8 when analyzing the time of hospital stays , the authors observed that longer hospitalization positively influenced the results of the fvc , fev1 , and fev1/fvc parameters .
this means that during hospital stays , patients receive specialist care , which allows to improve both the examination results and the patients general feeling .
treatment and nursing in a medical center implies the possibility to implement a wider spectrum of procedures and to precisely monitor their results.25
the patients age influenced the values of spirometry parameters : the older the patients , the worse the results , pointing at the presence of a ventilation defect .
the place of residence and the diet remained with no impact on spirometry results , in contrary to nicotine addiction . a longer hospitalization time
 introduction and objectivethe growing population of the elderly , as well as the occurrence of coexisting diseases and polypharmacy , is the reason why diseases of patients aged $ 65 years belong to the major issues of the contemporary medicine . among the most frequent diseases of the elderly , 
 there are respiratory system diseases . 
 they are difficult to diagnose because of the patient group specificity , which is the reason for increased mortality among seniors , caused by underdiagnosis . 
 the study objective was to assess the factors influencing spirometry results in hospitalized patients aged 65 years with respiratory system disorders.material and methodsin the research , 217 ( 100% ) patients aged 65 years who underwent spirometry at the regional medical center of the jelenia gra valley hospital in poland were analyzed . in the statistical analysis , 
 the statistica 9.1 program , the t - test , the shapiro  wilk test , the anova test , and the scheff s test were applied.resultsthe majority of the patients ( 59.4% ) were treated in the hospital . 
 the most frequent diagnosis was malignant neoplasm ( 18% ) . 
 the study showed a statistically significant dependence between the forced vital capacity ( fvc ) , forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) , and fev1/fvc parameters and the time of hospitalization , as well as between the fvc and fev1 parameters and the age of patients . 
 the fvc parameter values turned out to be dependent on the main diagnosis . 
 highest results were noted in patients with the diagnosis of sleep apnea or benign neoplasm . 
 a low fvc index can reflect restrictive ventilation defects , which was supported by the performed analyses . 
 highest fev1/fvc values were observed in nonsmokers , which confirms the influence of nicotine addiction on the incidence of respiratory system diseases.conclusionthe respondents sex and the established diagnosis statistically significantly influenced the fvc index result , and the diet influenced the fev1/fvc parameter result . 
Introduction
Objective
Material and methods
Group characteristics
Results
Discussion
Conclusion