cytotoxic t lymphocyte - associated antigen 4 ( ctla-4 ) gene is a member of the immunoglobulin super family .
because of its inhibitory role , ctla-4 is a strong candidate susceptibility gene in autoimmunity .
there are at least three well - studied polymorphic markers : a c / t substitution at position-318 of the promoter region , an a / g transition at position 49 of exon 1 ( a49 g ) which causes a threonine - to - alanine substitution in codon 17 of the leader peptide ( a17 t ) ; and , an ( at)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphism located in the 3 untranslated region of exon 4 .
the a / g polymorphism at position + 49 in exon 1 of the ctla-4 gene has been extensively studied in autoimmune disorders and is found associated with graves disease , hashimoto 's thyroiditis and multiple sclerosis including type 1 diabetes mellitus ( t1 dm ) . though the ctla-4 gene polymorphism is studied in different ethnic groups , its association with tidm in south indian population was not established .
the present study was conducted to investigate the association of ctla-4 gene exon 1 49 a / g ( codon 17 thr / ala ) polymorphism , with t1 dm was studied in madurai population .
type 1 diabetes mellitus is a t - cell mediated organ specific autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin secreting  cells of the islets of langehans in the pancreas .
this number is expected to reach 300 million in the year 2025 . presently , india leads the world with the largest number of adults with diabetes .
diabetes mellitus includes a group of metabolic disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia and leads to long term macro and micro vascular complications .
the most striking increase has been found in finland but in asian countries , the incidence is comparatively low .
the incidence of type 1 diabetes in south india has been reported to be 10.5 cases/100,000 per year
. there are over 20 regions in the human genome that are associated with tidm , but most of it make only small contribution to the susceptibility of type 1 diabetes .
t1 dm has been reported to be strongly associated with hla - dr3 and or dr4 .
insulin gene localized on chromosome 11p15 , cytotoxic t- lymphocytic antigen 4 gene on chromosome 2q33 ( ctla-4 ) , and lymphoid specific phosphatase ( lyp ) gene on 1p13 and autoimmunity regulation gene ( aire ) on chromosome 21q22.3 are some of the gene associated with tidm .
it has been postulated factors like , certain viral infections and , nutritional compounds , when superimposed on genetic factors , may lead to the activation of disease .
exon 1 encodes a leather peptide sequence , exon 2 codes for an immunoglobulin domain , exon 3 and 4 codes for the hydrophobic transmembrane domain , and the cytoplasmic domain respectively .
the ctla-4 gene encodes t - cell receptor involved in the control of proliferation and mediates t - cell apoptosis .
the receptor protein is a specific t lymphocyte surface antigen that is detected on cells only after antigen presentation .
experiments showed that ctla-4 deficient mice develop a severe lymphoproliferative disease with multiorgan lymphocytic infiltration and tissue destruction , including the pancreas , revealing an immunosuppressive role for the ctla-4 protein .
this may indicate the involvement of ctla-4 in the pathogenesis of multiple t - cell mediated autoimmune diseases .
the ctla-4 together with cd28 , a co - stimulatory molecule , is expressed on the surface of both naive and activated t cells .
both these molecule plays a significant role in the t - cell mediated immune response , which is initiated when the antigen - specific t- cell surface receptor encounters an antigen presented by the antigen presenting cells ( apc ) complexed with major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class ii molecule .
a co - stimulatory signal is necessary to accomplish this activation . in the absence of a positive co - stimulatory signal ,
t cell 's antigen receptor stimulation causes a state of immune unresponsiveness called anergy . on the contrary , a positive co - stimulatory signal , provided mainly by the interaction of cd28 with its ligands , b7.1 ( cd80 ) and b7.2 ( cd86 ) on antigen - presenting cells , will complete t cell activation , leading to t - cell proliferation and cytokine production .
ctla-4 binds to the same b7 ( cd80 and cd86 ) molecules with a greater affinity than cd28 , but unlike cd28 , it delivers inhibitory signals to t - cell activation and therefore down regulates t - cell proliferative immune response .
type 1 diabetes mellitus is a t - cell mediated organ specific autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin secreting  cells of the islets of langehans in the pancreas .
this number is expected to reach 300 million in the year 2025 . presently , india leads the world with the largest number of adults with diabetes .
diabetes mellitus includes a group of metabolic disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia and leads to long term macro and micro vascular complications .
the most striking increase has been found in finland but in asian countries , the incidence is comparatively low .
the incidence of type 1 diabetes in south india has been reported to be 10.5 cases/100,000 per year
. there are over 20 regions in the human genome that are associated with tidm , but most of it make only small contribution to the susceptibility of type 1 diabetes .
t1 dm has been reported to be strongly associated with hla - dr3 and or dr4 .
insulin gene localized on chromosome 11p15 , cytotoxic t- lymphocytic antigen 4 gene on chromosome 2q33 ( ctla-4 ) , and lymphoid specific phosphatase ( lyp ) gene on 1p13 and autoimmunity regulation gene ( aire ) on chromosome 21q22.3 are some of the gene associated with tidm .
it has been postulated factors like , certain viral infections and , nutritional compounds , when superimposed on genetic factors , may lead to the activation of disease .
exon 1 encodes a leather peptide sequence , exon 2 codes for an immunoglobulin domain , exon 3 and 4 codes for the hydrophobic transmembrane domain , and the cytoplasmic domain respectively .
the ctla-4 gene encodes t - cell receptor involved in the control of proliferation and mediates t - cell apoptosis .
the receptor protein is a specific t lymphocyte surface antigen that is detected on cells only after antigen presentation .
experiments showed that ctla-4 deficient mice develop a severe lymphoproliferative disease with multiorgan lymphocytic infiltration and tissue destruction , including the pancreas , revealing an immunosuppressive role for the ctla-4 protein .
this may indicate the involvement of ctla-4 in the pathogenesis of multiple t - cell mediated autoimmune diseases .
the ctla-4 together with cd28 , a co - stimulatory molecule , is expressed on the surface of both naive and activated t cells .
both these molecule plays a significant role in the t - cell mediated immune response , which is initiated when the antigen - specific t- cell surface receptor encounters an antigen presented by the antigen presenting cells ( apc ) complexed with major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class ii molecule .
a co - stimulatory signal is necessary to accomplish this activation . in the absence of a positive co - stimulatory signal ,
t cell 's antigen receptor stimulation causes a state of immune unresponsiveness called anergy . on the contrary , a positive co - stimulatory signal , provided mainly by the interaction of cd28 with its ligands , b7.1 ( cd80 ) and b7.2 ( cd86 ) on antigen - presenting cells , will complete t cell activation , leading to t - cell proliferation and cytokine production .
ctla-4 binds to the same b7 ( cd80 and cd86 ) molecules with a greater affinity than cd28 , but unlike cd28 , it delivers inhibitory signals to t - cell activation and therefore down regulates t - cell proliferative immune response .
type 1 diabetes mellitus is a t - cell mediated organ specific autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin secreting  cells of the islets of langehans in the pancreas .
this number is expected to reach 300 million in the year 2025 . presently , india leads the world with the largest number of adults with diabetes .
diabetes mellitus includes a group of metabolic disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia and leads to long term macro and micro vascular complications .
the most striking increase has been found in finland but in asian countries , the incidence is comparatively low .
the incidence of type 1 diabetes in south india has been reported to be 10.5 cases/100,000 per year
. there are over 20 regions in the human genome that are associated with tidm , but most of it make only small contribution to the susceptibility of type 1 diabetes .
t1 dm has been reported to be strongly associated with hla - dr3 and or dr4 .
insulin gene localized on chromosome 11p15 , cytotoxic t- lymphocytic antigen 4 gene on chromosome 2q33 ( ctla-4 ) , and lymphoid specific phosphatase ( lyp ) gene on 1p13 and autoimmunity regulation gene ( aire ) on chromosome 21q22.3 are some of the gene associated with tidm .
it has been postulated factors like , certain viral infections and , nutritional compounds , when superimposed on genetic factors , may lead to the activation of disease .
exon 1 encodes a leather peptide sequence , exon 2 codes for an immunoglobulin domain , exon 3 and 4 codes for the hydrophobic transmembrane domain , and the cytoplasmic domain respectively .
the ctla-4 gene encodes t - cell receptor involved in the control of proliferation and mediates t - cell apoptosis .
the receptor protein is a specific t lymphocyte surface antigen that is detected on cells only after antigen presentation .
experiments showed that ctla-4 deficient mice develop a severe lymphoproliferative disease with multiorgan lymphocytic infiltration and tissue destruction , including the pancreas , revealing an immunosuppressive role for the ctla-4 protein .
this may indicate the involvement of ctla-4 in the pathogenesis of multiple t - cell mediated autoimmune diseases .
the ctla-4 together with cd28 , a co - stimulatory molecule , is expressed on the surface of both naive and activated t cells .
both these molecule plays a significant role in the t - cell mediated immune response , which is initiated when the antigen - specific t- cell surface receptor encounters an antigen presented by the antigen presenting cells ( apc ) complexed with major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class ii molecule .
a co - stimulatory signal is necessary to accomplish this activation . in the absence of a positive co - stimulatory signal ,
t cell 's antigen receptor stimulation causes a state of immune unresponsiveness called anergy . on the contrary ,
a positive co - stimulatory signal , provided mainly by the interaction of cd28 with its ligands , b7.1 ( cd80 ) and b7.2 ( cd86 ) on antigen - presenting cells , will complete t cell activation , leading to t - cell proliferation and cytokine production .
ctla-4 binds to the same b7 ( cd80 and cd86 ) molecules with a greater affinity than cd28 , but unlike cd28 , it delivers inhibitory signals to t - cell activation and therefore down regulates t - cell proliferative immune response .
fifty three clinically proven type 1 diabetes patients and control subjects with no history of autoimmune disease within the age group of 1050 were selected for the study . peripheral blood from both patient and the control group was collected in edta coated tubes and genomic deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) was extracted from the same following the protocol from sambrook and russel .
isolated dna was confirmed electrophoretically ( 0.8% ) and quantified by spectrophotometric absorption at 260 nm .
ctla-4 exon 1 position 49 ( a / g : codon 17 thr / ala ) polymorphism was defined employing polymerase chain reaction . a 25l polymerase chain reactions ( pcr )
recipe was prepared using 2l of 5m forward primer ( 5-gctctacttcctgaagacct-3 ) and reverse primer ( 5-agtctcactcacctttgcag- 3 ) ( fermentas life sciences , germany),~200 ng genomic dna , 1 u of taq polymerase ( bangalore genei , india ) dntp 's 200m ( new england biolabs , beverly , ma ) , 10pcr buffer with mgcl2 and the volume was made up with nuclease free water .
thermocycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation - 94c for 4 minutes , annealing - 58c for 45 seconds , extension - 72c for 45 seconds , denaturation - 94c for 45 seconds , final extension - 72c for 4 minutes .
the polymerase chain reaction was carried out using a thermocycler ( eppendorf , germany ) .
pcr product was subjected to restriction digestion with bacillus stearothermophilus , ( bsex1,bbv1 ) ( fermentas life sciences , germany ) restriction enzyme as per manufacture 's protocol for snp(single nucleotide polymorphism ) detection .
the restriction products were analyzed electrophoreticaly by running on a 2% agarose gel alongside a 100bp dna ladder ( new england biolabs , beverly , ma ) .
the study was conducted on a group comprising of 53 tidm patients and 53 controls . among the t1
dm patients 38 ( 71.7% ) were male and 15 ( 28.3% ) were female .
the age group of the patients and the control population was in the range of 10 - 50 years .
the study clearly showed that the male population was found to be more susceptible to t1 dm and 30.2% of the patients showed family history of type i diabetes .
in the present study , genomic dna was isolated from the blood of both the patients and the controls and the isolated dna was confirmed using 0.7% agarose gel .
the high molecular weight and slow migrating dna was found migrating just under the wells and indicated that our methods yielded undegraded dna as seen in figure 1 .
the post pcr products on gel electrophoresis showed a 162 bp amplicon corresponding to the ctla-4 gene exon 1 as shown in figure 2 .
the restriction enzyme cuts the sequence if there is a g allele at the 49 position and fragments it into 88 bp and 74 bp and in the presence of an a allele the sequence would remain uncut .
electrophoretic analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism ( rflp ) products on 2% agarose gel was carried out to determine a / g polymorphism , genotype and allelic frequency [ figure 3 ] .
confirmation of the genomic dna of t1d patients and control group of madurai population confirmation of the polymerase chain reactions product of both t1d patients and control group confirmation of restriction fragment length polymorphism product of t1d patients and control group in the present study , a / g genotype was observed in 30 ( 56.6% ) patients and 15 ( 28.3% ) from the control group .
g / g genotype was observed in 18 ( 34% ) of the patients and 6 ( 11.3% ) subjects of the control group . a / a genotype was observed in 5 ( 9.4% ) patients and 32 ( 60.4% ) individuals of the control group [ table 1 ] .
the frequency of the g allele in patients was 0.62 and control population was 0.25 , whereas the frequency of the a allele was 0.38 in the patients group and 0.74 in the control group .
the chi square test (  ) value was less than 3.84 under 1 degree of freedom at 5% significance level .
the frequency of the ctla-4 a / g genotypes and alleles in type 1 diabetic patients and normal control subjects
the present study was carried out at madurai , a city in southern india and the patient 's represented tamilian population .
our studies show similarity with other ethnic populations of the world in frequent base substitution of a allele with a g nucleotide in the exon 1 at position 49 of the ctla-4 gene with a significance of p < 0.05 .
high frequency of g allele in type 1 diabetic patients in chinese , korean , spanish , italian , and belgian population . makes it evident that ctla-4 gene is a susceptible gene in type 1 diabetes mellitus and ctla-4 exon 1 49 a / g polymorphism is associated with t1 dm and our results indicates the same in madurai population .
our results show a small percentage of the control group ( 28% ) though not significant , carry an a / g polymorphism , but do nt suffer any autoimmune disease may be indicative of epigenetic or small rna mediated control on t - cell regulatory function .
the lack of association between t1 dm and ctla-4 gene exon 1 49 a / g polymorphism in some populations like czech also lay emphasis on an alternate pathogenesis . polymorphisms in the ctla-4 gene can lower the affinity of ctla-4 for b7 molecule , cause decreased production resulting in lower surface expression on t - cells and even can alter the peptide sequence .
however , extended molecular study is needed to establish the role of ctla-4 gene in autoimmune disease .
ctla-4 as a potential drug target may seem promising in the treatment of autoimmune disease especially in the population showing ctla-4 gene polymorphism
. our studies also support the need for routine genetic testing for both diagnosis and classification of autoimmune disease .
 type 1 diabetes mellitus formerly called juvenile diabetes , is an organ specific t - cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the progressive loss of function of the insulin producing beta  cells of the islets of langerhans . 
 cytotoxic t lymphocyte - associated antigen 4 gene ( ctla-4 ) has been proposed as a candidate gene for conferring susceptibility to autoimmunity . 
 association of ctla-4 gene polymorphism is well established in autoimmune endocrinopathies across world population . 
 the present study was conducted to investigate the association of ctla-4 exon 1 49a / g polymorphism with tidm in madurai , a city in southern india . 
 fifty three clinically proven t1 dm patients and 53 control subjects with no history of autoimmune disease were recruited for the study . 
 genomic dna was extracted from peripheral blood . 
 ctla-4 exon 1 49 a / g polymorphism was assessed using pcr - rflp methods . 
 our findings revealed a significant association of ctla-4 exon 1 49 a / g polymorphism with t1 dm in madurai population . 
Introduction
None
Type 1 diabetes
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene and autoimmunity
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion