obesity ( body mass index ( bmi )  30  kg / m ) is a major worldwide public health challenge .
twenty - three percent of the uk population are obese , and predictions warn prevalence will rise to over 50% by 2050 . around 20% of pregnant women in the uk are obese . according to the confidential enquiry into maternal and child health , obesity and overweight are directly or indirectly associated with over half of the total maternal deaths .
prepregnancy obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy are associated with adverse outcomes during pregnancy and birth [ 58 ] , increased postpartum fat retention , and obesity in the offspring .
obesity in pregnancy also has considerable cost implications for health service provision [ 5 , 11 ] . above all , a recent large scale observational cohort study of swedish women   showed evidence of benefit with no adverse outcomes for obese pregnant women with weight gain within the 2009 institute of medicine ( iom ) guidelines .
although behavioural and pharmacological interventions for obesity in the general population are well explored , there is scope for more research into the efficacy of weight control interventions in pregnancy , since existing published evidence is inconclusive [ 14 , 15 ] .
the lack of clear guidance for the management of maternal obesity is confirmed by the national institute for health and clinical excellence ( nice ) report ( 2010 ) in which further uk - based research in this area is recommended .
sarwer and colleagues suggest future research should focus upon novel , creative modes of intervention using , for example , telephone and internet - based programs .
heron and smyth   comment that mobile technology is portable , instantly accessible , private , and can be individually tailored .
this allows health professionals to extend the reach of traditional face - to - face interventions and offer the client additional support at times and in locations which are convenient for them to act on that support and advice .
these interventions may be more acceptable to groups such as children and young adults , who are more familiar with mobile technology and there can be considerable up - front set - up costs ; however , overall treatment costs may be reduced .
mobile phones are now the most widely used communication technology in the world and provide unprecedented opportunities for health promotion .
in the uk , for example , there are 131 mobile phone subscriptions per 100 of the population . who   reports that mobile phones have been used for consultation purposes , to promote communication between healthcare users and providers , to survey or provide information to users and remind them of appointments , and stresses the importance of evaluative research in this area .
heron and smyth 's review   indicates that mobile technology - based interventions in general can be effective in addressing a range of health behaviours , including weight loss , diet , and exercise [ 2023 ] .
rcts have demonstrated effectiveness of text messaging interventions to raise awareness and change behaviour in sexual health [ 2426 ] and self - management of diabetes . in obesity management ,
. 's 12-month rct   and joo and kim 's 12-week trial   reported significant weight loss in text messaging intervention recipients , and hurling and colleagues   reported significant weight loss and increased physical activity from their internet and ( short messaging service ) sms - based intervention .
systematic reviews report relatively consistent success among sms - based trials in achieving significant weight loss [ 18 , 3032 ] , as well as self - management of diabetes , although findings relating to other healthy behaviours , such as smoking cessation and physical activity , vary ( comp .
is one of the few studies to thoroughly cost analyse their interventions and found that , per kilogram of weight lost , the mobile technology - support group treatment was half the cost of the other treatments , and therefore , most cost effective .
the combined evidence suggests that mobile phone messages can be effective in the general population in achieving change in health behaviours without incurring prohibitive extra cost to the service provider . to the authors ' knowledge
, however , there is no evidence to date in the uk regarding the use of sms messages to support healthy lifestyles in the obese pregnant woman .
the effectiveness of interventions also depends upon their feasibility in practice and acceptability to service users and providers .
heron and smyth   comment that more should be done to evaluate these aspects of mobile technology interventions ; however , the few reviewed studies which reported participant satisfaction levels found favourable reactions and satisfaction with the interventions .
heron and smyth   argue that acceptability and feasibility are facilitated by involvement of service users and providers in intervention design and in gathering participant feedback in pilot tests prior to implementing controlled trials .
they also note that service provider barriers to successful implementation should be investigated , such as lack of technological knowledge , cost and time investment , and scepticism .
similarly , oteng - ntim et al . , who explored service providers ' views regarding maternal obesity interventions , recommended that both service providers ' and service users ' perspectives should be sought when developing new services to ensure they are not only theoretically effective but also feasible and acceptable to those who will utilise them
. this paper reports the development of a mobile technology intervention , based upon sms messages , to support obese pregnant women with weight management .
if local trials of the developed service are successful , it is intended that the service will be extended to other areas for a larger evaluation .
the study had three aims and stages : firstly , to gather women 's and midwives ' opinions regarding using mobile technology , and in particular sms text messages , to support obese pregnant women in managing their weight ; secondly , to develop an sms - based intervention based upon first stage data and theoretical perspectives ; thirdly , to gather opinions from women and midwives regarding the developed service .
( women and midwives were also asked about their experiences of obesity and weight management / caring for obese pregnant women , and their perceptions of existing services , but these findings are reported elsewhere ) .
this qualitative study used focus group methodology to gather data on two occasions from obese pregnant women ( bmi of 30  kg / m or above ) and midwives delivering maternity services in doncaster in 2011 , once before and once after development of the proposed sms - based service to support pregnant women with weight management . following university , nhs ( south yorkshire research ethics committee ) , and local ethical approvals , maternity service users ( bmi  30  kg / m ) in doncaster , uk , and midwives delivering maternity services to women in this area were approached to participate .
doncaster is a town in the north of england with high levels ( relative to the national average ) of socioeconomic deprivation .
deprivation is linked to maternal obesity , and in 2009 , the prevalence of obesity at conception among doncaster women was 20% .
purposive sampling was employed to ensure inclusion of obese midwifery service users and health care providers with experience of maternal obesity from community and hospital settings .
local midwives provided eligible women ( n = 60 ) with a letter and information sheet describing the project with reply slips to return to the researcher if they wished to participate . all midwives ( n = 45 )
the total number of participants in the study was 14 , participating in 4 focus groups .
six women and 7 midwives initially volunteered and took part in the first set of two focus groups .
five of these women were also available and participated in the second set of two focus groups ; three of the midwives agreed to participate in the second stage and they were joined by one additional midwife who had not participated in the first stage .
the sample size in this study was guided by the practicality and data saturation to ensure rich and in - depth information are provided .
demographic data were not collected specifically ; however , it was evident from observation and through discussion that the women were all white , which is broadly in keeping with the local area , aged 18 to 40 , and had experienced between 1 and 4 pregnancies .
midwives were all white , female , from both community and hospital settings , and varied from a few years ' to decades of midwifery experience .
semistructured focus groups were used to collect data , whose aim was to facilitate interaction between participants in a permissive , comfortable environment .
participant numbers ( 1st stage : n = 6 women ; 7 midwives ; 2nd stage : n = 5 women ; 4 midwives ) were considered optimal in generating a range of ideas and maximising involvement in discussion of this novel subject . in order to eliminate the possible detrimental impact of hierarchy , conflict of opinion , discomfort and inhibition upon participants ' contributions to the discussion , and the resulting dataset , women and midwives participated in separate focus groups , each lasting for around 1 hour .
the first two focus groups were held on separate dates in a local children 's centre , a familiar environment chosen to provide a welcoming , neutral context for discussions .
several months later , following service design and a demonstration to all participants of the developed service , the second focus groups were run simultaneously ( but separately ) in two adjacent hospital seminar rooms . in the first focus groups , women and midwives
were asked for their opinions about the idea of using text messages to support obese pregnant women in managing their weight , thoughts about message content and delivery , and ideas for other forms of supportive mobile technology . in the second
, the participants were asked for their opinions about the service which had been developed and ideas for further development and improvements . in each case
, two experienced facilitators guided the conversation but were otherwise minimally involved to ensure that participants ' views were predominant .
for each stage of data collection , focus group data were transcribed and anonymised immediately after the focus groups , and all participants were allocated a pseudonym .
transcriptions were loaded into nvivo 8 , a software package which assists in qualitative data analysis by facilitating storage , organization , and retrieval processes .
data analysis was an inductive process of qualitative content analysis , which comprised careful reading and coding of all data , and generation of categories of related data .
for the purpose of interrater reliability , initial analysis was conducted independently by two researchers , who agreed categories .
these were verified by a third researcher and then discussed and approved by the team .
a multidisciplinary team of academics from the fields of midwifery , health psychology , design and technology , and sociolinguistic science and dietitians as well as service user representatives collaborated to create an sms service to support pregnant women with weight management .
the service included a series of text messages , a platform for allowing midwives and clients to discuss and select appropriate messages and schedules for their delivery and a mechanism for distribution of the messages .
the service development was based upon combined experience and expertise of the team , the focus group data from phase 1 , and evidence - based techniques for healthy eating and physical activity behaviour change .
data categories emerging from the first focus groups , whose aim was to explore perceptions of the potential for text messages to support weight management in obese pregnant women ' comprised  benefits ,   risks and limitations ,  and  service delivery .  these and
their subcategories are described here and presented with illustrative focus group extracts in table 1 .
midwife quotations are identified by the letters  mw  after the participant 's pseudonym .
both women and midwives were positive about the idea of mobile phone messages to support pregnant women with weight management , highlighting benefits as  modernising ,   motivating ,   reminding  and  reducing sense of isolation .
 women in particular believed the text message intervention would help modernise maternity services , which were  still a bit old - fashioned  ( alice ) and improve cost effectiveness .
they also felt that the regular contact and support through sms messages would help motivate and remind women to maintain healthy lifestyles and reduce their sense of isolation . in keeping with evenson et al . , we found that lack of motivation and social support were considered by the women and midwives as two of the main barriers to healthy diet and physical activity in pregnancy .
the notion that sms messages could help motivate and remind women about their goals and increase their sense of being supported suggests they could be effective in reducing those barriers and increasing the likelihood of healthy lifestyles .
participants ( primarily midwives ) perceived that sms messages had some inherent risks and limitations , including 
potential to create offence , pressure or guilt  and  impact limited by mood or motivation .
 participants were concerned that messages might be perceived as intrusive or pressurising and some midwives were concerned that messages could be seen as insensitive by women having difficulties with their pregnancy .
participants also believed that the effectiveness of messages might be limited by recipients ' mood or levels of motivation .
motivation was a key issue raised by both sets of participants , and midwives perceived that an sms - based service would be most successful with motivated clients . given its potential benefits and risks , women and midwives had strong opinions about the design of the sms service and made a number of suggestions about  availability , 
 message tone ,  message content ' and  other forms of mobile technology .
 participants believed there were clear benefits for obese pregnant women in the proposed sms service ; however , they felt that the service should be optional and available to all women , regardless of bmi , and to women both during and after their pregnancy .
participants agreed that messages should be positive and sensitive , to maximise motivational potential and avoid  making people feel guilty 
midwives were mindful of creating offence through incautious use of language or issuing direct orders to women about their diet or exercise .
both groups felt that health promotion messages focused on the risks and complications of obesity and unhealthy lifestyles were inappropriate for text messages .
these , it was considered , were better delivered traditionally , face - to - face , so that midwives could ensure women were fully informed and supported .
the women had many ideas for the types of messages they would find useful in helping them manage their weight .
for maximum effectiveness they believed messages should be personalised ( focused upon individual goals and lifestyle ) and could include contextually relevant information such as times of exercise classes , exercise suggestions , healthy eating ideas , recipes , and baby 's progress .
they also considered that text messages could be used to help women to get together for social contact and exercise ( such as group walks ) .
they perceived that spending time with other women in similar circumstances would have supported them in their efforts to be healthy and avoid gaining excessive weight in pregnancy .
women mentioned other possibilities for supportive mobile technology interventions for obese pregnant women , including online midwives and an internet chat room , the main benefits of which were extra opportunities to get support from midwives and meet other local women .
they were concerned about time constraints , confidentiality , and the risks of giving advice in the open - access arena of an online chat room , given that  what 's right for one woman might not necessarily be right for somebody els 
service development included creating a flexible , web - based platform for automated delivery of messages to women based upon their needs , habits , and preferences .
the platform was designed to be usable within the constraints of the existing local midwife - delivered services offered to obese pregnant women .
a user - centred and participatory design approach was applied , focusing on the midwife as the primary user of the web - based interface to the system .
the midwife can log into the system and use it through any standard web browser .
a set of messages was developed , based upon focus group results and informed by established theoretical models of behaviour change from the field of health psychology .
experts ( such as dietitians and sociolinguists ) and a service user separate from the study participants were also involved in message development .
message suggestions were reviewed and amended during team meetings , resulting in a final set of 96 messages which were approved by all involved . these included generic 
starter  messages to familiarise the woman with receiving messages and to create the basis for later discussion and choice of personalised messages .
approved messages were collated and presented in a booklet with separate sections for generic and goal - related messages according to related dietary and physical activity objectives .
the latter were divided to 4 categories of motivation , specific planning , overcoming barriers , and prompting self - monitoring .
examples of the types and content of generic and goal - related messages are provided in table 2 .
women who opt into the service will be introduced to the service and given the opportunity at an initial consultation with the obesity specialist midwife ( 1416 gestational weeks ) to select some generic messages .
this will enable them to get used to the system and explore their feelings about the number and types of messages .
at the second consultation ( 2 weeks later ) , the women will be asked to set specific goals for both diet and exercise , to choose targeted messages related to those goals , and set their scheduling to fit with key points in their everyday lives .
any of the default stored messages can be edited by the midwife to provide the client with prompts and reminders that are relevant to the individual , for example , reminders about exercise classes that happen in the client 's locality or referring to specific foods that the client habitually chooses or wants to select as a replacement .
similarly , if the client and midwife together want to create a completely new message , they can do so .
regular follow - up consultations will be offered to allow goals and messages to be altered according to women 's changing needs .
timing of messages is currently defined by selecting days of the week for delivery and an hour between 6  am and 10  pm .
technically , the platform is written in php with a mysql database running on a windows - based server hosted by the authors ' university it services .
women and midwives were provided with a demonstration of the proposed initial and second consultations between midwife and service user .
they were also shown the booklet of messages which had been developed based on their previous suggestions . in the focus groups which followed ,
they were asked for their opinions of the service as a whole and of the each aspect , such as the pattern of message delivery and the content of the messages .
results emerging from the second focus group , which was aimed to explore women 's and midwives opinions about the developed sms service , are presented in table 3 and described below under three categories including  the service , 
they commented the service would complement existing provision , would be informative , supportive , and motivational for obese pregnant women , could prevent weight problems escalating and reduce associated complications .
they repeated previous opinions and that since weight concerns are not confined to the obese population , the service should be offered to all pregnant women ; however , it was likely that motivated women would benefit most .
midwives believed that the service would be widely appreciated by the multidisciplinary team because it would support practitioners in their current efforts to promote weight management and healthy lifestyle among service users .
participants were overwhelmingly positive about the database and booklet of  punchy , to the point 
participants identified a number of messages they felt were particularly good , with positive elements being their wide potential appeal , motivational tone , useful information , practical application , and support for healthy choices , forward planning , and overcoming barriers .
dictatorial ,  which used words like  should ,  or which might create guilt ; however , participants also observed that perceptions were subjective and that being able to choose for themselves meant women would select only those messages they considered positive and helpful .
suggestions for developing the database included facilitating forward planning beyond today ( e.g. , including references to diet and exercise choices tomorrow or next week ) and mentioning loved ones ( e.g. , suggesting a woman might take a walk with her partner or friend ) , which would reinforce both exercise and its social benefits .
participants were positive about both demonstrated midwife - service user consultations at the initial stage of pregnancy prior to sending text messages .
they felt that the initial consultation occurred at about the right time in the pregnancy , after the scan , at a point when the pregnancy was more clearly  viable . 
they also noted that nausea has often abated by 14 weeks , meaning the woman has more control over her dietary intake , and exercise of various forms is advised as safe after 12 weeks .
they suggested the second face - to - face consultation visit should have an optimal duration of 20 minutes with follow - up visits , ranging from 2 - 3 times through the pregnancy to every 24 weeks .
this led to a discussion in which both sets of participants expressed concern about the workload impact for midwives and the ability of women to attend regular face - to - face appointments , and it was suggested that while clinic attendance could be offered , some of the later consultations ( e.g. , after the 2nd consultation ) and tweaks to messages could be carried out over the telephone on a monthly basis .
women felt that it would help make best use of time if they could be given the message booklet to consider and select from at home .
the participants were pleased with the level of engagement and choice enjoyed by the service user , such as being able to see the computer screen , select , personalise and create messages , and choose numbers and timing of messages .
suggestions about frequency of messages ranged from 1 - 2 per day to 2 - 3 per week , with general support for 35 per week , based upon personal preference .
to our knowledge , this is the first study that provides a detailed account of women 's and midwives ' views regarding the development of a mobile technology service in support of maternal obesity management .
inclusion of women and midwives as integral components of maternity services is important for researchers and for service providers in evaluating and applying novel approaches in order to improve care .
the findings from this study will form the basis for pilot trials of the developed service , testing its feasibility in practice , its acceptability to service users and providers , and its effectiveness in managing obesity during pregnancy .
results from this localised study suggest that both women and midwives hold positive views about the potential for sms messages as a health promotion intervention for obese pregnant women and about the developed service described above .
women were enthusiastic about the benefits they perceived for the service and future service users , and their comments suggest that women may indeed find sms messages to encourage healthy lifestyles during pregnancy an acceptable and useful addition to the existing service .
this is in keeping with heron and smyth 's review , which reported that , when asked for their opinions , mobile technology service users were happy with mobile health promotion interventions .
heron and smyth   identified , for example , that mobile technologies allowed service users to access health services when convenient and outside standard appointment times ; this is supported by the women in this study , who appreciated the potential for support and advice between meetings with their midwife . in line with cole - lewis and kershaw 's systematic review , women in our study confirmed that text messaging is a potentially powerful tool for health behaviour change as it is widely available , instant , and inexpensive .
midwives were quicker to identify potential limitations and risks associated with the proposed service and their input was extremely useful in designing a feasible service . in particular , midwives raised concerns about the possibility of causing stress , guilt , and pressure on women .
these concerns are in line with their education and preparation for practice and their professional code of conduct , which emphasises professional accountability and safeguarding of clients .
these are very important and practical points , attention to which helps optimise acceptability , participation in and compliance with healthy behaviour change interventions .
midwives ' increased enthusiasm at the second data collection stage suggests that the team were successful in addressing initial anxieties .
suggestions from participating midwives and women have been used to make additional alterations to the service prior to trial , especially ideas for telephone consultations and developing messages promoting the social benefits of exercise .
the key benefits of sms messages , according to this study , appear to lie in their ability to facilitate continuous help and motivation for pregnant women .
support and motivation have been shown to be vital elements of health promotion interventions and were strong explanatory themes for obesity , diet , and physical activity among these participants .
identified client motivation and readiness to change as barriers to the effectiveness of service providers ' efforts to promote healthy lifestyles for pregnant women .
healthy lifestyle interventions in pregnancy based on information and advice alone have shown limited effectiveness , especially with overweight women [ 47 , 48 ] .
women in the present study felt receiving sms messages would help motivate them to stick with agreed healthy eating and exercise plans .
messages with an explicitly motivational , positive , informative content , and those which facilitated planning were particularly well evaluated in the second round of focus groups .
the literature emphasises the importance of developing healthy lifestyle promotion interventions based upon models of behaviour change . as suggested by our study findings
, text messages could be an ideal tool to reinforce behaviour change through involving women in decision - making , facilitating communication and promoting self - monitoring .
women in this study felt at times isolated and expressed a wish for more support from peers and professionals .
social support is considered one of the key influences upon and motivators for physical activity and healthy lifestyle changes and may have particular importance for women [ 49 , 50 ] .
women also believed sms messages and other mobile technology interventions , such as local chat rooms , would act as a direct source of immediate support , fill the support gap between appointments with midwives , and enhance opportunities for further social contact with and mutual support from other pregnant women .
findings from the study are limited by the range of professionals from whom feedback was obtained since not just midwives but a variety of practitioners , including dietitians and obstetricians , are involved in the care of obese pregnant women .
a dietitian team member was actively engaged in developing the service but dietitians were not sought as research participants ; obstetricians were approached but none were available to participate at this stage .
midwives believed that others in the multidisciplinary team would evaluate the service positively ; however , it is not possible to conclude with any confidence that this would be the case . a broader evaluation of what has been developed will be conducted with service users and a full range of relevant health professionals when the service is piloted .
the lack of representativeness of small qualitative studies may be considered as a limitation ; however , these studies ( including ours ) are fit for their main purpose to provide in - depth information and constructs in an area with scarce available data .
perceptions and opinions of this small group of participants from doncaster , uk , may not reflect those of midwives and service users elsewhere ; however , evidence from previous research suggests these are not isolated findings .
it is arguable that women interviewed here may not have been representative of other pregnant women in this locality either , despite efforts to engage as broad a spectrum as possible by inviting all eligible service users presenting over a three - month recruitment period .
lack of specific information on the socioeconomic status of the participants is another limitation of this study ; however , these factors are important and will be considered in our next larger quantitative stages of the study to minimise the risk implications of skewing the findings .
it is likely that participants were an unusually motivated group whose views may not reflect those of nonresponders ; however , midwives ' perspectives and experiences were based on a more mixed client group and presenting the two alongside one another raised a number of issues for discussion .
participants were interviewed once before and once after service development , and it could be argued that more focus groups with these and additional participants would have increased the likelihood of producing more comprehensive and thorough findings .
nonetheless , the purpose of this small qualitative study was to identify essential elements for design of such a service for further investigation , which the team consider was achieved .
the proposed service will first be trialled locally for feasibility , acceptability , and effectiveness , followed , if successful , by multisite trials which will establish the applicability of the findings and resulting intervention for a larger sample of pregnant women in this and other geographical locations .
the use of text messaging in support of maternal obesity services was positively appraised by women and midwives for its potential benefits of being informative and motivational .
research is now required to take the evidence from this and other relevant studies to trial and evaluate this midwife - delivered sms service in practice .
 this study was aimed to explore women 's and midwives ' views on the use of mobile technology in supporting obese pregnant women with healthy lifestyle choices . a purposive sample of 14 women and midwives participated in four focus groups in doncaster , uk . 
 a content analysis of the transcripts from the first focus group led to the emergence of three main constructs with associated subcategories including benefits (  modernising ,   motivating ,   reminding ,  and  reducing  the sense of isolation ) , risks and limitations ( possibility of  being offensive ,   creating pressure or guilt ,  and  being influenced by mood  ) , and service delivery ( making it  
 available to all pregnant women ,  giving attention to the  message tone  and development of  message content  ) . 
 they also suggested the use of other modalities such as web - based services for weight management during pregnancy . based on the above results a text messaging service was developed and presented to the 2nd focus group participants who confirmed the positive views from the first focus group on the use of the text messaging as being supportive and informative . 
 the participants also welcomed  
 women 's engagement and choice  in deciding the content , timing and frequency of messages . 
 the results informed the development of a text messaging service to support maternal obesity management . 
 the implementation and acceptability of this service requires further investigation . 
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion and Implications
5. Conclusion