the scarcity of skilled and motivated health care providers is a universal challenge in many countries . in some countries ,
< 50% of the required staff is available , and health care is provided by nonqualified staff .
india is one of those countries with a critical shortage of health manpower . as per rural health statistics by the government of india ( 2011 )
, there is a shortfall of 12.0% doctors at primary health centers ( phcs ) , 33.9% of female health assistants / lady health visitors , 35.3% of male health assistants ; 4.6% of the phcs were without a doctor , 36.9% phcs had no laboratory technician , and 24.6% phcs had no pharmacist .
this crisis is being addressed in the new economic policy in india through outsourcing and the appointment of staff on a contract basis .
the position of human resource ( hr ) in the health care system is unique , in the sense that unlike any other sector , the human touch is essential for patient 's care .
therefore , the health care provider 's demands for personal development and job satisfaction have to be recognized as quality indicators
therefore , the questions are whether the contract model of hr really takes care of motivation and satisfaction
. do health care providers of two streams , that is , regular and on contract , have similar or different motivations and satisfaction ? who are relatively better placed on the satisfaction scale ?
keeping these issues in mind , the present study was conducted to assess the comparative job satisfaction of regular and contract staff in government primary urban health centers ( puhcs ) in delhi , india .
three out of the nine districts in delhi , were chosen by simple random technique . from the 63 puhcs in the three selected districts , a total sample size of 333 of primary health care providers of medical officers ( mos ) ( 101 ) , auxiliary nurses and midwives ( anms ) ( 114 ) , pharmacists ( 85 ) , laboratory assistants ( las ) and laboratory technicians ( lts ) ( 33 ) both in regular and contract positions
inclusion criteria for selection were : > 2 years on the job for regular personnel and 6 months on the job for contract personnel .
the reason for the 2-year job provision for regular employees was that they would have completed the probation period by that time .
for employees on contract , 6 months is the initial period of appointment after which it is likely to be extended subject to satisfactory performance .
data was collected using the job satisfaction scale ( 49 item five - point likert scale ) developed by kumar and khan ( 2013 ) .
job satisfaction is the degree to which a health care provider reports satisfaction with different features of his / her job in the puhcs .
analysis of data was done by spss version 18 , developed by ibm corporation and appropriate statistical tests such as the one - way anova and independent 
cronbach 's alpha score for internal consistency of scale was 0.909 and content validity was established by three experts .
the majority of regular staff was in the age group of 35 years and above .
the majority of the regular staff in the study population had > 15 years of job experience ( 46.6% ) and the majority of the contract staff had a job experience of < 5 years ( 79.5% ) .
the level of job satisfaction for the entire study population across the different age groups showed statistically significant difference ( f value : 14.80 ; p value : 0.000 ) .
it appears that the employees gradually internalize the realities of the organization , regardless of what they like or dislike , and their adverse reactions to the issues they have gradually decline .
though speculative , the data seemed to fully support this when those on experience and span of work were analyzed .
the job satisfaction of the entire study population with different job experiences showed significant differences ( f : 25.07 ; p value : 0.000 ) .
however , gender and educational qualification did not reflect any significant difference in job satisfaction as shown in table 1 . background profile and
job satisfaction score of regular and contract staff in puhcs these findings emerged when satisfaction data was analyzed by pooling both regular and contract staff .
the results of a comparison between regular and contract staff suggested that the regular staff were relatively more satisfied than the contract staff .
the mean score for job satisfaction for the entire regular staff was 3.3 ( sd : 0.44 ) and contract staff 2.7 ( sd : 0.45 ) , which had a statistically significant difference ( t value was 10.54 and p value was 0.00 ) .
the job satisfaction score of regular and contract mos was 3.2 ( sd : 0.46 ) and 2.7 ( sd : 0.56 ) respectively with t value 4.27 and p < 0.001 .
similar findings were obtained among regular and anms and las / lts on contract with significant differences ( p < 0.001 ) .
all the three districts of delhi under study showed significant difference in job satisfaction amongst the regular and contract staff as p value was 0.000 and t value 10.54 .
this denotes that job satisfaction was almost the same across the districts among regular and contract staff .
different types of staff in the regular category such as the regular mos and anms , anms and the pharmacists , and the mos and pharmacists showed no significant differences as p > 0.05 .
similarly study found no significant differences between satisfaction for the different categories of contract staff except the anms and las / lts , for whom there was a significant difference as p < 0.05 and t value 2.06 .
similarly , there was no significant difference in job satisfaction between male and female contract staff as p > 0.05 .
a summary of job satisfaction scores under the seven main factors is shown in table 2 .
the detailed results of satisfaction for privileges attached to the job of regular and contract staff are shown in tables 37 . under the construct of privileges attached to the job
, there were significant differences for job satisfaction for all variables between regular and contract staff as p < 0.001 as shown in table 3 .
summary of comparative job satisfaction score for regular and contract staff in puhcs comparative job satisfaction score for privileges attached with job for regular and contract staff in puhcs interpersonal relations and co - operation , variables such as working with colleagues and the respect of subordinates for those in authority showed significant differences .
regular staff were more satisfied than the contract staff , indicating that subordinate staff showed more respect to the authority of the regular staff than to the staff on contract . however , there was no difference in satisfaction between regular and contract staff as regards such factors as support for family - related problems , attitude of senior towards junior staff , openness in relation with employees , supervision by seniors and the way of enforcing discipline in the organization . both categories of staff had almost the same satisfaction level , as shown in table 4 .
comparative job satisfaction score for interpersonal relations and cooperation among regular and staff on contract in puhcs under the patient relationship construct , there was no difference between job satisfaction of regular and contract staff as p > 0.05 . under the organizational facilities
construct , with regard to variables such as the physical working conditions of puhcs , location of the health facility , heating and electricity , there were significant differences between regular and contract staff ( p < 0.05 ) .
however , for total satisfaction for regular and contract staff regarding the organizational facilities provided , there was no significant difference as p > 0.05 as shown in table 5 .
comparative job satisfaction score for patient relationship and organizational facilities among regular and contract staff in puhcs in career development , both types of staff were less satisfied with the organization , but the contract staff were more dissatisfied than the regular staff , and the difference in dissatisfaction was statistically significant as p < 0.001 .
however , satisfaction for on the job training provided , the chances of both regular and staff on contract of learning new skills and getting training officially outside the country did not reveal any significant difference as p > 0.05 as shown in table 6 .
comparative job satisfaction score for career development and human resource issues among regular and contract staff in puhcs there were significant differences relating to hr issues such as family and work life with the regular and contract staff .
the total job satisfaction scores for hr issues did not show any significant differences as p > 0.05 as shown in table 6 .
comparative job satisfaction score for working environment among regular and contract staff in puhcs there was a remarkable difference in the perception of regular and contract staff on the working environment of the health facilities .
there was a significant difference for independence associated with the job , and contract staff were dissatisfied with this area of the present job .
taking into account all the variables of job satisfaction , there was a significant difference in job satisfaction between regular and staff on contract as shown in table 7 .
factor analysis of job satisfaction items was done by spss version 18 . in kaiser - meyer - olkin measure ( kmo ) of sampling adequacy and bartlett 's test , the kmo adequacy was 0.855 which means the sample was adequate for factor analysis . in running the factor analysis ,
this resulted in seven factors in the analysis , and one job satisfaction item not loaded .
this was the  way of implementation of health programs in the dispensary  . under factor analysis ,
seven factors were identified : factor 1 : privileges attached to the job , factor 2 : interpersonal relations and cooperation , factor 3 : work environment , factor 4 : patient relationship , factor 5 : organization facilities , factor 6 : career development , factor 7 : hr issues . on job satisfaction as a dependent variable , nature of job and educational level were treated as independent variable to compute the regression analysis .
the results show that the nature of position whether regular or contract alone explains 25.1% of variance in the job satisfaction of health care providers ( r square = 0.251 , p = 0.000 ) . the nature of work along with the level of education of health care providers explain the 26.5% variance in job satisfaction ( r square = 0.265 , p = 0.015 ) . on the nature of work , whether contract or regular , the beta value was 0.501 at a significance level of 0.01 .
the findings strongly suggest that the mode of employment of the employee and the nature of the organization itself contribute substantially to the organization 's culture and performance .
it was significantly higher than for those aged < 35 years ( mean score 2.8 ) .
it shows that the older group of staff was significantly more satisfied than the younger group .
older staff tend to have more job satisfaction than younger ones ( bowen et al . , 1994 ) .
2006 ) , reported that the fulfillment of higher level of need with increasing age and the attainment of senior positions could account for the higher satisfaction levels .
the older workers appear to be more satisfied than younger workers could be attributed to better adjustment at work , greater rewards , less conflict between work and personal life ( al - eisa et al . , 2005 ) .
younger staff reaction to facilities is relatively stronger than those who have been in the organization for a longer period .
( 2005 ) found that overall job satisfaction increased with years of experience in the job .
the insignificant differences in job satisfaction found between male and female staff are fully supported by smith and plant ( 1982 ) , de vaus and mcallister ( 1991 ) , and al - eisa et al .
different education levels in the study population did not make any significant differences in job satisfaction .
this means the level of education had no bearing on job satisfaction in the present study .
the study showed that the majority of contract staff felt that there was some discrimination between regular and contract staff doing the same kind of work .
the common review mission identified great disparity between regular employees and those on contract and thus recommended a parity in remuneration to employees on contract and regular ones in a similar service role in public health facilities . who ( 2004 ) have also identified low salaries as the major reason for low motivation and poor job satisfaction in the health sector .
herzberg in his two - factor theory emphasized that opportunities for growth and advancement are strong motivators that lead to job satisfaction .
regular staff showed relatively higher level of satisfaction for working with other employees in the puhcs .
similar findings were observed in a study of cghs dispensaries in delhi . the greater degree of independence associated with the work of the regular staff than the staff on contract staff showed a significant difference .
( 1996 ) and landerweerd and boumans ( 1994 ) indicated a positive association between autonomy , job satisfaction , and work motivation .
overall satisfaction score was relatively low in the present study population . under national rural health mission ,
contract appointments have improved the overall availability of hrs at all levels of health facilities , but a general sense of lack of motivation has been observed because of poor service conditions , outdated renewal policies and clear lines of demarcation between regular and contract employees . job satisfaction is a multidimensional phenomenon that can not be determined by a single factor .
a number of factors operate simultaneously , and the dynamics of relationship between factors are more important than a single factor .
the factors which need immediate attention are privileges attached to the job , interpersonal relations , work environment , patient relationship , organization facilities , career development plan , and hr issues .
if the contract model is to remain in the primary health care system , there should be better rationalization of structures , and provisions made to eliminate much of the disparity between the two groups of workers in order to achieve good quality services in the system .
job satisfaction of all the employees , both regular and the contract has to be enhanced on the scale of satisfaction .
therefore , it is recommended that suitable policy changes be made for the primary health care system to motivate the personnel to achieve the health goals .
 background : job satisfaction is a pleasant emotional state associated with the appreciation of one 's work and contributes immensely to performance in an organization . the purpose of this study was to assess the comparative job satisfaction among regular and staff on contract in government primary urban health centers in delhi , india.materials and methods : the study was conducted in 2013 , on a sample of 333 health care providers who were selected using a multistage random sampling technique . 
 the sample included medical officers ( mos ) , auxiliary nurses and midwives ( anms ) , pharmacists and laboratory technicians ( lts)/laboratory assistants ( las ) among regular and staff on contract . 
 analysis was done using spss version 18 , and appropriate statistical tests were applied.results:the job satisfaction for all the regular staff that is , mos , anms , pharmacists , las , and lts were relatively higher ( 3.3  0.44 ) than the contract staff ( 2.7  0.45 ) with  
 tvalue 10.54 ( p < 0.01 ) . 
 the mean score for regular and contract mos was 3.2  0.46 and 2.7  0.56 , respectively , and the same trends were found between regular and anms on the contract which was 3.4  0.30 and 2.7  0.38 , regular and pharmacists on the contract was 3.3  0.50 and 2.8  0.41 , respectively . 
 the differences between groups were significant with a p < 0.01.conclusion:overall job satisfaction level was relatively low in both regular and contract staff . 
 the factors contributing to satisfaction level were privileges , interpersonal relations , working - environment , patient relationship , the organization 's facilities , career development , and the scarcity of human resources ( hrs ) . 
 therefore , specific recommendations are suggested to policy makers to take cognizance of the scarcity of hrs and the on - going experimentation with different models under primary health care system . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS