mosquitoes were sampled in a rural area , on the santa rosa farm ( 24.78951s 047.78068w , 
 south american datum 69 ) , located at the serra azul neighbourhood , prefeito ivo zanella 
 state highway , sp-222 , km 87 , iguape ( fig .
1 ) . 
 fig . 1 : location of collection area in the municipality of iguape , state of so 
 paulo , brazil , 2012
. 
  mosquito collections were carried out monthly over the course of three summer months and 
 three autumn months , totaling six months of field collections ( from january - june 2012 ) . 

a latin square collection design was adopted to avoid potential biases caused by 
 ecological and climatic peculiarities associated with the traps locations ( kline 2002 ) that might influence their performance - 
 either positively or negatively of the traps .
three locations were randomly selected on 
 the santa rosa farm , except for the distance among the traps that was somewhat fixed . 

accordingly , each trap was separated from each other by approximately 200 m. based on 
 the published literature records , in order to avoid interference among the traps they 
 should be kept separate by distances that normally vary from 30 - 50 m ( cilek & hallmon 2005 , hiwat et al .
to ensure that there was no interference among 
 the traps , we adopted a distance of approximately 200 m. all traps were installed and 
 removed at the same time and period in day one and rotated in the consecutive two days . 

the cdc - lt and cdc - a were installed at approximately 1.5 m above ground level in a way 
 that the light source , the lurex and co2 release point were at the same 
 distance of the mmi inlet relative to the ground level .
the traps were switched among 
 the three locations over consecutive days and were left running for 12 h per day ( from 
 06:00 pm-06.00 am ) , totaling 36 h per month for each trap .
the cdc - lt trap was chosen because it is widely used in entomological surveys .
another 
 choice was the cdc trap without light source , but with attractive . according to forattini et al .
( 1990 ) , the use of the co2 and lactic acid 
 as attractive in traps increases mosquitoes capture .
the mmi was chosen to compare its 
 effectiveness with other traps used in most entomological studies .
thus , in the present 
 study , we evaluated a cdc - lt , a cdc - a and an mmi with co2 plus 
 lurex3 .
the co2 used in the cdc was obtained from a compressed 
 gas cylinder with a controlled flow rate of 450 ml co2 per minute .
the 
 release of the co2 in the trap was controlled by a low - pressure valve 
 ( swagelok , usa ) .
the cartridge of the lurex3contained 4.88 g 
 of lactic acid incorporated to 13.8 g of a gel matrix , thus releasing 230 mg / day of 
 lactic acid ( hoel et al .
the mmi simulates 
 the human presence by releasing co2 , heat , humidity and lactic acid provided 
 by the cartridge of the lurex3 , identical to that used in the cdc - a .
the data obtained with the cdc - lt were employed as the baseline for comparative 
 analyses .
this procedure was adopted because the cdc - lt has been widely employed for 
 surveying mosquito fauna ( hutchings et al .
mosquitoes were individually identified employing the morphological keys 
 proposed by lane ( 1953 ) , galindo et al .
( 1954 ) , correa and 
 ramalho ( 1956 ) , consoli and 
 loureno - de - oliveira ( 1998 ) and forattini 
 ( 2002 ) .
the efficiency of traps was measured using two parameters : the diversity of species 
 sampled by each trap and the performance of each trap , i.e. , how each trap undertook the 
 mosquito sampling . for this ,
the time spent working on the basis of abundance and 
 species selectivity at the level of subfamily and tribe was analysed .
biodiversity  ( kindt & coe 2005 ) and  venneuler  ( chen & boutros 2011 ) of the program r v.2.15.2 . 

the homogeneity of variances was assessed by levene s test and the normality of 
 abundance data was examined by the shapiro - wilk and kolmogorov - smirnov statistical 
 tests .
the diversity of species per trap was estimated by the diversity index obtained 
 in the profile of the rnyi series ( melo 2008 ) 
 that generalises total richness (  = 0 ) , diversity ( shannon - weiner  = 1 ; simpson - yule  
 = 2 ) and dominance ( berger - parker  = inf ) .
the kruskal - wallis ( kw ) test ( p > 0.05 ) 
 was used to assess differences among the rnyi diversity index estimated for each trap . 
 the bonferroni test was employed to perform multiple comparisons among the traps testing 
 each pair of means .
bootstrap values were used to estimate the total species richness 
 expected for each trap .
jaccard ( cj ) and sorensen ( cn ) indexes were used to address the 
 similarity of the species captured by the traps .
the selectivity of traps estimated as 
 part of trap performance was evaluated by the pearson chi - squared test (  ) 
 using the spss v.17.0 program .
correspondence analysis ( spss program v.15.0 ) which seeks 
 to synthesise the mass of data with ease of implementation and interpretation was 
 employed as a complement to the  test and can graphically display the 
 association observed , because of similar categories are placed more closely to each 
 other ( hoffman & franke 1986 , carvalho et al .
this study showed the 
 relationship among the selectivity of each trap relative to species grouped on the basis 
 of the subfamilies and tribes they belong to and the trap employed .
the venn diagram was constructed to graphically illustrate the species shared by each 
 pair of traps , by all the traps and those captured exclusively by each individual 
 trap .
of 
 these , 860 individuals ( 4.25% ) were damaged and were not identified .
consequently , 
 18,156 specimens were identified and grouped into 64 species and 11 taxonomic units 
 ( table i ) .
the cdc - lt captured 18.82% 
 ( 3,417 ) of all samples , with an average of 625 mosquitoes per month or 17 insects per 
 hour .
the cdc - a captured 26.10% ( 4,739 ) of the sample , with an average of 838 
 individuals per month , i.e. , 23 mosquitoes / hour .
the mmi trap captured 55.08% ( 10,000 ) 
 of the insects representing an average of 1,706 specimens per month or 47 
 culicidae / hour . the statistical test to check the homoscedasticity of the variances of the observed data 
 between the three traps showed a p value = 0.001 with a statistical significance of p 
 > 0.05 . regarding the tests for assessing the normality of the data distribution , it 
 was seen that for each of the trap the values presented by the shapiro - wilk and 
 kolmogorov - smirnov tests were p = 0.000 for both tests , with a 5% level of significance , 
 indicating that the mosquito abundance observed in the traps did not have a normal 
 distribution .
thus the necessary conditions for the employment of the parametric tests 
 were met ; accordingly non - parametric statistics were adopted for the analysis of the 
 data . 

table ispecies and taxonomic units abundance per sampling trap in rural areas in 
 the tropical atlantic rainforest , southeastern brazil  traps n ( % )  species / taxonomic unitabctotal ( n)anophelinae 
 anopheles ( anopheles ) costai 
 3 ( 1.08)64 ( 23.02)211 ( 75.9)278 
 anopheles ( anopheles ) intermedius 
 1 ( 7.14)1 ( 7.14)12 ( 85.71)14 
 anopheles ( kerteszia ) bellator 
 0 ( 0)9 ( 13.85)56 ( 86.15)65 
 anopheles ( kerteszia ) cruzii 
 0 ( 0)54 ( 21.86)193 ( 78.14)247 
 anopheles ( nyssorhynchus ) evansae 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 anopheles ( nyssorhynchus ) galvaoi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)2 ( 100)2 
 anopheles ( nyssorhynchus ) oswaldoi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 anopheles ( nyssorhynchus ) triannulatus 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)4 ( 100)4  total5 ( 0.82)128 ( 20.91)479 ( 78.27)612aedini 
 ochlerotatus ( protomacleaya ) argyrothorax 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 ochlerotatus ( chrysoconops ) fulvus 
 0 ( 0)2 ( 100)0 ( 0)2 
 ochlerotatus ( ochlerotatus ) scapularis 
 4 ( 2.26)56 ( 31.64)117 ( 66.1)177 
 ochlerotatus ( protoculex ) oligopistus 
 0 ( 0)1 ( 100)0 ( 0)1 
 ochlerotatus ( protoculex ) serratus 
 11 ( 16.67)42 ( 63.63)13 ( 19.7)66 
 ochlerotatus ( protoculex ) serratus / nubilus 
 23 ( 11.79)112 ( 57.44)60 ( 30.77)195 
 psorophora ( grabhamia ) cingulata 
 1 ( 4.35)10 ( 43.48)12 ( 52.17)23 
 psorophora ( janthinosoma ) ferox 
 2 ( 15.38)3 ( 23.08)8 ( 61.54)13 
 psorophora ( janthinosoma ) lutzii 
 0 ( 0)7 ( 50)7 ( 50)14 
 sallumia hortator 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1  total42 ( 8.52)233 ( 47.26)218 ( 44.22)493culicini 
 culex ( aedes ) amazonensis 
 10 ( 30.30)15 ( 45.45)8 ( 24.24)33 
 culex ( culex ) chidesteri 
 3 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)3 
 culex ( culex ) eduardoi 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( culex ) nigripalpus 
 228 ( 13.02)381 ( 21.76)1,142 ( 65.22)1,751 
 culex ( culex ) quinquefasciatus 
 2 ( 8.33)1 ( 4.17)21 ( 87.5)24 
 culex ( culex ) sp.30 ( 81.08)3 ( 8.11)4 ( 10.81)37 
 culex ( culex ) sp . coronator group6 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)6 
 culex ( microculex ) imitator 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( microculex ) neglectus 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( microculex ) pleuristriatus 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 culex ( melanoconion ) akritos 
 71 ( 55.9)5 ( 3.94)51 ( 40.16)127 
 culex ( melanoconion ) eastor 
 5 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)5 
 culex ( melanoconion ) evansae 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( melanoconion ) faurani 
 0 ( 0)1 ( 100)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( melanoconion ) misionensis 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( melanoconion ) oedipus 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( melanoconion ) pedroi 
 39 ( 59.1)27 ( 40.9)0 ( 0)66 
 culex ( melanoconion ) putumayensis 
 2 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)2 
 culex ( melanoconion ) rabelloi 
 6 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)6 
 culex ( melanoconion ) ribeirensis 
 691 ( 43.51)628 ( 39.55)269 ( 16.94)1,588 
 culex ( melanoconion ) sacchettae 
 1,360 ( 32.04)1,862 ( 43.86)1,023 ( 24.1)4,245 
 culex ( melanoconion ) sp . atratus group1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 
 culex ( melanoconion ) sp . melanoconion 
 section171 ( 72.15)46 ( 19.41)20 ( 8.44)237 
 culex ( melanoconion ) spissipes 
 4 ( 57.14)3 ( 42.86)0 ( 0)7 
 culex ( melanoconion ) vaxus 
 2 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)2 
 culex ( melanoconion ) zeteki 
 1 ( 50)0 ( 0)1 ( 50)2 
 lutzia ( lutzia ) bigoti 
 1 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1  total2,639 ( 32.38)2,972 ( 36.46)2,540 ( 31.16)8,151mansoniini 
 coquillettidia ( rhynchotaenia ) albicosta 
 4 ( 22.22)3 ( 16.67)11 ( 61.11)18 
 coquillettidia ( rhynchotaenia ) chrysonotum 
 227 ( 3.46)1,144 ( 17.45)5,186 ( 79.09)6,557 
 coquillettidia ( rhynchotaenia ) hermanoi 
 17 ( 13.39)34 ( 26.77)76 ( 59.84)127 
 coquillettidia ( rhynchotaenia ) juxtamansonia 
 0 ( 0)2 ( 50)2 ( 50)4 
 coquillettidia ( rhynchotaenia ) venezuelensis 
 352 ( 20.29)151 ( 8.7)1,232 ( 71.01)1,735 
 mansonia ( mansonia ) titillans 
 1 ( 20)1 ( 20)3 ( 60)5  total601 ( 7.11)1,335 ( 15.81)6,510 ( 77.08)8,446sabethinii 
 limatus durhami 
 0 ( 0)6 ( 28.57)15 ( 71.73)21 
 limatus flavisetosus 
 1 ( 11.11)0 ( 0)8 ( 88.89)9 
 runchomyia ( runchomyia ) reversa 
 1 ( 5.26)6 ( 31.58)12 ( 63.16)19 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) davisi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)4 ( 100)4 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) fuscipes 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) galvaoi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)18 ( 100)18 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) longirostris 
 0 ( 0)1 ( 20)4 ( 80)5 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) mulhensi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) pallidoventer 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) palmata 
 0 ( 0)1 ( 50)1 ( 50)2 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) pilicauda / incauda 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)5 ( 100)5 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) near lassali 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)1 ( 100)1 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) near 
 longilostris 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)3 ( 100)3 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) quasilongirostris 
 0 ( 0)2 ( 16.67)10 ( 83.33)12 
 wyeomyia ( phoniomyia ) theobaldi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)88 
 wyeomyia confusa 
 2 ( 1.1)55 ( 30.22)125 ( 68.68)182 
 wyeomyia felicia / pampeithes 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)26 ( 100)26 
 wyeomyia mystes / finlayi 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)3 ( 100)3 
 wyeomyia airosai / howardi / luteoventralis 
 0 ( 0)0 ( 0)6 ( 100)6  total4 ( 1.22)71 ( 21.71)252 ( 77.06)327uranotaeniini 
 uranotaenia ( uranotaenia ) geometrica 
 10 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)10 
 uranotaenia ( uranotaenia ) incognita 
 1 ( 50)0 ( 0)1 ( 50)2 
 uranotaenia ( uranotaenia ) mathesoni 
 7 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)7 
 uranotaenia ( uranotaenia ) natalie 
 5 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)5 
 uranotaenia ( uranotaenia ) pulcherrima 
 103 ( 100)0 ( 0)0 ( 0)103  total126 ( 99.21)0 ( 0)1 ( 0.79)127total specimens3,417 ( 18.82)4,739 ( 26.1)10,000 ( 55.08)18,156total species / taxonomic unit47355075a : cdc light trap ; b : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; c : mosquito 
 magnet independence . 
  a : cdc light trap ; b : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; c : mosquito 
 magnet independence .
the results of the  test showed the presence of a positive association 
 between the cdc - lt and species of the culicini and uranotaeniini tribes .
the 
 species / taxonomic units belonging to the culicini tribe represented 77.23% of the total 
 abundance sampled by the trap (  = 4594.040 ; p < 0.000 ) . as compared with 
 the other traps , the cdc - lt was highly selective for species of the ura- notaeniini 
 tribe , capturing 126 individuals , representing 99.21% of the total species of the genus 
 uranotaenia collected by the traps .
a , there was a positive association between the trap and 
 representatives of the culicini and aedini tribes .
thus 62.72% of the mosquitoes 
 captured in the trap belonged to the culicini ( 2,972 insects ) , whereas 4.91% were of the 
 aedini ( 233 individuals ) .
the mmi showed a positive association with species of the 
 mansoniini and sabethini tribes and the anophelinae subfamily .
mosquitoes of the 
 mansoniini represented 65.51% ( 6,510 individuals ) of the specimens obtained in the mmi , 
 252 mosquitoes were of the sabethini and 479 belonged to the anophelinae subfamily .
the 
 mmi was capable of capturing a greater number of anopheles than the 
 cdc - lt and the cdc - a ( table ii ) , about 78% of 
 anopheles collected . the results of the correspondence analysis are 
 given in fig .
2 , which shows the associations of 
 the traps with the subfamilies and tribes . 

table iispecies and taxonomic units abundance grouped into tribes and subfamily per 
 sampling trap in rural areas in the tropical atlantic rainforest , southeastern 
 brazil  a n ( % ) b n ( % ) c n ( % ) culicinae  aedini42 ( 1.23)233 ( 4.91)218 ( 2.18 )  culicini2,639 ( 77.23)2,972 ( 62.72)2,540 ( 25.4 )  mansoniini601 ( 17.58)1,335 ( 28.17)6,510 ( 65.1 )  sabethini4 ( 0.12)71 ( 1.5)252 ( 2.52 )  uranotaeniini126 ( 3.69)0 ( 0)1 ( 0.01)anophelinae5 ( 0.15)128 ( 2.7)479 ( 4.79)total3,417 ( 100)4,739 ( 100)10,000 ( 100)a : cdc light trap ; b : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; c : mosquito 
 magnet independence ;  = 4594.040 ; gl = 10 ; p = 
 0,000 . 
  a : cdc light trap ; b : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; c : mosquito 
 magnet independence ;  = 4594.040 ; gl = 10 ; p = 
 0,000 . 

2 : correspondence analysis graphically represents the associations of the 
 traps ( cdc - a : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; cdc - lt : cdc light trap ; mm : 
 mosquito magnet ) and the tribes and subfamily . 
  to address the diversity of culicids per trap , only individuals identified to the 
 species level
the results of the kw test indicated that the observed 
 differences between the rnyi diversity index ( fig . 

3 ) were statistically significant only as regards richness ( kw = 
 19.338 ; p = 6.321 e-05 ) .
the results of the bonferroni test indicated that the mmi 
 presented a significant difference as compared to the cdc - lt ( p = 6e-05 ) and the cdc - a 
 ( p = 0.0012 ) . however , the cdc - a showed no significant difference ( p = 0.6059 ) compared 
 with the cdc - lt .
the other rnyi diversity index were not statistically significant , 
 shannon - weiner ( kw = 0.9298 ; p = 0.6282 ) , simpson - yule ( kw = 
 2.3813 ; p = 0.304 ) and berger - parker dominance ( kw = 3.4419 ; p = 0.1789 ) . 

the expected values obtained by the bootstrap analyses were closer to the observed 
 richness in the mmi data because the species captured represented 88.7% of the expected 
 species ( sobserved = 44 ; bootstrap = 49.6 ) .
the cdc - lt was able to sample 
 83.5% ( sobserved = 44 , bootstrap = 52.7 ) and the cdc - a 76.7% 
 ( sobserved = 33 , bootstrap = 43 ) of the expected species .
the mmi and 
 cdc - lt traps presented the same number of species , with some species common to both 
 traps and other species that were captured by one specific trap .
the cj ( 0.57 ) and the 
 cn ( 0.72 ) values showed similarities between species captured by the cdc - a and mmi traps 
 ( supplementary data 1 ) . the venn diagram ( fig .
4 ) 
 illustrated species distribution in each trap , as well as those that were shared by two 
 or three traps .
a : cdc light trap ; b : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; c : mosquito magnet 
 independence . 
 

4 : venn diagram illustrating the similarity of the mosquito species captured 
 and shared between traps in the municipality of iguape , state of so paulo , 
 brazil .
a : cdc light trap ; b : cdc with co2 and lactic acid ; c : mosquito magnet 
 independence . 

results of the analyses conducted for the present study clearly demonstrated that the 
 mmi is more efficient at capturing mosquitoes than the cdc - lt or the cdc - a . in this 
 context , the mmi captured 2.0 and ~2.7 times more culicids than the cdc - a and the 
 cdc - lt , respectively .
( 2010 ) when comparing the performance of different models of mm with the cdc 
 trap .
recently , de s and sallum ( 2013 ) obtained 
 similar results by employing the set of traps in different locations and with lower 
 sampling effort .
the traps used in this study captured species of importance to public health . among them 

it is worth mentioning the coquillettidia venezuelensis that is 
 competent to transmit the oropuche virus and the eastern equine encephalitis virus 
 ( eeev ) ( forattini 1965 , rosa et al .
anopheles cruzii and 
 anopheles bellator are local vectors of plasmodium 
 sp . ( deane et al
. 1984 , forattini et al . 1996 ) that can cause disease in humans . 

ochlerotatus scapularis , captured in great abundance by mmi , is 
 involved in the transmission of several viruses , as for instance , the melon virus , 
 ilhus virus , rocio virus and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ( spence et al . 1962 , arnell 1976 , forattini et al .
culex nigripalpus is a vector of the saint louis virus , west nile 
 virus and eeev ( forattini et al .
the cdc - a captured a larger 
 number of ochlerotatus serratus and oc . 

serratus / nubilus with vector competence for the yellow 
 fever virus ( yfv ) , ilhus , oropuche , aura , tocara and san luis viruses ( forattini 1965 , vasconcelos et al .
culex ribeirensis with vector competence for the eeev 
 ( santos - neto & lozovei 2008 ) was captured 
 with greater abundance by the cdc - lt . regarding selectivity ,
the cdc - lt showed a statistically significant positive 
 association with species of the culicini and uranotaeniini tribes .
as the uranotaeniini 
 species feed on the blood of amphibians ( cupp et al . 

2004 ) , the attractant factor was the light source of the cdc - lt that was 
 absent from the cdc - a .
the traps were linked to kairomones that attract insects that 
 carry the blood obtained from mammals , including humans ( dugassa et al .
2013 ) , thus the absence of mosquitoes of the genus 
 uranotaenia in the mmi was also observed by de s and sallum ( 2013 ) .
the cdc - a showed a positive association 
 with species of the culicini and aedini tribes .
it is noteworthy that the cdc - a 
 estimated the greatest abundance of oc .
the presence of these mosquitoes in the cdc - a indicates 
 the possibility of employing it for monitoring mosquito vector species of medical 
 importance .
for instance , for surveillance of species that is potentially involved in 
 the introduction , establishment and dispersion of the yfv in new areas . according to 
 cardoso et al .
( 2010a ) , a new subtype of yfv had been isolated from specimens of 
 oc .
. results of a study conducted by laporta and sallum 
 ( 2011 ) in a preserved area of the atlantic forest in southeastern sp , using 
 cdcs traps associated with co2 and 1-octeno-3-ol , showed that oc . 

serratus was the second most abundant species sampled in the preserved 
 forest area . considering that oc .
serratus is present in both preserved 
 forest areas as well as in rural areas surrounded by secondary forests we may be 
 permitted to hypothesise that the species acts as a bridge vector for dispersing the yfv 
 from forest to rural cycles .
the mmi was positively associated with species of the mansoniini tribe and with 
 coquillettidia chrysonotum as the most abundant species .
chrysonotum has not yet been incriminated in the transmission of pathogens 
 to humans ; however , its aggressive blood feeding behavior ( forattini 2002 ) is a cause of discomfort and annoyance to humans and 
 domestic animals .
as has been seen , the mmi trap performed well in sampling species of 
 mosquitoes that have the potential to become pests in urban and rural environments .
a 
 second model of trap , the mm professional ( mmpro ) , has been employed for the control of 
 culicoides spp in the peridomestic environment in coastal areas of 
 florida , united states of america ( cilek & hallmon 
 2005 ) .
the mmpro is capable of sampling several other groups of bloodsucking 
 insects as well as mosquitoes .
furthermore , the mmpro has been utilised for assessing 
 biodiversity parameters and species distribution in urban , rural and natural 
 environments in belgium ( versteirt et al 
 2013 ) . in relation to the subfamily anophelinae ,
the mmi trap sampled the largest number of 
 representatives of the genus anopheles ( 479 individuals ) .
. 
 currently , almost 99.5% of human malaria cases reported in brazil are the amazon region . 

some cases do occur also outside the area of active transmission , in extra - amazonian 
 areas , where malaria is manifested as isolated cases or in small outbreaks occurring 
 mainly under the conditions associated with the atlantic forest biome ( oliveira - ferreira et al .
bellator are local vectors of 
 species of the genus plasmodium sp . that cause malaria in humans .
the 
 transmission cycle of the pathogen may involve monkeys of the genus 
 cebus and allouata ( oliveira - ferreira et al . 2010 , yamasaki et 
 al .
2011 ) . in the study area , the mmi collected a higher number of an . 

thus , in the light of the results of this study within the context of 
 entomological surveillance , the mmi was more effective for monitoring mosquito species 
 of public health importance .
other models of mm trap have been tested for surveillance of those 
 anopheles species that are vectors of plasmodium . 

( 2012 ) examined the 
 effectiveness of mm liberty plus ( mmlp ) regarding the method of capture by human 
 attractant in an area where malaria is endemic , in the state of bolivar , venezuela .
they 
 argued that the mmlp can be employed for monitoring anopheles 
 populations . in a study conducted in the state of mato grosso , brazil ,
2011 ) compared the mm defender with 
 human attraction for the sampling of anopheles .
the results showed that 
 mm defender was efficient because it captured the highest number of species and 
 estimated the greater abundance of anopheles triannulatus , 
 anopheles benarrochi , anopheles oswaldoi , 
 anophles peryassui and anopheles rangeli . 

interestingly , this trap did not have the same positive effect in collecting 
 anopheles darlingi .
( 2011a ) , in a study in suriname , 
 found that the mm trap has potential for use as an alternative for collecting 
 anopheles aquasalis .
the various mm models have been developed to capture synanthropic mosquitoes in open 
 domiciliary environments ( cilek & hallmon 
 2005 ) .
however , multiple studies have been conducted to address the 
 effectiveness of the trap in environments with distinct environmental , climatic and 
 ecological conditions , including areas of tropical forest .
despite the presence of 
 variations , the results suggest that the trap has potential for use in monitoring 
 activities of mosquito fauna in different regions of the world , since it is able to 
 capture diverse species compositions . in this study ,
when the composition of species sampled by the mmi was compared with that 
 observed in the cdc - a , greater similarity could be observed between them .
this was 
 proven by the similarity index , a result also observed by de s and sallum ( 2013 ) . the similarity is probably related to 
 attractants ( co2 or lurex3 ) used in the traps , which permitted 
 the collection of species that can carry blood from mammals and other vertebrates .
traps 
 which have specific odours attractive to anthropophilic species , particularly combined 
 with co2 , may provide improved results in the sampling of these species and 
 have the potential to be effective as methods for capture , for example , in entomological 
 monitoring and ecological studies of malaria vectors ( jawara et al . 2009 , 2011 , hiwat et al . 

it is noteworthy that the flow rate of co2 might influence the 
 mosquitoes collected .
on the other hand , the species composition 
 was different ( supplementary data 2 ) .
the use of cdc - lts for capturing diurnal mosquitoes is not appropriate 
 because it depends on the attractiveness of a point source of light . to improve the 
 performance of the collections made with the cdcs , chemicals attractants ( laporta & sallum 2011 ) or
associating 
 ultraviolet ( uv ) light with the cdc increases the effectiveness of the trap , both for 
 the species sampled and for obtaining males ( hutchings 
 et al .
however , other groups of insects may be also captured by a 
 cdc - uv trap , what is not adequate in studies conducted in preserved or even rural 
 environments .
insects outside the focus group may be unnecessarily removed from the 
 environment , sometimes in great number .
it is noteworthy that neither the mmi nor the 
 cdc - a captured specimens of any other group of insects besides culicidae - due to the 
 use of specific attractants .
it is necessary to adopt different , new methods of capture if one is to achieve better 
 sampling in order to assist study of the epidemiological surveillance of vectors .
the 
 mmi , despite requiring greater care in its installation , use and transport , presented 
 good performance both in its ability to sequester a large number of mosquitoes from the 
 environment , as in the capture of culicidae of importance to public health .
 traps are widely employed for sampling and monitoring mosquito populations for 
 surveillance , ecological and fauna studies . considering the importance of assessing 
 other technologies for sampling mosquitoes 
 , we addressed the effectiveness of 
 mosquito magnet independence ( mmi ) in comparison with those of the cdc 
 trap with co2 and lurex3 ( cdc - a ) and the cdc light trap ( cdc - lt ) . 
 field 
 collections were performed in a rural area within the atlantic forest biome , 
 southeastern state of so paulo , brazil . the mmi sampled 53.84% of the total number 
 of mosquitoes , the cdc - a ( 26.43% ) and cdc - lt ( 19.73% ) . 
 results of the pearson 
 chi - squared test ( 2 ) showed a positive association between cdc - lt and species of 
 culicini and uranotaeniini tribes . additionally , our results suggested a positive 
 association between cdc - a and representatives of the culicini and aedini tribes , 
 whereas the mmi was positively associated with the mansoniini and sabethini as well 
 as with anophelinae species . 
 the mmi sampled a greater proportion ( 78.27% ) of 
 individuals of anopheles than either the cdc - lt ( 0.82% ) or the cdc - a 
 traps ( 20.91% ) . 
 results of the present study showed that mmi performed better than 
 cdc - lt or cdc - a in sampling mosquitoes in large numbers , medically important species 
 and assessing diversity parameters in rural southeastern atlantic forest . 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION