although a number of enzyme inhibitors , such as kinase inhibitors and protease inhibitors , have been successfully used in cancer therapy , very few enzyme activators have been successfully applied [ 13 ] .
this discrepancy is partly because enzyme activators are difficult to identify as there are currently no rational design principles or effective screening methods that can be used . because various diseases are caused by reducing the activities of endogenous enzymes [ 5 , 6 ] , a general method for identifying enzyme activators is highly desirable . in particular , a method for obtaining enzyme - activating peptides is attractive because of the potential of activators to reveal phenomena that can not be elucidated by inhibitors .
a preliminary approach used an in vitro evolution method called the evolutionary rapid panning system ( erapansy ) , and peptides that moderately enhanced cathepsin e activity were successfully identified after secondary library selection .
cathepsin e , which usually operates at acidic ph , has been shown to induce cancer cell apoptosis [ 11 , 12 ] and inhibit tumor angiogenesis   at neutral ph , which promotes the finding of its activators for cancer therapy .
therefore , in this study , we sought to obtain peptides with sufficiently high biological activity that would be suitable for medical purposes .   to achieve this
, we adopted the systemic in vitro evolution method ( erapansy ) along with the paired peptide method ( ppm ) , in which selected peptides were arbitrarily combined by linking through a definite length of a spacer sequence .
this resulted in a paired peptide library containing a set of peptides consisting of two peptide moieties , each of which was per se functional .
thus , linking of these peptide aptamers via a spacer is highly promising for obtaining far more advanced peptides .
thus , this study confirms the effectiveness of systematic in vitro evolution combined with the progressive library method .  
the paired peptide library was subjected to a conventional cdna display   and function - based selection could identify cathepsin e - activating peptides with greater activating capability .
we also examined the biological activities of these peptides by examining the induction of cancer cell apoptosis .
the fluorogenic substrate for cathepsin e at neutral ph ( ph 7.4 ) was the same as previously reported .
the fluorogenic substrate ( 10  mm ) was prepared by dissolving in 100% dmso and diluting in reaction buffer immediately before use .
the paired peptide library was generated by the y - ligation - based block shuffling ( ylbs ) method . in brief , 10 species of dna blocks were synthesized corresponding to the peptides that were based on information for cathepsin e - activating peptide aptamers obtained from the secondary library selection .
this resulted in construction of a library with about 400 different variants ( the actual diversity was assumed to be much higher due to substitutions and indel mutations during dna construct generation ) .
this dna library was integrated into the cdna display construct after the cdna display procedure ( figure 1(b ) ) . to select cathepsin - e - activating peptides ,
the selection - by - function method was used   with minor modifications . after completing the final cdna display construct ( figure 1(b ) ) by transcription ,
puromycin - linker ligation , translation , and reverse transcription , the selection - by - function method was employed .
first , paired peptide - coding dna was incubated in selection buffer ( 50  mm tris - hcl , 100  mm nacl , and 5  mm mgcl2 , ph 7.4 ) containing 5  pmol of cathepsin e - immobilizing sepharose beads ( ge healthcare , usa ) at 25c for 10  min .
dna molecules that were bound to cathepsin e immobilizing beads were incubated at the temperature ( 37c ) optimum for cathepsin e proteolytic reaction .
dna molecules released from the beads were collected for the next selection step , as most could be assumed to be generated by the enhanced proteolytic reaction of cathepsin e. this procedure was repeated three times with increasing selection stringency ( i.e. , shorter reaction periods ) .
the final product was subjected to cloning and sequencing to identify cathepsin e - activating peptides .
the selected peptides were prepared by in vitro translation or chemical synthesis . a solution containing 20  nm cathepsin
e was pre incubated with 20  nm of selected peptides in selection buffer ( 50  mm tris - hcl , 100  mm nacl , ph 7.4 ) at 25c for 10  min .
next , the fluorogenic substrate was added ( 5  m ) and the mixture was incubated at 37c for 1  h for the enzyme reaction .
the fluorescent reaction product was monitored at 440  nm ( excitation at 340  nm ) using infinite 200 ( tecan , japan ) .
the percent of cathepsin e activation ( a ) was calculated by : 
 ( 1)a  =  100(sfbf)(cfbf )  [ %  activation ] , 
 where sf was the fluorescence intensity of the cathepsin e reaction in the presence of a selected peptide , cf was the fluorescence intensity of the control in the absence of a selected peptide , and bf was background fluorescence of the solution containing the fluorogenic substrate only .  
the selected peptides were prepared by in vitro translation or chemical synthesis , depending on their intended use . to rapidly estimate cathepsin e - activating capability ,
peptides were prepared by in vitro translation using the dna coding sequence for the selected peptide .
the in vitro translated products consisted of a streptavidin - binding peptide for molecular fishing , a protease factor xa recognition site for removing the unnecessary peptide portion , and a functional peptide coding region .
finally , peptides were synthesized using a translation kit ( puresystem , wako , japan ) following the manufacturer 's protocol .
peptides t4 ( iegrgcpcidfmvevqvevaealltalslspgs ) and t11 ( iegrllsggagacsvrtvddsfdcg ) were chemically synthesized by commercial vendors ( scrum corporation , ltd . ,
japan ) with certification of more than 95% purity for the precise assays of cathepsin e activity / affinity / in vitro or in vivo . the dissociation constant ( kd ) of each selected peptide with cathepsin e was determined by the spr method using a biacore2000 ( ge healthcare , uk ) .
cathepsin e was immobilized on a cm5 biacore sensor chip ( ge healthcare , uk ) by the general amine coupling method .
a small quantity of acetate buffer ( 50  mm sodium acetate , 100  mm nacl , ph 4.5 ) containing cathepsin e ( 150  g / ml ) was injected into the flow cell for the sample lane .
the reference lane was prepared similarly but without cathepsin e. different concentrations ( 10 , 20 , 30 , and 40  nm ) of the selected peptide candidates , t4 and t11 were injected into both lanes at a flow rate of 20  ul / min to measure the interaction between cathepsin e and each peptide candidate .
for all experiments , a neutral ph buffer ( 50  mm tris - hcl , 100  mm nacl , ph 7.4 ) was used as the running buffer and a solution of 50  mm naoh was used to remove the peptides .
the resulting sensorgram curves were fit to a 1  :  1 langmuir binding model , and the kd values were calculated using bia evaluation software ( ge healthcare , uk ) .
approximately 10,000 hela cells were seeded into the wells of a 96-well culture plate ( corning , usa ) containing 100  ul of dmem medium supplemented with 10% fbs and 2% penicillin - streptomycin and incubated overnight at 37c under 5% co2 .
the cells were treated with cathepsin e ( 77  nm ) alone or together with two different concentrations ( 770  nm , 7.7  m ) of the selected peptide t11 in 100  l of serum - free opti - mem at 37c for 20  h. after incubation , viable cells were determined with a cell counting kit - f ( dojindo molecular technologies , japan ) according to the manufacturer 's protocol .
viable cells were identified by their fluorescent emissions intensity using an infinite 200 ( tecan , japan ) with excitation at 490  nm and emission at 515  nm . to detect apoptotic cells ,
cells were treated with annexin v - cy3 ( biovision , usa ) following the manufacturer 's protocol .
apoptotic cells were detected by their fluorescent emissions with excitation at 543  nm and emission at 570  nm .
to detect caspase-3/7 activity induced by cathepsin e , an apo - one homogeneous caspase-3/7 assay kit ( promega , usa ) was used according to the manufacturer 's protocol .
activity was detected by fluorescent emissions with excitation at 485  nm and emission at 530  nm .
the cathepsin e and selected peptide concentrations used for apoptosis and caspase assays were the same as those used for cell viability assays .
we sought to develop a method to obtain cathepsin e - activating peptides and identify a sufficiently strong enzyme activator with verifiable biological activity , such as inducing cancer cell apoptosis .
cathepsin - e - activating peptides that were previously developed ( table 1 ) were used as starting materials for this study .
these peptides moderately enhanced cathepsin - e activity ( ~60% using our assay system ) and had a maximum binding affinity of 400  nm .
these activity - enhancing peptides were selected using the selection - by - function method   and a block shuffling method : asac ( all - steps all - combinations ; figure 1 ) . among various selection methods ,
the selection - by - function method was found to select activating peptides and the asac method provided a proven library , from which we could identify peptides with improved activities [ 8 , 9 , 18 ] .
these methods enabled the selection of the desired peptides that otherwise would have been difficult , as there is no general approach to effectively identify protease - activating reagents ( including peptides ) .
thus , we introduced a novel method that exploited previously acquired molecular information , that is , pairing of selected peptides that have affinity for a target protein , specifically for different epitopes , to increase activity in a cooperative manner .
the library that was generated by arbitrarily pairing the second library selection products ( table 1 ) was the third library ( i.e. , paired peptide library ) .
this library was screened by the selection - by - function method ( table 2 ) . for the technical reasons ( see [ 8 , 18 ] for details ) , the initial paired peptide library contained substantial amounts of unintended molecules in addition to the whole set of intended molecules .
a few selected clones were assayed for cathepsin e - activating capability using in vitro translation products ( supplementary figure 1 available online at doi:10.1155/2012/316432 ) .
two peptides selected by this method were analyzed further using chemically synthesized peptides and were found to be clearly superior with regard to their activity or binding affinity than the previously selected products ( figure 2 ) .
peptide t11 had 1.3 times greater activity than the most improved activity peptide ( s2 ) in the second library of selected products .
another peptide , t4 , had a very high affinity for cathepsin e ( kd = 2  nm ) .  
it is worth noting that , although the affinity of peptide t11 to cathepsin e was too weak to be determined by the conventional spr method ( two failed trials ) , peptide t11 did have a high activating capability in a preliminary test .
this situation sometimes occurs , as reported for pdk1 activators . considering that the members of the third library , including those that were unintentionally generated , were a relatively enriched population and they comprised moieties that had already been selected for their cathepsin e activation
the peptide t11 exhibited the highest cathepsin - e - activating ability ; thus , we used it in an apoptosis induction assay . as shown in figures 3(a ) and 3(b ) , the percentage of dying cells in the presence of t11 was significantly higher than without it .
this apoptosis phenomenon was confirmed by detecting of increased levels of apoptosis - associated protein caspase-3/7 ( figure 3(c ) ) .
trail - induced - apoptosis , which is assumed to be the pathway responsible for cathepsin - e - mediated cell death , results in caspase - mediated apoptosis , including the activity of caspase-3/7 .
caspase-3/7 activity was found to be activated by the addition of peptide t11 to a much higher level of apoptosis ( 188% ) than with cathepsin e alone ( 155% ) .
this phenomenon was not observed when t11 was added without cathepsin e. although peptide t11 could be assumed to induce cancer cell apoptosis through its activation of cathepsin e , the actual mechanism may not be so simple .
it was previously proposed that cathepsin e cleaved off the soluble trail ligand from the trail precursor protein and that this ligand switched on the apoptosis pathway of cancer cells .
there may also be another pathway for cathepsin e - induced apoptosis of cancer cells ( i.e. , different target for cathepsin e than the trail precursor protein ) .
our preliminary data may support this proposition , as we attempted to find the cleaved trail molecule when hela cells were treated with cathepsin e and the cathepsin e - activating peptide ( t11 ) . with these conditions , apoptosis could be induced , although the cathepsin e concentration was significantly lower ( 77  nm ) than that previously reported ( 1  m ) .
in this study , we attempted to establish and confirm an approach for identifying protease - activating peptides . in general , it is more difficult to identify protease activity - enhancing molecules than activity - inhibiting molecules because no general principles have been established , whereas activity - inhibiting molecules are rather easily obtained by fabricating substrate - analog molecules . yet , increasing the activity of a particular protease often contributes not only to elucidating molecular systems within cells , such as caspase signal transduction and metabolic pathway regulation , but can also enhance activities , such as antimicrobial or anticancer activities .
it is likely that diminished protease activity , which leads to the accumulation of unprocessed proteins or a shortage of necessary processed proteins , plays a causative role in various diseases . to treat these diseases , either the amount of the protease needs be increased or the protease activity needs be enhanced .
the latter is much easier to accomplish because of the small size and high stability of proteases .
therefore , the aim of this study , to identify cathepsin e - activating peptides was reasonable .  
the peptide that we identified here , t11 , was associated with inducting cancer cell apoptosis , as shown in figures 3(a ) and 3(b ) .
cancer cells apoptosis was further confirmed by increased levels of apoptosis - related factors ( caspase-3 and/or -7 ) that were observed in the presence of cathepsin e and its activator t11 ( figure 3(c ) ) . as expected ,
because tumor growth was suppressed by cathepsin e treatment in a mouse xenograft model , t11 administration might be expected to enhance therapeutic efficacy .  
another important finding of this study was the consistent , high performance of in vitro evolution reported in a previous study .
this was confirmed here by the observed steady improvement in activities of the selected products as the stage of the library progressed from first to second , and from second to third ( table 2 and ) .
it is worth noting that some of the mutation - derived peptides had a higher capability for cathepsin e activation than the non - mutated peptides and ultimately survived the selection - by - function processes . because this approach could actually find more functional peptides than what was expected , this library that contained unintentionally mutated molecules was effective .
although this demonstration was rather phenomenological and will require many confirmatory examples before it is sufficiently reliable , the present data together with previously reported data ( 7 trials ; 4 trials regarding cathepsin e inhibition and activation at acidic ph ( and kitamura et al . ) , ) , 2 trials regarding cathepsin e activation at neutral ph ( and this study ) and one about a42-binding peptides ) strongly support the idea that the progressive library method is an effective means for identifying activity - enhancing peptides .
by adopting the systemic in vitro evolution method ( erapansy ) augmented by function - based screening ( selection - by - function ) , we could identify peptides that had high activating capability for the protease cathepsin e. we also demonstrated the availability of these activators for the induction of cancer cell apoptosis .
the same strategy is most likely to be applicable to develop the clinically available peptide activators which are targeted to other proteases .
 enzymes are regulated by their activation and inhibition . 
 enzyme activators can often be effective tools for scientific and medical purposes , although they are more difficult to obtain than inhibitors . here , using the paired peptide method , we report on protease - cathepsin - e - activating peptides that are obtained at neutral ph . 
 these selected peptides also underwent molecular evolution , after which their cathepsin e activation capability improved . 
 thus , the activators we obtained could enhance cathepsin - e - induced cancer cell apoptosis , which indicated their potential as cancer drug precursors . 
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods 
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions