office based cystoscopy is one of the most common procedures in daily urology practice , as it allows adequate and feasible visualization of the bladder and urogenital system .
it is used in the diagnosis and follow - up of urogenital malignancies , as well as for noncancer related diagnoses . in men
flexible cystoscopy is the first choice procedure in the outpatient clinic , since this method is less painful compared to rigid cystoscopy .
however , in women rigid and flexible cystoscopy are both still routinely used in an office based setting .
the underlying theory is that both rigid and flexible instruments can easily pass the short female urethra without much discomfort .
cystoscopy , however , is an invasive procedure which can be associated with pain and discomfort .
a number of studies have investigated pain perception and degree of discomfort in women undergoing an office based cystoscopy . only in 2 of these studies ,
female patients were randomized for rigid and flexible cystoscopy to compare pain perception in both groups .
these 2 relatively small studies did not find any difference in discomfort and pain perception between rigid and flexible cystoscopy procedures .
another study demonstrated that both rigid and flexible cystoscopies were well tolerated , but the use of flexible cystoscopy was preferred by the majority of patients .
one large analysis of 1,320 patients showed that cystoscopy procedures were not associated with distressing levels of pain .
in addition , this study found that using flexible cystoscopy was associated with a lower pain level in both men and women .
the question arises whether the conflicting data in literature may be explained by the fact that all aforementioned studies varied in methodology and data collection .
in addition , in both randomized controlled trials , some patients have already undergone previous cystoscopy procedures , which may influence patient 's pain perception .
therefore , we investigated in a large case control study of female patients , who underwent first time cystoscopy , whether using flexible cystoscopy leads to less discomfort and pain compared to rigid cystoscopy .
this prospective study was performed over the course of 12 months at the urological outpatient clinic of the ziekenhuis groep twente hengelo , the netherlands .
all female patients were asked to participate when they had a first time cystoscopy for the indications hematuria , urinary incontinence , lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ) and recurrent urinary tract infections .
exclusion criteria for participation were having a history of previous cystoscopy procedures , requiring other procedures apart from cystoscopy , current urinary tract infection , anatomic urethral abnormalities , presence of current pain in the pelvic region ( e.g. , bladder pain syndrome or interstitial cystitis ) , known with pain syndromes , for example vaginismus or fibromyalgia , and any analgesic use during the 24 hours before procedure .
patients were randomized into 2 groups by choosing an envelope ; by finding a note of rigid group in the envelope , the patient underwent a rigid cystoscopy , and by finding a note of flex group , the patient underwent a flexible cystoscopy .
all cystoscopies were performed by one of 4 experienced urologists ( 2 female and 2 male ) .
all these urologists have done more than 500 cystoscopies and could therefore be considered as experienced in this procedure .
flexible cystoscopy was performed with the 16.2-fr flexible digital chip cyf-5 cystoscope ( olympus , tokyo , japan ) and rigid cystoscopy with the frigid stortz cystoscope with 30-degree lens .
both flexible and rigid cystoscopes were introduced with running nacl 0.9% solution , using this liquid as a natural lubricant .
no prophylactic antibiotics were administrated . of note , washing cytology was not performed during the procedure .
all patients were asked to void in a small container before cystoscopy . in this way cytology
could be easily performed without the risk for cytological artefacts caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract . to objectify patient 's pain experience during procedure , all patients filled out their pain experience using the 100-mm visual analogue pain scale ( vas ) directly after cystoscopy . before procedure
patients had time to ask questions and underwent only the cystoscopy by completely understanding the vas .
when a patient asked about the expecting pain experience during procedure , the nurse answered that pain perception was individual - dependent to avoid potential bias .
immediately after cystoscopy patients were asked , by a nurse ( in absence of the urologist ) , to record their pain experience during the procedure on a vas .
this prospective study was performed in adherence to the declaration of helsinki , and all patients gave approval to participate in this study . for this study ,
a power analysis was performed to determine how many participants were to be included in this study .
we powered this study based on the vas score in women after cystoscopy in a previous study .
these data , adopting a 5% two - sided alpha and 80% power , indicated that at least 56 patients in each treatment group were needed to show a significant difference in vas score between both treatment groups .
taking into account the possibility of 20% protocol violators and/or dropouts , inclusion of 72 subjects per group was aimed .
normally distributed variables are expressed as meanstandard deviation , whereas nonnormally distributed variables are given as median ( interquartile range ) .
differences in baseline characteristics between both treatment groups were calculated with a chi - square test for categorical data , and for continuous data with student t - test or a mann - whitney u - test in case of nonnormally distributed data . to investigate whether type of cystoscopy correlated with pain experience ( expressed as vas score ) univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed .
vas score was logarithmic transformed to fulfill the requirement of normal distribution of the residuals for regression analysis .
the multivariable linear analyses were subsequently adjusted for age , cystoscopy performing urologist , sex of the performing urologist and indication for cystoscopy .
22.0 ( ibm co. , armonk , ny , usa ) , and a 2-sided p<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance .
this prospective study was performed over the course of 12 months at the urological outpatient clinic of the ziekenhuis groep twente hengelo , the netherlands .
all female patients were asked to participate when they had a first time cystoscopy for the indications hematuria , urinary incontinence , lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ) and recurrent urinary tract infections .
exclusion criteria for participation were having a history of previous cystoscopy procedures , requiring other procedures apart from cystoscopy , current urinary tract infection , anatomic urethral abnormalities , presence of current pain in the pelvic region ( e.g. , bladder pain syndrome or interstitial cystitis ) , known with pain syndromes , for example vaginismus or fibromyalgia , and any analgesic use during the 24 hours before procedure .
patients were randomized into 2 groups by choosing an envelope ; by finding a note of rigid group in the envelope , the patient underwent a rigid cystoscopy , and by finding a note of flex group , the patient underwent a flexible cystoscopy .
all cystoscopies were performed by one of 4 experienced urologists ( 2 female and 2 male ) .
all these urologists have done more than 500 cystoscopies and could therefore be considered as experienced in this procedure .
flexible cystoscopy was performed with the 16.2-fr flexible digital chip cyf-5 cystoscope ( olympus , tokyo , japan ) and rigid cystoscopy with the frigid stortz cystoscope with 30-degree lens .
both flexible and rigid cystoscopes were introduced with running nacl 0.9% solution , using this liquid as a natural lubricant .
no prophylactic antibiotics were administrated . of note , washing cytology was not performed during the procedure .
all patients were asked to void in a small container before cystoscopy . in this way cytology
could be easily performed without the risk for cytological artefacts caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract . to objectify patient 's pain experience during procedure , all patients filled out their pain experience using the 100-mm visual analogue pain scale ( vas ) directly after cystoscopy . before procedure
patients had time to ask questions and underwent only the cystoscopy by completely understanding the vas .
when a patient asked about the expecting pain experience during procedure , the nurse answered that pain perception was individual - dependent to avoid potential bias .
immediately after cystoscopy patients were asked , by a nurse ( in absence of the urologist ) , to record their pain experience during the procedure on a vas .
this prospective study was performed in adherence to the declaration of helsinki , and all patients gave approval to participate in this study . for this study ,
a power analysis was performed to determine how many participants were to be included in this study .
we powered this study based on the vas score in women after cystoscopy in a previous study .
these data , adopting a 5% two - sided alpha and 80% power , indicated that at least 56 patients in each treatment group were needed to show a significant difference in vas score between both treatment groups .
taking into account the possibility of 20% protocol violators and/or dropouts , inclusion of 72 subjects per group was aimed .
normally distributed variables are expressed as meanstandard deviation , whereas nonnormally distributed variables are given as median ( interquartile range ) .
differences in baseline characteristics between both treatment groups were calculated with a chi - square test for categorical data , and for continuous data with student t - test or a mann - whitney u - test in case of nonnormally distributed data . to investigate whether type of cystoscopy correlated with pain experience ( expressed as vas score ) univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed .
vas score was logarithmic transformed to fulfill the requirement of normal distribution of the residuals for regression analysis .
the multivariable linear analyses were subsequently adjusted for age , cystoscopy performing urologist , sex of the performing urologist and indication for cystoscopy .
22.0 ( ibm co. , armonk , ny , usa ) , and a 2-sided p<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance .
a total of 189 patients were included , of which 97 underwent flexible cystoscopy and 92 rigid cystoscopy . overall , female patients were 5817 years old and the most common indications , for which a cystoscopy was performed , were hematuria ( 29.1% ) , luts ( 27.5% ) and recurrent urinary tract infections ( 26.5% ) .
cystoscopy had in 76 patients no effect on their pain experience and the overall median vas score was 9 ( 025 ) mm .
patients who underwent rigid cystoscopy , reported significantly more frequent pain compared to the flexible cystoscopy group ( 71.7% vs. 48.5% , p=0.001 ) .
their pain experience , expressed as vas score , was also significantly higher in the rigid cystoscopy group compared to the flexible cystoscopy group ( 15 [ 038 ] vs. 0 [ 020 ] , p<0.001 ) ( table 1 ) .
in addition , we investigated whether other patient characteristics were associated with their pain experience .
overall , age was inversely associated with vas score ( overall r=0.30 , p=0.001 ) ( fig .
this association was also seen in patients who underwent rigid cystoscopy ( r=0.35 , p=0.004 ) , whereas a trend was found in the flexible cystoscopy group ( r=0.23 , p=0.075 ) , likely due to the relatively small number of patients per treatment group .
indication for cystoscopy , performing urologist and sex of urologist were all not associated with pain experience ( p=0.253 , p=0.136 , and p=0.474 respectively ) .
lastly , we performed univariate and multivariable linear regression to investigate whether type of cystoscopy was associated with pain experience in female patients ( table 2 ) .
as expected , flexible cystoscopy was univariately associated with a decrease in vas score ( standardized =0.22 , p=0.002 ) and remained significant after adjusted for age ( standardized =0.23 , p<0.001 ) ( table 2 , model 2 ) . in the final model , flexible cystoscopy was still associated with a decrease in vas score after adjustment for age , performing urologist , sex of urologist and indication ( standardized =0.17 , p=0.048 ) ( model 3 )
. moreover , age remained inversely associated with vas score ( standardized =0.30 , p<0.001 ) .
this study showed that in female patients , who underwent first - time cystoscopy , pain experience was significantly lower in the flexible cystoscopy group compared to the rigid cystoscopy group .
the association between flexible cystoscopy and pain experience remained significant after adjustment for age , cystoscopy performing urologist , sex of the urologist and cystoscopy indication .
only 2 randomized controlled trials were performed that compare flexible and rigid cystoscopy on pain experience .
these studies found that flexible as well as rigid cystoscopy were well tolerated in women and discomfort and pain were minimal during procedure .
in contrast to their results , we found that female patients experienced less pain using flexible cystoscope compared to rigid cystoscope .
four reasons came to mind which may possibly explain this contrast . in both studies ,
some patients have already undergone previous cystoscopy procedures , which may influence patient 's pain perception .
indeed , studies found that pain levels during first cystoscopy procedures were higher than those for repeated ones .
our results were based on patients with no history of previous cystoscopy treatments , to avoid a source of bias based on preconceived notions .
secondly , in our study all procedures were performed by urologists with great experience in performing cystoscopies . in the study of gee et al .
, a large part of the procedures was performed in a teaching setting . despite flexible and rigid cystoscopy
could be performed adequately by resident urologists , such a result is presumably dependent on good instruction and supervision .
thirdly , an urethral local anesthetic ( lidocaine gel or xylocaine 2% respectively ) was used in both studies , whereas this was not the case in our study .
lastly , the lack of significant differences and associations may be due to the small sample size .
performed a prospective randomized single blind 2 arm study with only 31 out of 36 participating women , to determine whether office based flexible cystoscopy was better tolerated than rigid cystoscopy in women .
they found a trend that age was associated with pain during cystoscopy in a large population of men and women .
the reason why age seems to play an important role in causing pain symptoms can not be concluded from the present data .
however , we hypothesize that indication for cystoscopy might be important . in young women , cystoscopy is performed in many cases to evaluate recurrent urinary tract infections , whereas in older women the indication for cystoscopy is more frequently to evaluate incontinence or hematuria . in our study , per protocol , no lubricant , including anesthetic or antiseptic gels , was utilized .
both the flexible and rigid cystoscopes were introduced with running nacl 0.9% solution , used as a natural lubricant .
we decided not to use any lubricant gel , because it has been suggested that lubricant gel itself could induce pain due to distension of the urethra and the sphincter .
it is intriguing that 51% of our flexible cystoscopy treatment group had a vas score of 0 mm .
these results suggest that performing a flexible cystoscopy in women , except for young women , lubricant with or without anesthesiological component is not really necessary . excluding lidocaine jelly or plain lubricant may lead to significant cost savings .
a limitation of our study is that it was not performed blinded to the cystoscopical procedure .
however , since all patients had no experience with the procedure , we think this might not bias our results .
although , after adjustment for sex of performing urologist , flexible cystoscopy was still associated with a decrease in vas score . in addition , no interaction was found between vas score and sex of performing urologist .
so , a possible ( sub ) conscious bias in favor of female doctors being more gentle seems to be excluded .
the main strength of our study is the systematic and prospective nature of data collection that resulted in a well - phenotyped population .
we found that female patients who underwent flexible cystoscopy for the first time had a significantly lower vas score compared to rigid cystoscopy .
this association remained significant after adjustment for age , performing urologist , sex of urologist and indication for cystoscopy .
based on patient 's pain experience , our study implicates that physicians may use flexible cystoscopy as first choice procedure in female patients who undergo first time cystoscopy .
 purposerigid and flexible cystoscopies are both routinely used in female patients . 
 literature is conflicting whether flexible cystoscopy is less painful compared to rigid cystoscopy . 
 the aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether using flexible cystoscopy leads to less discomfort and pain compared to rigid cystoscopy in female patients who underwent first time cystoscopy.materials and methodsone hundred eighty - nine female patients , who never had undergone cystoscopy , were randomized into 2 groups : 92 patients underwent rigid cystoscopy and 97 patients flexible cystoscopy . 
 directly after the cystoscopy procedure all patients were asked to fill out their pain experience on a 100-mm visual analogue pain scale ( vas).resultsmedian vas score was significantly lower for women undergoing flexible cystoscopy ( 0 [ 020 ] ) compared to rigid cystoscopy ( 15 [ 038 ] , p<0.001 ) . 
 in addition , age was inversely associated with vas score , indicating that younger females experienced more pain ( r=0.30 , p=0.001 ) . 
 the use of flexible cystoscopy was associated with a decrease in vas score and remained significant after adjustment for age , sex of urologist , performing urologist and indication ( standardized =0.17 , p=0.048).conclusionsthe use of flexible cystoscopy resulted in a significantly lower pain experience compared to rigid cystoscopy . 
 based on patient 's pain experience during cystoscopy , this study implicates to use flexible cystoscopy in female patients who undergo first time cystoscopy . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Patients, study design, and data collection
2. Statistical analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS