arthroscopic debridement and bone marrow stimulation is considered the primary treatment of osteochondral talar defect ( ocd ) and yields 85% success . in case of failure of the primary treatment ,
current secondary treatment options include repeat arthroscopic debridement and bone marrow stimulation , osteochondral autograft transfer , autogenous cancellous bone graft , and autologous chondrocyte implantation [ 4 , 8 , 9 , 20 , 23 ] . however , these techniques are sometimes associated with donor - site morbidity or involve two - stage surgery [ 2 , 3 , 13 , 14 ] . in order to treat ocds of the medial talar dome after failed primary treatment , a contoured articular inlay implant ( hemicap , arthrosurface inc . ,
franklin , ma , usa ) with a diameter of 15  mm was developed .
fifteen articular component offset sizes are available , based on the surface anatomy of the medial talar dome . in a cadaveric study , the offset sizes were found appropriate for a variety of talar specimens .
furthermore , it was shown that a slightly recessed implantation level prevents high contact pressures .
clinical goals of the implant are to offer relief of pain and swelling , return to activity , and prevent ( further ) cyst formation . a two - year result of the first patient who was treated with the novel implant is reported .
the last procedure was 1  year and 2  months before her presentation . at presentation , the patient s predominant symptom was pain deep in the ankle joint during and after activity .
she used to play korfball at competitive level but had stopped due to the pain .
korfball is a mixed gender team ball game , similar to mixed netball and basketball , and is very popular in the netherlands . at physical examination ,
leg alignment was neutral , the range of motion was normal and symmetric , and both ankle joints were stable .
radiographs of the right ankle revealed a large cystic osteochondral defect of the medial talar dome ( fig .  1 ) .
a computed tomography scan confirmed the osteochondral defect , measuring 17    8    8  mm , accompanied by some small subchondral cysts and a loose fragment .
1preoperative anteroposterior mortise view and lateral radiographs of the affected ankle showing a radiolucent osteochondral defect in the medial talar dome ( arrow ) preoperative anteroposterior mortise view and lateral radiographs of the affected ankle showing a radiolucent osteochondral defect in the medial talar dome ( arrow ) a curved skin incision was made over the medial malleolus .
after two screw holes were predrilled in the medial malleolus , a medial malleolar osteotomy was made at an angle of 30 degrees relative to the long tibial axis , exposing the osteochondral defect ( fig . 
a the talar lesion was exposed through an oblique medial malleolar osteotomy , and the necrotic fragment was excised ( arrow ) .
b after the insertion of a screw and the determination of the appropriate offset sizes , a trial articular component ( arrow ) was placed .
c the final articular component ( a ) was orientated in the correct plane and placed on the screw ( s ) .
d final view of the talus after engagement of the articular component ( arrow ) .
note that the edges of the implant are slightly recessed compared to the adjacent cartilage level intraoperative pictures of the operative technique .
a the talar lesion was exposed through an oblique medial malleolar osteotomy , and the necrotic fragment was excised ( arrow ) .
b after the insertion of a screw and the determination of the appropriate offset sizes , a trial articular component ( arrow ) was placed .
c the final articular component ( a ) was orientated in the correct plane and placed on the screw ( s ) .
d final view of the talus after engagement of the articular component ( arrow ) . note that the edges of the implant are slightly recessed compared to the adjacent cartilage level the defect was debrided . utilizing a drill guide ,
a guide pin was placed into the center of the defect , perpendicular to the curvature of the medial talar dome .
a contact probe was used to determine the radius of curvature ; an offset size of 0.5    3.5  mm was measured .
the osteotomy was fixated with two 3.5-mm lag screws , and the wound was closed .
the postoperative management was initiated with a plaster cast for 1  week and continued with a functional brace ( walker , ssur , son en breugel , the netherlands ) for 5  weeks .
after this 6-week period , radiographs of the operated ankle confirmed consolidation of the malleolar osteotomy .
initially , there was a small area of numbness about the scar but this had resolved at 3  months follow - up .
the patient was able to play korfball at the preinjury level after 1  year and continued to play at this level at 2  years follow - up .
the sagittal range of motion arc remained slightly reduced : 15 of dorsiflexion to 45 of plantar flexion compared to 20 of dorsiflexion to 45 of plantar flexion in the left ankle . using numeric rating scales ,
the patient preoperatively rated the pain as 0 when at rest , 8 when walking , and 10 when running .
these numbers improved to 0 , 0 , and 1 at final follow - up , respectively .
the foot and ankle outcome score   improved from preoperatively to final follow - up on four of five subscales ; the subscale  other symptoms  decreased due to subjective inability to fully straighten and bend the ankle .
the american orthopaedic foot and ankle society ankle - hindfoot score   improved from 74 preoperatively to 90 at 1 and 2  years .
the implant remained in position , and there were no signs of osteolysis or progressive degenerative changes in the ankle joint ( fig . 
there are no implant - related complications or progressive degenerative changes of the ankle joint when compared to preoperatively radiographs after 2  years follow - up .
there are no implant - related complications or progressive degenerative changes of the ankle joint when compared to preoperatively
after two screw holes were predrilled in the medial malleolus , a medial malleolar osteotomy was made at an angle of 30 degrees relative to the long tibial axis , exposing the osteochondral defect ( fig . 
a the talar lesion was exposed through an oblique medial malleolar osteotomy , and the necrotic fragment was excised ( arrow ) .
b after the insertion of a screw and the determination of the appropriate offset sizes , a trial articular component ( arrow ) was placed .
c the final articular component ( a ) was orientated in the correct plane and placed on the screw ( s ) .
d final view of the talus after engagement of the articular component ( arrow ) . note that the edges of the implant are slightly recessed compared to the adjacent cartilage level intraoperative pictures of the operative technique .
a the talar lesion was exposed through an oblique medial malleolar osteotomy , and the necrotic fragment was excised ( arrow ) .
b after the insertion of a screw and the determination of the appropriate offset sizes , a trial articular component ( arrow ) was placed .
c the final articular component ( a ) was orientated in the correct plane and placed on the screw ( s ) .
d final view of the talus after engagement of the articular component ( arrow ) . note that the edges of the implant are slightly recessed compared to the adjacent cartilage level the defect was debrided . utilizing a drill guide ,
a guide pin was placed into the center of the defect , perpendicular to the curvature of the medial talar dome .
a contact probe was used to determine the radius of curvature ; an offset size of 0.5    3.5  mm was measured .
the osteotomy was fixated with two 3.5-mm lag screws , and the wound was closed .
the postoperative management was initiated with a plaster cast for 1  week and continued with a functional brace ( walker , ssur , son en breugel , the netherlands ) for 5  weeks .
after this 6-week period , radiographs of the operated ankle confirmed consolidation of the malleolar osteotomy .
initially , there was a small area of numbness about the scar but this had resolved at 3  months follow - up .
the patient was able to play korfball at the preinjury level after 1  year and continued to play at this level at 2  years follow - up .
the sagittal range of motion arc remained slightly reduced : 15 of dorsiflexion to 45 of plantar flexion compared to 20 of dorsiflexion to 45 of plantar flexion in the left ankle . using numeric rating scales ,
the patient preoperatively rated the pain as 0 when at rest , 8 when walking , and 10 when running .
these numbers improved to 0 , 0 , and 1 at final follow - up , respectively .
the foot and ankle outcome score   improved from preoperatively to final follow - up on four of five subscales ; the subscale  other symptoms  decreased due to subjective inability to fully straighten and bend the ankle . the american orthopaedic foot and ankle society ankle - hindfoot score   improved from 74 preoperatively to 90 at 1 and 2  years .
the implant remained in position , and there were no signs of osteolysis or progressive degenerative changes in the ankle joint ( fig . 
there are no implant - related complications or progressive degenerative changes of the ankle joint when compared to preoperatively radiographs after 2  years follow - up .
there are no implant - related complications or progressive degenerative changes of the ankle joint when compared to preoperatively
this prospective case report is the first clinical report of a metal implant for ocds of the talus and gives an insight into the surgical technique and clinical follow - up .
treatment of osteochondral lesions or osteonecrosis by means of metal resurfacing implants is relatively new . during the past 3  years
, promising clinical results were reported for the treatment of the femoral   and humeral head , as well as the first metatarsal   and patellar surface .
two biomechanical cadaveric studies provided foundations for use of the talus implant in the ankle joint [ 1 , 22 ] . the ideal indications for treatment with this implant are not yet known .
the authors consider its use in patients with a large ocd on the medial talar dome who have clinically significant pain more than 1  year after primary surgical treatment .
the following are regarded as contraindications : age  <  18  years , ocd size  >  20  mm , ankle osteoarthritis grade ii or iii , concomitant ankle pathology , advanced osteoporosis , infection , diabetes , or a known allergy to implant material .
the surgical approach is an important part of the implantation technique because the accuracy of implantation of this device strongly depends on the approach and quality of vision . for adequate exposure
the osteotomy is ideally directed toward the intersection between the tibial plafond and medial malleolus at an angle of 30 relative to the long tibial axis .
although there are other osteotomy options , including anterior tibial , step - cut , and inverted v or u osteotomies , the oblique osteotomy is our preferred technique because it is relatively simple , exposure of the talus is excellent , and congruent reduction is well possible [ 12 , 17 , 21 ] . the surface of the prosthetic device should be placed slightly recessed relative to the surrounding surface of the talar cartilage because talar cartilage deforms during weight bearing while the implant does not .
wan et al .   measured a peak cartilage deformation of 34.5    7.3% under full body weight in persons with a medial talar dome cartilage thickness of 1.42    0.31  mm .
we therefore aim at an implantation level of 0.5  mm below the adjacent cartilage .
this implantation level was found appropriate in a previous cadaveric study . when the prosthetic device is correctly implanted , excessive contact pressures of the implant are avoided . while there are various offset sizes , each articular component has a diameter of 15  mm .
this is based on the finding that primary arthroscopic treatment is generally successful for lesions up to 15  mm , while this treatment is less successful for larger lesions .
the part of the ocd that was not covered by the implant is expected to be filled by fibrocartilaginous tissue .
alternative current treatment methods for this patient are osteochondral autograft transfer system ( oats ) , cancellous bone grafting , an allograft , ankle arthrodesis or prosthesis .
oats and cancellous bone grafting carry the risk of donor - site pain and are available in limited amounts [ 19 , 2 ] .
ankle arthrodesis or prosthesis is definite solutions for a recurrent ocd but are rather not used in young patients .
recently reported other treatment options are matrix - induced autologous chondrocyte implantation ( maci ) and engineered osteochondral grafts [ 5 , 16 ] .
the metallic implantation technique appears to be a promising treatment for osteochondral defects of the medial talar dome after failed primary treatment .
although the clinical and radiological results of this prospective case report with 2  years follow - up are promising , more patients and longer follow - up are needed to draw any firm conclusions and determine whether the results continue with time .
 the primary treatment of most osteochondral defects of the talus is arthroscopic debridement and bone marrow stimulation . 
 there is no optimal treatment for large lesions or for those in which primary treatment has failed . 
 we report a 20-year - old female patient with persistent symptoms after two previous arthroscopic procedures . computed tomography showed a cystic defect of the medial talar dome , sized 17    8    8  mm . 
 the patient was treated with a novel contoured metal implant . at 1 and 2  years after surgery , 
 the patient reported considerable reduction in pain and had resumed playing korfball at competitive level.level of evidence iv . 
Introduction
Case report
Operative technique
Outcome
Discussion
Conclusion