in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis with varus deformity , high tibial osteotomy ( hto ) provides excellent results14 ) .
pre - operative planning for appropriate correction gap and angle has a significant impact on the outcomes of hto57 ) .
one method used for preoperative planning in hto requires an intraoperative assessment of the lower limb mechanical axis with a radiopaque rod or an electrocautery cord ( cable method ) .
another method involves an assessment of preoperative full - length weight bearing lower extremity radiographs with picture archiving and communication system ( pacs)8 ) or software , such as preoplan ( siemens , munich , germany / synthes , oberdorf , switzerland ) or medicad ( hectec gmbh , altfraunhofen , germany)9,10 ) .
the cable method allows for real - time monitoring , but it can lead to unsatisfactory results due to the non - weight bearing status during surgery and increase radiation exposure of the surgeon and patient .
in contrast , the miniaci method using pacs calculates the correction angle and gap in weight bearing status , and thus more accurate values can be obtained with less radiation exposure without the need to detect the hip and ankle joint centers .
we hypothesized that correction of an angular deformity based on the weight bearing line would be more accurate and that the extent of preoperative deformity would affect postoperative correction .
the purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the cable method and miniaci method using a pacs in determining the correction angle in open wedge high tibial osteotomy ( owhto ) and to evaluate the correlation between the preoperative severity of varus deformity and outcomes .
this retrospective study analyzed 47 consecutive patients ( 52 knees ) with varus deformity and medial knee osteoarthritis . from january 2007 to march 2013 , patients underwent owhto using either the cable method ( cable group : 20 patients [ 20 knees ] ) or the miniaci method using pacs images ( pacs group : 27 patients [ 32 knees ] ) .
the male - to - female ratio and mean age of patients were similar between groups ( table 1 ) .
patients underwent medial owhto with the aescula plate ( b. braun korea , seoul , korea ) in the cable group and the tomofix plate ( synthes , solothan , swiss ) in the pacs group .
the inclusion criteria were as follows : 1 ) < 65 years of age , 2 ) body mass index ( bmi ) of < 30 kg / m , 3 ) pain in the medial side only , 4 ) high level of activities except for running and jumping , 5 ) varus angle of < 15 , and 6 ) knee flexion of > 90. the exclusion criteria were as follows : 1 ) flexion contracture of > 25 , 2 ) bicompartmental disease , 3 ) elderly patients with difficulty in mobility , 4 ) bmi of > 30
kg / m , and 5 ) subtotal or total meniscectomy in the compartment near the planned osteotomy site .
patients who underwent a partial meniscectomy were not excluded . in the preoperative planning stage ,
anteroposterior full - length lower limb weight bearing radiography was performed in both groups with a goal of achieving the target alignment passing through the fujisawa point11 ) ; that is , realigning the mechanical axis of the limb to be located at the 62.5% point from the medial border along the longest medial - to - lateral width of the tibial plateau .
both groups underwent diagnostic knee arthroscopy prior to osteotomy to verify conditions of the medial , lateral , and patellofemoral articular surfaces , which was followed by debridement .
the superficial medial collateral ligament and pes anserinus were completely separated in both groups . in the cable group
then , the posteromedial tibial osteotomy site was opened using a chisel and a bone spreader , and the hip and ankle centers were connected using an electrocautery cord under fluoroscopic guidance .
the osteotomy site was spread until the electrocautery cord could be placed at the target point on the medial - to - lateral tibial plateau of the knee joint while applying axial load at the foot sole .
the pacs group underwent anteroposterior full - length lower limb radiography with valgus stress applied to the bilateral knee joints under weight bearing condition in order to correct widening of the lateral joint space induced by ligament laxity . using the preoperative radiograph , the lower limb weight bearing line was drawn ( line 1 , s ) .
after calculating the 62.5% point from the medial border along the longest medial - to - lateral width of the tibial plateau , an extension line connecting the hip center and the target point ( line 2 , s ) was drawn .
then , a line connecting the lateral tibial osteotomy site ( d ) and the center of the ankle joint ( line 3 , ds ) and a line connecting the osteotomy site and s ( line 4 , ds ) were drawn ( fig .
the angle formed by lines 3 and 4 was determined to be the predicted correction wedge angle (  ) .
a predicted osteotomy line ( o ) was drawn from the proximal extremity of the fibular head to the predicted medial osteotomy site ( approximately 4 cm inferior to the medial border of the tibial plateau ) , and a predicted opening line ( o ) was drawn from line o at the determined correction angle ( wedge angle ,  ) . using the triangle formed , we measured the predicted correction gap ( wedge gap , mm ) at the cortical bone of the posteromedial tibia ( fig .
2b and c)12 ) . after performing an osteotomy using the same surgical technique as in the cable group , we spread the osteotomy site matching the predicted wedge angle and gap and fixed the metal plate .
allogeneic bone and autologous bone marrow harvested from the anterior superior iliac spine on the same side were mixed and grafted onto the bone defect .
the grafted site was covered with the superficial medial collateral ligament , and the pes anserinus was resutured to the periosteal membrane .
the aescula plate group ( cable group ) and tomofix plate group ( pacs group ) were allowed to commence body weight bearing in the sixth and second postoperative weeks , respectively .
the full - length lower limb radiographs obtained preoperatively and at the sixth postoperative week were used to compare the percentage of crossing point of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau with respect to the medial border .
the acceptable postoperative range was set at 62%5% ( range , 57% to 67% ) , and percentages lower or higher than this range were defined as overcorrection or undercorrection , respectively13 ) .
pre- and postoperative mechanical femorotibial angles ( mfta ) and posterior tibial slope angles were also compared14 ) . in the pacs group ,
the wedge gaps were measured as the distance between line o and line o at the medial cortex , and the wedge angles as the angle formed by the two lines .
a two - sample t - test was used to compare the mean values of age , weight bearing line , and mfta between groups .
chi - square analysis was used to compare the categorical variables between the two groups .
logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the preoperative severity of varus deformity and the outcome of correction based on the location of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau .
the correlation coefficient between the two observers was 0.79 when calculated by spearman s rho test .
all statistical analyses were performed with spss ver . 19.0 ( ibm co. , armonk , ny , usa ) .
this retrospective study analyzed 47 consecutive patients ( 52 knees ) with varus deformity and medial knee osteoarthritis . from january 2007 to march 2013 , patients underwent owhto using either the cable method ( cable group : 20 patients [ 20 knees ] ) or the miniaci method using pacs images ( pacs group : 27 patients [ 32 knees ] ) .
the male - to - female ratio and mean age of patients were similar between groups ( table 1 ) .
patients underwent medial owhto with the aescula plate ( b. braun korea , seoul , korea ) in the cable group and the tomofix plate ( synthes , solothan , swiss ) in the pacs group .
the inclusion criteria were as follows : 1 ) < 65 years of age , 2 ) body mass index ( bmi ) of < 30 kg / m , 3 ) pain in the medial side only , 4 ) high level of activities except for running and jumping , 5 ) varus angle of < 15 , and 6 ) knee flexion of > 90. the exclusion criteria were as follows : 1 ) flexion contracture of > 25 , 2 ) bicompartmental disease , 3 ) elderly patients with difficulty in mobility , 4 ) bmi of > 30
kg / m , and 5 ) subtotal or total meniscectomy in the compartment near the planned osteotomy site .
in the preoperative planning stage , anteroposterior full - length lower limb weight bearing radiography was performed in both groups with a goal of achieving the target alignment passing through the fujisawa point11 ) ; that is , realigning the mechanical axis of the limb to be located at the 62.5% point from the medial border along the longest medial - to - lateral width of the tibial plateau .
both groups underwent diagnostic knee arthroscopy prior to osteotomy to verify conditions of the medial , lateral , and patellofemoral articular surfaces , which was followed by debridement .
the superficial medial collateral ligament and pes anserinus were completely separated in both groups . in the cable group ,
then , the posteromedial tibial osteotomy site was opened using a chisel and a bone spreader , and the hip and ankle centers were connected using an electrocautery cord under fluoroscopic guidance .
the osteotomy site was spread until the electrocautery cord could be placed at the target point on the medial - to - lateral tibial plateau of the knee joint while applying axial load at the foot sole .
the pacs group underwent anteroposterior full - length lower limb radiography with valgus stress applied to the bilateral knee joints under weight bearing condition in order to correct widening of the lateral joint space induced by ligament laxity . using the preoperative radiograph , the lower limb weight bearing line was drawn ( line 1 , s ) . after calculating the 62.5% point from the medial border along the longest medial - to - lateral width of the tibial plateau ,
an extension line connecting the hip center and the target point ( line 2 , s ) was drawn .
then , a line connecting the lateral tibial osteotomy site ( d ) and the center of the ankle joint ( line 3 , ds ) and a line connecting the osteotomy site and s ( line 4 , ds ) were drawn ( fig .
the angle formed by lines 3 and 4 was determined to be the predicted correction wedge angle (  ) . a predicted osteotomy line ( o )
was drawn from the proximal extremity of the fibular head to the predicted medial osteotomy site ( approximately 4 cm inferior to the medial border of the tibial plateau ) , and a predicted opening line ( o ) was drawn from line o at the determined correction angle ( wedge angle ,  ) . using the triangle formed , we measured the predicted correction gap ( wedge gap , mm ) at the cortical bone of the posteromedial tibia ( fig .
2b and c)12 ) . after performing an osteotomy using the same surgical technique as in the cable group , we spread the osteotomy site matching the predicted wedge angle and gap and fixed the metal plate .
allogeneic bone and autologous bone marrow harvested from the anterior superior iliac spine on the same side were mixed and grafted onto the bone defect .
the grafted site was covered with the superficial medial collateral ligament , and the pes anserinus was resutured to the periosteal membrane .
the aescula plate group ( cable group ) and tomofix plate group ( pacs group ) were allowed to commence body weight bearing in the sixth and second postoperative weeks , respectively .
the full - length lower limb radiographs obtained preoperatively and at the sixth postoperative week were used to compare the percentage of crossing point of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau with respect to the medial border .
the acceptable postoperative range was set at 62%5% ( range , 57% to 67% ) , and percentages lower or higher than this range were defined as overcorrection or undercorrection , respectively13 ) . pre- and postoperative mechanical femorotibial angles ( mfta ) and posterior tibial slope angles were also compared14 ) . in the pacs group ,
the wedge gaps were measured as the distance between line o and line o at the medial cortex , and the wedge angles as the angle formed by the two lines .
a two - sample t - test was used to compare the mean values of age , weight bearing line , and mfta between groups .
chi - square analysis was used to compare the categorical variables between the two groups .
logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the preoperative severity of varus deformity and the outcome of correction based on the location of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau .
the correlation coefficient between the two observers was 0.79 when calculated by spearman s rho test .
the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau was corrected from a preoperative mean of 11.0%7.0% to a postoperative mean of 47.2%7.4% in the cable group and from a mean of 12.7%4.9% to a mean of 59.5%5.3% in the pacs group ( p=0.018 ) .
the ratio of undercorrection , acceptable range , and overcorrection was 8:11:1 in the cable group and 3:23:6 in the pacs group .
the miniaci method using pacs images resulted in a significantly higher incidence of correction in the acceptable range than did the cable method ( p=0.021 ) ( table 1 ) .
the mfta was corrected from a preoperative mean of varus 8.93.7 to a postoperative mean of valgus 0.34.0 in the cable group and from a mean of varus 9.03.3 to a mean of valgus 2.92.6 in the pacs group .
the posterior tibial slope angle was increased from 9.52.3 to 10.42.2 ( p<0.001 ) in the cable group and from 9.82.5 to 10.52.3 ( p<0.001 ) in the pacs group .
the preoperative and postoperative differences were not significant ( p=0.675 and p=0.869 , respectively ) ( table 1 ) . in the pacs group ,
18 cases with undercorrection fell short of the target angle by a mean of varus 1.81.9 while 14 cases with overcorrection exceeded the target angle by a mean of valgus 2.62.0. the overall differences between the preoperatively planned and postoperatively achieved wedge gaps and angles by absolute values were a mean of 3.65.2 mm and 2.11.9 , respectively ( table 2 ) .
there was no significant correlation between the preoperative severity of varus deformity and postoperative outcomes based on the location of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau ( p=0.477 ) .
in this study , correction of angular deformity by the miniaci method using pacs images was more accurate than correction by the cable method in owhto . for osteotomy aimed at mechanical axis realignment ,
many authors have presented various pre - operative planning modalities12,1719 ) . still , the radiopaque line is frequently employed for intraoperative guidance .
this method is likely to lead to an unacceptable range of correction after surgery and increase radiation exposure of both the surgeon and patient due to the increased duration of radiography for identifying the hip and ankle joint centers and for verifying the degree of correction .
a navigation - based technique has recently been reported , and its accuracy and superiority have been confirmed in clinical trials2023 ) . however , this method involves the use of navigation devices and is applied intraoperatively under non - weight bearing condition , which can yield deviating correction angles after surgery under weight bearing condition . apart from this accuracy issue , controversy surrounds the cost - effectiveness of the method , which was kindled by research suggesting it has no clinical advantage over conventional methods24 ) .
preoperative planning can be implemented based on the anatomic axis1 ) , mechanical axis6,12 ) , or the weight bearing line8,10 ) .
the weight bearing line can reflect instability around the knee joint and deviate from the mechanical axis . as demonstrated by the results of this study
, significant differences were observed between the cable - based method involving intraoperative fluoroscopic guidance using a radiopaque line and the pacs image - based preoperative planning .
the cable group tended to obtain an unacceptable correction because the mechanical axis was measured in a non - weight bearing supine position , whereas the pacs image - based method used the weight bearing line assessed in upright position as a reference .
differences in the mechanical axis between radiographs obtained in preoperative upright ( weight bearing ) position and those in supine position have been reported to be 325 ) , presumably due to differences in the knee joint position or lateral laxity under weight bearing condition . to correct such deviations ,
a valgus stress can be applied during pre - operative anteroposterior full - length lower limb radiography13 ) . in this study ,
the cable group had a high ratio of undercorrection , whereas lee and moon26 ) reported the cable method may result in rather overcorrected alignment because the mcl is measured in a state of relaxation . in the current study ,
axial pressure was applied to the foot sole for simulating the weight bearing state during operation performed using the cable method .
however , when weight bearing was applied postoperatively , lateral laxity recurred due to muscular action .
moreover , limb rotation during intraoperative fluoroscopy may have resulted in the variation on postoperative weight bearing radiographs and the wide deviation of the correction angle from the target angle in the cable group . only 23 cases ( 71.8% ) in the pacs group had the weight bearing line within the acceptable range because the radiographs were not obtained from the same fixed position and differences in bone quality may have contributed to undercorrection during intraoperative gap spreading . also , the thickness of the saw blade could have affected postoperative undercorrection .
radiographs were not obtained from the same fixed position , which could have undermined the reliability of radiographic measurements considering this can influence postoperative radiographic values .
finally , different plates were used in the two groups . however , taking consideration into the difference in implant stability , weight bearing was allowed at 6 weeks after surgery in the cable group and at 2 weeks after surgery in the pacs group ; therefore , the type of plate might not have much influence on correction loss at the time of the sixth postoperative week radiographic evaluation .
in owhto , correction of angular deformity based on the miniaci method using a pacs was more accurate than correction using the cable method .
there was no significant correlation between the preoperative severity of varus deformity and outcomes based on the location of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau .
therefore , the miniaci method using pacs can be useful in preoperative planning for owhto .
 purposethe purpose was to compare the accuracy of miniaci method using picture archiving and communication system ( pacs ) with a cable method in high tibial osteotomy ( hto).materials and methodsthis study analyzed 47 patients ( 52 knees ) with varus deformity and medial osteoarthritis . from 2007 to 2013 , patients underwent hto using either a cable method ( 20 knees ) or miniaci method based on a pacs image ( 32 knees ) . in the cable method , the 62.5% point of the mediolateral tibial plateau width was located using an electrocautery cord under fluoroscopy ( cable group ) . 
 the miniaci method used preoperative radiographs to shift the weight bearing axis ( pacs group ) . 
 full - length lower limb radiographs obtained preoperatively and at the sixth postoperative week were used to compare the percentage of crossing point of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau with respect to the medial border.resultsthe weight bearing line on the tibial plateau was corrected from a preoperative 11.07.0% to a postoperative 47.27.4% in the cable group and from 12.74.9% to 59.55.3% in the pacs group . 
 the mechanical femorotibial angle was corrected from varus 8.93.7 to valgus 0.34.0 in the cable group and from varus 9.03.3 to valgus 2.92.6 in the pacs group.conclusionsin hto , correction based on the miniaci method using a pacs was more accurate than correction using the cable method . 
Introduction
Materials and Methods
1. Study Design and Patient Selection
2. Preoperative Planning and Surgical Techniques
3. Evaluation and Measurement
4. Statistical Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusions