porcelain laminate veneers ( plvs ) have been employed successfully in clinical practice since 1983 to mask teeth with intrinsic staining attributed to ageing , tetracycline , or fluorosis .
the clinical success of plvs is attributed to the intimate bond achieved between the restoration and tooth structure through the luting cement.1 indirect restorations usually require temporization for the protection of the pulp and to restore the patient s aesthetic and functional needs .
a provisional cement is used to fix this type of temporary restoration onto the tooth.2 regardless whether a conventional or luting cement is used , proper cleaning of the abutment teeth is important to avoid any interference along the interface between the abutment surface and the luting cement.3 the polymerization of composite resins and dentin bonding agents are induced by radicals , which are initiated either chemically or by light.2 residual provisional cement and debris might therefore impair the etching quality of the tooth surface , the infiltration of the adhesive system , or may even inhibit the polymerization of the resinous monomers and thus the fit and final bonding of the pvl.4,5 several investigators have studied methods for the removal of provisional cement in vi - tro.3,59 button et al7 reported that higher retentive strengths for glass ionomer and zinc polycarboxylate cements were obtained with tooth preparations cleansed with plain flour pumice than those cleansed with an explorer only .
terata9 showed that the removal of provisional cement from bovine enamel and dentin with an explorer was incomplete .
bachmann et al6 investigated the bond strength of dentin bonding agents after teeth were cleansed with a scaler , a cotton pellet with pumice , and different soaps .
all of the soaps tested decreased shear bond strength values , thus , the use of soap was not recommended for clinical removal of remnants of provisional cements prior to adhesive cementation .
kanakuri et al10 reported that the use of a rotational brush with running water was the best method .
for removal of debris and remnants from the dentin surface , different cleaning agents containing ethanol , ethyl acetate , acetone , or chlorhexidine digluconate have been marketed .
the water - miscible solvents , such as acetone or ethanol , have been used in bonding agents and are thought to behave as a water chaser and to facilitate resin monomer penetration into the collagen network.1113 the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of three provisional cements and two cleaning techniques on the final bond strength of plvs .
the bonding interfaces of the final restorations are also examined by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) .
the working hypothesis was that a dentin surface cleaned with a cleaning bur will show higher bond strength values than a dentin surface cleaned with a dental explorer and air - water spray .
forty non - carious lower wisdom molars were cleaned and stored in distilled water at room temperature immediately after extraction .
the occlusal thirds of the crowns were sectioned with a water - cooled slow - speed diamond saw sectioning machine ( isomet , buehler ltd . , lake bluff , il , usa ) .
the teeth were fixed into an autopolymerizing acrylic resin ( meliodent , bayer dental ltd . ,
newbury , uk ) , with the ground surface upward and parallel to the support .
dentin surfaces were polished with 600 and 800 grit sic for 30 seconds to standardize the smear layer .
all specimens were randomly divided into four groups of 10 teeth ; three according to the provisional cement used and one for the control group .
sixty provisional restorations ( 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height ) were fabricated from autopolymerizing acrylic resin ( temdent , schltz , wiel dental gmbh , rosbach , germany ) using silicone impressions as a matrix .
two provisional restorations were cemented onto each tooth to evaluate the effect of different cleaning procedures .
provisional restorations were cemented under finger pressure.14 provisional restorations were fixed with one of the three different provisional cements : eugenol - free provisional cement ( cavex , holland bv , haarlem , holland ) , calcium hydroxide ( dycal , kerr , danbury , ct , usa ) , and light - cured provisional cement ( tempond clear , gc , alsip , il , usa ) . in the light - cured provisinal cement group ,
a very small amount of light - cured provisional cement was applied to the provisional restorations .
the provisional restorations were placed on the dentin surface and the cement was light - cured for 60 seconds . after removing excess cement , the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37c for 1 week . in the control group , no provisional restorations were applied . after storage , provisional restorations were dislodged and the surfaces were cleaned by the following procedures : the provisional cement on one half of the specimen was mechanically removed with a dental explorer ( kohler medizintechnik gmbh & co. , neuhausen , germany ) until the dentin surface was macroscopically clean , and then the dentin surface was throughly rinsed with an air - water spray .
the other half of the dentin block were treated with a rotary instrument ( w&h trend wd-58 , w&h dentalwerk brmoos gmbh , austria ) and cleaning bur ( opticlean , kerr , danbury , ct , usa ) for 1 minute .
wax sprues 3 mm in diameter were invested , heated , and pressed according to the manufacturer s instructions and 70 ceramic discs ( ips empress , ivoclar vivadent , schaan , liechtenstein ) were fabricated .
after the heat - pressing procedure , the ceramic rods were cut into discs 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height .
ips empress discs were divested by airborne - particle abrasion with 100 m aluminum oxide ( korox 100 , bego bremer goldschlaagerei wilh .
ceramic cylinders were etched with phosphoric acid gel ( k etchant , kuraray co. , ltd .
osaka , japan ) for 5 seconds . a layer of silane coupling agent combination ( clearfil porcelain bond activator and clearfil liner bond 2v primer , kuraray co. , ltd . ,
osaka , japan ) was applied to the ceramic bonding surfaces for 5 seconds , and then air - dried . a self - etching primer ( panavia f ed , kuraray co. , ltd . , osaka , japan )
panavia f universal and catalyst pastes were mixed for 20 seconds and applied to both the dentin surface and the bonding surface of the ceramic disc .
ceramic discs were placed on the dentin surface with light finger pressure as in clinical practice and excess cement was removed with an explorer . an oxygen - blocking gel ( oxyguard ii , kuraray co. ltd . ,
photo polymerization was performed with the light - polymerizing unit ( hilux 550 , express dental products , toronto , canada ) at 550 mw / cm for 40 seconds .
the light tip of the curing unit was centered on the ceramic restoration without any distance .
shear bond strength tests were performed with a universal testing machine ( tstm 02500 , elista corp . ,
a knife - edge shearing rod at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm / min was used on the bonded interface until the bond failure occurred .
shear bond strength was calculated according to the following formula and expressed in mpa : stress= failure load ( n ) / surface area ( mm ) analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to analyze the data for significant differences .
tukey s honestly significant difference ( hsd ) test and dunnett tests were used to perform multiple comparisons ( =.05 ) .
the shear bond strength values were analyzed with the spss 13 for windows statistical software ( spss pc , vers.10.0 , spss , chicago , ill ) .
the procedures used to bond the surface were identical to those used for the other test procedures already described , except that the teeth were not fixed into the autopolymerizing acrylic resin .
these specimens were used to evaluate the degree of resin tag penetration into the dentin surface during the bonding process .
after storage for 24 hours at 37c , specimens were sectioned bucculingually in a low - speed saw ( isomet , buchler ltd , il , usa ) with a diamond - rim blade .
the bonding interfaces were first polished with 240 , 400 and 600 grit sic and then were etched with 15% phosphoric acid for 2 minutes .
specimens were washed and gently air - dried for 3 seconds , and then mounted on sem stubs and sputter - coated with gold .
tokyo , japan ) and photomicrographs with a magnification of 15002000 were taken of different regions of the bonding interface ( figures 14 ) .
forty non - carious lower wisdom molars were cleaned and stored in distilled water at room temperature immediately after extraction .
the occlusal thirds of the crowns were sectioned with a water - cooled slow - speed diamond saw sectioning machine ( isomet , buehler ltd . , lake bluff , il , usa ) .
the teeth were fixed into an autopolymerizing acrylic resin ( meliodent , bayer dental ltd . ,
newbury , uk ) , with the ground surface upward and parallel to the support .
dentin surfaces were polished with 600 and 800 grit sic for 30 seconds to standardize the smear layer .
all specimens were randomly divided into four groups of 10 teeth ; three according to the provisional cement used and one for the control group .
sixty provisional restorations ( 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height ) were fabricated from autopolymerizing acrylic resin ( temdent , schltz , wiel dental gmbh , rosbach , germany ) using silicone impressions as a matrix .
two provisional restorations were cemented onto each tooth to evaluate the effect of different cleaning procedures .
provisional restorations were cemented under finger pressure.14 provisional restorations were fixed with one of the three different provisional cements : eugenol - free provisional cement ( cavex , holland bv , haarlem , holland ) , calcium hydroxide ( dycal , kerr , danbury , ct , usa ) , and light - cured provisional cement ( tempond clear , gc , alsip , il , usa ) . in the light - cured provisinal cement group , a very small amount of light - cured provisional
the provisional restorations were placed on the dentin surface and the cement was light - cured for 60 seconds . after removing excess cement , the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37c for 1 week . in the control group , no provisional restorations were applied . after storage , provisional restorations were dislodged and the surfaces were cleaned by the following procedures : the provisional cement on one half of the specimen was mechanically removed with a dental explorer ( kohler medizintechnik gmbh & co. , neuhausen , germany ) until the dentin surface was macroscopically clean , and then the dentin surface was throughly rinsed with an air - water spray . the other half of the dentin block were treated with a rotary instrument ( w&h trend wd-58 , w&h dentalwerk brmoos gmbh , austria ) and cleaning bur ( opticlean , kerr , danbury , ct , usa ) for 1 minute .
wax sprues 3 mm in diameter were invested , heated , and pressed according to the manufacturer s instructions and 70 ceramic discs ( ips empress , ivoclar vivadent , schaan , liechtenstein ) were fabricated .
after the heat - pressing procedure , the ceramic rods were cut into discs 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height .
ips empress discs were divested by airborne - particle abrasion with 100 m aluminum oxide ( korox 100 , bego bremer goldschlaagerei wilh .
ceramic cylinders were etched with phosphoric acid gel ( k etchant , kuraray co. , ltd .
osaka , japan ) for 5 seconds . a layer of silane coupling agent combination ( clearfil porcelain bond activator and clearfil liner bond 2v primer , kuraray co. , ltd . ,
osaka , japan ) was applied to the ceramic bonding surfaces for 5 seconds , and then air - dried . a self - etching primer ( panavia f ed , kuraray co. , ltd . ,
osaka , japan ) was applied to the dentin surface for 60 seconds and gently air - dried .
panavia f universal and catalyst pastes were mixed for 20 seconds and applied to both the dentin surface and the bonding surface of the ceramic disc .
ceramic discs were placed on the dentin surface with light finger pressure as in clinical practice and excess cement was removed with an explorer . an oxygen - blocking gel ( oxyguard ii , kuraray co. ltd . ,
photo polymerization was performed with the light - polymerizing unit ( hilux 550 , express dental products , toronto , canada ) at 550 mw / cm for 40 seconds .
the light tip of the curing unit was centered on the ceramic restoration without any distance .
shear bond strength tests were performed with a universal testing machine ( tstm 02500 , elista corp . ,
a knife - edge shearing rod at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm / min was used on the bonded interface until the bond failure occurred .
shear bond strength was calculated according to the following formula and expressed in mpa : stress= failure load ( n ) / surface area ( mm ) analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to analyze the data for significant differences .
tukey s honestly significant difference ( hsd ) test and dunnett tests were used to perform multiple comparisons ( =.05 ) .
the shear bond strength values were analyzed with the spss 13 for windows statistical software ( spss pc , vers.10.0 , spss , chicago , ill ) .
the procedures used to bond the surface were identical to those used for the other test procedures already described , except that the teeth were not fixed into the autopolymerizing acrylic resin .
these specimens were used to evaluate the degree of resin tag penetration into the dentin surface during the bonding process .
after storage for 24 hours at 37c , specimens were sectioned bucculingually in a low - speed saw ( isomet , buchler ltd , il , usa ) with a diamond - rim blade .
the bonding interfaces were first polished with 240 , 400 and 600 grit sic and then were etched with 15% phosphoric acid for 2 minutes .
specimens were washed and gently air - dried for 3 seconds , and then mounted on sem stubs and sputter - coated with gold .
tokyo , japan ) and photomicrographs with a magnification of 15002000 were taken of different regions of the bonding interface ( figures 14 ) .
one - way anova test revealed statistically significant differences among the shear bond strengths ( p<.05 , p=.000 ) .
no statistically significant differences were found among cleaning procedures ( p>.05 ) , eugenol - free provisional cement , calcium hydroxide and light - cured provisional cement groups , p=.44 , p=.26 , p=1.00 .
significant differences were found between the control group and both the light - cured provisional cement groups and the eugenol - free provisional cement - cleaning bur group ( dunnett , p<.05 ) .
ceramic discs placed on tooth surfaces that had received light - cured provisional cement showed the lowest bond strength values of all test groups .
none of the specimens showed mixed failure or cohesive failure within the ceramic discs , the luting cement , or dentin bond interfaces .
sem examination showed that the bonding to dentin surface was better in the control group ( figure 1 ) .
resin tags that stretched out from hybrid layer to the dentin were clear in the eugenol - free provisional cement and calcium hydroxide groups ( figures 2 and 3 ) . in the light - cured provisional cement group , dentin - resin bonding area exhibited a disrupted interface .
the dentinal tubules were covered by the remnants of the provisional cement on the dentin surfaces ( figure 4 ) .
one - way anova test revealed statistically significant differences among the shear bond strengths ( p<.05 , p=.000 ) .
no statistically significant differences were found among cleaning procedures ( p>.05 ) , eugenol - free provisional cement , calcium hydroxide and light - cured provisional cement groups , p=.44 , p=.26 , p=1.00 .
significant differences were found between the control group and both the light - cured provisional cement groups and the eugenol - free provisional cement - cleaning bur group ( dunnett , p<.05 ) .
ceramic discs placed on tooth surfaces that had received light - cured provisional cement showed the lowest bond strength values of all test groups .
none of the specimens showed mixed failure or cohesive failure within the ceramic discs , the luting cement , or dentin bond interfaces .
sem examination showed that the bonding to dentin surface was better in the control group ( figure 1 ) .
resin tags that stretched out from hybrid layer to the dentin were clear in the eugenol - free provisional cement and calcium hydroxide groups ( figures 2 and 3 ) . in the light - cured provisional cement group , dentin - resin bonding area exhibited a disrupted interface .
the dentinal tubules were covered by the remnants of the provisional cement on the dentin surfaces ( figure 4 ) .
in the current study , three provisional cements and two cleaning techniques were evaluated for their effects on the final bond strengths of plvs .
the results obtained did not support the research hypothesis as no differences were found between the cleaning procedures .
freshly cut dentin is the ideal substrate for dentin bonding.15 in practice , freshly cut dentin is present only at the time of tooth preparation , prior to taking impressions .
significant reductions in bond strength can occur when dentin is contaminated with various provisional cements , compared to freshly cut dentin.16 since some period of time is necessary to make the final restoration , a provisional restoration is used for approximately 10 days after the fixation .
this makes mechanical and/or chemical cleaning procedures necessary before the definitive restoration is cemented . in this current study , after a period of 1 week , provisional cements were found to affect the final bond strength to dentin , although the bond strength test achieved acceptable values for all cases .
kanakuri et al10 reported mean bond strength values varied between 12.77.6 mpa , which are similar to the results of the present study ( 11.8 - 5.9 mpa ) . in the current study ,
the provisional cement type affected dentin adhesion regardless of the different cleaning procedures . among the provisional cements used in our study , the calcium hydroxide cement seems to promote higher bond strength than the other cements .
contrary to the results of our study , fonseca et al5 reported that the calcium hydroxide cement had a lower bond strength than zinc oxide eugenol and zinc oxide eugenol - free provisional cements .
grasso et al3 stated that abutment teeth cleansed with a prophy cup and flour pumice exhibited the least amount of residual provisional cement compared to explorer and air - water spray or cotton pellet and chlorhexadine gluconate . in the current study ,
higher bond strength values were achieved when a dental explorer and air - water spray was used as the cleaning procedure . in all groups ,
more effective removal of residual provisional cement was obtained by cleaning the dentin surface with a dental explorer and air - water spray than with a cleaning bur .
sarac et al8 reported that the provisional cement could plug the dentinal tubules into which the resin luting agent penetrates and the lowest bond strength was obtained with a rotary instrument and a cleaning bur . in the current study , specimens exhibited adhesive type failures in all groups , with the fracture occurring through the luting cement - dentin interface .
a view of the control group is presented in figure 1 , which shows the resin that penetrated into the dentin .
resin tags within the dentin tissue were clear and long for the eugenol - free provisional cement and calcium hydroxide provisional cement groups , whereas they were absent for light - cured provisional cement group .
this fact supports data that the reduced bond strength of luting cement to tooth surfaces resulted from the presence of provisional cement residues that were not completely removed before permanent cementation .
the manufacturer s instructions were followed carefully when plvs were prepared to ensure that in vitro procedures were the same as those used clinically , but in the current study , neither thermal cycling nor mechanical stress was applied . in a previously published study , paul and shrer17 showed that considerable differences for the bond strength values could be obtained if dentin bonding agents were applied to a dry dentin surface vs. a dentin surface that was constantly kept under intrapulpal pressure . in the current study , materials were applied to dentin that was not under intrapulpal pressure .
these factors may limit the direct application of the study results to in vivo situations .
moreover , only one type of dual polymerizing luting cement and one - step / self - etch adhesive system were used .
different results may be found with different luting cements or with total etch adhesive systems .
in the present study , significant differences were apparent in provisional cement groups , with light cured provisional cement groups having the lowest shear bond strength values .
as the permanent bonding of plvs can be adversely affected , the provisional cement and cleaning technique should be carefully selected .
calcium hydroxide provisional cement and cleaning with a dental explorer are suggested , since , within the limitations of current study , this technique yielded a shear bond strength value nearest to that of the control group .
 objectives : the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of three provisional cements and two cleaning techniques on the final bond strength of porcelain laminate veneers.methods:the occlusal third of the crowns of forty molar teeth were sectioned and embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin . 
 dentin surfaces were polished and specimens were randomly divided into four groups ( n=10 ) . 
 provisional restorations were fabricated and two provisional restorations were cemented onto each tooth . 
 restorations were fixed with one of three different provisional cements : eugenol - free provisional cement ( cavex ) , calcium hydroxide ( dycal ) , and light - cured provisional cement ( tempond clear ) . 
 provisional restorations were removed with either a dental explorer and air - water spray , or a cleaning bur ( opticlean ) . in the control group , 
 provisional restorations were not used on the surfaces of specimens . 
 ips empress 2 ceramic discs were luted with a dual - cured resin cement ( panavia f ) . 
 shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine . 
 data were statistically analyzed by anova , tukey s hsd and dunnett tests . 
 surfaces were examined by scanning electronic microscopy.results:significant differences were found between the control group and both the light - cured provisional cement groups and the eugenol - free provisional cement - cleaning bur group ( p<.05 ) . 
 groups that had received light - cured provisional cement showed the lowest bond strength values.conclusions:selection of the provisional cement is an important factor in the ultimate bond strength of the final restoration . 
 calcium hydroxide provisional cement and cleaning with a dental explorer are advisable . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tooth preparation
The fabrication and cementation of the provisional restorations
Ceramic disc fabrication and final cementation
Shear bond strength tests and statistical analysis
SEM analysis
RESULTS
Shear bond strength tests
SEM analysis
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS