indirect aesthetic materials have become very popular in making of inlays , onlays , and crowns .
lithium disilicate is one such material which has wonderful translucency and shade variety for the manufacture of inlays , onlays , and single crowns .
indirect composite is another material which is proven to have improved fracture toughness because of post - cure treatment reinforcement .
full - contour zirconia has become the most preferred material for anterior and posterior indirect restorations because of their high flexural strength , excellent biocompatibility , and good esthetics .
limited data is available regarding the selection of the appropriate tooth - colored restorative material and its influence on the fracture resistance of cusp - replacing restorations in endodontically treated posterior teeth .
the present study assessed the fracture resistance and failure patterns of endodontically treated maxillary premolars restored with three all - ceramic cad - cam ( computer aided design - computer aided manufacturing ) onlay materials which are lithium disilicate , indirect composite , and full zirconia .
forty sound human maxillary premolars atraumatically extracted for orthodontic reasons were selected and were stored in 0.5% chloramine solution ( oxford lab chem , india ) .
the roots were embedded in acrylic resin parallel to the long axis of teeth upto 2 mm below the cemento - enamel junction ( cej ) .
ten teeth were randomly selected for the control group ( group i ) in which neither cavity preparation nor root canal treatment was performed . in the remaining 30 teeth , standardized mesio occluso distal ( mod )
onlay cavities were prepared using fg 271 and fg 169l carbide burs ( ss white , lake wood , usa ) .
occlusal cavity width was kept at half the intercuspal distance , pulpal depth at 4 mm from the buccal cusp tip , and 6 taper on each wall .
gingival seat in the proximal boxes were placed 1 mm above the cej and width of the seat in mesio - distal direction was 1.5 mm .
the buccal and palatal cusps were reduced occlusally by 2 mm from cusp tips and a 1.5 mm width collar was prepared for both cusps .
access openings were done with fg round diamond point iso 001 - 009 ( dia burs , mani , tochigi , japan ) .
the coronal and middle thirds of the root canals were enlarged using sizes 1 - 3 gates glidden drills ( mani tochigi , japan ) .
subsequently the instrumentation of the root canals was done by step back technique using hand k files till clean shavings of dentin was achieved .
irrigation was performed using 1 ml of 2.5% naocl ( prime dental products , india ) after every change of file size and after cleaning and shaping 3 ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( edta ; prevest denpro , jammu and kashmir , india ) was irrigated for 1 minute to remove smear layer .
the canals were obturated with gutta - percha ( densply maillefer , ballaigues , switzerland ) and grossman 's sealer ( pharma dent , montevideo , uruguay ) by lateral condensation technique .
subsequently , the pulp chambers were temporarily filled with cavit ( 3 m espe , germany ) and stored for 24 h at 37c in 100% humidity .
gutta - percha was removed upto the orifice of the canals and a zinc phosphate base of 1 mm was placed over the gutta - percha , and the remaining access cavity space was restored with dual cure flowable composite ( rebilda dc dual cure flowable composite , voco , germany ) till the pulpal floor .
ii- indirect composite ( paradigm mz 100,3 m espe , st paul , mn ) and group iii- lithium disilicate glass - ceramic ( ips e. max cad , ivoclar vivadent , schaan , liechtenstein ) were fabricated using cad / cam ( cerec ; sirona , bensheim , germany ) with the cerec 3d system using the software package provided ( version 2.80r2402 ; sirona ) . in group iv- partially sintered zirconia onlays ( sagemax - nexxzr , federal way , usa ) were fabricated using cad / cam using delcam dent cad and roland milling machine .
cementation surfaces of group iii onlays were etched using 5% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s and rinsed under running water for 60 s and air dried for 30 s. a silane coupling agent was applied and allowed to dry for 3 min .
enamel and dentin margins were etched using 35% phosphoric acid for 15 s and rinsed with water for 30 s. all the onlays were cemented using multilink automix ( ivoclar vivadent , schaan , lichtenstein ) .
multilink primer a and b were mixed and applied to the cavity preparations according to the manufacturer 's recommendation and the onlays were cemented and light - cured for 40 s on all restored surfaces .
the same protocol was followed for cementation of groups ii and iv except 5% hydrofluoric etching step was eliminated , instead was replaced by air borne particle abrasion with 27 m aluminium oxide at 30 psi .
the silane coupling agent ( metal / zirconia primer ) was applied for 180 s. after cementation of the restorations , specimens were stored in water for 21 days at 37c .
the fracture resistance of the buccal cusp was tested on a universal testing machine ( instron , uk ) with load applied on the center of the buccal cusp slope with a steel ball of diameter 3.5 mm at an angle of 30 to the long axis of the tooth with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm / min .
after mechanical failure , all specimens were observed under stereomicroscope ( 2 magnification ) to visualize the fracture lines in the restoration and the tooth .
failure patterns were evaluated and classified into five categories : type i : no visible fracture in the restoration and tooth type ii : no visible fracture in the restoration but fracture in the tooth type iii : fracture in the restoration only type iv : fracture in the restoration and the tooth above cej type v : fracture in the restoration and the tooth below cej resistance to fracture was submitted to parametric one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) test .
these were performed using statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) , version # 16 .
resistance to fracture was submitted to parametric one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) test .
these were performed using statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) , version # 16 .
the mean fracture resistance and standard deviation of the experimental groups is shown in figure 1 .
groups ii and iii showed significantly lower values than the group i. however , groups ii and iii presented no significant difference from each other .
group iii demonstrated 30% type ii fractures , 10% type iv , and 60% type v. group iv demonstrated 90% type i and 10% type ii fractures .
bar graph representing mean fracture resistance of four groups bar graph representing comparison of failure patterns frequency table of failure patterns observed in all groups
generally , endodontically treated teeth are considered to be more susceptible to fracture than the sound teeth , because of the internal tooth structure removal during endodontic treatment . according to reeh et al .
, endodontic treatment performed in intact teeth reduced fracture resistance by 5% , but when combined with an mod cavity preparation , it is reduced to 69% .
many authors preferred the onlay design to the inlay design as it would reinforce the cusps . in the present study , the bucco lingual width of half the intercuspal distance
was maintained to simulate the clinical situation where a wide bucco lingual access cavity is prepared .
earlier studies had maintained 1.5 - 2 mm of occlusal cavity width for the inlays and onlays .
buccal and palatal cusps were reduced by 2 mm occlusally and are in line with bruke et al . , who suggested that 2 mm should be the minimal thickness of the indirect restoration that will provide adequate resistance to occlusal forces .
in the present study , the fracture resistance of group i presented a mean fracture resistance of 980 n. similar values were found in other studies , which ranged between mean of 882 and 1,568n .
this variance of results of the present study from the other studies may be due to difference in the type and design of the load application of the contact device , specimen preparation , test speed , and tooth storage method .
studies were mainly done on indirect composite crowns and veneers assessing the fatigue resistance . in the present study , indirect composite cad onlays could not reinforce the endodontically treated teeth to that of sound teeth .
again there are no studies in the literature assessing fracture resistance of e - max press and e - max cad onlays .
however in the present study , e - max cad onlays could not reinforce the endodontically treated teeth to that of sound teeth .
the mean fracture resistance in group iv was 1,524.4n which is highest of all the groups .
this high fracture resistance of zirconia could be related to its phase transformation toughening phenomenon . under stresses , when crack propagates within the zirconia mass , the tetragonal grains are transformed to monoclinic with a volume expansion of 3 - 5% .
this expansion of the grains will ultimately lead to compressive stresses at the edge of the induced crack front and so extra energy is required for the crack to propagate . in the present study , zirconia mod onlays had reinforced the endodontically treated to a much higher value than that of the sound teeth . in comparison between groups in the present study ,
the mean fracture resistance of group i was significantly higher than groups ii and iii . although the fracture resistance of groups ii and iii were lower than that of the group i , their fracture resistance values were much higher than the normal masticatory forces which is between 222 and 447 n. but that is not good enough to withstand the highest masticatory forces of 900n in bruxism and hard objects chewing . while comparing groups ii and iii , there is no significant difference statistically .
this could be attributed to the increased thickness of e - max cad of 2 mm in this study which could have withstood the testing loads compared to ultrathin models in other studies .
interestingly there is almost double the increase in the fracture resistance as compared to all the other groups .
these findings were supported by ma et al . , who reported that flexural strength or fracture load of zirconia is 2.5 times greater than lithium disilicate glass ceramics suggesting that zirconia is much more suitable for free standing stress bearing application .
coming to modes of failure ; in contrast to many studies , there was not much difference in the fracture modes of groups ii and iii even though the stress distribution varies with the material properties and cavity design .
the occlusal cavity depth of 4 mm in the present study could have altered the stress distribution .
this can be supported by goel et al . , where they suggested that deeper the prepared cavity , the greater the changes in the stress gradient in the dentin .
the changes in the stress gradient could initiate fracture of the remaining cusps , possibly starting in the dentin immediately adjacent to the deepest portion of the cavity preparation .
in group iv , none of the onlays fractured , but one sample fractured only in the root . the failure at a higher load could be due to the bond failure in the cement or fractures in the internal surface of the tooth , where more amount of stresses are usually concentrated .
within the limitations of this in vitro study , it is interesting to note that full contour zirconia onlays had showed an excellent fracture resistance with no cracks in the restoration at very high loads , compared to lithium disilicate and indirect composite onlays .
therefore , full contoured zirconia could be chosen as an ideal esthetic posterior onlay material and could be a good alternative to unesthetic metal onlays .
 aim : to compare the fracture resistance and modes of failures of three different aesthetic mod onlays on endodontically treated premolars.materials and methods : forty sound maxillary premolars were selected of which 10 untreated teeth were taken as control ( group i ) . 
 the other thirty premolars were subjected to standardized mod onlay preparations and root canal treatments and divided into 3 equal groups . 
 onlays were prepared in group ii- indirect composite , group iii- lithium disilicate ceramic and group iv- full zirconia . 
 all onlays were cemented using multilink automix . 
 all the 40 samples were subjected to fracture resistance testing on universal testing machine . 
 also fractured specimens were observed under stereo - microscope for modes of failure.results:group iv presented the highest fracture resistance . 
 groups ii and iii presented no significant difference in fracture resistance from each other ( p > 0.05 ) . 
 group ii and group iii showed significantly lower fracture resistance values than group i. coming to modes of failure , only group iv had showed no cracks in any of the restorations.conclusion:full zirconia mod onlays increased the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars to a significantly higher level than the sound teeth . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION