an interest in diets has recently increased among female students . however , inappropriate 
 diets have adverse effects on health . a major reason why a diet may fail
the 
 food intake pattern can reduce fat intake . in a study of post - exercise macronutrient self - selection ( mnss ) ,
male mice were subjectd to 
 a 40-day regimen of training ( 67  km / day ) at low intensity and were allowed free access to 
 carbohydrate , lipid , and protein feed .
after a regimen of 
 2-hour endurance exercise in wistar rats at a speed of 15 m / min , the total energy intake was 
 significantly decreased .
the findings showed a decrease in carbohydrate and protein intake 
 after exercise and in lipid intake over time , leading to a decrease in total energy 
 intake2 . when a swimming exercise program was performed for 4 months in male and female rats 
 according to age ( 4 , 6 , 12 , 16 , and 23 months ) and dietary intake was observed , total 
 calorie intake increased more in female rats than in male rats with increasing age .
this 
 indicated that the central nervous system s control of diet deteriorated with aging3 .
in addition , when a 4-week program of 
 swimming and running exercise was performed in male white rats , the total energy intake was 
 in the order of the control group , swimming exercise group , and running exercise group , and 
 showed that exercise on the ground was significantly more beneficial than exercise in 
 water4 .
however , studies regarding 
 dietary choice after physical activity were mostly conducted in animals . in a study 
 conducted in humans ,
trained cycling athletes were adapted to a 2-week high - lipid diet and 
 exercise ranging from moderate to high intensity was performed by the subjects ; the results 
 showed an increase in carbohydrate tolerance that led to a delay in the onset of 
 fatigue5 .
these studies might help 
 explain the mechanism of physical metabolism through exercise with dietary intake 
 adaptation , but did not provide any valuable information about strategies for effective 
 dietary intake .
thus , this study was conducted to analyze dietary intake patterns in female college 
 students with an interest in diet and to verify the effects of temporary physical activity 
 on energy intake in order to provide data for correct diet and body fat reduction .
the study 
 was designed to verify the effects of aerobic exercise on the selection of dietary intake by 
 comparing and analyzing calorie intake and consumption ( carbohydrate , lipid , protein , and 
 total calories ) during aerobic exercise ( climbing ) ; a reference point was set after 
 analyzing daily calorie intake and consumption in female college students using computer 
 aided nutritional analysis program 3.0 for professionals ( can - pro 3.0 ) , which was certified 
 by the korean nutrition society6 .
baseline height , weight , and body fat were measured with the inbody 520 ( biospace , korea ) 
 in subjects who were aware of the study objectives ( table 1table 1.physical characteristics of female college studentsvariableage ( yrs)weight ( kg)height ( cm)fat ( % ) bmi ( kg / m)19.5  1.353.8  5.6160.2  4.428.5  6.021.0  1.9bmi : body mass index ) . to investigate the usual dietary intake patterns of female college students , a 
 questionnaire developed by the author on the amount of food intake and amount of physical 
 activity
was distributed to the subjects ; they were asked to complete the questionnaire with 
 respect to information on the type of food intake and the weight of the food for 3 days .
the 
 subjects were also instructed to photograph the food before and after a meal ( breakfast , 
 lunch , and dinner ) and to send a total of 6 photographs per day to the investigator ( phone 
 or email ) .
one week later , another questionnaire was distributed to the participants to investigate 
 the amount of food intake and the amount of physical activity during exercise .
the 
 investigation method was the same as that for usual food intake , and included asking 
 subjects to record the parameters for 3 days and to send photographs of food before and 
 after a meal to the investigator .
physical activity during the same period included aerobic 
 exercise at moderate intensity : 1 hour of group climbing . during climbing , 1 researcher 
 stayed at the front and 1 at the rear to ensure pace adjustment so that no one was left 
 behind or went off the trail .
body weights ( xiaomi co. , china ) before and after sleep were 
 measured and recorded on the questionnaire .
the same model of scale was provided to all 
 subjects to accurately measure and record the parameters .
can - pro 3.0 , a program developed for assessment of nutrient intake in the korean 
 population , was used by applying the dietary reference intakes for koreans ( kdris ) , which 
 was revised by the korean nutrition society in 2007 .
the nutrient database ( ndb ) was very 
 helpful to ensure accuracy in the assessment of nutrient intake ; data included basic 
 nutrients as well as micronutrients in food . using this program , this study analyzed the nutrients consumed ( 3 meals and snacks ) by 
 individual subjects with can - pro 3.0 food codes based on the food intake questionnaire sheet 
 collected from the subjects ; the amount of intake of each nutrient was calculated using the 
 ndb .
this study was approved by the ethics committee of the hankuk university of foreign studies 
 ( irb no .
hirb-201504-hr-002 ) , and written consent for participation in the study was 
 obtained from all subjects in accordance with the declaration of helsinki .
the results of each metric were calculated as the mean and standard deviation by using 
 statistical package for the social sciences ( spss ) windows version 18.0 and a paired t - test 
 was used to determine pre - exercise and post - exercise differences ; the statistical 
 significance level was set at p<0.05 .
the study was conducted in 15 healthy female university students , with physical 
 characteristics shown in table 1 .
the mean age was 19.5  years , the mean weight was 53.8  kg , the mean height was 160.2  cm , the 
 body fat was 28.5% , and the body mass index ( bmi ) was 21.0  kg /m .
the results of 
 analysis of pre- and post - exercise differences are shown in table 2table 2.pre- and post - exercise differences in carbohydrate , protein , and lipid intake 
 in female college students ( unit : kcal)variablepre - testpost - testcarbohydrate intake1,005.4  355.3826.8  292.7*protein intake753.3  382.5286.1  125.2***lipid intake630.5  262.7581.2  273.8values are expressed as mean  standard deviation ; * p<0.05 , * * * p<0.001 : 
 significant difference pre- and post - exercise .
values are expressed as mean  standard deviation ; * p<0.05 , * * * p<0.001 : 
 significant difference pre- and post - exercise carbohydrate intake ( 826.8  kcal ) decreased significantly ( p<0.05 ) after aerobic exercise 
 ( climbing ) compared to carbohydrate intake ( 1,005.4  kcal ) before aerobic exercise 
 ( climbing ) ; post - exercise protein intake ( 286.1  kcal ) was significantly decreased compared 
 to pre - exercise protein intake ( 753.3  kcal ) ( p<0.001 ) . however , lipid intake showed no 
 significant differences before and after aerobic exercise ( climbing ) .
the analysis of differences in pre- and post - exercise total calorie intake and total 
 calorie consumption is shown in table 
 3table 3.pre- and post - exercise differences in total calorie intake and total calorie 
 consumption in female college students ( unit : kcal)variablepre - testpost - testtotal calorie intake 2,012.6  678.41,694.1  579.4*total calorie consumption1,126.6  228.11,221.4  184.6*values are expressed as mean  standard deviation ; * p<0.05 : significant difference 
 pre- and post - exercise .
values are expressed as mean  standard deviation ; * p<0.05 : significant difference 
 pre- and post - exercise total calorie intake ( 2,012.6  kcal ) before aerobic exercise ( climbing ) was significantly 
 ( p<0.05 ) higher than total calorie intake ( 1,694.1  kcal ) after exercise ; pre - exercise 
 total calorie consumption ( 1,126.6  kcal ) was significantly lower than post - exercise total 
 calorie consumption ( 1,221.4  kcal ) ( p<0.05 ) .
this study was conducted to examine the change in dietary intake pattern according to the 
 level of activity and exercise in female college students , as well as to determine the 
 positive effects of health promotion and changes in weight and body fat .
free intake was recommended in subjects who performed aerobic exercise in relation to the 
 type of food intake volume ; however , it is known that the type of food intake affects the 
 pattern of cardiovascular metabolism7 . in 
 particular , while performing cardiovascular exercise , different respiratory exchange ratios 
 ( rer ) appear in accordance with the type of food intake ; therefore , it is important to 
 carefully consider whether the food intake is in liquid or solid form8 . when the food is in solid instead of liquid form , blood 
 flow , pulse rate , systolic blood pressure , and cardiac output8,9,10,11 increase , with changes in 
 the sympathetic nervous system8 , 10 and hormonal responses9 . in this study , because we did not analyze the energy ( calories ) consumption related to the 
 type of food intake , we were only able to assess trends in overall energy consumption in 
 terms of calories .
a significant decrease in calorie intake was observed after aerobic 
 exercise compared to before aerobic exercise , due to a significant decrease in protein and 
 carbohydrate intake .
lipid intake also showed a decrease , but there was no significant 
 difference before and after exercise .
these results were consistent with a previous 
 study , conducted in rats , which showed significant differences in 
 carbohydrate , lipid , and protein intake before and after aerobic exercise .
protein intake 
 showed the greatest decrease , such that the proportion of total energy intake was decreased . 

a study showed that the longer young people sat down to watch tv or to play computer games , 
 the greater the decrease in total energy consumption , whereas bmi and body fat increased to 
 higher levels12 ; the study was conducted 
 in 180 young students from saudi arabia ( males and females ) .
the same study showed that 
 67.5% of the highly obese patients included adults who performed little physical activity 
 and worked in a sitting position on a sofa or a chair13 .
however , as there is an increasing trend in obesity among all age 
 groups , significant attention has been paid to weight loss and body fat reduction . 
 nevertheless , even when subjects have high interest in weight ( body fat ) control , they may 
 lack commitment and ability to control their weight for health management . weight control in 
 female college students
involves the universal use of food therapy , exercise therapy , 
 medical therapy , and behavioral therapy ; among these methods , exercise therapy shows the 
 most economical , safest , and greatest effects ; hence , this draws the attention of all female 
 students14 . in recent years , the mass 
 media reported the effects of yoga ( pilates ) in addition to aerobic exercise for healthy 
 body shape in women , and encouraged continued exercise therapy for several months , depending 
 on the physical condition and strength of the subjects .
although the results vary depending 
 on individual physical condition , exercise therapy gradually shows effectiveness after 4 
 weeks , and the effectiveness is increased after 8 weeks .
when exercise therapy is performed 
 for 12 weeks , the body is reshaped and proportionally balanced with reduced body fat and 
 increased muscle strength .
in addition , exercise therapy improves the levels of total 
 cholesterol and triglycerides , and induces positive changes in hormone and enzyme levels . 

therefore , exercise that improves the basal metabolic rate by decreasing body fat and 
 increasing the muscle mass through a combination of aerobic exercise and muscular strength 
 training was recently recommended15 . in a comparison of post - acute aerobic exercise with post - breakfast aerobic exercise in 
 order to examine the use of energy substrates and changes in hormone levels ,
post - fasting 
 aerobic exercise was found to be far more effective in decreasing body fat16 .
as noted above , it was found that the 
 timing of food intake is very important in the study of aerobic exercise and food 
 intake . in conclusion ,
aerobic exercise causes reduction in total calories by decreasing lipid and 
 protein intake , and is very important for weight ( body fat ) control , by inducing positive 
 changes in the dietary pattern in female college students .
however , in future studies , 
 issues related to the 24-hour subject control method should be addressed , together with 
 accurate measurements of nutrient intake and consumption .
 [ purpose ] this study was conducted to determine whether acute aerobic exercise ( climbing ) 
 is associated with changes in the dietary intake pattern . [ 
 subjects and methods ] food 
 intake and physical activity data for 15 female college students were sampled for 3 days 
 and categorized according to routine activity or high - intensity activity such as hiking . 
 nutrient intake based on the data was analyzed using a nutrition program . 
 [ results ] 
 carbohydrate and protein intake was significantly decreased after exercise compared to 
 before acute aerobic exercise , but lipid intake showed no significant difference . 
 calorie 
 intake was significantly decreased after exercise compared to before exercise ; however , 
 calorie consumption was significantly increased after exercise . 
 [ conclusion ] aerobic 
 exercise causes a decrease in total calories by inducing reduction in carbohydrate and 
 protein intake . 
 therefore , aerobic exercise is very important for weight ( body fat ) 
 control since it causes positive changes in the food intake pattern in female 
 students . 
INTRODUCTION
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION