according to the updated recommendations of the international committee of medical journal editors ( icmje ) , " duplicate publication is publication of a paper that overlaps substantially with one already published , without clear , visible reference to the previous publication " ( 1 ) .
for example , editors of influential cardiothoracic journals defined duplication as a result of : employing similar hypotheses and methodologies , reporting the same sample sizes and results , listing common authors , and presenting no or little new information ( 2 ) .
generally , the practice of duplicate publications is unethical because it skews citation analyses , flaws evidence in meta - analyses , wastes reviewers ' and editors ' precious time and publishers ' resources , and shatters the integrity of research reporting ( 2 , 3 ) .
the rate of duplicate publications has been examined in a few studies from different subject categories .
the estimated rate ranged from 1.39% to 28.2% across clinical journals ( 4 - 10 ) . moreover , initial systematic evaluation of evidence processing revealed that 17% of randomized controlled trials and 40% of systematic reviews were published repetitively ( 11 , 12 ) . in 2012 ,
an analysis of 2,047 retractions of articles indexed in pubmed found that duplicate publication became one of the leading causes of retractions in recent years ( 13 ) . on a national scale , our initial evaluation of 455 korean original research papers indexed in the koreamed database in 2004 yielded the incidence of duplicate publication of around 6% ( 14 ) . to calculate the exact rate of duplication in national journals , it is essential to search through the most comprehensive country - based database of biomedical literature .
the database is maintained by the korean association of medical journal editors ( kamje ) with support from the korean academy of medical science ( 15 ) .
the committee for health technology planning and evaluation of the kamje has been running koreamed since december 1997 to ease access to local medical journals .
in addition , there is the koreamed synapse database which is a digital archive and reference - linking platform for korean medical journals launched by kamje in november 2007 ( 15 ) .
several recent cases of breach of publication ethics in korea highlighted the importance of adhering to the standards of publishing ethics and preventing scientific misconduct .
one of the major steps towards implementing national ethical standards was the organization of the committee for publication ethics within kamje in 2006 .
the committee has already positioned itself as a regulatory structure for maintaining publication ethics standards in korea .
the kamje claimed that duplicate publication was the most common form of scientific misconduct and took the lead in a campaign against it in 2006 .
as part of this campaign , the association examined the incidence rate and pattern of duplication in korean medical articles indexed in koreamed in 2004 .
the aim of the current study is to analyze trends in duplicate publishing of local medical articles indexed in the koreamed database between 2004 and 2009 .
we also aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the kamje 's campaign against scientific misconduct .
briefly , we reviewed 5% of the original research articles which were indexed in koreamed from january 2004 to december 2009 .
the search was performed on 1st november each year from 2007 to 2012 by one librarian .
after that , we searched through pubmed and google scholar using keywords from the title and names of the first , second and last authors of each indexed article . to retrieve korean medical articles which were not covered by pubmed , we performed additional searches through kmbase and koreamed employing the same search terms .
three authors reviewed full texts of the screened articles regardless of whether the index and the returned article were or were not duplicates according to the criteria of duplication ( 2 ) and acceptable secondary publication ( 1 ) ( table 1 ) .
if all the three authors ( reviewers ) agreed that the suspicious articles were duplicates , no further action was taken .
when there was a disagreement , the decision was taken based on opinions of the two authors in agreement ( fig .
we considered different patterns of duplicate publication which were earlier described by von elm et al .
( 12 ) as copying , salami slicing ( fragmentation ) and aggregation ( imalas ) .
the number of duplicate publications and the direction of publication of the index articles and duplicates were also recorded .
out of 455 , 467 , 460 , 462 , 466 , and 505 articles indexed in 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 , respectively , 49 , 46 , 43 , 38 , 19 , and 23 original research articles were selected for screening . after a thorough check of full texts of the screened articles , 27 , 28 ,
33 , 21 , 13 , and 6 items were confirmed as duplicates ( table 2 ) .
prior to and at the start of the campaign against duplicate publications ( 2004 - 2006 ) , the duplication rate was relatively high in the range from 5.9% to7.2% . after the campaign ( 2007 - 2009 ) , the duplication rate steadily declined to 1.2% in 2009 ( fig .
2 ) . of the 133 duplicate articles , 71 ( 53.4% ) were copied , 37 ( 27.8% ) were salami sliced , and 25 ( 18.8% ) were aggregated ( imalas ) .
the percentage of copied duplicates decreased from 65.5% in 2004 to 42.9% in 2008 , but the rate of salami - sliced items increased from 13.8% in 2004 to 42.9% in 2008 ( table 3 ) .
of the 128 index articles , one was duplicated four and three times ( table 4 ) .
of the 133 duplicate articles , 72 ( 54.1% ) were initially published in local journals and duplicated in international journals ; 42 ( 31.6% ) were published in local journals and duplicated in the same or other local journals ; and the remaining 19 articles ( 14.3% ) were published in international journals and duplicated in local ones .
the shift from local to international sources was apparent during the study period ( table 5 ) .
out of 455 , 467 , 460 , 462 , 466 , and 505 articles indexed in 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 , respectively , 49 , 46 , 43 , 38 , 19 , and 23 original research articles were selected for screening . after a thorough check of full texts of the screened articles , 27 , 28 ,
33 , 21 , 13 , and 6 items were confirmed as duplicates ( table 2 ) .
prior to and at the start of the campaign against duplicate publications ( 2004 - 2006 ) , the duplication rate was relatively high in the range from 5.9% to7.2% . after the campaign ( 2007 - 2009 ) , the duplication rate steadily declined to 1.2% in 2009 ( fig .
of the 133 duplicate articles , 71 ( 53.4% ) were copied , 37 ( 27.8% ) were salami sliced , and 25 ( 18.8% ) were aggregated ( imalas ) .
the percentage of copied duplicates decreased from 65.5% in 2004 to 42.9% in 2008 , but the rate of salami - sliced items increased from 13.8% in 2004 to 42.9% in 2008 ( table 3 ) .
of the 128 index articles , one was duplicated four and three times ( table 4 ) .
of the 133 duplicate articles , 72 ( 54.1% ) were initially published in local journals and duplicated in international journals ; 42 ( 31.6% ) were published in local journals and duplicated in the same or other local journals ; and the remaining 19 articles ( 14.3% ) were published in international journals and duplicated in local ones .
the shift from local to international sources was apparent during the study period ( table 5 ) .
we found that the national duplicate publication rate in korean medical journals was relatively high throughout the pre - campaign period ( 2004 - 2006 ) : 5.9% in 2004 , 6.0% in 2005 , and 7.2% in 2006 .
the rates dropped to 4.5% in 2007 , 2.8% in 2008 , and 1.2% in 2009 during the active campaigning by our medical editors ( fig .
the current study suggests that positions of publishing ethics in the medical sciences have strengthened in korea .
and we can now proudly claim that the ethics campaign involving experts from the kamje , the national research foundation and many korean societies achieved its goals .
the kamje assigns the digital object identifier ( doi ) prefixes provisionally and the synapse links articles using the crossref system .
the operation of these two national databases forms a basis for improved visibility of korean medical articles .
importantly , koreamed and synapse were instrumental for tracking duplicate publications in local journals and curbing , at least partly , the problem of unethical publications . the widely known case of hwang woo suk , which surfaced as an appalling scientific misconduct in 2006 , affected the whole korean scientific community . as a consequence ,
experts and public at large became more concerned over the issues of duplicate publications and other forms of unethical conduct such as self - plagiarism .
as part of the campaign , the committee on publication ethics of the kamje issued a position statement on duplicate publication and authorship .
several guidelines were developed and a series of educational meetings arranged . in 2008 , google scholar started to cover data from the koreamed database . and that also allowed to properly organize actions against duplicate publications .
the korean committee for publication ethics , established in 2006 , now successfully regulates medical ethics in korea .
the committee accepted that duplicate publication is a serious threat to the medical community , and published a guide book of publication ethics in 2008 , which was revised in 2013 ( 16 ) .
additionally , all known local cases of duplicate publication were categorized and published in a separate book in 2011 ( 17 ) . both publications are essential references on publication ethics for korean biomedical specialists .
educational activities included five large meetings on publication ethics organized by kamje and dozens of individual trainings and public relation events .
the korean committee for publication ethics has processed more than 120 cases referred from various institutions since 2006 .
the kamje 's website now provides updates on publication ethics through the links to the relevant pages of the icmje and the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) . over the past years ,
the korean research foundation with the government 's support was also actively engaged in educational activities on research and publication ethics and contributed greatly to the national achievements in publication ethics .
our data on a decline in duplicate publication rates are a clear evidence of the success of joint national efforts .
first of all , we searched korean medical journals indexed in koreamed only , and it is possible that journals indexed in other databases have different rates and patterns of duplication . as of august 2013 ,
the rate of duplicate publications might have been low because of this relatively short time interval .
third , the present study did not analyze duplication in different academic fields , subject categories , and authors ' posts .
the declined from 5.9% to 1.2% rate of duplicate publications in korean medical journals reflects the impact of the publication ethics awareness campaign .
the results of this study , monitored by koreamed and koreamed synapse , point to the positive changes in national ethics .
 the purpose of this study was to examine trends in duplicate publication in korean medical articles indexed in the koreamed database from 2004 to 2009 , before and after a campaign against scientific misconduct launched by the korean association of medical journal editors in 2006 . 
 the study covered period from 2007 to 2012 ; and 5% of the articles indexed in koreamed were retrieved by random sampling . 
 three authors reviewed full texts of the retrieved articles . 
 the pattern of duplicate publication , such as copy , salami slicing ( fragmentation ) , and aggregation ( imalas ) , was also determined . before the launching ethics campaign , 
 the national duplication rate in medical journals was relatively high : 5.9% in 2004 , 6.0% in 2005 , and 7.2% in 2006 . 
 however , duplication rate steadily declined to 4.5% in 2007 , 2.8% in 2008 , and 1.2 % in 2009 . 
 of all duplicated articles , 53.4% were classified as copies , 27.8% as salami slicing , and 18.8% as aggregation ( imalas ) . 
 the decline in duplicate publication rate took place as a result of nationwide campaigns and monitoring by koreamed and koreamed synapse , starting from 2006.graphical abstract 
Graphical Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
Trends in duplicate publication rates in Korean medical journals (2004-2009)
Duplicate publication patterns in Korean medical journals (2004-2009)
DISCUSSION