our prototype project was described in a paper published in june ,  sex differences and organizational effects of androgen in spinal cord motor nuclei  ( grisham et al . , 2003 ) , along with a collection of digital photomicrographs of snb spinal cord motor neurons ( see figure 2 ) .
this collection of digital images came from a study that examined sex differences in these motor neurons and the effect of an anti - androgen drug on motor neuron development ( grisham et al . ,
the original study required a rat breeding colony , microtomes , hoods for staining , a good quality microscope , a digital camera , image - capturing software , and a year s work from two graduate students and a postdoc . in its current digital format ,
faculty using this image collection need only have computers at their disposal , so the costs of running this lab are minimal .
this image collection allows students the opportunity not only to replicate a study , but also to extend the original study by investigating another motor neuron pool ( rdln  see figure 2 ) .
subsequent to the publication in june , this image collection was downloaded over a thousand times , indicating the need and interest for these types of teaching tools .
the image library and relevant support materials ( including a pdf of the june article ) can be downloaded at http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/modules/ratscia .
this success inspired a nsf - funded project , the modular digital course in undergraduate neuroscience education ( mdcune ) , which is a free , online resource for disseminating digital materials for laboratory instruction http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/.
this project is generating three more modules of digital tools that will provide genuine , inquiry - based instruction in neuroscience : a virtual neurophysiology lab module , a neuroinformatics /bioinformatics module , and a bird song module .
swimmy has been more thoroughly described in a previous issue of june ( grisham et al . , 2008b ) and was presented at the faculty for undergraduate neuroscience workshop at macalester college in july 2008 .
swimmy was developed to circumvent the many problems in teaching neurophysiology as a wet lab .
subsequently , students ascertain the neurons involved in the swimming behavior and determine their interconnections by examining the time relationships between neuronal events and by devising and executing virtual experiments .
once students determine all the connections , they will arrive at a schematic that looks something like figure 3 .
students then are challenged to discover which cells are the central pattern generator ( cpg ) via further experiments , and discover how the swimming rhythm is generated by the cpg .
finally , students use an animation feature that  reads out  the output of the motor neurons to describe the behavior produced by various lesions , and to explain the behavioral phenomena via their understanding of the circuit ( figure 4 ) .
thus , to arrive at a thorough understanding of the circuit , students must compare and contrast the results obtained from the experiments that they design to create well - reasoned , logical arguments supporting their deductions .
there is a clear need for instruction at the undergraduate level in the use of bioinformatics tools , but few good resources are available .
our module will remedy this situation by offering a cohesive package that integrates several bioinformatic resources in a way that is accessible to undergraduate students .
this module brings together information gathered from brain anatomy and bioinformatics websites , including the mouse brain library ( rosen et al . , 2000 ) , genenetwork s webqtl ( wang et al . , 2003 ) , ucsc genome browser ( kent et al . , 2002 ) , the allen brain atlas ( lein et al . , 2007 ) , the national center for biotechnology information s entrez gene , and ncbi s pubmed . in this module
, students quantify a phenotype using nih image ( see references for url ) to analyze digital images that are downloaded from the mouse brain library ( see references for url)figure 5 .
the mouse brain library provides digitized images of sectioned and stained mouse brains from individuals of different recombinant inbred strains and allows the quantification of many brain phenotypes .
we quantify olfactory bulb size since it is relatively easy to operationally define , and there is a published study with which to compare the data ( williams et al . , 2001 ) .
after students  clean - up  their morphometric data by statistically controlling for variables , they enter their data into a web - based qtl analysis ( genenetwork s webqtl  see references for url ) .
qtl analysis relates variations in phenotype to loci on chromosomes where genes impacting the phenotype can be found ( figure 6 ) .
genenetwork s webqtl provides a direct link to the university of california , santa cruz genome browser ( url in references ) , which provides a list of the genes that are in that portion of the chromosome ( see figure 7 ) .
students can search through this list and find a gene that is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb from the data provided by the ucsc genome browser .
once students identify a gene that is highly expressed , they also can link to the allen brain atlas ( url in references ) , which displays the expression pattern of that specific gene via in situ hybridization views along with an atlas ( c.f .
thus , students can discover the cell layers where their gene of interest is expressed ( figure 8) .
the ucsc genome browser also provides links to the national center for biotechnology information resources such as entrez gene and pubmed ( urls in references ) .
these resources allow the students to discover more information about their highly expressed gene including its nucleotide and amino acid sequence , as well as find articles about their gene that provide a deeper intellectual involvement in this exercise .
our website has already been populated with some of these materials http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/. a detailed instructor s manual should be available in summer 2009 .
1988 ) and dramatic brain sex differences ( nottebohm and arnold , 1976 ) were first described in this system , and it is still the focus of ongoing investigations on the neural basis of learning and memory ( nordeen and nordeen , 1988 ; troyer and doupe , 2000 ) , as well as on the genetic and hormonal bases of sexual differentiation in the nervous system ( cf .
grisham and arnold , 1995 ) . the rich literature base on the song system , the robust difference between the sexes in the size of song nuclei ( grisham and arnold , 1995 ) , and the dramatic masculinizing effect of hormones on this system s development ( grisham and arnold , 1995 ) make the zebra finch song system ideal for use in undergraduate laboratories .
nevertheless , studying this system requires significant investments : supporting a bird colony , purchasing good quality microscopes , microtomes , histological supplies for processing brains , and digital microscope cameras .
such extensive facilities and equipment requirements make studying the bird song system out of reach for many institutions .
we are surmounting these obstacles by providing a collection of images for undergraduate students to replicate a published experiment that examined the doses of hormone required to masculinize the song system ( grisham et al .
further , students can extend this study -- we are adding images from untreated males , so that students can explore whether or not any of the treatments fully sex reverse the female song system at this point in time , the digital images are being collected , and we anticipate that they will be fully available in summer 2010 .
so far , our experience with students using a prototype library of digital images has proved to be highly successful ( see figure 10 ) .
anecdotally , the digital images are better at focusing students on the relevant aspects of the task relative to using tissue on slides . when we tried using the actual tissue , one student looked for the telencephalic song nuclei in the lower brainstem .
swimmy has been more thoroughly described in a previous issue of june ( grisham et al . , 2008b ) and was presented at the faculty for undergraduate neuroscience workshop at macalester college in july 2008 .
swimmy was developed to circumvent the many problems in teaching neurophysiology as a wet lab .
subsequently , students ascertain the neurons involved in the swimming behavior and determine their interconnections by examining the time relationships between neuronal events and by devising and executing virtual experiments .
once students determine all the connections , they will arrive at a schematic that looks something like figure 3 .
students then are challenged to discover which cells are the central pattern generator ( cpg ) via further experiments , and discover how the swimming rhythm is generated by the cpg .
finally , students use an animation feature that  reads out  the output of the motor neurons to describe the behavior produced by various lesions , and to explain the behavioral phenomena via their understanding of the circuit ( figure 4 ) .
thus , to arrive at a thorough understanding of the circuit , students must compare and contrast the results obtained from the experiments that they design to create well - reasoned , logical arguments supporting their deductions .
there is a clear need for instruction at the undergraduate level in the use of bioinformatics tools , but few good resources are available .
our module will remedy this situation by offering a cohesive package that integrates several bioinformatic resources in a way that is accessible to undergraduate students .
this module brings together information gathered from brain anatomy and bioinformatics websites , including the mouse brain library ( rosen et al . , 2000 ) , genenetwork s webqtl ( wang et al . , 2003 ) , ucsc genome browser ( kent et al . , 2002 ) , the allen brain atlas ( lein et al . , 2007 ) , the national center for biotechnology information s entrez gene , and ncbi s pubmed . in this module
, students quantify a phenotype using nih image ( see references for url ) to analyze digital images that are downloaded from the mouse brain library ( see references for url)figure 5 .
the mouse brain library provides digitized images of sectioned and stained mouse brains from individuals of different recombinant inbred strains and allows the quantification of many brain phenotypes .
we quantify olfactory bulb size since it is relatively easy to operationally define , and there is a published study with which to compare the data ( williams et al . , 2001 ) .
after students  clean - up  their morphometric data by statistically controlling for variables , they enter their data into a web - based qtl analysis ( genenetwork s webqtl  see references for url ) .
qtl analysis relates variations in phenotype to loci on chromosomes where genes impacting the phenotype can be found ( figure 6 ) .
genenetwork s webqtl provides a direct link to the university of california , santa cruz genome browser ( url in references ) , which provides a list of the genes that are in that portion of the chromosome ( see figure 7 ) .
students can search through this list and find a gene that is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb from the data provided by the ucsc genome browser .
once students identify a gene that is highly expressed , they also can link to the allen brain atlas ( url in references ) , which displays the expression pattern of that specific gene via in situ hybridization views along with an atlas ( c.f .
thus , students can discover the cell layers where their gene of interest is expressed ( figure 8) .
the ucsc genome browser also provides links to the national center for biotechnology information resources such as entrez gene and pubmed ( urls in references ) .
these resources allow the students to discover more information about their highly expressed gene including its nucleotide and amino acid sequence , as well as find articles about their gene that provide a deeper intellectual involvement in this exercise .
our website has already been populated with some of these materials http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/. a detailed instructor s manual should be available in summer 2009 .
1988 ) and dramatic brain sex differences ( nottebohm and arnold , 1976 ) were first described in this system , and it is still the focus of ongoing investigations on the neural basis of learning and memory ( nordeen and nordeen , 1988 ; troyer and doupe , 2000 ) , as well as on the genetic and hormonal bases of sexual differentiation in the nervous system ( cf .
agate et al . , 2003 ; grisham and arnold , 1995 ) . the rich literature base on the song system , the robust difference between the sexes in the size of song nuclei ( grisham and arnold , 1995 ) , and the dramatic masculinizing effect of hormones on this system s development ( grisham and arnold , 1995 ) make the zebra finch song system ideal for use in undergraduate laboratories
nevertheless , studying this system requires significant investments : supporting a bird colony , purchasing good quality microscopes , microtomes , histological supplies for processing brains , and digital microscope cameras .
such extensive facilities and equipment requirements make studying the bird song system out of reach for many institutions .
we are surmounting these obstacles by providing a collection of images for undergraduate students to replicate a published experiment that examined the doses of hormone required to masculinize the song system ( grisham et al .
further , students can extend this study -- we are adding images from untreated males , so that students can explore whether or not any of the treatments fully sex reverse the female song system at this point in time , the digital images are being collected , and we anticipate that they will be fully available in summer 2010 .
so far , our experience with students using a prototype library of digital images has proved to be highly successful ( see figure 10 ) .
anecdotally , the digital images are better at focusing students on the relevant aspects of the task relative to using tissue on slides . when we tried using the actual tissue , one student looked for the telencephalic song nuclei in the lower brainstem .
digital labs are highly successful teaching tools . we have used swimmy for several terms , and students have invariably responded positively . we obtained data from a cohort of students that had experienced both in vivo electrophysiology labs as well as our digital lab , swimmy .
students experiencing both conditions rated the virtual lab experience as having some definite advantages ( see figure 11 ) .
students show gains in their knowledge of neuroscience and their ability to reason their way through problems based in neuroscience ( cf .
we have also taught with the neuroinformatics module for several terms , and this has similarly proved to be a valuable tool for student learning .
in addition to introducing them to bioinformatics , this module provides instruction in genetics , statistical analyses , neuroanatomy , and molecular techniques .
notably , one of our students reported that the qtl module helped her choose and understand the statistical analyses for her senior thesis .
the bird song module has been extensively piloted with undergraduates , and has been successful every time .
further , students benefit not only in learning the facts about hormonal influences on sexual differentiation and comparative neuroanatomy , they also learn about statistical analyses , particularly anova and post - hoc comparisons .
in our experience , digital labs can provide valuable educational experiences , but they do offer a different educational experience than traditional wet labs .
digital labs typically sidestep procedure learning so students will not necessarily learn manual skills or technical problem solving required for bench science . instead , digital labs focus more on data collection , analysis and synthesis .
digital labs restrict the types of procedural errors that can occur , so students lose the opportunity of learning from such mistakes . on the other hand ,
students sometimes make such disastrous errors in wet labs that their results are uninterpretable , and digital labs prevent such outcomes . also , mistakes are more reversible in the digital realm than in wet labs , which we find reduces student anxiety .
neither wet labs nor our digital labs always produce the predicted data , which encourages an opportunity for valuable didactic discussion .
nonetheless , our digital labs are likely to yield replicable and interpretable results that allow students to relate their own data to broader concepts discussed in the literature .
having run both wet and digital labs , we also appreciate other strengths of digital labs . in wet labs , students often had to take turns waiting to share equipment , animals , etc .
in contrast , digital labs both allow and demand that each and every student be engaged in all aspects of the process and through all of the instructional time . in addition , digital labs reduce the use of animals in teaching , thus side - stepping potentially thorny ethical objections some students may have .
perhaps the greatest advantage of digital labs is that they can be adapted for and adopted in a variety of learning environments / communities such as a traditional classroom , in a lab setting , in blended instruction , or even distance learning .
although these labs may be of most interest to institutional settings where traditional wet labs are not possible due to limitations on resources , they have utility in other contexts as well .
we have augmented and amplified students laboratory experiences by using digital labs along with wet labs in our courses .
digital labs also allow easy preservation of teaching materials and tools and easy access to these resources for other faculty .
we are pleased to offer these labs to faculty and students at other institutions for free via our website : http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/.
 we are providing free digital resources for teaching neuroscience labs at http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/. these resources will ultimately include materials for teaching laboratories in electrophysiology of neuronal circuits ( swimmy ) , a neuroinformatics / bioinformatics module , and two modules for investigating the effects of hormones on early cns development  one focusing on the development of the song system and one focusing on sex differences in spinal cord motor neurons . 
 all of these modules are inquiry based  
 students gain from genuine experiences in doing actual studies rather than just simulations . 
 these materials should provide instructors the ability to provide good quality laboratory experiences regardless of resource limitations . 
 currently , modules on sex differences in the spinal cord and virtual neural circuits ( swimmy ) are available on our website . 
 more will be available in summer 2009 and 2010 . 
 swimmy was demonstrated at the faculty for undergraduate neuroscience ( fun ) workshop  the undergraduate neuroscience education : interactions , interdisciplines , and curricular best practices at macalester college in july 2008 . 
Prototype Project: RatSCIA
Modular Digital Course in Undergraduate Neuroscience Education
SWIMMY: Circuit Neurophysiology and Analyses of Virtual Central Pattern Generators
Bioinformatics: QTL Analysis of Mouse Olfactory Bulb Morphology
Bird Song System: Developmental Effects of Hormones
STUDENT EXPERIENCES
CONCLUSION