correlation between mutations in cancer alleles and drug response is a key point to identify drugs or drug combinations that match the genetic profile of individual tumors .
the identification of genetic determinants of drug response , by routine diagnostic approaches , is thus a clear priority of translational oncology . in non - small cell lung cancer ( nsclc ) genetic lesions affecting the epidermal growth factor receptor ( egfr ) pathway act as predictive markers of response to small inhibitors1 .
inappropriate egfr overactivation is mainly consequent to somatic mutations occurring in those sequences which encode for the receptor tyrosine kinase ( tk ) domain2 .
egfr amplification ( detected by fish in 20 - 40% of nsclcs , according to different studies ) seems to add a gain in response rates to gefitinb and erlotinib 3,4,5 . on the other hand , mutations affecting the egfr downstream transducers and mainly
the kras oncogene have emerged as highly specific negative predictors of response to single anti - egfr agents 6 .
here we describe the case of a 71 years old , currently smoker , caucasian man who came under our observation due to the occasional detection by standard chest x ray of a right pulmonary mass . during hospitalization ,
the patient underwent a total body ct scan that showed the presence of two solid parenchymal lesions : the first affecting the upper right lobe and a second nodule at the lower left lobe ; no mediastinal and extrathoracic masses were detected .
the patient was then addressed to fluoroscopic ct - guided fine needle aspiration ( fna ) of the two lesions . in both cases the cytological analysis ( fig .
1 ) was consistent with adenocarcinoma , displaying a ttf-1 and p63 positive immunohistochemical profile .
a diagnosis of bilateral synchronous nsclc ( adenocarcinoma ) was thus formulated . in order to evaluate the egfr / kras mutational profile , tumor genomic dna from
formalin - fixed paraffin - embedded ( ff - pe ) corresponding samples was extracted and sequenced . interestingly two different egfr profiles were unveiled .
indeed we found that the right lesion carried the egfr l858r somatic change , while no egfr mutations were detected by sequencing genomic dna extracted from the left nodule .
absence of egfr amplification was documented by fish analysis on both lesions . besides the two masses harboured wild type kras sequences . on this evidence ,
the patient underwent a first line platinum - based chemo ( platinum - pemetrexed ) but a slight disease progression was documented subsequent to 4 cycles of treatment .
after 6 months of treatment the egfr mutated lesion displayed a volume reduction of more than 50% ; the controlateral nodule showed a less but still significant ( 15 % ) reduction in both diameter and density ( fig.2 ) .
overall ct scans were performed as a control after therapies and objective response was evaluated according to recist criteria7 .
the above discussed case seems worth to be reported since it allows relevant some clinical considerations .
interestingly , the lesion that was assessed as egfr wild type - by sequencing fna cytology specimen- actually displayed a slight response to the egfr inhibitor .
this behavior could be coherent with the fact that some responses to egfr tkis have been described also in egfr wild type tumors8 .
in addition , it could be hypothesized the presence of an egfr - mutated subclone . from this perspective , it should be note that direct sequencing might not be sensitive enough to detect low frequency of mutated egfr and kras even though it remains at the present among the most accurate approaches to mutational analysis for clinical running .
a second key point is represented by the fact that routine histochemistry classified these tumors as two independent synchronous lung cancers .
however based on their mutational profile , a potential chronology and a metastatic progression could be hypothesized .
indeed preclinical data suggest that egfr mutations occur as an early event during nsclc onset 9 .
besides it is known that the molecular status of egfr / kras may change during the distant spreading of nsclc 12,10 and a discordance between egfr mutations in primary tumors and their corresponding lymphatic and distant metastases has been already reported 11,12,13,14 .
the heterogeneity found in this case has relevant clinical implications since it is reflected in disease staging and therapy : if the putative second lesion was a metastasis , that meant a stage iv - not resectable - disease , whereas if it was a synchronous primary tumor , it was potentially resectable15 .
although an exhaustive immunoistochemical analysis could be helpful to clarify the association between the two lesions , this case undoubtedly demonstrates that regardless histochemistry , therapy should be tailored to the molecular profile and that a molecular profile can be linked to a clinical phenotype .
a third issue is related to the opportunity to routinely perform egfr / kras mutational profile in front of adks aroused in males and active smokers . from this perspective
, this report provides clear evidence for a need to a complete egfr / kras molecular profiling for all lung adks .
finally this clinical report underlines the role of molecular diagnosis on cytological tumor sample as a routinely safe and accurate approach .
coherently recent reports confirm the feasibility of these techniques in samples derived from us - guided fine needle biopsies 16,17 .
however it should be noted that although mutational analysis on small sized samples may underestimate molecular heterogeneity that usually characterizes lung cancer and that , consequently , the fraction of the mutated egfr might be kept in consideration to define to what extent a lesion is mutated and consequently objectively sensitive to anti egfr therapy .
 we discuss the case of synchronous bilateral lung cancers which feature the same histological phenotype and a different egfr mutational profile . both histological and molecular characterizations 
 were performed on specimens derived thorough ct - guided fine needle aspiration . 
 a first - line chemotherapy was unsuccessful . 
 subsequent objective response to the egfr inhibitor erlotinib was clearly coherent with the sequencing data and the mutated nodule was effectively reduced ( > 50% ) after therapy , while the lesion assessed as egfr wild type featured a slight response . 
 this report has two relevant implications . 
 it points out that in case of multiple malignant lesions at time of diagnosis , molecular profiling should be as extensive as possible and it might contribute to clarify the association between the lesions found . besides the molecular analysis on cytology specimens could identify an accurate and safe diagnostic approach for clinical use . 
Introduction
Case
Discussion