multiple chemical sensitivity ( mcs ) , also known as chemical intolerance ( ci ) or chemical hypersensitivity , is an emerging disabling illness characterized by chronic adverse effects from exposure to low levels of chemicals in the modern human environment .
symptoms can range from mild to disabling and commonly include fatigue , nausea , dyspepsia , rhinitis , confusion , change in heart rate , irritability , dizziness , and headache.1 the most common chemicals described as causing reactions are pesticides , petro chemicals , household cleaners , exhausts , dry cleaning chemicals , perfumes , smoke , and air fresheners.1 prevalence rates vary depending upon the wording of population surveys , but chemical sensitivity appears to be an international problem . in the us ,
caress and steinemann2 found that 12.6% of a household population study reported being unusually sensitive to common chemical substances .
meggs et al3 found that 33% of persons in a us household population survey reported some chemical sensitivity ( cs ) , with 3.9% reporting becoming ill every day from exposures .
katerndahl et al4 found that 20% of 400 people in family medicine waiting rooms met the criteria for ci . in the netherlands ,
27% reported multiple symptoms from chemicals,5 while in germany , 32% reported similar complaints.6 johansson et al7 found , in sweden , that 32% reported some odor intolerance , with 19% having some life impacts from the intolerance . in the same country ,
15.6% of teenagers reported cs.8 and in korea , the prevalence is estimated at 16.4% , with higher numbers among people with atopic dermatitis and those who have lived in new housing.9 thus , sensitivity / intolerance to chemicals is reported to occur in multiple countries .
though found internationally , and crossing the lines of race , income , and age,10 mcs does seem to disproportionately affect women.5,8,11 the japanese researchers imai et al12,13 have made pleas for health professionals to attend to indoor air quality and to learn to counsel those with sensitivities as to how to avoid chemical exposure in their daily lives .
researchers have , to date , only discussed mcs in the industrialized countries of japan , korea , sweden , germany , canada , usa , spain , france , and the netherlands .
however , johnson14 has described in detail the sensitivity - related illness experienced by persons exposed to the september 11 , 2001 , world trade center bombing in new york , the katrina aftermath in new orleans , and the clean - up following the oil spill by the exxon - valdez in alaska , usa .
it is certain that indigenous persons experience heavy chemical exposures such as these as a result of industrial sitings , chemical spills , and lesser environmental standards for industrial ventures .
texaco for extreme contamination of their forest home,15 a long - running case only recently resulted in an ecuadorean appeals court upholding a ruling against chevron and requiring the company to pay 18.2 billion dollars in damages.16,17 it is well known that nigeria is heavily contaminated as a result of oil extraction18 and that toxic pesticides no longer legal in the us are exported for use in less developed countries .
though some progress has been made in understanding sensitivities in industrialized countries , persons with these  contested  and emerging illnesses still have difficulties in obtaining help with the challenges of living with poorly understood conditions .
some are referred to psychologists when medical providers fail to find obvious bodily damage and assume that the problem is psychosomatic .
others go for help with any concomitant mental health issues or are unaware that they have reactions to chemicals .
additionally , in the usa some persons are required to have a psychological evaluation when applying for social security disability income .
the field of sociology preceded psychology in examining and understanding chronic illness.19,20 charmaz21 has described the alienation from the body and the changes in identity goals that accompanied surrendering to chronic illness in 55 adults with chronic illness . though psychology has been slower to recognize the needs of those with chronic illness , writers within this field have focused on the support needs and ways of responding to individuals with chronic illness and their families.22,23 kennedy et al24 admitted in 2001 that the psychological professions were just beginning to address the chronically ill .
more specifically , psychological researchers have discussed coping from an empathic perspective for noncontested conditions , such as renal failure,2527 rheumatoid arthritis,28 multiple sclerosis,26 and others.29 over time , the findings of these studies are becoming integrated into health care provision to the benefit of patients .
mcs , in particular , has been the subject of heated debate regarding etiology , with some exploring psychogenic pathways . though a thorough summary of etiology research is beyond the scope or space of this paper , research on causation has been fairly polarized .
skovbjerg et al30 found neuroticism to be a small predictor of ci and cite this as support for the role of negative effect in the development of ci .
bailer et al31 examined trauma in persons with  idiopathic environmental intolerance  ( iei ) , somatoform , disorder , and in controls .
no differences were found regarding general or sexual trauma , but those with iei and somatoform cited more exposure to unspecified and  life - threatening illness  .
the authors believe that  these life events may foster the development of dysfunctional beliefs , direct attention toward bodily symptoms of potential illnesses , and lead to enhanced symptom reports  . in a later study ,
bailer et al32 used the modern health worries scale that examines concerns about radiation , environmental pollution , tainted food , and toxic interventions .
persons with iei [ sic ] had higher worries than controls , leading the authors to attribute chemical sensitivities to an attributional style .
( but the relationship between the worries measured and the participants health condition calls this interpretation into question due to circular reasoning ) . researchers who view the condition as physiological have found a strong overlap with allergy and asthma,10,11 vitamin and mineral deficiencies,33 enzymatic deficiencies and genetic alleles,34 immunological factors,35 including proinflammatory indicators,36 genetic variations,34 and mixed results regarding upper airway inflammation.37,38 the  olfactory kindling hypothesis  has found some support39 with evidence from animal studies.40,41 there is some suggestion of elevated histamine both during and between exposures42,43 and some positive correlation between real - time volatile organic compound exposures as measured by canisters and reports of symptoms44,45 and serious neurological changes ( decrease in brain perfusion ) on single - photon emission computed tomography scans in a number of cortical areas during chemical exposure for persons with mcs when compared with controls.46 orriols et al46 also found changes in brain function before and after exposure in the mcs group and say that their findings  suggest a neurologic pathogenesis of this disorder  .
andersson et al8 found that anxiety , but not depression , correlated with cs and speculated that depression may develop as a result of the sensitivity .
the relation with anxiety was only correlational , and bloch and meggs11 found that anxiety was related to allergy and asthma as well as cs .
similarly , bloch and meggs11 found that panic also has a nonunique relationship with mcs , suggesting  that chemical sensitivity is a member of a larger family of diseases that have a common relationship with anxiety and panic  .
gundersen et al47 found no relationship between mcs and anxiety or depression . in an older study ,
bertschler et al48 found that mental health indicators improved following treatment for chemical sensitivities , suggesting that psychological discomfort is secondary to the illness .
heuser et al49 suggested in 1992 , after finding considerable evidence of neurological abnormality , that the  psychiatric presentation by many of these patients may well have a neurological basis .  though practitioners who do not believe that mcs is of physiological origin suggest that patients expose themselves gradually to chemicals , fox and sampalli50 found evidence in an exposure booth study that those with mcs did not accommodate to a series of three exposures to dryer sheets , but continued to manifest changes in  skin temperature and conductance , respiratory and heart rate , and surface electromyography ( emg )  .
cui et al51 argue for an integrative  multifactorial psychobiological  process model rather than one that is unidirectionally psychogenic or physiological .
the authors found that mcs in japanese factory workers did predict mental health issues on the quick environmental exposure and sensitivity inventory ( qeesi ) , though their study model constructed mental health effects as secondary to mcs .
dantoft et al52 have created an integrative summary of the etiological research on mcs and call for researchers to set aside the dichotomy and pursue interdisciplinary work in order to positively impact those who experience the illness .
dumit53 has referred to conditions such as fibromyalgia , chronic fatigue syndrome , and mcs as 
illnesses you have to fight to get  , in that without a clear medical label , these persons lack the medical validation that confers legitimacy .
thus , invisible / emerging / marginalized / contested conditions leave persons with the task of struggling for validation and access to resources .
fox and kim54 observed that  the barriers faced by individuals from emerging disability groups often prevent experiencing the benefits of participation in society  .
the life impacts of having cs / ci may include joblessness , lack of medical care , lack of community access,55 social isolation , and even homelessness.1 workplace harassment is not uncommon , and may possibly , along with lack of job accommodations , be a factor in joblessness.56 not surprisingly , persons with these struggles report personal distress .
when the symptoms become severe , persons often apply for disability benefits as a result of the inability to continue in the workplace.57,58 despite the use of mental health providers as gatekeepers in the acquisition of disability support , they appear to be generally unprepared to work with this problem . and
given the history of women s health care5961 and the sex biases in psychological care,62,63 it is not surprising that persons with ci would report some difficulty in accessing support in the psychological community .
gibson et al1 found that 187 of 268 persons with self - reported mcs had seen a total of 549 mental health providers .
only 17% of these providers were seen as being informed regarding mcs and 36% were perceived as helpful .
respondents reported that their cs was ignored ( n=119 ) , that they received psychogenic labels ( n=102 ) and psychoactive medications ( n=83 ) , and that providers suggested ( n=33 ) or implemented ( n=28 ) psychiatric hospitalization .
more recently , doiron64 found that even providers who had been working with this population for some time showed little understanding of clients difficulties or needs .
likewise , in japan , imai et al12 found that  lack of knowledge about the disorder  and  difficulty in establishing a diagnosis  comprised two of the three major obstacles that aggravate symptoms of sick house syndrome or cs .
similar experiences may be encountered when persons with mcs attempt to access services at centers for independent living .
gibson et al65 found that services received by consumers with mcs were uneven and unpredictable and that , although some persons received helpful services , advocates turned others away and were unfamiliar with mcs or the needs of those who experience it . in this article , we summarize the experiences of a sample of persons in the us with mcs who sought help from psychological providers for various reasons . we discuss the experiences of persons with sensitivities who visited psychological providers and their views regarding ways to improve services for this population . to our knowledge , this is the first study of the experiences of persons with ci with psychological providers .
fifty - five ( 91.7% ) participants were physician diagnosed with mcs , four ( 6.7% ) were self - diagnosed , and one did not answer this question .
the 45-question survey contained demographic questions regarding age , sex , and household income , as well as questions regarding how many and what types of mental health providers they had seen and for what reasons .
we then asked the responders to concentrate on one specific experience with their most recent mental health provider and to answer questions about that contact in terms of accommodations asked for and received , the reason for the contact , and how the experience could have been better .
we also used the satisfaction with life scale ( swls ) comprising five questions on a 7-point likert - type scale ( total scores can range from 5 to 35).66 the questions are broad and not anchored to specific life realms , as diener67 believes that respondents should be free to anchor life satisfaction on their own criteria .
the measure has shown satisfactory internal consistency ( r=0.87)68 and test  retest reliability ( r=0.82).66 the scale is not correlated with social desirability , sex , age , or educational level.68 the 44-question survey was developed on qualtrics , an online survey maker .
after receiving study approval from the james madison university institutional review board , the link to the survey was placed on our mcs research website for 5 months ( www.mcsresearch.net ) .
we also informed multiple support and advocacy groups that we were conducting the study and asked for their help in distributing our call to the participants .
paper copies were offered for those who could not access the survey online . when accessing the link to the study , respondents first viewed an informed consent document and were advised that pushing the  next  button after reading the consent implied agreement to participate ; responses were thus anonymous .
fifty - five ( 91.7% ) participants were physician diagnosed with mcs , four ( 6.7% ) were self - diagnosed , and one did not answer this question .
the 45-question survey contained demographic questions regarding age , sex , and household income , as well as questions regarding how many and what types of mental health providers they had seen and for what reasons .
we then asked the responders to concentrate on one specific experience with their most recent mental health provider and to answer questions about that contact in terms of accommodations asked for and received , the reason for the contact , and how the experience could have been better .
we also used the satisfaction with life scale ( swls ) comprising five questions on a 7-point likert - type scale ( total scores can range from 5 to 35).66 the questions are broad and not anchored to specific life realms , as diener67 believes that respondents should be free to anchor life satisfaction on their own criteria .
the measure has shown satisfactory internal consistency ( r=0.87)68 and test  retest reliability ( r=0.82).66 the scale is not correlated with social desirability , sex , age , or educational level.68
the 44-question survey was developed on qualtrics , an online survey maker . after receiving study approval from the james madison university institutional review board ,
the link to the survey was placed on our mcs research website for 5 months ( www.mcsresearch.net ) .
we also informed multiple support and advocacy groups that we were conducting the study and asked for their help in distributing our call to the participants .
paper copies were offered for those who could not access the survey online . when accessing the link to the study , respondents first viewed an informed consent document and were advised that pushing the  next  button after reading the consent implied agreement to participate ; responses were thus anonymous .
sixty persons returned usable complete surveys , 57 of which were caucasian ( three classified themselves as  other  ) .
fifty - four considered themselves to be disabled and four did not ( two did not answer ) . there was a range of educational levels : one person had completed some high school , ten had high school degrees , nine had associate s degrees , 12 had technical degrees , 16 had bachelor s degree , ten had master s degrees , and two had doctoral degrees .
marital status varied : 14 participants being single , 22 married , 19 divorced , and five living with partners . over two - thirds ( 66.7% ) were not employed , ten ( 16.7% ) worked from home , three ( 5.0% ) worked part - time , and seven ( 11.7% ) worked full - time .
most respondents ( 55 ) had lost or had been forced to quit a job because of their sensitivities .
respondents had been aware of their disorder for a mean of 14 years and had seen a mean of 4.5 mental health providers , with 20 being the highest number seen .
participants rated their level of disability as mild ( 10% ) , moderate ( 19.0% ) , severe ( 46.6% ) , or totally disabled ( 24.1% ) .
as we expected , there were people who were forced to seek services as part of the social security or private disability compensation application .
others were looking for stress management , medication reviews , or validation that their condition was physiological .
people commonly sought counseling for a variety of reasons , including work or social discrimination , difficulty in physical functioning , and other issues related to mcs .
many were grieving over their loss of access ( ie , their inability to have contact with much of the world because of their intolerances ) .
when asked what type of mental health providers they had seen , 40 ( 66.7% ) reported visiting psychiatrists , 42 ( 70% ) had seen psychologists , 25 ( 41.7% ) had seen counselors , 13 ( 21.7% ) had visited social workers , and eleven ( 18.3% ) had accessed other mental health providers such as neuropsychologists or neurologists ( some saw more than one type of provider ) .
( the tables are not meant to be summative , as not all participants requested accommodations , not all accommodations requested were given , and some participants requested more than one accommodation ) .
the most commonly requested accommodations included a fragrance - free environment , being seen in a different location , a chemical - free room , being able to avoid the waiting room , and others as listed in table 2 .
some mental health providers were quite accommodating in that they were willing to forego the use of scent for a day or meet outside of their offices .
although providers made a variety of accommodations for their clients , some could not control access to their entire buildings .
for example , one participant said ,  the office has signage up that it is a chemical free environment and staff do not wear fragranced products , however , main entry and elevator to the office in the building is [ sic ] often full of chemical smells  .
while visiting providers , 45 participants ( 75% ) had asked for special accommodations for their sensitivities and 30 people ( 50% ) said they had been met .
many respondents felt there was more their providers could have done regarding accommodations . when asked to evaluate their provider s knowledge of mcs on a scale of  not knowledgeable  ,  somewhat knowledgeable  , or 
highly knowledgeable  , 25 ( 41.7% ) said their provider was  not knowledgeable 
, 27 ( 45% ) said  somewhat knowledgeable  , and only seven ( 11.7% ) said  highly knowledgeable  .
when rating the experience of the provider regarding mcs , 39 persons ( 65% ) said  not experienced  , 17 ( 28.3% ) stated  somewhat experienced  , and only four ( 6.7% ) said  highly experienced  .
thirty - eight percent of participants had received refusals for help from mental health providers in the past because of a lack of knowledge or an inability / unwillingness to accommodate the respondents . when describing how the experience could have been better , respondents named variables related to both the setting and practitioner behavior .
persons wanted a safer physical environment in which to be seen that was smoke- and scent - free , with windows that opened .
they wanted to avoid waiting rooms and new construction and to be seen in their own homes .
many respondents mentioned wanting knowledgeable providers who would believe them and recognize mcs as a physical condition , and offer understanding , compassion , and support for their condition and its associated lifestyle changes ( table 3 ) . when asked about the worst aspect of their experience with mental health providers ,
respondents listed variables that fell into three categories : the exposures that occurred as a result of the interaction , the tendency to see mcs as psychogenic , and the lack of responsiveness on the part of the providers .
exposure problems included fragrance on furniture and on people , having to wear a mask to attempt to avoid such exposures , and becoming sick from the experience .
the tendency of the provider to construct mcs as psychogenic caused some clients to receive psychological labels and be given psychogenic medications .
one client was required to take the minnesota multiplasic personality inventory , a test usually reserved for clients assumed to have some mental pathology .
respondents mentioned being tested only for psychological problems and not for toxic brain syndromes , being seen as trying to get out of working , and having to be on guard so as not to be perceived as having a psychological disorder .
the embarrassment of discussing a condition that could be perceived as psychological was also mentioned as the worst aspect of visiting a mental health provider .
behaviors from providers that demonstrated a lack of responsiveness on the part of the provider included getting no accommodations , perceiving that the provider had no understanding of mcs , having symptoms dismissed , feeling humiliated , and  feeling as if i were talking to a stump  .
scores on the swls were generally low , with a mean of 12.2 of a possible 35 , a very low score even for persons with chronic medical issues .
scores on the swls were generally low , with a mean of 12.2 of a possible 35 , a very low score even for persons with chronic medical issues .
although some participants were satisfied with their interactions with mental health providers , many felt that there was much room for improvement , and we gathered valuable data for designing a training module for mental health providers who work with persons with mcs ( to be presented elsewhere ) .
we found that more than half of the providers seen were not considered knowledgeable about mcs .
egeli et al69 found that patients with fibromyalgia ( another contested illness ) were more satisfied when their physicians were knowledgeable and supportive and listened to their concerns .
many of the recommendations suggested by egeli et al s participants for their physicians resembled those of ours regarding their mental health providers .
our participants were looking for providers with more knowledge of mcs and alternative treatment methods and were expecting the provider to learn with them and to take extra time to adequately discuss treatments . in our study , over 83.3% of participants considered their mental health provider only somewhat or not experienced .
many wished that the providers had been willing to research the subject before their session so they would have a better understanding of the client s dilemma . yet
disability benefits from the government would ease the struggles with money and payments to medical centers for mcs clients .
a number of respondents reported very negative experiences in having to undergo psychological assessment in order to acquire the needed disability benefits .
one of the major themes that the current study has highlighted is that the clients do not see themselves as mentally ill but as disabled by their experiences with mcs .
some of their experiences with providers were helpful because they were able to secure help for their problems resulting from the mcs .
gibson70 reported that some persons , out of financial desperation , felt forced to accept psychological diagnoses though they believed them to be incorrect .
the danger in misinterpreting women s health conditions as psychogenic was addressed by klonoff and landrine,71 who reviewed health conditions that tend to manifest either more often or solely in women ( eg , multiple sclerosis , hypothyroidism , temporal lobe epilepsy ) .
the authors believe that the psychological  overlay  or mimic of psychological symptoms in many physical illnesses may account for the preponderance of women receiving depression and anxiety diagnoses from both primary care and psychological providers .
klonoff and landrine state that the use of antidepressants can worsen the condition and even be fatal .
women with mcs may face the same risks , as antidepressants were rated as more harmful than helpful by a large sample of persons when used as a treatment for ci.72 life satisfaction scores were lower than even previously found for persons with mcs .
gibson et al73 found a mean swls score of 14.86 , ( standard deviation ( sd ) = 7.64 ) in 209 persons with mcs .
this is the second study to find low life satisfaction in persons with mcs compared with other published samples .
previous researchers found that medical outpatients and elderly patients scored means of 23.5 and 25.8 , respectively , on the swls.66,68,74 in the gibson et al73 study , lower life satisfaction was significantly correlated with the course of illness ( having gotten worse ) , being fatigued , having low leisure satisfaction , having a lower income , and having no romantic relationship .
many participants in the current study had lost spouses , jobs , and the freedom to leave their own houses .
these cumulative losses are consistent with findings from other studies ; these losses and the lack of access may explain the low mean swls scores .
this underscores the need for counseling and support regarding coping with chemical and electrical intolerance.13 there is a great need for more research on the physical causes of mcs , effective interventions , and the support of this population by mental health providers .
our results are consistent with those of bernard et al,75 who found that 270 participants with fibromyalgia reported in open - ended questions that they wanted their health care professionals to be more educated about their particular disease and to offer better services to help manage their disease .
similarly , lehman et al76 found when studying respondents with chronic fatigue syndrome , that the most popular response ( 36% ) to the question  what is the most unhelpful or upsetting thing that a medical professional has said or done to you 
interestingly , the most popular response ( 52% ) to the query  what is the most helpful thing that a medical professional has said or done to you  was legitimizing the illness , either through diagnosis or by acknowledging the presence of symptoms .
respondents in the lehman et al study , who reported not feeling legitimized by their physicians , also demonstrated significantly higher depression and anxiety scores than those who felt legitimized .
when mcs and other emerging disabilities gain legitimacy , people will be able to seek effective services .
though disagreement regarding etiology persists , researchers are beginning to hypothesize and uncover neurological effects of chemical exposure in persons with ci . medical acceptance and understanding of this condition ,
proper financial benefits , and work accommodations would go a long way toward improving the quality of life for persons with environmental intolerances .
we believe it is the responsibility of health care providers to study emerging illnesses and disabilities and to contribute positively to the care of those who experience them .
koch et al would like rehabilitation counselors to challenge their own biases toward mcs , revise their understanding of universal design , accommodations , and accessibility , and learn to help clients to communicate with their work supervisors and erode their psychosocial isolation.77 recently , gibson et al78 found , in a grounded theory study , that the core activity of participants ,  healthquest 
, was literally a euphemism for  resisting annihilation  , given the tremendous obstacles to seeking medical treatment for persons with mcs . in this study , respondents reported wanting their counselors to understand in detail the triggers , symptoms , and lifestyle requirements of those with mcs , to learn some toxicology , to understand how some psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety can be either toxin - induced or secondary reactions to the lifestyle restrictions , to apply the principles of doing good therapy to this population of disabled people , and to make it a priority to provide an accessible office . until and unless therapists are able to address these needs , persons with mcs will struggle for even a modicum of help from the  helping  professions
. limitations of this study include the nonrandom method of gathering volunteers and the fact that the participants were self - reported to have mcs .
 in this paper , we summarize the results of an online survey of persons in the united states with chemical intolerance / multiple chemical sensitivity who sought help from mental health providers , including counselors , psychologists , psychiatrists , and others . 
 respondents reported on their most recent contact with a provider , describing reasons for the contact , accommodations requested and received , and suggestions for how the experience could be more helpful . 
 overall , though clients were accommodated in small ways , some received no accommodation , and many felt that the providers needed to be more knowledgeable regarding chemical intolerance . 
 results are discussed in terms of the importance of providers becoming more aware of multiple chemical sensitivity and more willing to make their services accessible to these clients . 
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Results
Satisfaction with Life Scale
Discussion