the removal of organic debris is the main purpose of filing in pulpectomy procedures in primary teeth .
this goal can be achieved with manual or rotary nickel - titanium ( niti ) instruments.[24 ] the design and flexibility of niti alloy instruments allow files to preserve the original anatomy of curved canals , especially in primary teeth and reduce procedural errors .
in addition , because of the funnel - shaped canal preparation , a more predictably uniform paste filling can be obtained in primary teeth .
rotary files also favor the patient 's cooperation by shortening treatment time for cleaning canals . however , the high cost of niti rotary systems and need for training to learn the technique are disadvantages of niti rotary files.[26 ] niti rotary instruments of different designs are available .
manufacturers have tried to promote their cleaning efficacy for root canal preparations , simplify the procedures and decrease instrumentation time , which are particular considerations in children .
accordingly , some studies have focused on niti rotary endodontic systems in pulpectomy of primary teeth;[246810 ] however , most researchers have tested these instruments only in permanent teeth . a new generation of niti rotary files appeared with the mtwo endodontic instruments . the basic series ( standard set ) of mtwo rotary files includes four instruments with variable tip sizes ranging from no .
25 , tapers ranging from .04 to .06.07 and two lengths : 21 and 25 mm . also file tips range in size from 30 , 35 , 40 and tapers of 0.5 , 0.4 and 0.7 are available .
the manufacturer recommends that all mtwo files should be used for the full length of the root canal ( single - length technique).[1315 ] smaller instruments are used before larger ones , as in the step - back method .
the specific design and flexibility of mtwo instruments maintain the original root canal curvature , and these instruments are effective and safe , so cleaning can be completed in less time .
another rotary niti system is the protaper system , which consists of one file as an orifice opener ( sx ) , two shaping files ( s1 , s2 ) and five finishing files ( f1-f5 ) .
the files have a variable tapered shaft that is designed for the crown - down technique .
file tips range in size from 20 to 50 , and tapers of 0.07 , 0.08 and 0.09 are available . a crown - down technique is recommended for protaper instruments , in which larger files are used before smaller ones and canals are prepared with a coronal - to - apical approach.[111719 ] several studies have compared the effectiveness of rotary niti files and manual instruments in cleaning root canals in permanent teeth . most have concluded that niti rotary systems are faster than manual files,[35910 ] reduce errors during root canal preparation , and preserve root canal shape .
foschi et al . reported that both the mtwo and protaper rotary systems produced a clean canal in the coronal and middle thirds , but were unable to produce dentine surfaces free from smear layer and debris in the apical third .
schafer et al . found debris removal with mtwo instruments better than k3 and race instruments in permanent teeth .
found no significant difference between instrumentation with mtwo and profile on the cleanliness of the root canals of permanent teeth .
gu et al . reported that both mtwo and protaper systems are effective in the preparation of permanent curved molar canals .
however , the superiority of rotary systems in narrow and curved primary teeth root canals has not been unequivocally documented . because few studies have compared the cleaning ability of hand files and rotary instruments in deciduous teeth , this in vitro study compared the cleaning ability of manual instruments ( k - files ) and two rotary systems ( mtwo and protaper ) in the preparation of primary molar root canals .
the research protocol for this study was submitted to the human ethics review committee of the school of dentistry , shiraz , university of medical sciences . after the method was approved , extracted primary teeth from several dental clinics in shiraz and neighboring suburbs
all patients parents were informed about the purpose of the research and the way the extracted teeth would be used for in vitro study .
the exact reasons for tooth extraction were unknown to the researchers , but it was assumed that they were extracted because of dental pain . immediately after extraction all teeth were stored in distilled water at 37c . they were then immersed in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 week for disinfection , and stored in distilled water at 37c . among these teeth , 80 mandibular primary molars with intact , complete roots and no signs of root resorption were selected for this study .
included were 47 first mandibular molars and 33 second mandibular molars with more than 160 root canals .
all the canals were checked radiographically for apical patency and root canal conditions by inserting a no .
teeth with no abnormalities such as internal or external root resorption or canal calcification were selected . in all , 160 fully formed mesiobuccal and distal root canals with closed apices were chosen for canal preparations .
all specimens were then rinsed , and root canals were filed with india ink with a 30-gauge insulin syringe . a no .
15 k - file was introduced into the canal to assure penetration of the ink and prevent bubble formation .
the teeth were left in wet conditions at room temperature for 48 h , and were then randomly divided into experimental and control groups .
group 1 specimens were instrumented with stainless steel k - files ; in group 2 mtwo niti rotary files were used , and in group 3 protaper files were used .
the mesiobuccal and distal root canals of each tooth were used for all endodontic procedures . in the control group ,
the root canals of 20 teeth were filled with ink and irrigated with normal saline but not instrumented .
the working length was recorded as the length of the initial file at the apical foramen minus 1 mm . in group 1 ,
all 40 root canals were instrumented manually with k - files ( mani co , tokyo , japan ) with the step - back technique up to file no .
all 40 canals were cleaned with the mtwo rotary system ( vdw , munich , germany ) , using 21 mm files .
the instruments were used to the full length of the root canal , as for the single - length technique .
the instrumentation sequence was 10/.04 , 15/.05 , 20/.06 , and 25/.06 . in group 3
, all 40 root canals were cleaned with the protaper system ( dentsply - maillefer , ballaigues , switzerland ) in a crown - down method with three instruments in the following sequence : s1 in the coronal third of the root canal , s2 in the middle third , and f1 at the working length . as a result of a pilot study , we modified the sequence of the three protaper instruments slightly to prepare the canals .
the two niti rotary systems were driven with a torque - limited rotation endo it professional system ( vdw , munich , germany ) with torque control at a standardized speed for all files . in all groups ,
each instrument was checked after every use , and all files were discarded after 4 uses . in all three experimental groups the canals were flushed with 5 ml normal saline and dried with absorbent paper points .
the pulp chamber was filled with temporary cement and teeth were then stored in wet conditions . to analyze cleaning capacity ,
the teeth were placed separately in 7% hydrochloric acid for 2 days , and the acid solution was changed daily until the tooth was completely decalcified .
then the teeth were washed under running water and dehydrated in a series of ethyl alcohols : 70% alcohol for 16 h ( changed after 8 h ) followed by 80% alcohol for 8 h , 95% alcohol for 8 h , and 100% alcohol for 8 h. after dehydration , the teeth were cleared in methyl salicylate ( merck kgaa , darmstadt , germany ) for 6 h. two observers who were unaware of which group the teeth were from examined the transparent teeth under a stereomicroscope ( zeiss , jena , germany ) at 10 magnification and scored the amount of india ink remaining in the coronal , middle , and apical thirds of the canal on a scale of 0 to 3 [ figure 1 ] : cleared clean canals in second mandibular primary molar 0 = total clearing in which the whole canal was completely clean . 1 = almost complete ink removal .
the ink adhered to the root canals and irrigation without instrumentation could not remove it .
comparisons between the control group and the three experimental groups indicated that all the instruments in the three experimental groups we compared were able to remove the ink .
table 1 shows the frequency distributions of different scores in the coronal , middle and apical thirds of root canals after k - file , mtwo and protaper rotary file cleaning .
comparisons between the experimental and control group disclosed statistically significant differences in the apical , middle and coronal thirds of root canals ( p<0.05 ) .
statistical analysis detected no significant differences in cleaning capacity between the three instrumentation techniques ( p>0.05 ) .
comparisons of the three parts of the canal cleaned with different techniques showed no statistically significant differences between the three regions in group 1 ( k - files ) and group 2 ( mtwo system ) ( p<0.05 ) .
however , scores for group 3 ( protaper ) differed significantly in the coronal and middle thirds of the canals ( p=0.030 ) .
comparison of cleaning efficacy scores of k - files , mtwo and protaper rotary files in the coronal , middle and apical third of primary molar root canals
the importance of root canal cleaning is reflected in the many studies that have focused on different manual instruments and rotary systems for root canal preparation .
most studies have compared the cleaning ability of hand files and rotary instruments in permanent teeth , whereas few of them involved deciduous teeth .
this in vitro study compared the preparation efficacy of manual instruments ( k - files ) and two rotary systems ( mtwo and protaper ) in the preparation of primary molar root canals .
it should be noted that previous studies compared different rotary systems other than the mtwo and protaper systems.[246810 ] different approaches have been used to evaluate the cleaning ability of instruments : debris removal was the focus of at least once study , and another used scanning electron microscopy to examine smear layer removal . in the debris - removal study just mentioned , the root canals were examined after dying and clearing , which was also the technique used in the present study .
we found no significant differences in the degree of cleaning capacity between manual and rotary techniques ( p>0.05 ) . in agreement with our findings ,
some studies noted the benefits of hand instrumentation over rotary files with regard to root canal wall preparation ; however , others reported that niti instruments had advantages over hand files .
the differences in the findings between ours and other studies probably reflect differences in the type of teeth , type of rotary instrument and techniques used , irrigation solutions , and operator experience . in the present study , both mtwo and protaper rotary instruments prepared the root canals efficiently , as has been described by others in permanent teeth . like us
, some authors found no significant difference between mtwo and protaper systems regarding their cleaning ability in permanent teeth.[182527 ] clinical and laboratory studies in primary teeth have demonstrated the advantages of rotary files for pulpectomy.[246810 ] because there are no clear guidelines for the instrumentation of primary tooth root canals with rotary files , some researchers have used the same principles as for permanent teeth ; however , others recommended modified rules . in their clinical study , kuo et al
. found that the protaper rotary system was efficient and safe for root canal preparation in primary teeth .
however , these authors used a combination of one manual file and two protaper instruments ( sx and s2 ) . in view of the lesser structural thickness and density of the dentin in primary teeth than in permanent teeth , and as a result of our pilot study , we modified the sequences of the three protaper instruments used to prepare the canals .
these modifications , and our inclusion of both first and second mandibular primary molars , are potential confounders that should be taken into account in future research .
the ability of protaper and mtwo rotary files to clean the root canals depends on the instrument 's cross - sectional design and flute .
. this design may enhance engagement of the file edges to the canal walls and produce smooth surfaces as well as tapering towards the apex .
the protaper rotary instruments , like mtwo files , have positive rake angles and non - cutting tips .
these characteristics of mtwo instruments , in addition to their s - shaped cross - section , are responsible for their cutting efficiency , their lower risk of instrument fracture and their ability to achieve symmetrical root canals .
moreover , the use of an electric torque - limited handpiece also reduces file fractures . in all three experimental groups ,
cleaning capacity was apparently better in the coronal and middle thirds of the canal than in the apical third .
like us , foschi et al . , also reported that none of the manual or rotary systems could clean the apical part of root canals completely . in the present study the protaper system was less effective in the apical third than in the other two thirds of the canal
however , manual k - files were similarly effective in all three parts of the canal , as were mtwo rotary files .
this result reflects the better cutting ability and high flexibility of mtwo rotary files , which cleaned the narrow , curved primary root canals efficiently .
several previous studies noted the advantages of mtwo files over protaper systems in permanent teeth , e.g. , fewer preparation errors , simplified technique and usage , and significantly shorter preparation times .
because no data are available regarding the superiority of any given type of file in cleaning root canals in deciduous teeth , further research is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of different kinds of rotary systems in primary teeth .
based on our findings , the following conclusions can be offered : 
 new - generation endodontic instruments available for root canal preparation can facilitate canal preparation in primary teeth.manual k - files were similar in effectiveness to mtwo and protaper rotary systems in cleaning primary tooth root canals . 
 
new - generation endodontic instruments available for root canal preparation can facilitate canal preparation in primary teeth .
manual k - files were similar in effectiveness to mtwo and protaper rotary systems in cleaning primary tooth root canals .
 background : root canal cleaning is an important step in endodontic therapy . in order to develop better techniques , a new generation of endodontic instruments has been designed . 
 the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of manual k - files ( mani co , tokyo , japan ) and two rotary systems  
 mtwo ( dentsply - maillefer , ballaigues , switzerland ) and protaper ( vdw , munich , germany)for root canal preparation in primary molars.materials and methods : india ink was injected to 160 mesiobuccal and distal root canals of mandibular primary molars . 
 the teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group . in each experimental group , 
 either manual instruments ( k - files ) or rotary instruments ( mtwo or protaper ) were used to prepare root canals . after cleaning the canals and clearing the teeth , ink removal was evaluated with a stereomicroscope . 
 statistical analysis was done with kruskal  wallis and friedman tests.results:there were no significant differences in cleaning efficiency between manual and rotary instruments . only protaper files performed significantly better in the coronal and middle thirds than in the apical third of the root canal.conclusion:manual k - files and the mtwo and protaper rotary systems showed equally acceptable cleaning ability in primary molar root canals . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS