hypertension remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 studies have shown that low - to - moderate intensities of exercise ( 35%79% of age - predicted maximum heart rate ) not only can reduce systolic blood pressure ( sbp ) by 3.510.5 mmhg but can also decrease cardiovascular ( cv ) morbidity and mortality.2 the mechanism through which exercise exerts these effects is not completely understood , but it appears to be largely related to vascular regulation , especially , reduction in total peripheral resistance , as a result of neurohormonal , vascular , and genetic adaptations .
other proposed mechanisms include inflammation as well as lipid , insulin , and glucose metabolism.3 hypertensive patients will benefit from performing low - to - moderate intensity dynamic exercises , such as walking , running , and cycling on a daily basis.3 exercise takes several forms , but the two most common modes of formal exercise testing are the treadmill walking or running and bicycle ergometry .
it is also important to diagnose abnormal cv responses that may not be present at rest , which may lead to morbidity and mortality.4,5 studies on the comparison of exercise responses on treadmill and bike have been largely among healthy subjects , coronary artery disease ( cad ) and heart failure patients.5 these studies have been extrapolated to hypertensives because there are no universally accepted guidelines on exercise testing directed specifically toward assessing and managing hypertensive patients.6 exercise testing is also indicated for individuals with multiple cv risk factors and asymptomatic individuals above 40 years who intend to start an exercise program to determine fitness.7 many hypertensives fit into this picture , and are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death if they engage in strenuous exercise.8 in our environment , hypertension is the commonest cause of sudden cardiac death.9 we hypothesize that in our environment , treadmill and bike exercises will be equally useful in eliciting cardiac and vascular responses , abnormalities of which may predispose patients to sudden death . to test this hypothesis , we compared cv responses to the two modes of exercise tests .
this study was carried out at the cardiac care unit of obafemi awolowo university teaching hospitals complex ( oauthc ) , ile - ife , osun state , nigeria .
one hundred and ten male subjects with mild - to - moderate hypertension10 diagnosed at the cardiology clinic were consecutively recruited for the study .
they had routine history taking , physical examination , biochemical tests , 12-lead resting electrocardiography , and transthoracic echocardiography .
subjects were on diuretics , calcium channel blockers ( dihydropyridines ) , angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors , beta blockers , angiotensin receptor blockers , and centrally acting antihypertensives , either alone or in combinations .
subjects with heart failure , severe hypertension , secondary hypertension , contraindications to exercise testing , trained athletes , and conditions that may impair exercise testing were excluded from this study .
they were then exercised on a bike ( lode , groningen , the netherlands ) and treadmill ( schiller cs-200 , schiller ag , baar , switzerland ) during one visit . to control for a potential exercise mode order effect
subjects commenced the second mode after they had rested well ( 2030 minutes ) and when the heart rate ( hr ) and blood pressure ( bp ) had returned to within 5 of resting values.11 ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the ethics and research committee of the obafemi awolowo university teaching hospitals complex ( ile - ife , nigeria ) and participants gave informed consent .
the exercise laboratory and equipment conformed to the standard specifications for exercise testing.12 a ge cardioserve defibrillator ( ge healthcare europe gmbh , freiburg , germany ) equipped with a portable electrocardiography monitor and emergency care medications were provided .
astrand maximal cycle test protocol was used for bike test while the bruce protocol was used for treadmill test.5,13 subjects commenced exercise at 50 w workload after the bike height had been adjusted .
the work load was increased by 25 w every 3 minutes and the pedal speed remained constant throughout the exercise at 50 revolutions per minute ( rpm).5 the treadmill was conducted in six stages , each stage lasting 3 minutes at a progressive speed of 2.74 , 4.02 , 5.47 , 6.76 , 8.05 kmph , to 8.85 kmph and at a progressively increased gradient of 2% per stage from 10%.5,13 subjects continued to exercise until completion of exercise or till an indication for cessation of exercise was reached such as request that exercise be terminated , development of chest pain , undue breathlessness , dizziness or fainting , sbp>250 mmhg , a drop in the pre - test sbp > 10 mmhg , and electrocardiographic changes necessitating termination of exercise.7 the hr and bp were monitored and recorded pre - exercise , during the last 30 seconds of each stage of exercise , and 1 , 3 , and 6 minutes postexercise .
the bp was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer ( accuson , kris - alloy , england ) in the upright position while the hr was displayed on the digital hr meter .
the american college of sports medicine ( acsm ) formula14 was used to calculate peak oxygen uptake ( vo2 ) for bicycle ergometry : power in kpm  1.8/body weight in kg + 7 .
vo2 was estimated using the acsm formula14 for treadmill ( tm ) exercise : 
 ( 0.1speed)+(1.8speedgrade)+3.5 .
exercise capacity ( ec ) for both exercise modes was calculated using the following formula : 
 ec  in  metabolic  equivalents(mets)=vo23.5.14
categorical variables were expressed as proportions and percentages while continuous variables were expressed as means  standard deviation or as ranges .
statistical analysis was by paired - sampled t - test to compare maximal heart rate ( mhr ) , peak systolic blood pressure ( psbp ) , rate pressure product ( rpp ) , and maximal ec on treadmill and bike exercises .
the descriptive characteristics of the study participants are shown in table 1 . the mean age of patients was 43.79.27 years ( range between 21 and 60 years ) , with a mean duration of hypertension ( from the time of diagnosis ) being 51.04.88 months .
table 2 shows the comparison of cv responses to the two exercise modalities in the study population .
subjects significantly exercised longer on bike ( 558.690.84 s ) than on the treadmill ( 508.879.80 s ) ( p=0.002 ) .
the mhr ( 156.419.48 bpm ) and mhr expressed as percentage of age predicted ( % thr ) ( 88.3%9.13% ) on treadmill were significantly higher than on bike ( 140.515.25 bpm and 78.8%10.49% ) ( p<0.001 ) .
also , subjects achieved significantly higher psbp of 205.324.92 mmhg on treadmill compared with 199.524.96 mmhg on bike ( p=0.02 ) . in these subjects ,
the rpp was significantly higher for mode of exercise on treadmill at 322.061.27 mmhgbpm  10 compared to 280.346.11 mmhgbpm  10 on bike ( p<0.001 ) .
the peak oxygen uptake ( vo2 max ) ( 69.318.59 ml / min / kg on treadmill vs 21.84.73 ml / min / kg on bike [ p<0.001 ] ) and ec ( 19.85.31 mets on treadmill compared with 6.21.35 mets [ p<0.001 ] on bike ) were all significantly higher on treadmill .
the mean heart rate recovery at 1 minute postexercise ( hrr1 ) did not show any difference on the treadmill ( 29.417.44 bpm ) compared with bike ( 29.213.49 bpm ) ( p=0.93 ) .
twelve subjects ( 10.9% ) had abnormal heart rate recovery at 1 minute ( ahrr1 ) postexercise during both exercises .
exercise test responses on treadmill and bike have been compared in normal subjects and cad patients , and extrapolations have then been made to hypertensives.5,6 this work showed a significantly higher mhr , rpp , psbp , and vo2 max during maximal treadmill exercise compared with bike in these hypertensive nigerian subjects .
this agrees with previous work in the same exercise laboratory with similar exercise protocol but in healthy young male subjects.5 in india , kisan et al15 using submaximal exercise protocols exercised 21 normal male subjects and found significantly higher psbp of 144.14.0 mmhg and mhr of 161.714.2 bpm during treadmill exercise compared with 127.16 mmhg and 129.99.3 bpm , respectively , on the bike .
similarly , using maximal protocols , others have reported higher mhr1618 and vo2 max1821 on the treadmill .
while wicks et al18 reported higher mhr and vo2 on the treadmill than the bike , they did not find a difference in the rpp between the two tests because of higher sbp on the bike , in contrast to our study .
this is similar to the work by kim et al22 who exercised 15 apparently healthy koreans .
they found higher psbp and rpp but lower mhr and vo2 max on the bike compared with the treadmill
. the higher psbp by kim et al22 may be the result of higher exercise intensity from a pedaling cadence of 70 rpm compared to 50 rpm used in our study , leading to greater upper body isometric contraction and lower body intramuscular tension.11 also , with our sample size of 110 subjects , compared to 15 by kim et al,22 our findings are likely to be more reliable .
the higher cv responses on the treadmill in this study may be the result of large interstage increments in work and increased oxygen costs of running from stage iii .
the treadmill therefore imposes more hemodynamic stress on the myocardium than the bike . because of higher mhr on the treadmill
, the treadmill has been reported to be more sensitive in diagnosing cad than the bike test.17 in this work , direct estimation of vo2 max was not done because it requires expensive and time - consuming measuring equipment .
however , an indirect method using acsm formula was used and is considered an acceptable predictor of vo2 max.14,23 in an earlier study in normal subjects from the same exercise laboratory , subjects exercised significantly longer on treadmill than on bike.5 however , in this hypertensive population , we observed that the subjects exercised longer on bike than treadmill .
this difference may be explained by the familiarity of the hypertensive population with cycle riding as most of them reported to have ridden the bicycle well in the past .
also , exhaustion significantly limited treadmill exercise in this study than it limited cycle ergometry , and this may have also contributed to the longer duration on bike .
it is the abnormal difference of < 12 bpm between the mhr and hr a minute after cessation of exercise .
this type of response reflects decreased vagal tone and is associated with increased mortality.24 it has been suggested as a useful addition to the criteria currently used to assess exercise stress test results.25 this study showed no difference in the ahrr1 in hypertensives during the two exercise tests .
hence , both exercise tests can be used to assess prognosis of hypertensives using ahrr1 .
abnormal bp responses to exercise have diagnostic and prognostic values in normotensives.26,27 in hypertensive subjects , bp during exercise greater than 200230 mmhg has been found to be associated with mortality from cv disease.2830 mundal et al28 reported findings linking an exaggerated increase in sbp greater than 200 mmhg at submaximal exercise with increased mortality in hypertensive patients from myocardial infarction , cerebral stroke , and sudden death .
also , filipovsky et al29 showed that the risk of death from cv disease increased by 60% in subjects whose sbp was greater than 230 mmhg . at maximal treadmill workload , balogun and
the mechanism through which ebpr increases cv morbidity and mortality has not been widely studied .
chang et al,31 however , suggested that endothelial dysfunction and impaired vasodilatory capacity of the peripheral vasculature may be the mechanisms .
the prevalence of ebpr in this study during treadmill and cycle ergometry was similar at 20% and 19.1% , respectively , but lower than previously observed
. this may be the result of improved bp control from the use of more effective antihypertensive medications either singly or in combinations , and improved awareness of the dangers of hbp now . in this study ,
most of the patients were on diuretics , calcium channel blockers , and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors .
hypotension during or after exercise is usually seen in subjects with myocardial ischemia , cardiomyopathy , cardiac arrhythmias , vasovagal reactions , left ventricular outflow tract obstruction , hypovolemia , and prolonged vigorous exercise.13 none of our subjects had hypotension during or after exercise .
this study can be considered a male study , and responses may not be generalized to females .
this study shows that overall , cv responses are higher on treadmill than on the bike in mild - to - moderate hypertensive nigerian male patients .
this suggests that treadmill may be of better diagnostic utility in mild - to - moderate hypertensive patients .
we also suggest that either exercise test is safe to assess mild - to - moderate hypertensive patients prior to starting an exercise program .
follow - up of patients with abnormal cv responses in this study is imperative to ascertain their impact on cv morbidity and mortality .
many individuals can not afford personal or communal exercise machines for their own exercise program .
efforts should be made by the government to put in place policies and infrastructures that will promote increased physical activity in communities and workplace .
 backgroundcomparative cardiovascular responses to treadmill and bicycle ergometer ( bike ) exercise tests in hypertensive nigerians are not known . 
 this study compared cardiovascular responses to the two modes of exercise testing in hypertensives using maximal exercise protocols.methodsone hundred and ten male subjects with mild - to - moderate hypertension underwent maximal treadmill and bike test one after the other at a single visit in a simple random manner . 
 paired - sampled t - test was used to compare responses to both exercise tests while chi - squared test was used to compare categorical variables.resultsthe maximal heart rate ( p<0.001 ) , peak systolic blood pressure ( p=0.02 ) , rate pressure product ( p<0.001 ) , peak oxygen uptake ( p<0.001 ) , and exercise capacity ( p<0.001 ) in metabolic equivalents were signifcantly higher on the treadmill than on the bike.conclusionhigher cardiovascular responses on treadmill in nigerian male hypertensives in this study , similar to findings in non - hypertensives and non - nigerians in earlier studies , suggest that treadmill may be of better diagnostic utility in our population . 
Introduction
Subjects and methods
Data analysis
Results
Discussion
Limitation of study
Conclusion