the most important prognostic factor in the colorectal cancer ( crc ) is the local lymphoid system s status .
lymph node ( ln ) metastasis lowers 5-year survival rate from 7090 % to 4060 % [ 16 ] . in case of colon cancer ( cc ) regional lymphoid system involvement
decides patient s eligibility for adjuvant therapy , chemotherapy significantly improves survival rate [ 2 , 611 ] .
up to 30 % of the after surgery pn0 patients will die within 5  years due to local recurrence or remote metastasis [ 3 , 613 ] . as a result
, it seems appropriate to establish a  high risk  stage ii group that potentially may benefit from adjuvant therapy [ 1 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 14 , 15 ] .
the sentinel lymph node biopsy ( slnb ) in cc enables examination of the first nodal station of the lymphatic drainage from the tumour .
precise examination of these lns using serial tissue slicing , immunohistochemical staining ( ihc ) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction may potentially upstage lymphoid system status compared to the results achieved using haematoxylin and eosin staining ( h&e ) [ 313 , 16 , 17 ] .
it needs to be stressed that an en block resection of the tumour with a margin of healthy tissue and mesocolon remains the standard treatment .
recent suggestions to implement slnb as a mesocolon - sparing treatment during laparoscopic procedures constitute a separate issue [ 5 , 11 , 1719 ] . presently , with the ongoing dispute whether to perform slnb in cc , there s a need to determine the group of patients who will benefit from it maximally .
qualifying patients means , on one hand , fulfilling certain eligibility criteria and , on the other hand , the issue of stating measurable indicators whether the procedure is legitimate for a given group of patients .
available literature does n't provide a consensus on qualifying patients regarding basic anthropometric features , such as height , weight and possible derivatives such as body mass index ( bmi ) .
data from papers on slnb in diseases where it s a standard procedure ( breast cancer , melanoma ) suggest there s a relation between bmi and efficacy and sensitivity of the procedure [ 2025 ] .
analogically , it s claimed that intra - abdominal obesity may cause difficulties in identifying dyed lns in the mesocolon .
consequently , it may induce mistakes during the procedure , lowering detection rates or increasing the number of false negative results .
this problem affects the most important trend , i.e. slnb as an extra diagnostic tool for patients with negative h&e staining results of lns [ 19 , 26 , 27 ] .
it s also influencing the perspectives of using lymph node mapping ( lnm ) as a mesocolon - sparing treatment .
the aim of this work is to analyse the results of slnb in cc in regard of basic anthropometric features of the studied population and their derivatives calculated with mathematical formulas .
these features may potentially allow assessment of the intra - abdominal obesity and the risk of excessive mesocolon adipose tissue .
one hundred three slnbs in cc have been performed in the 1st clinic of surgical oncology and general surgery , wielkopolska cancer centre during the period of time from may , 2005 till november , 2010 .
the studied group consisted of 48 men and 55 women , median age 65 ( iqr 5670 ) .
division of patients according to cancer stage without taking into consideration the ihc examination of sentinel lymph nodes ( slns ) ( according to ajcc cancer staging manual , seventh edition 2010 ) is presented in table  1.table 1division of material with respect to cancer staging according to the tnm , classification of malignant tumours by dukes and dukes , modified by astler and coller ( in accordance with ajcc cancer staging manual , seventh edition 2010)stagetnmdukesmacpatients ( % ) 0tisn0m02 ( 1.9%)it1n0m0aa6 ( 5.8%)t2n0m0ab115 ( 14.6%)iiat3n0m0bb250 ( 48.5%)iiiat2n1am0cc11 ( 1.0%)t2n1bm0cc11 ( 1.0%)iiibt2n2am0cc12 ( 1.9%)t2n2bm0cc11 ( 1.0%)t3n1am0cc29 ( 8.7%)t3n1bm0cc27 ( 6.8%)t3n2am0cc25 ( 4.9%)iiict3n2bm0cc23 ( 2.9%)t4an2am0cc21 ( 1.0%)t tumour , n nodes , m metastasis , dukes dukes staging system , mac dukes , modified by astler and coller , staging system division of material with respect to cancer staging according to the tnm , classification of malignant tumours by dukes and dukes , modified by astler and coller ( in accordance with ajcc cancer staging manual , seventh edition 2010 ) t tumour , n nodes , m metastasis , dukes dukes staging system , mac dukes , modified by astler and coller , staging system the criteria of eligibility for the study were : histopathologically confirmed and resectable colon cancer , patient s age over 18  years old , good overall physical status ( asa i - iii ) , no prior colon or mesocolon surgeries ( including appendectomy in case of tumours of the right side of the colon ) .
patients with intraoperatively assessed suspicious lns , locally advanced tumours , distant metastases , synchronised neoplasms and operated due to emergency indications ( intestinal obstruction ) were excluded from the study .
each snlb was performed by a surgical team including a surgeon who has completed at least ten procedures of this type .
after opening the abdomen in the large intestine , fragment that was to be removed was delicately mobilised in each case .
then pigmentation of lymph vessels and nodes was observed , and sentinel nodes were defined as the first nodes pigmented after 510  min from dye application .
slns were marked with a suture to be subsequently sent for analysis ( during or after the procedure ) while a standard en block resection of the tumour with a margin of healthy tissue and mesocolon lymphoid system was completed .
specimen collected during the operation was fixated in a standard way , embedded in paraffin and stained with h&e .
the material was cut into sections of the thickness of 250  m . on each of the obtained levels , at least four sections of 5-m thickness were stained immunohistochemically ( ckmnf116 ( code : m 0821 ) , ckae1/ae3 ( code : m 3515 ) monoclonal antibodies , dako company , cam 5,2 ( no .
sln was qualified as positive if there was a positive result in h&e staining and if there were micrometastases ( foci of cancer cells 0.22  mm in diameter ) in ihc .
lns containing isolated cancer cells ( foci of cells < 0.2  mm in diameter ) or single cells positive in cytokeratin stain were classified as negative . to assess efficacy and quality of the procedure , levels of detection , sensitivity and accuracy were calculated .
bmi was calculated for every patient using a formula : \documentclass[12pt]{minimal } 
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				 \begin{document}$$ { \text{bmi } } = \frac{\text{body weight in kg}}{{{{\left ( { \text{height in m } } \right)}^{{2 } } } } } $ $ \end{document } ; roher s index using a formula : \documentclass[12pt]{minimal } 
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				 \begin{document}$$ { \text{roher}}'{\text{s index } } = \frac{\text{body weight in kg}}{{{{\left ( { \text{height in m } } \right)}^{{3 } } } } } $ $ \end{document } ; lean body weight using formulas : \documentclass[12pt]{minimal } 
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				 \begin{document}$$ { \text{lean}}\;{\text{body}}\;{\text{weight}}\;{\text{for}}\;{\text{men } } = \left ( { 1.2 \times { \text{body}}\;{\text{weight}}\;{\text{in}}\;{\text{kg } } } \right ) - 128\left ( { \frac{{{{\left ( { { \text{body}}\;{\text{weight}}\;{\text{in}}\;{\text{kg } } } \right)}^2}}}{{{{\left ( { 100 \times { \text{height}}\;{\text{in}}\;{\text{m } } } \right)}^2 } } } } \right ) , $ $ \end{document}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal } 
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				 \begin{document}$$ { \text{lean}}\;{\text{body}}\;{\text{weight}}\;{\text{for}}\;{\text{women } } = \left ( { 1.07 \times { \text{body}}\;{\text{weight}}\;{\text{in}}\;{\text{kg } } } \right ) - 148\left ( { \frac{{{{\left ( { { \text{body}}\;{\text{weight}}\;{\text{in}}\;{\text{kg } } } \right)}^2}}}{{{{\left ( { 100 \times { \text{height}}\;{\text{in}}\;{\text{m } } } \right)}^2 } } } } \right ) ; $ $ \end{document } body fat percentage using a formula : body fat %  =  1.2    bmi  +  0.23    age in years    10.8   
( sex ; m  =  1,f  =  0 )    5.4 .
body weight for a given height was calculated using broca s index : proper weight  =  height in cm    100 ; broca s formula for ideal weight : ideal weight f  =  0.85    ( height in cm    100 ) , ideal weight m  =  0.9    ( height in cm    100 ) ; broca  brugsch formula : ideal weight  =  height in cm    100 ( for height 155164  cm ) or ideal weight  =  height in cm    105 ( for height 165175  cm ) or ideal weight  =  height in cm    110 ( for height 176190  cm ) ; lorentz formula for height 150  cm : proper weight  =  height in cm    100    0.25    ( height in cm    150 ) ; potton s formula : \documentclass[12pt]{minimal } 
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				 \begin{document}$$ { \text{proper weight m } } = { \text{height in cm } } - { 1}00 - \left ( { \frac{{{\text{height in cm - 100}}}}{{20 } } } \right ) , $ $ \end{document}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal } 
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				 \begin{document}$$ { \text{proper weight f } } = { \text{height in cm } } - { 1}00 - \left ( { \frac{{{\text{height in cm - 100}}}}{{10 } } } \right ) $ $ \end{document}. we also calculated body weight using formulas known in drugs dosage calculations : devine s formula : ideal weight m  =  50  +  2.3  kg for every inch over 5  ft , ideal weight f  =  45.5  +  2.3  kg for every inch over 5  ft ; robinson s formula : ideal weight m  =  52  +  1.9  kg for every inch over 5  ft , ideal weight for women  =  49  +  1.7  kg for every inch over 5  ft ; miller s formula : ideal weight m  =  56.2  +  1.41  kg for every inch over 5  ft , ideal weight f  =  53.1  +  1.36  kg for every inch over 5  ft ; hamwi formula : ideal weight m  =  48  +  2.7  kg for every inch over 5  ft , ideal weight f  =  45.5  +  2.2  kg for every inch over 5  ft .
the result from every weight formula was matched to patient s current weight : current weight / ideal weight according to a given formula . results for each sex were analysed using chi - square test , for every variable depending on sex , age , mass and height , roc graphs were plotted to find cut - off points for sensitivity , accuracy , and false negative results percentage in slnb in cc .
additionally , cut - off points were determined for particular calculated parameters : for bmi , 23 and 25 ; for lean body weight , 0.72 ; for body fat percentage , 28 % ; for all the ratios current weight / ideal weight for a given height , 1 .
the obtained results were analysed in terms of method sensitivity and accuracy , each single time comparing two groups on the both sides of a cut - off point with the use of the test for structure indicators .
the study has been approved by the bioethics commission of poznan university of medical sciences .
in an average specimen , 14.3 lns were analysed ( median 13 , iqr 9.7518 ) . in 66 % ( 68 ) of patients
no complications during slnb procedure were observed and at least one sln ( median 3 , iqr 24 ) was identified in 102 out of 103 patients ( 99 % ) .
after h&e and ihc staining , the sln was confirmed as the only place of metastasis in 13/102 patients ( 12.7 % ) .
accuracy of sln in predicting the status of the local lymphatic system was 94.1 % ( 96/102 ) .
sensitivity of the method in predicting the status of the local lymphatic system was 84.2 % ( 32/38 ) .
the index of false negative results was 15.8 % ( 6/38 ) . in three out of these six patients , aberrant lymphatic drainage ( ald )
negative predictive value was 91.4 % ( 64/70 ) . in seven patients with negative sln after h&e staining and its positive result in ihc stain , no tumour deposits were found in the remaining specimen , so the upstaging due to ihc stain was 9.9 % ( 7/71 ) .
median height in the population was 1.68  m ( iqr 1.601,72  m ) .
median bmi was 25.64  kg / m ( iqr 22.6328.33  kg / m ) .
there was no statistically significant difference in the results regarding sex and age of the patients . in the plotted roc graphs
, there was no significant relation for all of the indicators calculated based on body weight and height . in the studied material , height / weight ratio ( area under curve 
auc  =  0.50 , p  =  0.4771 ) , bmi ( auc  =  0.53 , p  =  0.3223 ) , roher s index ( auc  =  0.54 , p  =  0.2340 ) , lean body weight / weight ratio ( auc  =  0.42 , p  =  0.9258 ) , body fat percentage ( auc  =  0.57 , p  =  0.1171 ) and the ideal weight calculated using broca s ( auc  =  0.54 , p  =  0.2790 ) , broca s ideal weight ( auc  =  0.54 , p  =  0.2441 ) , broca  brugsch ( auc  =  0.51 , p  =  0.4123 ) , lorenz s ( auc  =  0.48 , p  =  0.6153 ) , potton s ( auc  =  0.54 , p  =  0.2494 ) , devine s ( auc  =  0.55 , p  =  0.2216 ) , robinson s ( auc  =  0.55 , p  =  0.2088 ) , miller s ( auc  =  0.53 , p  =  0.3112 ) and hamwi ( auc  =  0,56 , p  =  0.1651 ) formulas were all insignificant
. the results of sensitivity and accuracy obtained in particular groups for the determined cut - off points are presented in tables  2 and 3 . in spite of differences in the sensitivity and accuracy of the method , reaching 19 % and obtained in the calculations for the particular groups , statistical significance
was not found for any of the parameters.table 2sensitivity results obtained in particular groups for the determined cut - off pointsbmi<2525p value75%91%0.1811<2323p value80%86%0.6534lean body weight / body weight0.72<0.72p value94%75%0.1107body fat percentage<28%28%p value100%82%0.3542weight / broca weight for a given height<1.001.00p value85%84%0.9359weight / ideal weight broca<1.001.00p value100%83%0.5244weight / ideal weight broca  brugsch<1.001.00p value80%86%0.6534weight / ideal weight loretz<1.001.00p value78%86%0.5864weight / ideal weight potton<1.001.00p value86%84%0.8953weight / ideal weight devine<1.001.00p value100%82%0.3542weight / ideal weight robinson<1.001.00p value80%85%0.7743weight / ideal weight miller<1.001.00p value88%83%0.7314weight / ideal weight hamwi<1.001.00p value89%83%0.6646table 3accuracy results obtained in particular groups for the determined cut - off pointsbmi<2525p value91%96%0.2987<2323p value93%95%0.6938lean body weight / body weight0.72<0.72p value98%92%0.1919body fat percentage<28%28%p value100%93%0.2153weight / broca weight for a given height<1.001.00p value95%93%0.6812weight / ideal weight broca<1.001.00p value100%94%0.476weight / ideal weight broca 
brugsch<1.001.00p value92%95%0.571weight / ideal weight loretz<1.001.00p value91%95%0.4738weight / ideal weight potton<1.001.00p value94%94 % 1weight / ideal weight devine<1.001.00p value100%93%0.3648weight / ideal weight robinson<1.001.00p value92%94%0.7809weight / ideal weight miller<1.001.00p value96%94%0.7077weight / ideal weight hamwi<1.001.00p value96%93%0.585 sensitivity results obtained in particular groups for the determined cut - off points accuracy results obtained in particular groups for the determined cut - off points
the influence of anthropometric factors on slnb is treated marginally in literature . the vast majority of available data concerns breast cancer where mostly isotope and dye double technique is used .
radiocolloid is used very rarely in slnb in cc ( it migrates faster in colon lvs than in breast or melanoma , thus increasing the probability of marking more hot sentinel nodes ; also , identification is harder due to closeness of the primary tumour and the node and the radiation overlap ) [ 13 , 26 , 2830 ] .
nevertheless , in view of general study ideas and lack of reports , the problem seems worth mentioning . in a multi - centre british study almanac   on slnb in breast cancer
the group with bmi    30  kg / m ( n  =  425 ) showed statistically higher detection rate than the group with bmi  >  30  kg / m ( n  =  113 ) ( 98.1 % vs. 87.6 % , p  <  0.001 ) .
another study analysing 748 slnbs in breast cancer   has shown that sln identification failure rate was 15.9 % for patients with bmi  >  27 
kg / m , 8.5 % for patients with bmi of 22.527  kg / m and 7.7 % for patients with bmi  <  22.5  kg / m .
this study additionally stated that high bmi not only reduces tissue translucency but also that excessive fat may pressurise lv walls interfering with proper drainage .
an american study   analysing 2,495 slnbs in breast cancer using isotope - dye technique demonstrated inverse relation between bmi and identification frequency ( r  =  0.98 , p  =  0.002 ) .
an average bmi was compared in groups with positive and negative identification showing statistically significant difference ( 25.9 vs. 29.4 , p  <  0.001 ) both in groups under and over 50  years old .
a multifactorial analysis stated that age and bmi have the most significant ( inversely proportional ) influence on lnm efficacy .
similar results were obtained also in some other studies on the relationship between the results of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer and bmi [ 2325 ] . currently , there are only a few available studies on qualifying patients for slnb in cc . there were nt any satisfactory attempts to discuss qualifying patients for the procedure in regard of anthropometric features . both a meta - analysis by des guetz et al .
, a review article by bembenek et al .   and the most recent meta - analysis by van der pas et al
the authors found data on bmi only in four papers included in the meta - analysis .
a relationship between high bmi and intra - abdominal obesity has been potentially determined as a factor that disrupts mesocolon translucency , hinders identification and increases false negative results rate in slnb in crc and , additionally , that causes difficulties for a surgeon .
some of the studies available for in - vivo mapping are mentioned in table  4 .
they utilise simplest derivatives of height and weight , both of which are practically always measured on admittance .
the question remains whether bmi is a good representation of intra - abdominal obesity which possibly may interfere with identifying marked lns in the mesocolon .
undoubtedly , excessive adipose tissue in the mesocolon potentially causes mistakes during the procedure , i.e. lowers detection rates or increases number of false negative results .
this conclusion is , however , based on the authors ' experience , not ebm data.table 4studies of slnb in cc already published and discussing the problem of anthropometric features of the populationmain authoryearpublished inmethodnumber of patientsbmi ( average ) ( kg / m)bmi ( range ) ( kg / m)detection rate ( % ) sensitivity ( % ) false negative results ( % ) conclusionviehl2003world j surgisosulfan blue3125.319.538.3875022no statistically significant relation between detection rate , sensitivity , % of false negative results and bmithomas2006ann surgisosulfan blue69circa 26.3934654no statistically significant relation between detection rate , % of false negative results and bmi ( cut - off point bmi  =  25  kg / m)tiffet2007dis colon rectumradiocolloid patent blue49251434928020no statistically significant relation between detection rate and bmi ( cut - off point bmi  =  30  kg / m ) ; % of false negative results much higher in patients with bmi  30  kg / m ( 18 % vs. 33 % ) ; due to small number of analysed patients statistical significance was not assessedbembenek2007ann surgpatent blue315855446detection rate statistically significantly lower in patients with bmi > 25  kg / m ( 92.5 % vs. 80 % , p  =  0.002 ) ; sensitivity statistically significantly higher for patients with bmi  24  kg / m ( 80 % vs. 42 % , p  <  0.0001 ) , as a result lower % of false negative resultscahill2009ann surg oncolisosulfan blue patent blue22526.623.430.695973bmi as a variable in calculating sensitivity rates made no notable difference ( both in roc analysis and around arbitrary cut - off at 24 
kg / m ) studies of slnb in cc already published and discussing the problem of anthropometric features of the population in the study of thomas et al .
, an assumption was made that thickened mesocolon containing excessive adipose tissue may impede with identifying lns .
an obligatory division of patients into groups was made in the analysis , based on calculated bmi : underweight patients , bmi  <  18.5  kg / m ; normal weight patients , bmi 18.524.9  kg / m ; overweight patients , bmi 2529.9  kg / m ; obese patients , bmi  >  30  kg / m . in the group of 61 ( out of 69 included in the study ) , there was no statistically significant difference found in precision of lnm nor the number of false negative results comparing the group of underweight patients and those with normal weight with the group of overweight and obese patients .
another study   analysed 31 patients with average bmi of 25.3  kg / m ( 19.538.3 ) .
there were no statistically significant differences in bmi found between groups with positive and negative identification of sln . in the study of tiffet et al .
, an assumption was made that obesity determined by bmi is a potential reason of detection failure .
. it was determined that sensitivity was higher ( 53 % vs. 40 % ) and false negative results percentage lower ( 18 % vs. 33 % ) in patients with bmi  <  30  kg / m , but no statistical significance was shown .
a study by cahill et al .   that examined the available data bases from a multi - centre german study   and material by saha et al .
the relationship between sensitivity and bmi was analysed both with the use of roc and the arbitrary cut - off point24  kg / m .
however , it is emphasised in the discussion section that including bmi in the exclusion criteria , hypothetically , is one of the ways of increasing the procedure sensitivity . similarly to the four above - mentioned studies , our research in roc analysis did not show any relation between bmi and slnb in cc results .
also , in the analyses conducted for arbitrary cut - off points ( bmi of 23 and 25 ) , no statistically significant relationships were found ; what may be found puzzling is that better results for sensitivity and accuracy were obtained for the patients with higher bmi . in a multi - centre german study ,
it concluded that a statistically higher detection rate was achieved in a group with bmi    25  kg / m as compared to the group with bmi  >  25  kg / m ( 92.5 % vs. 80 % , p  =  0.003 ) .
additionally , it was proven for the examined population that there is a statistically significant inverse relation between bmi and sensitivity ( p  =  0.009 ) .
this relation was found in roc graph analysis comparing groups with bmi    24  kg / m ( sensitivity 80 % ) and bmi  >  24  kg / m ( sensitivity 42 % ) ( p  <  0.0001 ) .
furthermore , it was observed that slnb in patients with bmi 24  kg / m conducted in centres with more experience , the sensitivity was as high as 88 % .
the summary underlined lvs visualisation problem in obese patients and the influence of bmi on achieved slnb results . in summary ,
our research has not proved any statistically significant indicator to have high diagnostic and prognostic value .
value which is most frequently examined . also , we failed to demonstrate significance of any other indicator in spite of differences in the sensitivity and accuracy of lymphatic mapping , running into 19 % for some parameters .
thus , the problem of qualifying patients for slnb in cc remains open and requires further analysis on larger populations .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license which permits any use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author(s ) and the source are credited .
 purposethe aim of the study was to assess sentinel lymph node biopsy ( slnb ) results in colon cancer ( cc ) regarding basic anthropometric features of the studied population and their derivatives calculated using mathematical formulas.methodsone hundred three slnbs in cc have been analysed . 
 various indicators were calculated for every patient using mathematical formulas : bmi , roher s index , lean body weight , body fat percentage and body weight / ideal body weight for a given height ratios using the following formulas : broca s , broca s ideal weight , broca  
 brugsch , lorenz s , potton s , devine s , robinson s , miller s and hamwi . 
 the results were compared with accuracy , sensitivity and false negative results percentage by means of roc curves and the test for structure indicators ( for determined cut - off points).resultsno statistically significant relationship between the results and patients ' sex or age were found . 
 roc curve analysis did not reveal statistically significant relationships between the obtained results and indicators calculated on the basis of growth and weigh ( all p  >  0.05 ) . 
 the analyses of sensitivity and accuracy with determined cut - off point , in spite of differences amounting to 19 % ( analysis of lean body weight / weight ratio ) , showed no statistical significance for any of the relationships ( all p  >  0.05).conclusionsno indicator with high diagnostic and prognostic value has been found . 
 the problem of qualifying patients for slnb in cc in regard of the anthropometric features of the population and body composition assessment formulas remains open and requires further analysis on larger populations . 
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion and conclusions
Conflicts of interest
Open Access