as with most western populations , the uk consists of a steadily growing and increasingly aging population .
the overall population is predicted to reach 72 million by 2031 , and it is estimated that the proportion of those aged > 50 years will make up 37% of the population ( office for national statistics ; http://www.ons.gov.uk/ ; accessed november 2014).1 while those in the west are enjoying increased longevity , the elderly are still at a greater risk of developing disease and remain disproportionate users of health care services.2 in 20132014 , in the uk , the use of hospital outpatient services for ophthalmology ranked second only to orthopedics and trauma ( 6.8 versus 7.4 million outpatient appointments , respectively ) .
hospital eye care accounts for 8.3% of all outpatient activity in the publicly funded national health service ( nhs ) , england . within ophthalmology , the three main chronic eye conditions that require lifelong monitoring to reduce the risk of irreversible vision loss are age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy , and glaucoma , all of which increase in prevalence with advancing age.36 monitoring of these conditions involves the use of digital imaging equipment and regular functional testing.79 treatment interventions are , in turn , based on the results of such tests .
the increasing use of diagnostic digital technology in primary care allows for earlier detection of disease,10 and this , coupled with the increasing prevalence of conditions in an aging population , will lead to capacity problems in meeting the demand for ophthalmology outpatient services.1113 clinical guidelines recommend the frequency of testing and monitoring intervals to ensure that patients are reviewed at intervals appropriate to their risk of disease progression and visual loss;14,15 however , these are often not followed due to time constraints within busy outpatient settings.16 if monitoring tests are unavailable on the day , some patients may be brought back at more frequent intervals to compensate , resulting in overbooked clinics , which in turn may lead to inappropriate appointment rescheduling for other patients . a recent study evaluating
the effect of hospital - initiated appointment rescheduling in a glaucoma clinic found a significant lengthening of the consultant s recommended monitoring interval : 8% of patients who experienced a hospital - initiated delay to their appointment showed evidence of progression.17 some delays in appointments will lead to compromises in patient safety , as illustrated by a patient safety alert issued by the united kingdom national patient safety agency regarding the highly detrimental impact of delays to glaucoma appointments.18 while regular patient monitoring is necessary , there is no doubt that a more efficient approach to patient care is required if the hospital eye service ( he s ) is to cope with increasing demand .
telemedicine , whereby data are electronically transferred from one location to another for virtual review , has traditionally been associated with the facilitation of specialist medical consultation in remote areas . within ophthalmology , there are examples of a teleglaucoma service for specialist monitoring of early - stage glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients living in remote areas in northern canada.19 similarly , in northern finland , patients living in remote areas are reviewed by a mobile unit that collects imaging and functional data from stable glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy patients for specialist center consultant review.20 both these  virtual clinic  models have been well received by patients and local health bodies .
there are examples of similar models in the uk , most notably the royal hallamshire hospital in sheffield , which , for > 20 years , has run a virtual glaucoma monitoring unit for stable glaucoma patients , staffed by technicians .
the service removes the face - to - face ophthalmologist consultation and data are reviewed remotely by a consultant ophthalmologist ( s longstaff , january 15 , 2014 , personal communication ) .
there are other examples of  virtual  services , whereby nurses or optometrists are used to assess patients , with remote review of patient data by a consultant.21,22 thus , some are starting to believe that removal of the face - to - face doctor consultation and remotely reviewing ophthalmic data may be a more efficient way to manage some patients within the nhs clinic.23,24 with these factors in mind , we set out to develop a technician - delivered service with remote ( ie , virtual ) consultant review glaucoma stable monitoring service ( sms ) within the glaucoma service of a specialist ophthalmic hospital in london .
the main objective was to examine the feasibility of developing a virtual service within an nhs setting .
the purpose of this article was to describe the development process and the challenges to implementation .
the plans for the virtual clinic were developed over a 12-month period with input from clinicians and managers in order to address the capacity issues within the glaucoma outpatient department .
the hospital s glaucoma department had previously undertaken a pilot  safety  study between march 31 , 2011 , and september 29 , 2011 , which examined the agreement between clinical decisions made remotely by an ophthalmologist reviewing patient data compared to decisions made by the ophthalmologist reviewing the patient on the day .
the study is yet to be published , but initial analysis suggests that the agreement between the clinical decisions made from remote review were similar to those made by the ophthalmologist on the day when reviewing patients with early disease ( j clarke , personal communication , september 2014 ) .
thus , based on this evidence , it was felt that a technician - delivered service was both a safe and a viable enterprise .
it was agreed by the service consultant team that the reviewing ophthalmologist would carry the medicolegal responsibility for the patient .
the new clinic was introduced as part of a wider service transformation program being implemented by the glaucoma service .
the work presented in this paper is not a research study but a service evaluation report ; as such ethics approval and patient consent do not apply .
the sms was open to all stable  low risk early  to  low risk moderate 
disease staging was based on an adaptation of a previously published disease staging system ( table 1).25 patient  risk  and  stability  were judged by the consultant in charge of the patient and were generally defined as having eye pressure levels within a specified target level and an unchanged ( ie , stable ) field of vision test and optic nerve head appearance for at least 2 years .
exclusion criteria for this service were the following : phakic angle closure / suspects , patients with an only eye , presence of a coexisting ocular comorbidity , best - corrected visual acuity ( va ) worse than snellen 6/12 , history of glaucoma filtration surgery , concerns regarding adherence to treatment , those requiring hospital transport to attend the hospital , and those with signs of cognitive impairment or who were unable to perform any of the diagnostic tests necessary for monitoring their condition .
patients were identified to be moved into the service through a manual notes review of all prospective appointments against the  disease staging / risk stratification  criteria .
two consultants were identified to share patient reviews for one session per week and were expected to complete reviews within 1 week of the patient s appointment .
patient va , visual field , and intraocular pressure ( iop ) data were viewed via the hospital s electronic patient record ( epr ; openeyes , www.openeyes.org.uk ) , while optic disc images were viewed through the imaging device s proprietary image viewing system .
patient hospital notes were made available to the reviewers in order to assess historical data .
the openeyes epr has a virtual clinic module , which facilitates easy access to sms patient data by both the reviewers and the administration staff .
patients were advised that they would receive communication regarding the outcome of their appointment within 2 weeks of attendance .
the clinical facility was organized such that patients entered through one door at the start of the clinic and exited through the back door .
tests were performed in a streamlined fashion ; each member of staff had their specific role and would hand over the patient to the next member of staff to facilitate a streamlined approach to data collection .
the humphrey field analyzer ( carl - zeiss meditec , dublin , ca , usa ) sita 24 - 2 standard test strategy was used .
disc imaging was performed using the kowa nonmydriatic wx stereo fundus camera ( kowa ltd , tokyo , japan ) ; two fundus images were taken in each eye , one a stereodisc image of the optic disc and the second , a wide - field monoscopic image of the disc and macula .
each station has a standard operation procedure and all technicians are trained in each test station .
information leaflets were designed to inform existing patients of their transfer to the stable monitoring service ( sms ) , and these were approved by the hospital s communication department .
in addition , these leaflets were placed in outpatient areas for doctors to hand to patients who were being transferred to the sms at their next visit . to assess the patient experience within the new facility , a  feedback form  and prepaid return envelope were developed and posted to the patient with their clinic outcome letter ( figure 2 ) .
the sms was open to all stable  low risk early  to  low risk moderate 
disease staging was based on an adaptation of a previously published disease staging system ( table 1).25 patient  risk  and  stability  were judged by the consultant in charge of the patient and were generally defined as having eye pressure levels within a specified target level and an unchanged ( ie , stable ) field of vision test and optic nerve head appearance for at least 2 years .
exclusion criteria for this service were the following : phakic angle closure / suspects , patients with an only eye , presence of a coexisting ocular comorbidity , best - corrected visual acuity ( va ) worse than snellen 6/12 , history of glaucoma filtration surgery , concerns regarding adherence to treatment , those requiring hospital transport to attend the hospital , and those with signs of cognitive impairment or who were unable to perform any of the diagnostic tests necessary for monitoring their condition . patients were identified to be moved into the service through a manual notes review of all prospective appointments against the  disease staging / risk stratification  criteria .
two consultants were identified to share patient reviews for one session per week and were expected to complete reviews within 1 week of the patient s appointment .
patient va , visual field , and intraocular pressure ( iop ) data were viewed via the hospital s electronic patient record ( epr ; openeyes , www.openeyes.org.uk ) , while optic disc images were viewed through the imaging device s proprietary image viewing system .
patient hospital notes were made available to the reviewers in order to assess historical data .
the openeyes epr has a virtual clinic module , which facilitates easy access to sms patient data by both the reviewers and the administration staff .
patients were advised that they would receive communication regarding the outcome of their appointment within 2 weeks of attendance .
the clinical facility was organized such that patients entered through one door at the start of the clinic and exited through the back door .
tests were performed in a streamlined fashion ; each member of staff had their specific role and would hand over the patient to the next member of staff to facilitate a streamlined approach to data collection .
the patient pathway through the sms is shown in figure 1 . the humphrey field analyzer ( carl - zeiss meditec , dublin
disc imaging was performed using the kowa nonmydriatic wx stereo fundus camera ( kowa ltd , tokyo , japan ) ; two fundus images were taken in each eye , one a stereodisc image of the optic disc and the second , a wide - field monoscopic image of the disc and macula .
each station has a standard operation procedure and all technicians are trained in each test station .
information leaflets were designed to inform existing patients of their transfer to the stable monitoring service ( sms ) , and these were approved by the hospital s communication department .
in addition , these leaflets were placed in outpatient areas for doctors to hand to patients who were being transferred to the sms at their next visit . to assess the patient experience within the new facility , a  feedback form  and prepaid return envelope were developed and posted to the patient with their clinic outcome letter ( figure 2 ) .
the clinical facility was organized such that patients entered through one door at the start of the clinic and exited through the back door .
tests were performed in a streamlined fashion ; each member of staff had their specific role and would hand over the patient to the next member of staff to facilitate a streamlined approach to data collection .
the patient pathway through the sms is shown in figure 1 . the humphrey field analyzer ( carl - zeiss meditec , dublin , ca , usa )
disc imaging was performed using the kowa nonmydriatic wx stereo fundus camera ( kowa ltd , tokyo , japan ) ; two fundus images were taken in each eye , one a stereodisc image of the optic disc and the second , a wide - field monoscopic image of the disc and macula .
each station has a standard operation procedure and all technicians are trained in each test station .
information leaflets were designed to inform existing patients of their transfer to the stable monitoring service ( sms ) , and these were approved by the hospital s communication department .
in addition , these leaflets were placed in outpatient areas for doctors to hand to patients who were being transferred to the sms at their next visit . to assess the patient experience within the new facility , a  feedback form  and prepaid return envelope were developed and posted to the patient with their clinic outcome letter ( figure 2 ) .
the number of patients booked for the sms from the start of the service in march 2014 to end - april 2015 was 1,575 . at the start of the service ,
nine patient slots were opened per session ( one session = 3.5 hours ) . however , following meetings with senior technician staff concerning 1 ) issues with general technician confidence in staffing the clinic and 2 ) staff unhappiness with clinics overrunning and finishing late , it was agreed that the capacity be reduced to six patients per session until technicians became confident to work within the clinic .
, a dedicated technician team was identified to run the service and capacity was increased to nine patients per session . from january 2015
, the service was able to see 12 patients per session , seven sessions per week .
however , the data show that the clinic is not yet running at full capacity , with only two - thirds of the available slots being filled .
figure 3 shows the monthly trend of numbers of patients going through the service , as well as the journey times .
the data also show that the number of patients deemed suitable for continuing follow - up in the service is now at 80% .
there was a change in consultant reviewer personnel in august 2014 , due to time commitments .
the impact of the change in reviewer personnel is identifiable in figure 4 , and is seen as a clear increase in the number of patients being booked back into the sms from august onwards .
figure 5 shows the overall clinic journey time and time spent at the va / visual field and iop / imaging / interview station per month . since the start of the service ,
the average ( standard deviation [ sd ] ) patient journey times within the sms has been 51 ( 13 ) minutes .
this compares with an average patient journey time of 92 minutes for follow - up visits in the glaucoma outpatient service ( april 2013 to end - march 2014 ) .
these data were taken from the hospital patient appointment system and represent the time from the patient being attended on the patient appointment system to the time when the next appointment is arranged , which is usually as the patient leaves the hospital .
it should be noted that these data are not complete for each outpatient clinic , because when clinics overrun past the scheduled finish time , patients are advised that their appointment will be scheduled later and posted to them .
in addition , these times do not factor in 1 ) patients arriving earlier than their scheduled appointment time , or 2 ) the complexity of clinic case mix .
the majority of patients have made positive comments about the reduced waiting time , friendliness , and expertise of staff and general efficiency of the process .
the majority of patients found aspects of the service to be  excellent  or  satisfactory  , with < 3% of respondents reporting their experience to be  poor  .
figure 5 shows the overall clinic journey time and time spent at the va / visual field and iop / imaging / interview station per month .
since the start of the service , the average ( standard deviation [ sd ] ) patient journey times within the sms has been 51 ( 13 ) minutes .
this compares with an average patient journey time of 92 minutes for follow - up visits in the glaucoma outpatient service ( april 2013 to end - march 2014 ) .
these data were taken from the hospital patient appointment system and represent the time from the patient being attended on the patient appointment system to the time when the next appointment is arranged , which is usually as the patient leaves the hospital .
it should be noted that these data are not complete for each outpatient clinic , because when clinics overrun past the scheduled finish time , patients are advised that their appointment will be scheduled later and posted to them . in addition , these times do not factor in 1 ) patients arriving earlier than their scheduled appointment time , or 2 ) the complexity of clinic case mix .
the majority of patients have made positive comments about the reduced waiting time , friendliness , and expertise of staff and general efficiency of the process .
the majority of patients found aspects of the service to be  excellent  or  satisfactory  , with < 3% of respondents reporting their experience to be  poor  .
this study describes the development and implementation of a technician - delivered screening and monitoring service within an nhs environment . the rationale behind the development of the service was to address some of the capacity problems within the current glaucoma outpatient clinics .
this type of service is not new to the nhs , and there are other nhs trusts that have implemented similar models of care.21,22 there were many challenges to implementation of the clinic in the outpatient department , one of which revolved around staffing .
the hospital has an excellent ophthalmic technician team , whose primary function is to support the service by undertaking tests for interpretation by the ophthalmologist in the outpatient clinics .
it was anticipated that technician staff could transition seamlessly from their current role into the sms , as the only difference was that the ophthalmologist would be virtually reviewing patient data , rather than seeing patients on the day of their tests .
however , it soon became clear that the role of the sms technician was subtly different to that of the general ophthalmic technician .
patients seen in the sms are not seeing a medical or nursing professional at their visit ; thus , the only personnel they will come into contact with at their visit are the ophthalmic technicians . in other virtual ophthalmology clinic models , allied health professionals such as optometrists have been used,26 who understand the importance of appropriate patient interaction in order to develop patient trust in the service received . in other studies evaluating the use of ophthalmic technicians to deliver services as part of telehealth care , the ability of the technician to communicate and interact appropriately with the patient has been shown to be a key factor in patient satisfaction with the service.27 it should be emphasized that the technicians in the sms are not there to provide an opinion or impression of the patient s status , and that their role is to conduct and collect test results . however , while they are still  support  staff , this project identified that certain attributes , such as  customer service skills  and the ability to move away from being one whose primary function is to provide support to one who delivers care , were needed by the staff working in the clinic . as such , from september 2014 , three dedicated technicians with the appropriate skill set were identified from the general technician cohort to run the sms .
the glaucoma service has a wide case mix and while it has been estimated that 30% of patients are clinically stable , not all of these are suitable for the sms .
it is likely that there are patients suitable for the sms who have not been moved into the clinic because of the practicalities of identifying patients through notes review .
doctors working in outpatient departments are being encouraged to complete the patient s epr with data regarding the patient s disease stage and risk of progression to significant visual loss , where feasible . however , although the hospital is trying to move toward fully using the openeyes epr , this has not been achieved .
it is known that using an epr slows down the clinic process;28 thus , most practitioners will resort to paper documentation during busy clinic periods . as such
a third challenge revolved around the information technology used to run the service , although this has not been a great barrier to implementation of this virtual clinic .
the virtual clinic can not be operated remotely ( ie , off site ) as reviewers need to access patient records to review historical data in order to judge clinical stability .
in addition , a specialized 3-d viewing monitor is required to review the stereodisc images .
however , these issues have not been a significant barrier to the running of the service .
of interest are the different patient management decisions taken by the consultant review team ; one consultant appeared to adopt a significantly more conservative approach to managing patients , only rebooking ~50% of patients back into the sms .
it should be emphasized that all patients suitable for the service are those deemed stable and at low risk of progressing to significant visual loss .
it has been shown that patients attending he s glaucoma clinics are at low risk of progressing to blindness if they present early enough to the hes.29 the lack of direct patient contact within this model may lead to some consultants adopting a more risk - averse approach to patient management.30 this may change as the service establishes itself , and indeed the two current reviewers seem confident with the service and are rebooking > 80% of patients back into the sms for continued follow - up . as we are not running at full capacity , we have not achieved our objective of reducing the burden on the glaucoma outpatient clinics .
we have , however , improved upon average patient journey times and our streamlined service is for most patients a very positive experience .
only a small minority of patients expressed concern regarding the lack of immediate feedback ( ie , having to wait up to 2 weeks for clinical management decision ) and the absence of seeing a doctor on the day ; however , only ~40% of patients responded to the survey and thus it is difficult to assess what the majority of patients think of the service .
furthermore , the satisfaction survey used was internally developed and has not been externally validated to assess how well it measures the glaucoma patient s experience of care delivery . to our knowledge ,
there are no validated instruments that measure the glaucoma patient experience of the quality of care they receive . as new models of glaucoma service delivery emerge ,
we have , however , conducted a qualitative interview exercise sampling new and follow - up patients attending the technician - delivered service and the glaucoma outpatient department to compare patient experiences and expectations of both types of clinics , and we will be presenting the findings shortly .
in conclusion , we have reported our experiences of the introduction of a technician - delivered virtual clinic for managing stable glaucoma patients within an nhs ophthalmic hospital .
this report is intended to give a pragmatic guide to others who may wish to develop similar services .
the cost - effectiveness of the model will be analyzed when the clinic is at full capacity and when staff members have become familiar with new working practices ; the service will be regularly audited to establish its ability to detect progression of disease and other treatable causes of vision loss . despite the initially small numbers going through the service and the challenges to implementation
, we feel that this model of care offers an important alternative solution for managing capacity shortfall within he s glaucoma clinics .
we believe it does offer the realistic prospect of delivering the 2%/annum efficiency savings required by the quality , innovation , productivity , and prevention program of the department of health , uk .
 backgroundthis article describes the development of a virtual glaucoma clinic , whereby technicians collect information for remote review by a consultant specialist.design and methodsthis was a hospital - based service evaluation study . 
 patients suitable for the stable monitoring service ( sms ) were low - risk patients with  suspect  ,  
 early-to-moderate 
  glaucoma who were deemed stable by their consultant care team . 
 three technicians and one health care assistant ran the service . 
 patients underwent tests in a streamlined manner in a dedicated clinical facility , with virtual review of data by a consultant specialist through an electronic patient record.main outcome measurefeasibility of developing a novel service within a uk national health service setting and improvement of patient journey time within the service were studied.resultschallenges to implementation of virtual clinic include staffing issues and use of information technology . 
 patient journey time within the sms averaged 51 minutes , compared with 92 minutes in the glaucoma outpatient department . 
 patient satisfaction with the new service was high.conclusionimplementing innovation into existing services of the national health service is challenging . 
 however , the virtual clinic showed an improved patient journey time compared with that experienced within the general glaucoma outpatient department . there exists a discrepancy between patient management decisions of reviewers , suggesting that some may be more risk averse than others when managing patients seen within this model . 
 future work will assess the ability to detect progression of disease in this model compared with the general outpatient model of care . 
Background
Methods
Patient suitability
Review process
Patient journey
Patient experience within the service
Results
Patient journey times through the service
Patient satisfaction
Discussion
Conclusion