indirect resin composites ( ircs ) are used to fabricate many kinds of both intracoronal and extracoronal dental restorations including inlays , onlays , overlays , veneering material for fixed restorations , and removable dentures . during 1960s and 1990s ,
the first and the second generations of indirect resin composites were developed to improve both their physical and mechanical properties . for the second generation of indirect resin composites , an increase in micro - hybrid fillers and a decrease in organic matrix were aimed to improve the mechanical strength and to decrease polymerization shrinkage of these materials.12 dental restorations made from indirect resin composite offer some benefits as compared to direct resin composite restorations , such as better mechanical performance and a significant reduction in polymerization shrinkage .
therefore , they could provide longer service time and better color stability and would reduce postoperative sensitivity.345 it is also easier to achieve ideal proximal contacts and anatomic morphology , precise marginal integrity , and optimal esthetics.6 compared to ceramic materials , indirect resin composites exhibit better stress distribution , better reparability , lower cost , and ease of handling.78 due to their low elastic moduli , resin composite materials have shown a greater capacity to absorb compressive loading forces and reduce the impact forces than porcelain has .
due to similar composition of the luting cement and composites , the marginal adaptation of composites is better than that of ceramics and resin composites have a lower tendency for marginal chipping than ceramics.46 on the other hand , resin composites show inferior long term surface characteristics , such as surface roughness and esthetics , and they are more prone to color changes.19 in recent years , indirect resin composites have gained more popularity because of their improved wear resistance similar to natural tooth and also because they can overcome the problem of veneering porcelain , including tendency to wear opposing teeth significantly and difficulty of repair.10 despite the considerable improvement of indirect resin composites , clinical failures may still occur , including bulk fractures , chipping , marginal gaps , wear , and color alteration .
in such situations , it may be necessary to replace or repair the existing restorations in order to restore function and esthetics .
successful resin composite repairing procedure requires an adequate interfacial bond between existing and new resin composite materials .
these methods include acid etching , air abrasion , and the use of solvents and silanes.10111213 there is no consensus on the results obtained from these procedures .
hydrofluoric acid has capacity of increasing surface roughness in the aged resin composite surface by the dissolution of the filler particles .
many studies have shown that sandblasting and silanization can promote durable bond strength of repaired composite without hf etching , and thus using hazardous and highly corrosive hf can be avoided.111213 hummel et al.,14 in 1997 , reported that surface treatment by hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid etching alone was not sufficient to create an effective bond for repaired indirect composite .
in addition , cesar et al.,11 in 2001 , studied the tensile bond strength of composite repairs applied to artglass , and they reported that using silane after sandblasting resulted in statistically higher bond strength compared to using sand paper , diamond bur , and acid etching surface treatment . although some studies mentioned that none of the surface treatment could be recommended as a universal protocol for repairing resin composites , knowing compositions of repaired composites would be helpful for repairing procedure.15 the studies suggested that when the composition of a repaired composite was unknown , etching with phosphoric acid or sandblasting was recommended.15 in addition , silica coating , or aluminum oxide blasting and silanization provided significantly better results in repaired indirect resin composite.1011131617 sr nexco and ceramage are the new materials in the family of the second generation indirect resin composites . the higher amount of ceramic fillers and the use of udma resin monomers are the main improvement of these indirect resin composites . because of their improved mechanical properties , it is claimed that they can be used to fabricate various kinds of dental restorations . however , there is limited information regarding their clinical performance .
the objectives of this study were to compare the microtensile bond strengths of two new indirect resin composite ( ceramage and sr nexco ) repaired with direct resin composite ( filtek z350 ) .
indirect resin composite blocks of ceramage ( lot no . 081/23 , shofu inc . , kyoto , japan ) and sr nexco ( lot no .
r31493 , ivoclar vivadent , schaan , liechtenstein ) were prepared in a plastic mold ( 10 mm  10 mm  4 mm ) .
incremental layers ( 2 mm ) of indirect resin composite were condensed into a mold using a load transfer device at the force of 1 kg .
then , each layer was initially polymerized using a hand - held light curing device for 40 s ( optilux 501 , kerr , danbury , ct , usa ) .
the last increment was covered with a glass slab in order to obtain a flat surface after light curing .
the intensity of the light was verified to be no less than 500 mw / cm by using a built - in radiometer before starting the polymerization procedure . after a specimen was removed from the mold , ceramage oxy - barrier ( lot no .
r60504 , ivoclarvivadent ag , schaan , liechtenstein ) or sr gel ( lot no .
r60504 , ivoclar vivadent ag , schaan , liechtenstein ) was applied to prevent oxygen inhibited layer and the specimen was further polymerized in a special polymerization device ( solidilite v , shofu inc . ,
after complete polymerization , the outer surfaces were polished with silicone carbide papers 600 grit under running water .
then all specimen blocks were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 in an incubator these blocks were categorized into three groups according to their surface treatments ( 2 blocks per group ) .
group 1 : sandblast ( sb ) : specimens were sandblasted with aluminum oxide particles ( al2o3 ) ( tecline , bandhagen , sweden ) of 50 m , 60 psi at a distance 1 cm perpendicular to surface for 5 seconds by a sandblasting machine ( base m.b.l , dentalfarm , torino , italy ) group 2 : sandblast and ultrasonic clean ( sb+ ul ) : after sandblasted , composite specimens were cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water for 10 minutes using an ultrasonic cleaner ( vibraclean 300 , mdt co. , harvey , ca , usa ) and steam - cleaned for 5 seconds .
group 3 : sandblast plus silane ( sb+si ) : after sandblasted , composite specimens were applied with silane ( monobond - s , ivoclar vivadent , germany ) using a microbrush , left for 60 seconds , and dispersed with a strong air stream . after surface treatments , indirect resin composite blocks were positioned in another plastic mold ( 10 mm  10 mm  9 mm ) .
paul , mn , usa ) was condensed on the treated surface of indirect resin composite by incremental technique without bonding agents .
each layer was light - polymerized for 40 seconds ( optilux 501 , kerr , danbury , ct , usa ) until completion .
the last increment was covered with a glass slab in order to obtain a flat surface .
after the specimens were removed from the mold , they were further polymerized for 40 seconds in the areas that previously contacted with the plastic mold .
the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hour at 37 in incubator and cut into microbars of 8 mm length and 1 mm in cross - section with the micro cutting instrument ( struers , copenhagen , denmark ) .
sizes of all microbars were measured with a digital caliper and were recorded . only microbars with cross - sectional area between 1.0  0.1 mm
the microtensile bond strength ( mtbs ) test was performed using a universal testing machine ( model 5566 , instron ltd . ,
buckinghamshire , england ) in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm / min .
the maximum load at failure was recorded and the tensile bond strength was calculated using the formula : where  r  is the mtbs ( in mpa ) ,  f  is the load at fracture ( in n ) and  a  is the interfacial area of the specimen ( in mm ) the scanning electron microscope ( sem ) was used to evaluate compositions of indirect resin composites .
the failure modes were classified into three modes : cohesive failure of indirect resin composite : where fracture occurred in indirect resin composite cohesive failure of direct resin composite : where fracture occurred in direct resin composite interfacial failure : where fracture occurred at the interface between indirect and direct resin composite the mean mtbss and standard deviations were calculated and recorded .
shapiro - wilk test was used to test the normality of the data and levene 's test was used for testing the equality of variances .
the mtbs values of all groups were analyzed by two - way anova and dunnett 's t3 multiple comparison test at  = .05
the results from two - way anova showed that different brands of indirect resin composite ( sr nexco and ceramage ) and surface treatments ( sb , sb+ul and sb+si ) had effects on the mtbs without an interaction between these two factors .
the mtbs of ceramage was higher than sr nexco ( p < .001 ) for all surface treatments .
dunnett 's t3 multiple comparison test was used to identify the difference between mtbss of different surface treatment groups and the results showed that the mean mtbss of sb and sb+si groups were significantly higher than that of sb+ul group ( p < .001 ) for both sr nexco and ceramage .
the number and percentage of specimens according to their failure mode are shown in table 3 .
cohesive failures of direct resin composite and interfacial failures were mostly observed for ceramage material . for sr nexco , cohesive failure of indirect resin composite and interfacial failure were frequently observed .
the mean mtbs values of specimens in all groups according to their failure mode were calculated as shown in table 4 .
slight variation in the mean mtbs values for each material was observed depending on the failure mode .
the microstructures of indirect and direct resin composites are shown in fig . 1 , fig
the irregular shape sio2 particles with varied particle sizes , ranging from submicron size to nearly 50 m were observed in sr nexco ( fig . 1 , fig .
3 ) . in ceramage , the round - shape zirconium silicate particles less than 10 m in size are observed .
4 ) the sem micrographs of direct resin composite ( filtex z350 ) showed irregular shape of zirconium silicate particles , mostly less than 10 m in size ( fig .
several techniques are purposed to improve the repair bond strength of indirect resin composites including mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding of resin composite materials.10 however , the success of composite - composite adhesion depends on the surface treatment of an aged resin composite.18 the bonding between aged and new resin composite could be accomplished by three mechanisms , which are a chemical bonding with the organic matrix , a chemical bonding with the exposed filler particles , and the micromechanical retention to the treated surface.19 a chemical bonding with the organic matrix relies on the unconverted c = c double bonds remaining in the surface of the aged composite.18 the higher conversion rate of an indirect resin composite may compromise its repairing procedure.10 for a chemical bonding with the exposed filler particles , silane is effective in improving adhesion to silica - based materials . having the structure y - si(or),3 where y is a functional group ( usually be methylmethacrylate ) , silane will chemically react with the adhesive resin ( dimethacrylate ) . or is an alkoxyl group , which is hydrolyzed to a silanol ( sioh ) and forms siloxane bonds with silanols on the filler particles surface .
therefore , it is possible to create chemical bond with the filler particles of the aged composite using a silane coupling agent , and silane also improves the wettability of the substrate surfaces.12 for micromechanical retention to the treated surface , surface conditioning , such as the use of diamond burs , sandblasting , and acid etching , can create micromechanical retention and increase the bond strength of repaired composite .
few studies have shown that the surface grinding of the indirect resin composite with diamond bur would yield less bond strength than the others.11 in this study , pre - testing failures were found in the untreated indirect - direct resin composite specimens , as well as in the resin treated with silane only .
bonding failures in the untreated indirect - direct resin composite specimens were found during the polishing procedure with a silicon carbide paper .
therefore , no treatment or surface treatment by silane alone could not be included in this study because all the specimens were debonded during specimen preparation steps .
along with previous studies , using silica coating or aluminum oxide blasting increased microtensile bond strength values of repaired direct resin composite , irrespective of primer used.6112021 alumina particles have been used to increase surface roughness of the substrates and some alumina particles might have been embedded into the surfaces during grit blasting and formed = al - o - si bonds after silanization.1012 thus , sandblasting was a necessary process for bonding of indirectdirect resin composite.13 according to the manufacturers ' information , flexural strength of ceramage ( 146 mpa ) is higher than that of sr nexco ( 90 mpa ) .
the main reason for the differences in strength should be the differences in compositions of these materials ; sr nexco paste has highly dispersed silicon dioxide as microfiller in the 10 to 50 nm range . the main filler component ( 62.9% )
is a prepolymer / copolymer , which consists of pre - polymerized ground up udma matrix and inorganic microfiller particles . on the other hand ,
ceramage is composed of zirconium silicate particles supported by an inorganic polymer matrix ( udma ) .
sio2 particles of sr nexco are varied in size and non - homogeneous because the prepolymer and copolymer are present in the composition of the resin . for ceramage material , zirconium silicate particles with sizes ranging between submicron to approximately 10 m were observed . the significantly higher bond strengths of repaired indirect resin composite were observed when sr nexco and ceramage were treated with sandblast only or sandblast plus silane application .
this result was in accordance with previous studies that showed the higher bond strength when using sandblasting and silane as opposed to hydrofluoric acid , diamond bur , or other procedures to create micromechanical retention.111321 however , this result showed that silane would not be necessary for repairing resin composite as also reported in previous studies.1622 surface treatment by alumina sandblasting alone is sufficient to produce effective bond strength for repairing indirect resin composite with direct composite . from this study ,
sandblasting and ultrasonic clean had the lowest microtensile bond strength in both ceramage and sr nexco .
moisture at the interface from ultrasonic cleaning of repaired indirect resin composite might be the reason for reduced bond strength .
water absorption affects the bond strength by hydrolytic degradation of the resin - filler interface and causes swelling of the resin matrix that could lower the bonding ability and mechanical properties of resin composite materials.232425 however , actual ultrasonic cleaning can not be used in the patients with the direct repairing technique but can be used only in a laboratory .
the failure modes of ceramage were mostly cohesive failure of direct resin composite or interfacial failure . on the other hand ,
failure modes of sr nexco were mostly cohesive failure of indirect resin composite or interfacial failure .
considering the tensile strength values of all materials used in this study , direct resin composite and ceremage were the strongest with tensile strength approximately 62 - 80 mpa , according to the manufacturers ' information .
the factor that convincingly determined the bond strength of indirect - direct resin composite bonding would be the strength of these resin composite materials .
when sr nexco was bonded to direct resin composite , failure usually occurred in sr nexco , which was the weaker material . when ceramage was bonded to direct resin composite
therefore , mechanical properties of resin composite materials would be an important factor that control the successive bonding of these materials .
surface treatment methods and compositions of indirect resin composite had effects on the mtbs of bonded indirect - direct resin composite bilayers . sandblasting with or without silane application
 purposethe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments on microtensile bond strengths ( mtbss ) of two types of indirect resin composites bonded to a conventional direct resin composite.materials and methodsindirect resin composite blocks of ceramage and sr nexco were prepared in a plastic mold having a dimension of 10  10  4 mm . 
 these composite blocks were divided into three groups according to their surface treatments : group1 : sandblast ( sb ) ; group2 : sandblast and ultrasonically clean ( sb+ul ) ; group3 : sandblast plus silane ( sb+si ) . after bonding with direct resin composite , 
 indirect - direct resin composite blocks were kept in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 and cut into microbars with the dimension of 1  1  8 mm . 
 microbar specimens ( n = 40 per group ) were loaded using a universal testing machine . failure modes and compositions were evaluated by sem . 
 the statistical analyses of mtbs were performed by two - way anova and dunnett 's test at  = .05.resultssurface treatments and brands had effects on the mtbs without an interaction between these two factors . 
 for sr nexco , the mtbss of sb and sb+si group were significantly higher than that of sb+ul . 
 for ceramage , the mtbss of sb and sb+si were significantly higher than that of sb+ul . 
 the mean mtbs of the ceramage specimens was significantly higher than that of sr nexco for all surface treatments.conclusionsandblasting with or without silane application could improve the bond strengths of repaired indirect resin composites to a conventional direct resin composite . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION