nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin - dependent kinases substrate ( nucks ) is a nuclear dna binding protein occurring in almost all types of human cells , adult and fetal tissues [ 1 , 2 ] . the nucks gene is located on human chromosome 1q32.1 and consists of seven exons and six introns .
although its biological function is poorly understood , the structural similarity to the high - mobility group a ( hmga ) proteins suggests that it plays a role in regulation of chromatin structure and its activity ( for a review see [ 3 , 4 ] ) .
the hmga proteins modulate dna structure altering transcription of several genes by either facilitating or impeding binding of transcription factors .  
these include lipomas [ 6 , 7 ] , uterine leiomyomas [ 8 , 9 ] , and pulmonary chondroid hamartomas   or tumors consisting of epithelial and mesenchymal parts like breast fibroadenomas .
rearrangements and overexpression of the hmga genes were described in nonmesenchymal benign human tumors , such as pituitary adenomas .
a high expression of hmga proteins was observed in all neoplastic tissues analyzed including pancreatic , thyroid , colon , breast , lung , ovarian , uterine cervix and body , prostate , and gastric carcinomas ( for review see ) .
it was suggested that hmgas might be promising targets for therapeutic drugs aimed at alleviating pathological conditions .
it is worth mentioning that in normal tissues hmga protein level is low or even undetectable .
it was assumed that hmga genes expression might be used as a marker of tumor progression ; therefore it can also be considered that nucks plays a similar practical role in histopathological analysis .         
the abundance of nucks in rapidly growing cells as well as the overexpression of nucks mrna in ovarian cancer   suggests that it may be involved in facilitating and maintaining activity of transcription of some genes during rapid proliferation and in cancer . until now nucks was studied in detail using a variety biochemical and cell biological methods [ 1 , 2 , 1719 ] .
these analyses however do not relate the occurrence of the protein to histological grade or with a particular cell type . in this work we analyzed the occurrence of nucks in breast carcinoma . using proteomic methods we demonstrated that nucks is highly overexpressed in invasive ductal cancer ( idc ) .  
immunohistochemical analysis confirmed this finding and also revealed abundant expression of nucks in 26 cases of this cancer .
this type was found to be the most frequent malignant tumor of the breast   and presents very serious therapeutic and socioeconomical problems .
estimated new cases from breast cancer in the united states in 2008 were 182  460 ( female ) and 1990 ( male ) and about 41  000 deaths ( national cancer institute ; http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast ) .
( m / v ) of 5 % ( v / v ) hclo4 using an ika ultra turbax blender and the homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000  g for 5 minutes .
proteins were precipitated with 33% ( w / v ) ccl3cooh for 30  minutes and collected by centrifugation at 15,000  g for 10  minutes .
aliquots of protein fractions containing nucks were separated by sds - page , using nupage novex bis - tris 4%12% gels ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) and mes running buffer according to the manufacturer 's instructions .
the gel was stained with coomassie blue using colloidal blue staining kit ( invitrogen ) .      
briefly , the pieces were washed twice with 25  mm ammonium bicarbonate and dehydrated with absolute ethanol .
subsequently , 0.5  g trypsin ( promega , madison , wi ) solution in 25  mm ammonium bicarbonate was added , and the enzyme was allowed to digest overnight at 37c .
the peptide mixtures were extracted with 80% ch3cn , 1% cf3cooh ( tfa ) , and the organic solvent was evaporated in a vacuum centrifuge .
the resulting peptide mixtures were desalted using in - house made c18 stage tips , vacuum - dried , and reconstituted in 0.05% cf3cooh prior to the analysis .
peptide mixtures were separated by online reversed - phase nanoscale capillary liquid chromatography and analyzed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry as described previously .
the data were searched against the full international protein index ( ipi ) database with the aid of the mascot ( matrix science , london , uk ) search engine   followed by manual verification .
all peptides identified from the nucks gel bands are listed in the supplementary table 1 in supplementary material available online at doi:10.115/2009/919645 .
antibodies against nucks were elicited in rabbits using synthetic peptide dedygrdsgpptkkc ( residues 2326 ) conjugated to ovalbumin ( imject maleimide activated ovalbumin , pierce ) .
titer and specificity of the antisera were increased by three injections ( boosts ) .      
monospecific antibodies were purified on affinity columns which were prepared by coupling of the peptide to iodoacetate activated gel ( sulfolink , pierce ) according to the manufacturer 's protocol using 1  mg of the peptide per 1  ml of the coupling gel .
then 1  ml of the gel was loaded into a column and washed with 50  ml pbs .
5  ml of the antiserum was diluted with   5  ml pbs and incubated with the gel for 4  hour . following washing of the gel with 50  ml pbs the bound antibodies were eluted with 10  ml of 0.1  m glycine - hcl , ph 2.5 , and after that with 10  ml 4  m guanidine hydrochloride in pbs . the eluates were diluted with 10  ml of pbs and concentrated in centriprep - ultracel ym-10 ( millipore ) concentrators to a volume of 2  ml .
, proteins were transferred from sds gels onto the nitrocellulose membrane by electroblotting at 10  v / cm for 40  min .
the proteins were cross - linked to the membrane by incubation in 0.5% ( v / v ) glutaraldehyde in pbs for 10  min .
the membranes were blocked with 10% ( v / v )   normal goat serum ( ngs ) for 30  min prior to incubation with the primary antibodies together with 1% ngs in pbs containing 0.1% tween 20 ( pbs - t ) .
following 2  hour incubation , the membrane was extensively washed with pbs - t .
primary antibodies were visualized on the membrane with ecl peroxidase - conjugated iggs . after the detection of antibodies blots
26 samples of breast cancer , derived from 26 different female patients , were investigated in this experiment .
in particular , this was the invasive ductal carcinoma ( idc ) of grade ( g ) i ( 10 cases ) , ii ( 6 cases ) , and iii ( 10 cases ) .
cancer was excised during radical mastectomy or tumorectomy depending on the result of the previously performed imaging studies , fine - needle aspiration biopsy , oligobiopsy , or intraoperative diagnosis .          
after that , the paraffin blocks were cut on microtome to obtain 4  m thick slices which were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin - eosin ( he ) or with antibodies .
evaluation of he - stained samples was performed by use of light microscope ( olympus bx50 ) at magnification 100 or 200 times .
following deparaffinization the antigen determinant was retrieved using normal pressure cooking in 0.01  m sodium citrate for 9 minutes in 350  w microwave oven at ph 6 .
the slides were blocked for endogenous peroxidase ( peroxidase blocking reagent , dako cytomation ) and    incubated overnight with anti - nucks antibodies at concentration of 15  g / ml in pbs containing 125-fold diluted swine serum at 4c .
the binding of the primary antibodies was visualized using the abc method ( kit lsab , dako cytomation ) and stained with dab ( dako ) .
percentage of positively stained cancer cells was evaluated on 5 fields from the centre of tumor : number of positively stained cells ( nuclei and cytoplasm ) was divided by the total number of cancer cells seen on that field at magnification of 400 times .
the selection criterion for the 5 fields measured was the centre of each sample and this was assessed by two pathologists .
we also evaluated staining in other cells : lymphocytes and endothelial cells used as positive control because it was suggested that nucks is localized in both proliferating and nonproliferating cells .
the microphotographs were taken using light microscope ( olympus bx40 ) at magnification 200 times and digital camera dp10 .
statistical analysis of correlation between histological grading and number of positively stained cells was made .
anova one - way analysis of variance by ranks was used for this statistical analysis .
a group of nuclear proteins including linker histones h1 and hmg proteins can be selectively extracted from cells and tissues with diluted perchloric acid .  
nucks also can quantitatively be extracted using 5% perchloric acid . to compare the levels of nucks in human cancer and nondiseased tissues we extracted the protein from five pairs of matched diseased and normal samples , from 5 patients , and analyzed its abundance on sds gels .
we found that in each of the five cases nuck was the only abundant component of the stained gel - band .
all identified peptides with their precursor ion accuracy and mascot scores are listed in supplementary table  1 .           
we found that the band of nucks with a relative mr of 43,000 occurred abundantly in all samples of idc , whereas in all normal samples either it did not appear or the band was very weak ( figure 1 ) .
the levels of nucks in idc were comparable with those in cultured breast cancer cells mcf7 .
since overexpression of nucks in ovarian cancer was recently described , we analyzed also ovarian cancer sample and found similar extent of upregulation of nucks in this type of cancer in comparison to idc . from this experiment
we concluded that nucks is highly overexpressed in idc and we decided to study its occurrence in more detail . to investigate the occurrence of nucks in cells and tissues , antibodies against a peptide corresponding to residues 2336 of the protein
the specificity of the antibodies was analyzed on western blots using purified nucks , perchloric acid extracts and whole sds whole lysates of mcf7 cells , and idc and normal breast tissue ( figure 2 ) .
the blots revealed that our antibodies decorated selectively the band of nucks , indicating the high specificity of the antibodies .
western analyses using other lysates and extracts of human tissue and cells resulted in identical results ( not shown ) .
they were first evaluated with regard to histopathology ( grading ) and then the samples from particular tumors were studied using immunohistochemical method .
the occurrence of nucks was observed in tumor cells as well as in other cells seen in samples , like endothelia and lymphocytes . in invasive ductal carcinoma , idc ( carcinoma ductale infiltrans ) , the positive staining of cytoplasm was rather less intensive than that of nuclei ( figure 3 , with an inset ) .
the cytoplasmic staining in idc cells is shown in figure 4 ( with an inset ) .
the number of stained cells , both nuclei and cytoplasm , ranged from 77.5% of cancer cells in group of grade i ( figure 5 ) to 89.6% in the group of grade iii ( mean : 84.3% , for the whole group of 26 cases , see table 1 ) .
a low number of lymphocytes which formed inflammatory infiltration at the border of tumor foci showed positive nuclear reaction ( figure 6 ) .
negative control is shown in figure 7 , while figure 8 shows fat tissue from the idc patient at a morphologically normal site away from the lesions without any immunohistochemical reaction .        considering the significance level ,  = 0.05 , we   can confirm statistically significant difference between group of gi cancers and gii ( p = .00235 ) and also between gi and giii ( p = .000004 ) , whereas there was no significant difference between groups gii and giii ( p = .0931 ) ( figure 9 and table 2 ) .
until now nucks was studied in detail using a variety of biochemical and cell biological methods [ 1 , 2 , 17 , 18 ] . however , these analyses did not correlate with the occurrence of the protein in particular type of cancer and/or type of cells . in this
study the occurrence of nucks in human breast cancer was studied . using the proteomic approach we demonstrated that nucks is overexpressed in tumor cells .  
there are some unpublished reports confirming nucks presentation in both cellular compartments , that is , nuclei and cytoplasm .
nucks has 2 regions termed as nuclear localization signals ( nlss ) where nls1 is assumed to be main nuclear localization signal that binds to importin 3 and 5 in vitro .
importin is in turn a protein which after binding with nls moves the other proteins into nuclei .
this movement between two compartments may probably play an important role in some phenomena leading to protection of a cell against undesirable factors .
the varied expression of nucks in our study may reflect the well - known heterogeneity of cells in breast cancer , which was confirmed for ki67 reactivity .
the ki67 activity was higher in ductal cancer and lower in mucinous and lobular carcinoma .
in other studies it was found that using the van nuys grading system of worst grade , the grade of tumor was not associated with either ductal carcinoma in situ recurrence or development of invasive disease .
there is also evidence that invasive breast cancer is the disease with multiple cytogenetic subclones already present in preinvasive lesions .  
grade iii tumors were found to manifest high levels of several genes involved in regulation of gene expression including nucks . in our study
statistically significant differences were found between group of gi and gii cancers and also between gi and giii , whereas there was no significant difference between groups gii and giii .
the nucks was reported to localize in both proliferating and nonproliferating cells : positive staining for nucks was found in our study in endothelial cells and lymphocytes .  
since endothelial cells and lymphocytes belong to the relatively fast growing cells or at least they show high metabolism , overexpression of nucks is probably related to high levels of transcription .   in our study the positive staining
mixed nuclear and cytoplasmic reaction , which was seen in cells of idc , may reflect known distribution of nucks throughout the cytoplasm in mitotic cells whereas nuclear localization of nucks is connected with telophase of cellular cycle .
previously , the expression of the high - mobility group protein gene hmga2 and its protein as a possible marker detecting malignant growth of thyroid tumors was used .
whereas hmga2 is highly expressed in most embryonic tissues , its expression in adult tissues is very low .
however , reactivation of expression was described for various malignant tumors and correlated with aggressiveness of tumors . since hmga2 expression alone allowed to distinguish between benign and malignant thyroid tumors with sensitivity of 95.9% and specificity 93.9%
, we assume that by similarities between hmgas and nucks the latter as well might be used as a marker in histological evaluation of tissues .
nucks was previously reported to be expressed in breast , for example , in lobular carcinoma , and ovarian cancers as a part of a module containing at least six members that are believed to be involved in either transcriptional regulation or ubiquitin proteasome pathway .  
recently , the elevated expression of dyrk3 , nucks , cox-2 , and translin and tubulin-4 genes , which are involved in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis and cell movement , was found to be associated with high - invasive phenotype in mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell strains .
statistically significant increase in the expression of transcripts for tubulin-4 , cox-2 , dyrk3 , and translin was associated there with amplification of mouse chromosome 1 .
the nucks protein was increased in the majority of the cell strains .          in conclusion
, it has to be emphasized that further studies are needed to determine a role of nucks in human cancer and that this work provides only early insights in the abundant occurrence of the protein in breast cancer .
the future work also should pay additional attention in elucidating potential functions of specific posttranslational modifications of nucks   in etiology and progression of the disease .
 nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin - dependent kinases substrate ( nucks ) is 27  kda chromosomal protein of unknown function . 
 its amino acid composition as well as structure of its dna binding domain resembles that of high - mobility group a , hmga proteins . 
 hmga proteins are associated with various malignancies . since changes in expression of hmga 
 are considered as marker of tumor progression , it is possible that similar changes in expression of nucks could be useful tool in diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer . for identification and analysis of nucks we used proteomic and histochemical methods . 
 analysis of patient - matched samples of normal and breast cancer by mass spectrometry revealed elevated levels of nucks in protein extracts from ductal breast cancers . 
 we elicited specific antibodies against nucks and used them for immunohistochemistry in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast . 
 we found high expression of nucks in 84.3% of cancer cells . 
 we suggest that such overexpression of nucks can play significant role in breast cancer biology . 
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion