the morbidity associated with open surgery was the reason behind the search for less - invasive treatment options .
in their series of 1870 patients undergoing open radical retropubic prostatectomy , noted a mean blood loss of 1395 ml and a complication rate of 10% .
but the long learning curve of laparoscopy in radical prostatectomy facilitated the introduction and acceptance of robotic technology in urology .
the robotic system provides many advantages : three - dimensional vision , enhanced magnification , tremor filtering , motion scaling , the  endowrist  technology which helps in intracorporeal suturing and ergonomic comfort .
although there are no prospective randomized studies comparing open and robot - assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy ( ralp ) , available data from retrospective case series suggest that ralp is associated with significantly less blood loss and shorter time to convalescence.[57 ] while most surgical techniques have equivalent outcomes in high - volume centers with a large experience , we evaluated the outcomes for the initial cases of ralp at our center which had limited previous experience of open and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy .
this study represents the first such reasonably large experience from a single center in the developing world .
we acquired a 4-arm da vinci - s surgical robot and began performing ralp in july 2006 .
preoperative assessment included detailed history and clinical examination along with serum psa , biopsy gleason score , bone scan and contrast - enhanced computed tomography ( ct ) scan or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) in all cases .
baseline demographic data such as age , body mass index ( bmi ) , comorbidities , previous surgeries and hormonal therapy were recorded .
clinical staging was done as per tnm staging and only the cases with clinical t1 - 2 , n0 , m0 were considered for ralp .
( however , three patients with doubtful t3a lesions on preoperative imaging also underwent surgery . ) a time gap of 6 weeks was kept after diagnosis on prostate biopsy and 3 months after transurethral resection of prostate ( turp ) before performing ralp .
this study represents the consolidated results of four surgeons with different levels of experience from a single center .
lymphadenectomy was considered for patients with psa > 10 ng / ml and biopsy gleason score > 6 . unilateral or bilateral nerve sparing was done wherever feasible .
total operative time including time for port placement , docking of robot , dissection , anastomosis and lymphadenectomy were separately recorded .
details of histopathologic assessment were recorded including final gleason score , margin positivity , seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement .
patients were then followed up at regular intervals with serial monitoring of psa and assessment of functional outcomes of continence and erectile function .
the study included 190 consecutive cases of localized prostate cancer , who underwent ralp at our center ( from july 2006 to december 2010 ) .
the demographic details , perioperative details , histopathologic outcomes , and perioperative complications are given in tables 15 .
the most common complication in our series was prolonged drain output which was seen in 14 patients .
eight patients developed intestinal obstruction in the postoperative period , of whom four were managed conservatively and four patients required surgical intervention .
some technical problems were also encountered during the course of robotic surgery in a few cases .
most of these were overcome with technical assistance during the course of surgery with some addition to total operative time and only one case required conversion to open technique due to mechanical failure of a robotic arm .
patient characteristics the mean operative time ( in min ) for various parts of robotic procedure intraoperative and postoperative data histopathologic outcomes complications according to clavien classification system biochemical recurrence was defined by a psa of 0.2 ng / ml or higher and which rises on a subsequent occasion . for assessment of oncologic outcomes , only patients who had completed a minimum of 1 year of follow - up
biochemical recurrence - free survival rate for a mean duration of follow - up of 27.5 months was 92% .
the benefits of the robot are most apparent for surgeries in areas of the body which are anatomically confined and difficult to access by open surgical means , like the deep pelvis . accordingly
, robotic system has been used most commonly in the field of urology , with most studies reporting its use in radical prostatectomy .
advantages include easier ergonomics ; scaled , filtered and miniaturized movements for easier and precise dissection and suturing in the confines of true pelvis ; magnified 3d and stable vision ; and shorter learning curve than pure laparoscopic technique .
several studies are now available , documenting good short- and long - term outcomes with the use of this technology.[1114 ] however , given the cost of robotics , the system is still new to developing nations with limited resources .
we acquired 4-armed da vinci - s surgical system in 2006 and have since been offering robot - assisted surgery to all cases of clinically localized prostate cancer .
the purpose of this study was to review our experience of ralp , assess the perioperative outcomes of the first 190 cases and to compare the results with previously established reports .
the mean age of our patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy was 65  1.2 years , which is higher than that reported in western case series .
reported mean age of 57.4 years , while mikhail et al . reported it to be 58.4 years in their series .
our higher average age may be due to a lower overall incidence of prostate cancer for all ages in our country due to racial and environmental differences .
it may also reflect the absence of widespread psa screening in our country whereby cases present at a later stage of disease at higher age and higher psa .
the mean serum psa was 19.8  9.5 ng / ml , which is nearly three times that reported in many other western studies .
this was in spite of the fact that the average prostate size in our series ( 42.06  18.35 g ) was somewhat smaller than some other reported series like menon et al .
( 48.6 g ) and tewari et al . ( 45.3  12.3 g ) . in the series reported by tewari et al .
, the mean serum psa was 6.4  2.47 ng / ml , while it was 6.9 ng / ml in the series reported by patel et al . majority of our patients ( 34.74% ) had a serum psa in the range of 1020 ng / ml unlike most other series where the highest proportion of cases belong to psa category of < 10 ng / ml . the high psa may be due to higher stage ( t2 ) in our series compared with t1c in other series and also due to overall higher psa values in indian men related to chronic prostatitis . a consistent long - term oncological follow - up shall be able to better address this question in the near future .
the majority of our patients ( 57.89% ) had a biopsy gleason score of 6 which is similar to that reported in other series .
another important difference was that 38.42% of our patients belonged to clinical stage t2a while 34.2% were of clinical stage t1c . in the series by tewari et al .
, nearly one - half of the patients ( 49.7% ) belonged to clinical stage t1c .
consistent with the overall physical built and nutritional status in our general population , the mean bmi of our patients was 25.20  2.88 , which is lower than that reported in series from the western world . as regards surgical outcome , our mean total operative time of 166.4  11.5 min ( inclusive of time for port placement , docking of robot , dissection , anastomosis and lymphadenectomy ) is comparable to 160  28 min as reported by tewari et al .
patel et al . noted that the operative duration decreased as the surgeon 's experience increased ; their mean for the first 50 cases was 202 min and for the last 100 cases was less than 100 min .
the estimated median blood loss was also higher in our series ( 302 ml ) with 13 patients ( 6.8% ) requiring blood transfusion .
tewari et al . reported a mean blood loss of 160  28 ml , while menon et al . reported it to be 111 ml . in their first 100 cases , mikhail et al .
reported a mean blood loss of 339.9  238.4 ml . the reduced blood loss is one of the chief advantages of ralp over open surgery .
our conversion rate was 3.16% ( 6 cases ) with no conversions in the last 100 cases .
patel et al . reported 0.6% conversion rate in their series of 500 patients , while mikhail et al .
there was one rectal injury which was recognized intraoperatively and successfully managed by primary closure in two layers along with omental interposition .
our longer postoperative stay in the hospital compared to western series is related to the fact that the majority of cases were kept admitted till drain removal , unlike the practice of discharge with drain in the western world . in 91% of patients ,
the drain was removed on third postoperative day when the drain output was less than 50 ml / day .
deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are other complications which we have not witnessed in our series .
this is despite the fact that we do not routinely give deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis .
early ambulation within 6 hours of surgery may be a reason for the absence of this complication .
voiding cystogram was done between days 10 and 14 and catheter was removed if there was no leak .
our perioperative complication rate is comparable to most contemporary series.[1619 ] this is despite the fact that we have limited experience of ralp .
the bulk of our operative cases include stone disease , bladder and kidney cancer and reconstructive surgery .
clinically localized prostate cancer suitable for surgery constitutes only a small fraction of our surgical case load .
this further reiterates the fact that robotic surgery is easy to learn and not associated with the steep learning curve as witnessed in conventional laparoscopic surgery . for any new treatment modality /
option to gain widespread global acceptance , the outcomes need to be reproducible across various centers and patient population groups .
although ralp has now become a validated treatment option in the management of patients with localized prostate cancer , all reports have come from high volume centers from the western world .
the developing countries have now started embracing the robotic technology but there is lack of data from these centers .
furthermore , as highlighted in the article , the indian population presents certain unique characteristics which may affect the outcomes of ralp .
the higher age at presentation , the higher stage at diagnosis and the higher psa values ( due to chronic prostatitis ) are some of these factors .
visiting surgeons to our center have remarked on the changes they need to incorporate with regard to port position and the inherent challenges in operating on the indian males with smaller pelvis diameters compared to the caucasian population . despite the reported advantages , robotic technology has not yet become popular in developing nations because of its prohibitive cost . however , with proven advantages and increasing awareness and skills of the surgeons , this technology is sure to gain acceptance in the near future .
hopefully , the cost of establishing a robot and its running cost will also decrease relatively with its increasing penetration into the medical system .
this report demonstrates the good perioperative outcomes of ralp even in initial cases . despite the limited prior experience in radical prostatectomies ,
the outcomes of ralp in our series are comparable to those reported in the literature from centers with larger experience .
 objective : to analyze the perioperative outcome of the first 190 cases of robot - assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy performed at our center from july 2006 to december 2010.materials and methods : operative and recovery data for men with localized prostate cancer undergoing robot - assisted radical prostatectomy at our center were reviewed . 
 all surgeries were performed using the 4-arm da vinci - s surgical robot . 
 preoperative data included age , body mass index ( bmi ) , prostate specific antigen ( psa ) level , prostate weight , biopsy gleason score and tnm staging , while operative and recovery data included total operative time , estimated blood loss , complications , hospital stay and catheter time . 
 these parameters were evaluated for the safety and efficacy of this procedure in our center.results:the mean age of our patients was 65  1.2 years . 
 the mean bmi was 25.20  2.88 and the median psa was 14.8 ng / ml . majority of our patients belonged to clinical stage t2 ( 51.58% ) . 
 the mean total operative time was 166.44  11.5 min . 
 six patients required conversion to open procedure and there was one rectal injury . 
 the median estimated blood loss was 302  14.45 ml and the median duration of hospital stay was 4 days . 
 the overall margin positivity rate was 12.63%.conclusion : despite our limited robotic surgery experience , our perioperative outcome and complication rate is comparable to most contemporary series . 
 robot - assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy ( ralp ) is easy to learn and provides the patient with the benefits of minimally invasive surgery with minimal perioperative morbidity . 
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION