Can I use a new USB C dock with an old USB A socket? Can then the PD socket be used to supply more power to the dock? Can a new USB C dock like this for example:
USB C dock with Power Delivery
be connected and work with an old Macbook (or other USB A gen 2.0 or 3.0 computer) using an adapter like in the picture for example?



If so:
Can I then connect a power adapter, e.g. "Apple 61w usb-c power adapter" or a regular smartphone USB C power adapter to the PD port on the USB C dock to deliver power to the dock so as the dock now becomes a powered usb hub? (I know it'll not charge the old Mac though. A powered dock/hub is required for more power-hungry devices like several external HDD.)

[I'm concerned that the new dock may damage the old USB A port, especially when the power adapter is connected to the PD port so as the dock tries to send power to the old USB A. For new USB C it detects when the port "wants" to get power and it'll also power the devices connected to the dock along with the computer. The intention with the old Macbook is to power only the dock and the connected peripherals]

Thanks!
The new dock will not damage your old USB A port. USB is backwards compatible, so connecting an USB 3 dock to a USB 2 (or older) system is not going to damage anything.

The old USB A plug does not support what is known as "Alternate Mode" in USB Type-C. Therefore you'll not be able to get the HDMI port on the dock working.

In theory, the USB related functionality such as the built-in 2 port USB hub, and the SD/TF-card reader will be able to function with your converter plug. However, if you connect it to a USB 2.0 computer, you will ofcourse not get USB 3.0 ports or speed on the dock. 

The type-C PD connector on the dock will not enable you to power the old MacBook Pro via the USB A plug, as it does not support the same type of power delivery as USB type-C.

Whether or not the hub in the dock gets powered by the way of the type-C PD plugin depends on how exactly that Novoo hub is designed. I don't think it is likely to work, as a 61W USB-C power adapter is working at 20V (~3A) - while the USB hub inside the dock is usually powered at 5V.