What is the macOS equivalent to Window's AppData folder? I was originally looking for my Google Chrome profile because something went wrong and I need to delete it. In the process I realized that I don't know where applications in general are putting this kind of stuff.

Where is the typical place to go looking?
This kind of data is frequently stored in ~/Library/Application Support.

User-specific settings are frequently stored in ~/Library/Preferences

Your Chrome profile is located at ~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/Default.

I recommend going on a little exploration of the ~/Library folder; there's a lot of useful stuff in there.