iPhone 4 iOS 7 with no iCloud backup. Is there way to access data? I recently lost my iPhone. I have no SIM and no backups (either local, or in iCloud).

Is there a way to recover the lost data? For example, the call history, messages, contacts etc.
Without any kind of backup there is no way to get the data unless you find the iPhone.  

If you remember your Apple ID and password, you can login to appleid.apple.com and set the device as lost.  This should keep a thief or anyone who finds the phone from accessing your personal data.  Hopefully you have the iPhone set with a passcode to unlock.

From Apple Support using Lost Mode:


  If you can’t find your iOS device, Apple Watch, or Mac, use Lost Mode right away to lock it and keep track of its location. For more information, or if you can’t use Lost Mode because Find My iPhone wasn’t set up on your lost device, see the Apple Support article If your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch is lost or stolen.