Can I install apps on iPhone/iPad from iTunes without syncing? Simple question: Can I install an application that was downloaded to my iTunes into my iPad/iPhone without syncing it with the computer?

I am abroad and without access to wi-fi, only network cable, so the trivial solutions of "download directly through the iPad" and "sync it with your computer once and be over it" won't work (unless I start syncing with two computers at the same time, and I recall it gave me trouble in the past).
You can try the install with iPhone Configuration Utility:

http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/featuredarticles/FA_iPhone_Configuration_Utility/Introduction/Introduction.html

http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/featuredarticles/FA_Wireless_Enterprise_App_Distribution/FA_Wireless_Enterprise_App_Distribution.pdf