4k external monitor shows 3840x2160 and 1920x1080 but not 2560x1440 I'm using a external monitor with 3840x2160 resolution but it's completely unusable at that resolution (27", too tiny).

I want to try it at 2560x1440 but MacOS doesn't even show that option. 

Is there a solution to show icons larger on screen?
The optimum scaling for that size display on MacOS is 1920 x 1080 (HiDPI), which will give the "Retina display" HiDPI effect, making the display objects appear at 'normal' size, but using the doubled pixel density to create a higher-resolution image. 

(Another way to look at it is that the display is actually at 3840 x 2160, but the OS magnifies everything x2, to avoid the tiny sizes that you have seen.)

Any scaling size with (HiDPI) after it will use Retina scaling to some degree.

MacOS will display a larger range of Scaling options if you hold down Alt and click on the "Scaled" button in System Preferences > Displays.