Can I download free apps without a payment method? I just downloaded the newest iOS version, which I don't know what it is, and I can't download free apps now. I used to be able to download free apps, but now apple requires a credit card to download apps even if the apps are free.

I don't know what version of iOS I am using, nor what type I was using earlier. Nor do I know what type of iPhone I am using other than that it is an iPhone of some sort. I don't know how to find out this information either.
This official guide can help you:
Create or use your Apple ID without a payment method

If you already have an Apple ID
You can choose to remove the payment method for your existing Apple ID after you have signed in to the iTunes Store, App Store, or iBooks Store. You won't be asked for a payment method again until you make a purchase. Have a look at: Change or remove your Apple ID payment information