Is it possible to use a Mac's USB ports remotely through VNC/Remote Desktop? A little background: my organization, a hospital, is in the process of rolling out more iOS devices throughout the enterprise and we are provisioning them through Apple Configurator (w/ Cisco Meraki MDM) which has been working well so far.

However, this is mostly a PC shop and there's only one Mac computer for the device provisioning as of right now, so the question was brought to me if there was a way that we could host a Mac server in our data center and have the USB ports "redirect" so to speak from the local machine to the Mac server in order to provision these iOS devices without having to p-card multiple Mac computers?
No, pretty sure you won't be able to use a Mac server and then connect iOS devices to PCs and prepare them using Configurator remotely. You can add more USB ports using a hub to increase the number you can connect simultaneously.