How much free space does fsck need to rebuild the catalog file? I am in single-user mode, running fsck -fy.

It attempts to rebuild the catalog file and exits with a status of -34, complaining of a disk full error.

How much free space does the disk need to have for fsck to do its work?  Right now it has over 150 GB free, which is about 25% of the disk.
To rebuild the catalog you need continuous space. Obviously, you do not have enough.