Can I see the stored WLAN settings on my iPhone? Ist it possible to see the settings of my known WLANs stored on my iPhone? I only know that I can access the settings of the current network when I am logged into one.

Edit: The iPhone is not jailbroken and I do not intend to jailbreak it.
As mentioned by others, jailbreaking is the easiest way. But if you really don't want to, you can back up the iPhone and use a tool like Backup Extractor to view the .db file that stores the settings.