Why does OS X Yosemite - Disk Utility has no options for me? I want run a First Aid on my hard drive, but Disk Utility does not allow me to provide permission to do this.

System Information
MacBook Pro 2012(MD101)
Running Yosemite
I don't have my mac on me, but I remember this happening to me in the past. See, I may be wrong, but I don't remember seeing those options available for me on my primary partition. Now, if you are trying to access DiskUtility from within the recovery partition OS, then you should be able to see all options. I highly doubt MacOS would let you erase or partition a primary partition (exception: the bootcamp app), while it's in use by the OS. 

You can always run the first-aid, but not modify the partition table on the existing drive (while being used as the primary OS storage) without messing something up (e.g., from within Terminal)

Hope this helps.