Apps suddenly can't be opened? I had Terminal and TextEdit open, a couple of Finder windows, and possibly another app or two.
This was a few hours after updating to macOS 11.1 (20C69) in case that is the cause.
In Terminal, I did su - Admin to change permissions on a directory with sudo.  I forgot to exit before trying to open a new file with TextEdit, so of course I got an error (one account can't open windows in another app's GUI).
Exited Admin and tried again.  Got the same error!  Quit TextEdit and re-launched—same error!
Restarted laptop and logged in again.  Now, Terminal and Safari can't be launched (possibly others).  Pop-up appears and vanishes quickly. After several tries, I finally managed to read the first line: &quot;Application (app) interrupted restart.&quot;
Switched user to Admin to send this question.  Safari &amp; Terminal both functioning on this account.
In the Admin account, interestingly, when tried to use sudo, I was rejected.  Did id and found that that the shell (in Terminal launched by admin account) was running my non-admin account!!! Had to su to kill processes (see my answer).
Cause and/or solution?
Still uncertain about cause, but here's one thing that fixed it:
In Terminal, as Admin, I did
sudo kill -9 $(ps -ef | egrep -i &quot;(terminal|safari)&quot; | awk '{print $2}' | sort -nr)

Then shut down.  After power on again, things seem to be working properly.