Where can I find the autocorrect / user dictionary on the iPhone and how can I have a look into it? I would like to have a look into my personal user dictionary built on typed words on my iPhone. From eHow's article How to Edit Auto-Correct on the iPhone I found the following location where it should be located: 

/private/var/mobile/Library/Keyboard/dynamic-text.dat


But my iPhone is not jailbroken so I think I don't have a chance to open this file, right? (And if I jailbreak my phone the dictionary will be deleted…)

I also have the backup of my phone on my Computer. Is it possible to find the dictionary there? 
What are other ways to have a look into your personal autocorrect dictionary?
You can view the files in iTunes backups of your iPhone using iBackupBot. Open the software, choose your Backup, then sorted by Path find Library/Keyboard/dynamic-text.dat.

It's not possible to view the user dictionary directly from the device without jailbreaking. Jailbreaking does not delete the dictionary.