Can I remove the stock camera app from iOS 9 or later? I would like to be able to remove the stock camera app from an iOS device without disabling the camera itself (because I would like to replace the camera app with a non-stock app).  I know MDM applications allow the camera to be disabled via the iOS mobileconfig restrictions, but can I remove just the (original) app while keeping a functional camera?
Short answer: no.

As of iOS 10, here are the stock apps that users can remove:


Calculator
Calendar
Compass
Contacts (iPhone only, contact information is retained in the Phone
app)
FaceTime
Find My Friends
Home
iBooks
iCloud Drive
iTunes Store
Mail
Maps
Music (if removed, you won't be able to use it with CarPlay)
News
Notes
Podcasts
Reminders
Stocks
Tips
Videos
Voice Memos
Watch app (you'll have to unpair your Apple Watch before deleting it)
Weather


As you can see, the stock Camera app is not one of these. I imagine there are ways to forcibly remove it, but you may lose that functionality of your iPhone permanently.