Do the spins of outer orbitals block measurement of spin of inner orbitals? Do the outermost s1 and s2 electrons block an outside observer from measuring the larger inner group orbitals for elements heavier than Nitrogen (for instance, would Chromium's 4s1 electron or Manganese's 4s2 electrons prevent you from detecting the spin of the 3d5 electrons in either case?)

I edited this into an individual question from the original list of them per moderator instruction.
With regards to your first question, as you get to higher energy levels, the distance between each one increases and as a consequence the shells get closer together and begin to overlap. This is also seen with 5s and 4d iirc.