Amino acids: why is charge found by comparing pH and pKa and not pH to pKa + log [A-]/log[H+]? I am working on problems such as :

The charges on the side groups at each pH are found by the following rule:

at $\ce{pH &lt; pK_a}$, $\ce{H+}$ on, protonated
at $\ce{pH &gt; pK_a}$, $\ce{H+}$ off, deprotonated
at $\ce{pH = pK_a}$ , neutral

But why can we compare $\mathrm{p}H$ and $\mathrm{p}\ce{Ka}$ directly?
I just started my amino acids topic. In all my acid and base questions we always compared $\mathrm{p}H$ to $\mathrm{p}K_a$ using the Henderson Hasselbalch Equation:
$$\mathrm{p}H =\mathrm{p}K_a +\log \left( \frac{\ce[A^-]}{\ce{[HA]}} \right)$$
So why do we now compare $\mathrm{p}H$ to $\mathrm{p}K_a$  directly?
The properties you listed are correct, and all of them follow from the relationship described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
The equation shows a close relationship between $\mathrm{p}K_a$  and $\mathrm{p}H$. Note that $\ce{log ([A^{-}]/[HA])}$ equals zero when $\ce{[A^{-}]/[HA]}$ equals 1, and when $\ce{log ([A^{-}]/[HA])=0}$, $\mathrm{p}K_a=\mathrm{p}H$. This means that at the equivalence point, $\mathrm{p}H$ equals $\mathrm{p}K_a$.