How are turbostratic graphite phases formed? Turbostratic graphite is graphite in which there is quenched rotational disalignment between adjacent graphene sheets, i.e. one sheet is rotated with respect to its neighbor. I suppose this could be considered a crystallographic defect of sorts. How do these turbostratic layers form, and can they possess long range order, such as glide or helical symmetry (e.g. similar to a twisted nematic phase)?
"High-temperature phase transformation and low friction behaviour in highly disordered turbostratic graphite," doi:10.1088/0022-3727/46/39/395305

"Phase Transformation Mechanism of Graphite-Turbostratic Graphite in the Course of Mechanical Grinding," CHEM. RES. CHINESE U. 19(2), 216 (2003)

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