Reactant energy distribution and spontaneity of reactions I wonder about the implications of substances having an energy distribution around a mean, as opposed to them all having the same energy level, on the spontaneity of reactions.

2 somewhat separate questions:


Can a reaction with a high activation energy, but which in the end has a negative Gibbs free energy change at certain temperature, occur spontaneously even though at this temperature the energy level of the reactants is lower than the activation energy? If I understand correctly, the answer would be yes because the energy of the reactants is just an average of a broader distribution, and so some small fraction of the reactants would attain the $E_a$ even if on average $E_a &gt; E_{\text{reactants}}$?
Wouldn't it also be possible that some non-spontaneous reactions (with a positive change in Gibbs free energy) occur spontaneously? I mean we know that if we invest $\Delta G$ energy, we will force the non-spontaneous reaction to occur. But what if some small fraction of the reactants get to the energy level they would have had if $\Delta G$ energy was invested in them (without it being actually invested). Wouldn't that mean that for that fraction of the reactants, in the high end of the energy distribution around some average, the reaction would occur (while not occurring for the rest and vast majority of the reactants who fail by themselves to attain the same energy level they would have had if ΔG energy were invested in them)? Is there a flaw in this understanding?


I guess the question here is whether the idea that $\Delta G &gt; 0$ reactions are non-spontaneous is a statement of probability that says that such reactions are just very unlikely or is it an hard and fast rule like the conservation of energy?
Yes; you are on the right path in your second paragraph, but distinguish between activation energy and free energy as they are not connected. I'm sorry but I think that your third paragraph is not all correct as it stands. If the free energy change is positive the reaction is not spontaneous by definition. Perhaps you mean, if the overall enthalpy change is positive can the free energy now be negative if the overall entropy change is also positive? The answer is yes.

The thermodynamic quantities only give us information about initial and final states at equilibrium. The activation energy is obtained from kinetic, that is rate constant measurements usually vs, temperature and not from thermodynamic quantities. In the vast majority of reactions the activation energy is greater than thermal energy (approx kBT, where kB is Boltzmann's constant). These reactions are generally slow because, by the decreasing exponential nature of the Boltzmann distribution with energy, not many reactants have enough energy to react in any given time period, say 1 sec. (This is lucky otherwise we would all have reacted eons ago!) In some special types of unimolecular reactions, e.g. electron transfer, bond dissociation &amp; isomerization, with zero or very small activation energy then clearly these will be very fast possibly with rate constants $ &gt;10^{12}\ /sec $.
In the case where the products are of higher energy than reactants, reaction still occurs but the equilibrium lies on the side of the reactants. Again by the Boltzmann distribution argument products react faster to reactants than the other way round.