Can all human beings potentially be enlightened in this lifetime? Does any Buddhist school or tradition make the assertion that all human beings have the capacity to be enlightened in this lifetime? Or to put it the other way are there groups of people who it just is not possible for them to become enlightened and they have to wait for a better rebirth? Do different traditions differ on this? Does any tradition make the claim that particular human beings will never be enlightened no matter what even in subsequent rebirths?
In the Ugghaṭitaññū Sutta (AN. ii. 135) the Buddha says that there are
  four kinds of person found in this world: those who are quick in
  acquiring, those who learn by means of a detailed exposition, those
  who may be guided, and those for whom the letter [of the Teaching]
  alone is the highest thing. In the Abhidhamma Piṭaka these are defined
  as follows:
  
  What sort of person is quick in acquiring (ugghaṭitaññū)? The person
  for whom there is penetration of the Dhamma at the very time when it
  is being taught is called “quick in acquiring.”
  
  What sort of person is one who learns by means of a detailed
  exposition (vipañcitaññū)? The person for whom there is penetration of
  the Dhamma when the meaning of what has been taught in brief is later
  analysed in detail is called “one who learns by means of a detailed
  exposition.”
  
  What sort of person is one who may be guided (neyya)? The person for
  whom penetration of the Dhamma comes gradually by means of recitation,
  questioning, proper attention, and by serving, cultivating and waiting
  upon kalyānamittas is called “one who may be guided.”
  
  What sort of person is one for whom the letter alone is the highest
  thing (padaparama)? The person for whom penetration of the Dhamma will
  not come in this life, however much [of the Teaching] he may hear and
  speak and bear in mind or recite, is called to be “one for whom the
  letter alone is the highest thing.” (Puggalapaññatti 41-2; Designation
  of Human Types 58)
  
  Regarding the fourth type, the padaparama, his lack of potential for
  awakening in the present life may be due to a number of factors. Most
  padaparamas were already such before they were even born, when still
  in their mothers' wombs. Only humans conceived with a triple-rooted
  relinking consciousness (i.e., one accompanied by all three kusala
  roots: non-greed, non-hate and non-delusion) have the possibility of
  attaining jhāna or the noble path in their present life. Those with
  fewer kusala roots than this are all padaparamas.
  
  Even those who have been reborn with such a consciousness may still be
  padaparamas. In the Puggalapaññati Atthakathā (PuggA. 184-5)
  Buddhaghosa lists six causes for incapacity to attain the paths and
  fruits in the present life; in each case the state is reckoned as one
  that lacks the requisite decisive support condition
  (upanissaya-paccaya). A similar list is also given in the
  Paṭisambhidāmagga (Paṭi. i. 123), but here I will use Buddhaghosa's as
  the Paṭisambhidāmagga's version does not supply any explanation.
  
  
  Obstruction by kamma (kammāvaraṇa); meaning those who have committed one of the five anantariyaka kammas.
  Obstruction by defilement (kilesāvaraṇa); meaning those who hold to any of the ten niyata wrong views ("there is no giving, no
  sacrifice... etc.").
  Obstruction by kammic ripening (vipākāvaraṇa); meaning those who were reborn with only a double-rooted or a rootless relinking
  consciousness.
  Lack of faith (assaddha); "one lacking faith in the Buddha, Dhamma and Saṅgha."
  Lack of zeal/desire-to-act (acchandika); defined as being one who either lacks chanda in the sense of desiring to undertake what is
  kusala.
  Being weak in wisdom (duppañña); defined as those in whom the bhavaṅga-citta of that lifetime lacks the mental factor of paññā (this
  in fact overlaps with #3, for it is the relinking consciousness that
  determines the character of the bhavaṅga-citta in any lifetime).
  Blockquote
  


Above is copied from the answer given here by ven. Dhammanado 


  Does any tradition make the claim that particular human beings will
  never be enlightened no matter what even in subsequent rebirths?


It is said that those who are with Niyata Micchāditthi will be stuck in Samsara indefinitely. They are also called as beings who are tied to a pole in Samsara. They are said to be born in the Lokantarika hell when the world system gets destroyed. It is considered even worse than committing one of the 5 heinous crimes.