How does the Buddha subdue fear in MN4? In MN4 does the Buddha subdue the fear by:

Observing it with mindfulness until it goes away, thereby seeing the Three Characteristics?
Subdue it with samatha meditation, i.e. to shift attention away from the fear, thereby gaining temporary seclusion from it?


So when fear &amp; terror came to me while I was walking back &amp; forth, I
would not stand or sit or lie down. I would keep walking back &amp; forth
until I had subdued that fear &amp; terror. When fear &amp; terror came to me
while I was standing, I would not walk or sit or lie down. I would
keep standing until I had subdued that fear &amp; terror. When fear &amp;
terror came to me while I was sitting, I would not lie down or stand
up or walk. I would keep sitting until I had subdued that fear &amp;
terror. When fear &amp; terror came to me while I was lying down, I would
not sit up or stand or walk. I would keep lying down until I had
subdued that fear &amp; terror. MN 4
Good question! Not everyone finds this episode interesting - and yet it illustrates a very important point.
Buddha subdues his fear by bringing all of his attention to the present moment.

As I was staying there a deer came by, or a peacock snapped a twig, or the wind rustled the leaves. Then I thought, ‘Is this that fear and dread coming?’ Then I thought, ‘Why do I always meditate expecting that fear and terror to come? Why don’t I get rid of that fear and dread just as it comes, while remaining just as I am?’

Normally when we are afraid, our mind gets split. Half of it is in the present moment and another half runs to a hypothetical future, imagining the dreadful scenario. Buddha said, why do I always do that, why do I imagine things? Rather than worry about them why don't I focus on what I was doing?
This happens a lot to us. We imagine what our neighbors think about us, we imagine our audience judging us when giving a lecture, we imagine things lurking in the night when putting the trash can out for pickup. The more we worry about them the more we lose our ground and our connection with the real situation.
Instead if we can focus on doing what we started - which is what actually matters anyway - then we will not only stop experiencing fear, we will do better in terms of meeting an actual danger if it should ever come.