Do pedal-driven bicycles exist that can handle highway commutes? Do pedal-driven bi/tricycles exist which can be driven at highway speeds without fuel or electric drive assistance?

Assisted brakes, steering, lights, and amenities such as climate control or navigation are valid addons as long as the drive system is manually operated. Drive assistance must be limited to gearing (and perhaps flywheels.)
No. 

The Tour De France currently has an average speed of about 40km/h, fasted speeds are a team time trial, about 58km/h over 25km. (Wikipedia), average cyclist would be with 1/2 those speeds, average person probably half again. These speeds, while impressive, are well below what I would consider "highway speeds", and the bikes they rode , while expensive enough to expect it as standard equipment rather than optional extra, certainly did not have climate control and power assisted steering

An elite athlete can output about 1000 Watts peak, 700W over 10 minutes, and sustain about 300Watts of power indefinitely.  A normal person half of that* 

Climate control in a car requires about 3000W. A small car engine produces about 50000W, a super car engine, 500000W.
The more power you need to go faster climbs exponentially, so a cyclist maintaining say 30km/h needs 10 times the power to go 100km/h (and that seems light to me). 

That is presuming all the extras weight nothing and do not increase rolling and aerodynamic losses, but lets argue that those are offset by technology that improves efficiency .  

If you want to create a cycle that can cruise at highway speeds, with Climate control and power assisted everything, you will need to create a rider with a power output of about 10kW-20kW. At this time, society will have bigger problems than highway congestion and climate change - like feeding and controlling these 10kW humanoids.

*Actual number may be out by a factor of 10, but  does not change the disccusion. 

Also: Note the recent drop in average Tour speed? When did the drug doping scandal happen? I'll let the reader decide.....