Using different style disc rotors with the same brake calipers I currently have a set of TRP Hy/Rd brakes that came with 6-bolt style rotors.  I am interested in purchasing a different wheelset that uses Shimano's centerlock style hubs.  One wheelset would serve as my race wheelset, and the other would be for training, so ideally I would like to swap between the two with little trouble.

I am wondering if the current brakes I use would even accept centerlock rotors, and if so, is there an adjustment I would need to make that makes swapping between 6-bolt and centerlock a difficult process?
You've gotta try it out to some extent (e.g. at your LBS). But you'll likely be able to do it with some spacers, tweaking of the brakes and some fidgeting and appropriate part selection. If you do it right, you should have minimal/no adjustment between swapping the wheelsets.

It depends on the brakes and rotors you have. In some cases, the rotor will fit fine or need a minor adjustment in pad placement, while in other cases you won't get the rotor to be able to align properly or the rotor will be too wide and maybe have suboptimal braking (e.g. excessive pad wear or reduced braking power). You may be buying a Centerlock->6 bolt rotor adapter depending on the rotors you're planning to run or some spacers or something to get this to work.