Is this a normal way to install a tire? So I don't have a clue about bicycles. I wanted to replace the tires on my bike but couldn't figure out the size. So I went to a local bike shop where they showed me tires that would fit my bike. They gave me an estimate, I left my bike with them and went on my merry way. I called on the day they said that they would start the work just to make sure that everything was cool. They said that everything was fine and told me it would be finished the next week. When I came to pick it up they increased the cost by adding these implements. They did this to get enough relief on the brake cable so as to install the new over-sized tire. Is it in the bike shop culture to do this kind of thing without fist contacting the customer. Now, in the future when I plan to replace the tire with the original size I am afraid I will need to learn the skill of brake cable installation and need to pay for more parts/cables. Please see the attached photos.

Any help would be much appreciated. Also, I told him that I didn't have a clue about bikes, period.
It's hard to tell exactly what was done and why – it would help to know the original and new tire sizes. But what it looks like is that the shop added inline barrel adjusters to your brake cables. That's consistent with your description as well. They probably added them because the release levers on the brakes didn't give enough clearance to remove/install the wheels with the new tires without having to undo the cable clamp bolts. This is to make it easy for you to repair flats and the like.

I would have expected the shop to contact you and tell you that the new tires were too wide to work with your current brakes and offer you options for the solution. One solution would have been to use a narrower tire, another is adding the barrel adjusters.