How is "wing thickness" defined? In the answers to this question about wing thickness, there were many references to wing thickness as a percentage (ranging from 6.5% to 13.5%).

What is that a percentage of?
The wing thickness is basically the distance between the upper and lower surface of the wing (or airfoil).

`

Source: NASA.

The wing thickness is usually given as a percentage of the wing (or airfoil) chord(the distance between the leading and trailing edge). This is to make it a non-dimensional quantity for ease of comparison across different scales.