What level of information does a PIC have about a missile crossing their aircraft route? Recently North Korea launched a missile out of its national airspace on a trajectory which crossed the route of an aircraft from Air France. The aircraft wasn't in danger at any time, the minimal distance between the missile and the aircraft was always higher than 100 km (7 minutes separation).


Source: CBS

ATC was not able to inform the aircraft, or any other aircraft in the vicinity. If the timing was such the missile could hit the aircraft it seems this would have made no difference.

From a pilot in command, responsible for on-board safety, stand point, what kind of information is available regarding such events? Is there some protection possible yet, or expected in the near future? If not, can (or must) a PIC asks for something to be put in place?
Pre-announced missile launches will often be published by responsible countries in NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen), which are notices of potential hazards to aircraft in flight or on the ground. These are generally things like closed runways, inoperative radio navigation aids, cranes on approach or departure paths and the like. They can also warn pilots about conflict zones, missile/rocket launches, and satellite re-entry paths. 

NOTAMs are published publicly and are read by pilots as part of flight planning. I've heard of important ones being read off by ATC, but that's extremely rare. Commercial flights can also be sent warnings using the ACARS system by their corporate support groups. 

The NOTAM system relies on organizations/governments posting these notices. North Korea does not announce missile launches before they happen, or even after they happen (unless they are successful or course), so nobody in civil aviation knew about it until it was all over.