Can the phrases "carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites" (CFRP) and "carbon fibre-epoxy composites" be used interchangeably? Does the "polymer" in CFRP imply the use of an epoxy resin?
No.
Epoxy resin is more specific than the terms polymer or plastic from CFRP. CFRP does also include carbon fibre composites with other duroplastic matrix materials (e.g. phenolic resin) or even thermoplastic matrices.