Why does condensation form on the wing especially during take-off and landing? To start off, yes this question was asked before, yet I don't find the answers satisfying and here is why:

It appears to me that this phenomenon only appears during the approach phase of a flight and during low speed turns, or rather when the angle of attack is rather high. Also, usually the flaps are deployed when it happens, yet I'm not sure if that makes a difference. 

Considering this, the answers wouldn't necessarily answer my question. They all talk about how there is a lower pressure above the wing, which causes the dewpoint to drop and thus makes the water condense. But is there a "lower" lower pressure when the angle of attack is higher and therefore making this phenomenon occur more often? Or is the point at which the laminar airflow gets turbulent (which moves forward as the aoa is increased) an important factor here?

Here is a picture to show what condensation I mean:


And a more extreme one:
Yes, speed and flaps do make a difference.

The lift created by the wings is approximately constant over the duration of a flight. With full tanks, it is higher at the beginning of the flight, and when the aircraft banks, it is again higher to create the centripetal force for changing its course. But the difference is small¹.

Lift is caused by a pressure difference between the two sides of the wing. In cruise, this difference is low but extends over much of the wing's chord. At low speed, however, the suction on the top surface has a peak right aft of the leading edge, so the maximum suction is bigger than it is in cruise. Exactly this changed pressure distribution causes the humidity to condense, because it lets the air's relative humidity rise above the condensation point. In cruise, the pressure change is lower and the dew point is not exceeded. Also, since the airplane flies slower when close to the ground, the air has more time for the condensation to develop.

See below for a color-coded plot of the speed distribution over a typical airliner airfoil in the landing configuration. Red symbolizes the lowest speed (highest pressure), while purple stands for the highest speeds with the lowest pressure. Such suction peaks must be avoided in cruise to enable the aircraft to fly at a high cruise Mach number.



Airliner airfoil with high lift devices in landing configuration (picture source)

¹ The fuel fraction of airliners rarely exceeds 40%, and the added lift in a 30° bank is only 15%.