What construction standards are used to increase impact survivability of passengers in case of a crash landing? There are several equations on the site about effectivity of passenger seats and restraints, and how beneficial they would be in case of a crash landing:


This question about lack of shoulder restraints
This question about possible decrease of fatalities when using a shoulder harness.
This one about the best brace position.
This one on turning the seats backwards.


The latter one is the only one of the four that cites any research and quantifications on increasing survivability rates in a crash.

What are the requirements imposed on airliner seats and restraints in order to make sure that preventable deaths from impact are actually prevented? What research has been conducted to improve safety standards in the last few decades?
In the US, the FAA has no requirement for crash integrity or safety of the air-frame (and they have been heavily criticized for this). There is no requirement for crash analysis like is done for automobiles. The only requirement is the seat integrity. From 1988 to 2009 the FAA has phased in the requirement for the seat and restraint system to remain secure - from 9G to 16G. New York Times

This is similar to the question,
"Why are passengers not given the option of shoulder harnesses?"


[Safety Report]