Do modern airplane controls provide force feedback of external forces on the control surfaces? As I was sitting inside the cockpit of an old AN-26 at the aviation museum, long grounded and no longer flightworthy, sudden gusts of wind outside would sometimes move the control surfaces and make the yokes move around all on their own, spooking visitors with creepy thuds and groans of the hull and acting all creepy on the dark windy day. It seems in the days of old, with mechanical controls, it wasn't just the pilot acting on the control surfaces through the rudder - when attacked by winds, they would feed the external forces back to the yoke through the same system - likely both providing the pilot with important knowledge, and causing trouble by wringing the yoke in his hands.

I wonder how that looks like nowadays in modern planes, where the control is electronic, hydraulic, and a feedback like this would need to be specifically, additionally implemented, as an extra complication of the system instead of being in its inherent nature. Well, is it? Do the yokes of, say, modern airliners push harder on the pilot's hands when entering a turbulence or such?
On some. The Fokker 100 is one, where the aeroforces on the elevator are directly fed back to the pilot. There is a hydraulic actuator helping him, but contrary to the usual solution it is a reversible system where the hydraulics merely amplifies the direct force that the pilot exerts.

The F100 has manual reversion for elevators and ailerons, and it can still be flown reasonable comfortably without hydraulics. The 737 also has manual reversion, but the flight controls are quite heavy without hydraulics - it is about the largest high-subsonic aircraft that can still be hand-flown. Larger planes just have triple redundant hydraulic controls, some with q-feel which artificially replicates the higher air stiffness felt at higher airspeeds. No romantic gusty creaking for those aircraft in a museum.