How do I locate a list of restrictions that would prevent a pilot from flying in the US? I have a privacy preserving technology that could conceivably help prevent the Germanwings crash of 2014.  The idea would be there is a long list of issues that would prohibit a pilot from flying encoded on a ID card that anonymizes a pilot's information:

I'm guessing that a list might look like this:


Overwork (no sleep)
Simulator experience, test results
Medical issues (temporary)
Drug tests
Psychological issues


A list of medical providers would link the results together, anonymously, and during the pre-flight check, the ID card would be scanned and rather than a specific issue being highlighted, (depression), the pilot would be asked to rest for a while.  No system would know why the rejection occurred, except for the pilot himself.

This might for a balance of privacy, safety, and accountability without compromising need to know.

That being said, I would appreciate any official, or carrier specific list of reasons a pilot would be rejected from flying.  The closest I've gotten to learning about this is MSFT Flight Simulator and a few hours in a Cessna 

Supplemental information would be helpful as well (your thoughts about this solution)

Scope

Per the comments below this question, the scope is limited to US
The list is exactly one item long:
Any condition which would impair your ability to conduct the flight safely, and in accordance with FAA Regulations.

Any more specific list will miss things and be riddled with loopholes - at some point we have to trust that pilots are sane and responsible individuals, just like we do when we let people get in a car.



From a medical perspective the general medical certification information page at faa.gov is a good starting point, and the FAA's guidance for Aviation Medical Examiners has lots of details.

There are also some disqualifying conditions which are explicitly listed in the regulations, and a list of (some of the) medications which will prevent the FAA from issuing a medical certificate.



The things I noted above will prevent you from getting a medical certificate.  Once you HAVE that certificate the "I'M SAFE" checklist or something equivalent expands upon that and tries to help pilots determine whether they're fit to fly right at this moment. There are various ways of interpreting the acronym, but a common one is:

I for Illness
Do I have an illness or any symptoms of an illness?

M for Medication
Have I been taking prescription or over-the-counter drugs?
If so, do they have a negative affect on my ability to perform this flight?
Are any of them disallowed by the FAA? 

S for Stress
Am I under psychological pressure from the job or personal issues?

A for Alcohol
Have I been drinking within eight hours? Within 24 hours?

F for Fatigue
Am I tired and not adequately rested?

E for Eating
Am I adequately nourished, or at least "not hungry"?