What are typical insurance costs for airliners? What are typical insurance costs for airliners, and how are they arrived at? 

Factors that might be relevant are hours flown, number of landings/takeoffs per year, total hours of airframe and engines, hours on type for the pilot in command, etc. - but are they considered, and how?

Also, are long-haul flights treated differently than short-haul?

Obviously, each specific contract is covered by commercial confidentiality, but some baseline estimates should be available somewhere.
for personal airplanes(like a Cessna),


  Expect to pay anywhere from $600 per year and up depending on the airplane, your time in type and total hours.


source (http://www.planeviz.com/cost-of-aircraft-ownership-ep-9/)

while there are no estimates (that i can find) about the really big commercial airplanes like the 747, there are estimates available for smaller airplanes like the G650 (  )

the estimate for this plane in insurance is 60,000 USD per year

source (https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-yearly-maintenance-and-total-overhead-charges-for-a-65-million-Gulfstream-G650)