I'm getting the following exception while trying to create a new instance of a class that heavily relies on generics:

```
new TestServer(8888);

System.TypeLoadException

GenericArguments[0], 'TOutPacket', on     
'Library.Net.Relay`4[TInPacket,TOutPacket,TCryptograph,TEndian]' 
violates the constraint of type parameter 'TInPacket'.

at System.RuntimeTypeHandle.Instantiate(RuntimeTypeHandle handle, IntPtr* pInst, Int32 numGenericArgs, ObjectHandleOnStack type)
at System.RuntimeTypeHandle.Instantiate(Type[] inst)
at System.RuntimeType.MakeGenericType(Type[] instantiation)

```

I'm puzzled as to why this happens. Aren't generic constraints checked at compile time? 

My googling brought me to the conclusion that this has something to do with either of these causes, or (sometimes?) both:

* The order in which the generic constraints (`where`) are defined in the classes;
* The use of the self-referencing generic pattern (conter-intuitive but very legal, see [Eric Lippert's blog post](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ericlippert/archive/2011/02/03/curiouser-and-curiouser.aspx?PageIndex=1))

One thing I am not ready to sacrifice is the self-referencing pattern. I absolutely need it for a specific purpose.

However, I'd like some help to point out where and why this problem occurs. As the library is massive and makes huge generic patterns, I think it would be best to progressively give code bits on request.

Upon request, declarations again. But I'd like to stress the fact that I would rather know generally why an exception like this can occur and then proceed to fix it myself in my specific code rather than find a specific fix, for posterity. Also, it will be much longer for anyone analyzing the code to answer than to give a general explanation as to why generic type constraints can be violated at runtime.

**Implementation declarations:**

```
class TestServer : Server<TestServer, TestClient, ServerPacket.In, ServerPacket.Out, BlankCryptograph, LittleEndianBitConverter>

class TestClient : AwareClient<TestOperationCode, TestServer, TestClient, ServerPacket.In, ServerPacket.Out, BlankCryptograph, LittleEndianBitConverter>

class ServerPacket
{
    public abstract class In : AwarePacket<TestOperationCode, TestServer, TestClient, ServerPacket.In, ServerPacket.Out, BlankCryptograph, LittleEndianBitConverter>.In
    public class Out : OperationPacket<TestOperationCode, LittleEndianBitConverter>.Out
}

public enum TestOperationCode : byte

```

**Library declarations:**

```
public abstract class Server<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian> : IDisposable
    where TServer : Server<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TClient : Client<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TInPacket : Packet<TEndian>.In
    where TOutPacket : Packet<TEndian>.Out
    where TCryptograph : Cryptograph, new()
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()

public abstract class Relay<TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian> : IDisposable
    where TInPacket : Packet<TEndian>.In
    where TOutPacket : Packet<TEndian>.Out
    where TCryptograph : Cryptograph, new()
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()

public abstract class Client<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian> : Relay<TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>, IDisposable
    where TServer : Server<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TClient : Client<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TInPacket : Packet<TEndian>.In
    where TOutPacket : Packet<TEndian>.Out
    where TCryptograph : Cryptograph, new()
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()

public abstract class Packet<TEndian> : ByteBuffer<TEndian>, IDisposable 
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()
{
    public abstract class In : Packet<TEndian>
    public abstract class Out : Packet<TEndian>
}

public class OperationPacket<TOperationCode, TEndian> 
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()
{
    public class In : Packet<TEndian>.In
    public class Out : Packet<TEndian>.Out
}

public abstract class AwareClient<TOperationCode, TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian> : Client<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>, IDisposable
    where TCryptograph : Cryptograph, new()
    where TInPacket : AwarePacket<TOperationCode, TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>.In
    where TOutPacket : Packet<TEndian>.Out
    where TServer : Server<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TClient : AwareClient<TOperationCode, TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()

public class AwarePacket<TOperationCode, TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TCryptograph : Cryptograph, new()
    where TInPacket : AwarePacket<TOperationCode, TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>.In
    where TOutPacket : Packet<TEndian>.Out
    where TServer : Server<TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TClient : AwareClient<TOperationCode, TServer, TClient, TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, TEndian>
    where TEndian : EndianBitConverter, new()
{
    public abstract class In : OperationPacket<TOperationCode, TEndian>.In
}

```

As noted in the comments, the simplest way to get help on this question for me would be to minimize the code to a small and reproducible example in which the bug is still present. However, this is both hard and long for me, and has the high chances of making the bug a heisenbug, as it occurs from complexity.

I tried to isolate it to the following, but I don't get the bug when I do:

```
// Equivalent of library
class A<TA, TB, TI, TO> // Client
    where TA : A<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TB : B<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TI : I
    where TO : O
{ }

class B<TA, TB, TI, TO> // Server
    where TA : A<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TB : B<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TI : I
    where TO : O
{ }

class I { } // Input packet

class O { } // Output packet

// Equivalent of Aware

class Ii<TA, TB, TI, TO> : I { } // Aware input packet

class Ai<TA, TB, TI, TO> : A<TA, TB, TI, TO> // Aware capable client
    where TA : Ai<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TB : B<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TI : Ii<TA, TB, TI, TO>
    where TO : O
{ }

// Equivalent of implementation

class XI : Ii<XA, XB, XI, XO> { }
class XO : O { }

class XA : Ai<XA, XB, XI, XO> { }
class XB : B<XA, XB, XI, XO> { }

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        new XB(); // Works, so bad isolation
    }
}

```

**Gory Details**

1. Analyzing the exception tells us that `TOutPacket` violates `TInPacket` on `Relay<TInPacket, TOutPacket, TCryptograph, Tendian>`.
2. The instance of `Relay` we have is `TestClient`, which implements `AwareClient`, which implements `Client`, which implements `Relay`.
	* `AwareClient` is used in conjunction with `AwarePacket` so that both ends are aware of which type of client receives which type of packets.
3. Therefore, we know that `TOutPacket` in `TestClient` violates `TInPacket` in `TestClient`.
4. The class implementing `TOutPacket` is `ServerPacket.Out`, which is a derivative of `OperationPacket`. This type is relatively simple in terms of generics, as it only provides an enum type and an endian type, making no cross-reference to other classes. Conclusion: The problem is not (most likely) not in this declaration by itself.
5. The class implementing `TInPacket` is `ServerPacket.In`, which is a derivative of `AwarePacket`. This type is much more complex than `TOutPacket`, since it cross-references generics to be *aware* (`AwarePacket`) of the client that received it. It is probably in this generic mess that the problem occurs.

Then, many hypotheses can fuse. At this point, what I read is correct and accepted by the compiler, but there is evidently something wrong there. 

Can you help me find out why I'm getting a generic constraint violation at runtime with my code?