What was the role of the Jews in the Carolingian Empire and in its most important cities and centres of power? How tolerant were the rulers of the Carolingian dynasty towards them? The bishops of Lyon, Agobard and his successor Amulo, famously ranted against the power that the Jews had in Louis the Pious' courts and throughout the empire. Apparently, the Carolingians were very friendly towards them and put them under their protection. Is this true? What was the life of a Jew like in the Carolingian era (IX century)? Was the bull of pope Gregory I the Great regarding the protection of Jews still respected? What was the general attitude of the people and of the clergy towards Jews?

Thanks in advance.