The health claims surrounding probiotics are numerous - it is believed these micro-organisms can relieve irritable bowel syndrome, decrease the incidence of colds and allergies, and even aid weight loss. But is there any substance to these assertions - do probiotics really work and should we all be taking them?
The concept of probiotics and prebiotics was first introduced in 1995. Since then, the market has steadily grown to around $45 billion in 2017, with people taking probiotics in the form of yoghurts, smoothies or supplements - all potential sources of good bacteria - to improve their general health and well-being, or to avoid illness or disease. These 'friendly bacteria' are believed to help the body's naturally occurring gut flora - the complex community of micro-organisms in our digestive tracts - and boost their numbers, leading to 'better' health.
"Probiotics are live bacteria that can survive the acid environment of the stomach and then increase the number of good bacteria in the gut," says nutritional therapist Berta Corbera from Probio7.
Probiotic bacteria work in the colon and are often recommended for gut-related problems such as diarrhoea or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or following a course of antibiotics that has left the patient constipated.
But research also suggests that our gut microbiome may be thrown off balance by a number of factors including medication use, excess alcohol, stress and poor sleep, or disease. In such cases, the 'good bacteria' that work well within our bodies may decrease in number, which allows harmful competitors to thrive, causing ill health. These 'bad' bacteria have been linked with several conditions including obesity, heart disease, allergies, and cancer.
"There is evidence to suggest that probiotics work to restore the balance of bacteria in the gut, which is particularly useful if it has been disrupted by illness or medication such as antibiotics," says Alastair Windsor, Consultant Colorectal Surgeon at the London Digestive Centre, part of HCA UK.
"This is usually because the microbiome in the gut is unbalanced and needs support from the good bacteria. Interestingly, there is a lot of evidence that people who experience IBS and suffer from regular wind and bloating, will find their symptoms improved after taking a good-quality high-dose probiotic."
"There is good evidence that some probiotics are helpful in preventing diarrhoea caused by infections and antibiotics and in improving symptoms of IBS, but more needs to be learned, as probiotics are not all alike," adds Corbera.
For instance, a comparison of eight probiotics showed that only three reached the large bowel, where most of our gut microbiome is situated, and were able to multiply there successfully.
Research published in Cell in 2018 found that many people are in fact resistant to any effect from probiotics. Researchers found the gut microbiome of many study subjects was unaltered during the period in which they consumed probiotics, with most actually passing right through the body, suggesting that probiotics might not be suitable for everyone.
Our picks for Should we all be taking probiotics?
While many healthy people are convinced that probiotics work for them - taking them to improve their general health, to relieve bloating or to prevent disease - there is very little high-quality evidence to suggest this is true, with the placebo effect perhaps playing a role.
"There is very little evidence to suggest that probiotics provide any benefit to healthy people," says Windsor. "I do not advise for everyone to take probiotics as there is not enough research to support the benefit on healthy individuals. However, those suffering with gut-related conditions like IBS or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or people who experience frequent stomach bugs, or illnesses where they have to take medication like antibiotics, could benefit from taking probiotics."
In summary, while the market for probiotics is huge, these supplements probably aren't worth spending money on if you're not suffering from a digestive health issue. Much more research is needed to substantiate the impressive claims surrounding them.