A stent is disclosed which comprises generally of ring having, in the preferred embodiment, crossties that have flexibility by having at least one bend. The rings themselves have predetermined stress-relieving points to predispose, by stress relief, particular segments of each ring to bend upon application of an expansion force such as by a balloon or by other means. In the preferred embodiment, the individual rings have notches, reducing the cross-sectional areas at particular locations adjacent reversing bends such that upon radial expansion, bending occurs at these reduced cross-sectional areas to prevent stress from accumulating at the reversing bends.
This application is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 08/582,657, filed on Jan. 4, 1996.
Stents can be tubular or can be made from wire. Stents are typically made from a metal or polymeric substance or a metal coated with polymers which are biocompatible or contain heparin to reduce blood clotting or other tissue reactions. Many prior designs have used a coil approach where a wire is helically wound on a mandrel. Yet other designs have evolved—braided wire mesh and angulated wire forms wrapped on a spindle to form a coil.
Wiktor, U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,922; 4,886,062; 4,969,458; and 5,133,732 describe a wire form stent. He describes stents made of wire helix made of a preformed wire which is in the sinusoidal form, in which either all or some of the adjacent strands are connected.
Arthus Fontaine, U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,683, also describes a similar device where a flat wire form of sinusoidal shape is wound on a mandrel to form a helical coil. the wire bends are “U” shaped and are connected to alternate “U”-shaped bands.
When we examine the simple coils, such as taught in Scott U.S. Pat. No. 5,383,928 or Gene Samson U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,691 or Rolando Gills U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,969, it is apparent that the spring coil will withstand substantial radial forces due to the vessel wall; however, all these stents are bulky in their pre-expanded form and are hard to place in small and curved arteries or veins of the body. Also, a major disadvantage of this design is that when the coil stent is placed in a curved artery or vein, it forms an “accordion” shape whereby some strands in the outer radius are spread and those of the inner radius are gathered. Spring coils can also “flip” to form a flat structure when a longitudinal force is applied on one side of the stent.
The other types of stents that have been developed are tube stents. Palmer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665; 4,739,762; 7,776,337; and 4,793,348 describe such a tube stent of slotted metal tube. The slotted metal tube is expanded by a high-pressure balloon to implant the stent into the inside wall of the artery or vein.
European patent document 042172982 employs wires that are doubled up and whose ends are snipped off to make a given joint. Such doubling up at the junction of two elements with snipped off free ends creates a potential puncture problem upon radial expansion. The sheer bulk of the doubled up wires makes them rotate radially outwardly away from the longitudinal centerline of the stent, while the plain ends on such an arrangement which are snipped off offer the potential of sharp points which can puncture or damage the intima. On the other hand, the apparatus of the present invention, employing sharp angles, as defined, avoids this problem in an embodiment which illustrates a continuous wire or wire-like member bent into a sharp angle. This type of structure alleviates the concerns of sharp edges, as well as the tendency of a doubled up heavy joint to rotate outwardly toward the intima upon radial expansion of the stem, as would be expected in the EPO reference 042172982.
In a recent article appearing in late 1995, by Dr. Donald S. Baim, entitled “New Stent Designs,” a description is given of the ideal endovascular prosthesis. There, Dr. Baim indicates that the ideal stent should have low implantation profile with enhanced flexibility to facilitate delivery. He goes on to say that the stent should be constructed from a noncorrosive, nonthrombogenic radiopaque alloy and have expanded geometry which maximizes radial strength to resist vascular recoil. The ideal stent described by Baim is further described as having a wide range of diameters and lengths. Dr. Baim concludes that it is unlikely that any current designs satisfy all these requirements. Thus, one of the objectives of the present invention is to go further than the prior designs in satisfying the criteria for the ideal designs as set forth by Dr. Baim in his recent article.
FIG. 1 illustrates the stent of the present invention in an unrolled condition prior to expansion.
FIG. 2 is the stent shown in FIG. 1 in an unrolled condition after expansion.
FIG. 3 is a section along lines A—A of FIG. 1 and illustrates several different cross-sectional shapes that can be used for the stent illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a detailed view of the stent in FIG. 1, shown without any cross-sectional changes to the undulating design of the ring structure illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 4 except that it employs singular notches adjacent reversing bends.
FIG. 6 employs a change in the cross-sectional shape taking place adjacent each reversing bend.
FIG. 7 illustrates a joint involving a transverse tab adjacent the reversing bends.
FIG. 8 involves opposed notches on each side of the wire adjacent a reversing bend.
FIG. 9 illustrates what occurs on radial expansion of each of the rings without the use of a stress-relief mechanism such as a notch or a cut-out.
FIG. 10 illustrates the action upon radial expansion using a notch and its effect on the reversing bend.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the stent shown in FIG. 2 in the expanded position.
FIG. 1 shows, in flattened out form, a stent S which is unrolled along its longitudinal axis. The stent S has a series of rings 10 which are preferably of a wire material (preferably stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, tantalum alloys) bent in a series of reversing undulations 12 and 14. The wire can be coated with polymer such as polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®), or polylactates containing heparin or drugs or radioactive material. The bends 12 may have a similar radius or may vary as among bends 12 or as among bends 14. In other words, each of the bends 12 may be identical to each other. Each of the bends 14 may be identical to each other. Each bend 12 may be identical to each bend 14. One bend 12 can be different from another bend 12, which is in turn also different from another bend 14, or any combinations of the above. While rounded bends are shown as 12 and 14, other shapes can be used to create a generally undulating pattern, such as sharp bends which generally form a V-shape. Connecting each row 10 is one or more crossties 16. In the preferred embodiment, the crossties 16 have flexibility in that they have at least one bend 18, while a double bend, such as including 18 and 20, is preferred for the construction of the crossties 16. One or more crossties can be used which connect a bend 14 to its opposing bend 12. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, the crossties 16, looking from bottom to top, make a bend to the left and a bend to the right on their way from reverse bend 12 to a reverse bend 14. One or more crossties 16 can be used between rings 10 up to a maximum where every reversing bend, such as 14, is connected to an adjacent but offset circumferentially reversing bend 12.
FIG. 2 illustrates the stent S in a radially expanded form, illustrating that the crossties 16 continue to retain flexibility because of the reversing bends 18 and 20. Thus, the longitudinal flexibility of the stent S is retained, even in the expanded position. The use of the crossties with, at minimum, a single bend gives them flexibility. The design involving rings 10 connected by crossties 16 prevents stiffness experienced in some prior designs that had a particular longitudinal segment with undue stiffness giving the stent S a “backbone,” thus making it unduly stiff longitudinally. Use of the flexible crossties 16 also provides flexibility for relative rotation between rings 10 while the expansion is taking place. Flexibility is also provided in the longitudinal direction as the crossties 16 may elongate in that direction without putting the stent S into a kink or a longitudinal bind.
FIG. 3 illustrates alternative cross-sectional shapes for the wire cross-section which makes up each of the rings 10 and/or the crossties 16. Thus, FIG. 3 illustrates squares, rectangles, circles, ovals, and composite shapes.
One of the concerns with an undulating structure, such as illustrated in FIG. 1, is the reversing bends 12 or 14, unless some provisions are made, experience undue stress and are even prone to bending out of their plane when the stent is radially expanded. This phenomenon is illustrated in FIG. 9. There, a pair of straight segments 22 and 24 are joined together by a reversing bend 26. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the cross-sectional area of the segments 22 and 24 are rectangular, one of the shapes shown in FIG. 3. It should be noted that other cross-sections, apart those illustrated in FIG. 3, can be used without departing from the spirit of the invention.
With no significant cross-sectional change occurring at the transition or near the transition 28 between the reverse bend 26 and the segments 24 or 22, the stress is transferred to the reverse bend 26 when an expansion force F tries to radially expand the stent S by moving segments 22 and 24 apart. Depending on the amount of stress induced, a bending occurs, as shown in FIG. 9, where the reverse bend 26 bends out of plane so that it is no longer in alignment with the segments 22 and 24, which was its condition prior to the application of force F.
FIG. 10 shows the contrast of the behavior of the reverse bend 26 when a notch 30 is placed adjacent the transition 28 between the reverse bend 26 and the segment 22 and a similar notch 32 is placed near transition 34 between the reverse bend 26 and the segment 24. What results is a reduced cross-sectional area at transitions 28 and 34. Thus, when force F is applied to the segments 22 and 24, there is a permanent bending occurring at the zone of least cross-sectional area, i.e., transitions 28 and 34, with their respective notches 30 and 32. Accordingly, the stress from radial expansion of a ring 10 as illustrated in FIG. 1 is absorbed by a bending or deformation at the transitions 28 and 32, thus minimizing if not eliminating the applied stress to the reverse bend 26 after radial expansion of the stent S by expanding all of the rings 10. This type of structure illustrated in FIG. 10 can be employed in the unrolled stent shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Other alternative mechanisms for reducing the stress at the reverse bend are illustrated in FIGS. 5-8. It should be noted that the features illustrated in FIGS. 5-8 are to be found in the stent shown in FIGS. 1 and 2; however, in order to show the overall layout of the stent S, FIGS. 1 and 2 are not sufficiently magnified so that these details can be seen. However, FIGS. 5-8 represent a greater magnification of adjacent reverse bends, such as 12 and 14.
In FIG. 6, the connecting segments 36 and 38 have a smaller cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area at the reverse bends 12 and 14, thus creating zones of transition of cross-section 40 adjacent reverse bend 14 and 42 adjacent reverse bend 12. This construction is typical for each of the rings 10 of a particular stent. It should be noted that the various features illustrated in FIGS. 5-8 can be used uniformly throughout the stent or mixed and matched for a desired effect.
The detail in FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional area transition point 44 and 46, respectively adjacent reverse bends 12 and 14. Here, there is not only a transition cross-sectional area but transverse tabs 48 are used to secure the joint between segments 50 and 52, which have a smaller cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area of reverse bends 12 and 14.
FIG. 8 illustrates the use of opposed notches 54 and 56 adjacent the entrance and exit to each reverse bend 12 and 14. FIG. 5 illustrates the use of similar notches 58 and 60 at the entrance and exit of each reverse bend 12 and 14. The difference between FIG. 5 and FIG. 8 is that in FIG. 8, the notches 54 and 56 oppose each other at the entrance and exit of each reverse bend 12 or 14, while in FIG. 5 the notches can be interiorly located, as shown in FIG. 5, or in the alternative, exteriorly located at the entrance and exit to each reverse bend 12 and 14. It should be noted that the changes in cross-sectional area do not need to be literally at the point of transition between the rounded portion of a reverse bend 12 or 14 and the straight segment which adjoins the reverse bends. However, the preferred location is at that transition. Locating the cross-sectional area change before entering the transition from the straight segment to the curved segment is also possible, depending on the degree of stress relief desired.
FIG. 11 illustrates the stent S shown in unrolled form in FIGS. 1 and 2 in a perspective view after radial expansion. It should be noted that the crossties 16 retain their flexibility, even after expansion, and that the reverse bends 12 and 14 have not buckled out of the cylindrical surface defined by the expanded stent S shown in FIG. 11. The buckling feature, which can occur in prior designs without the stress relief mechanism, is illustrated in FIG. 9.
FIG. 4 illustrates that it is within the purview of the invention to use a plurality of rings 10 connected by flexible crossties 16 without the change in cross-sectional area occurring at the reverse bends 12 and 14. While the embodiments in FIGS. 5-8 are preferred, it is within the purview of the invention to provide a stent with a multiplicity of rows 10 of undulating wire components which are connected by one or more crossties 16, each of which have at least one bend so that upon radial expansion into the position shown in FIGS. 2 and 11, the crossties 16 continue to retain flexibility in at least one but preferably more directions. Thus, the individual rings 10 have longitudinal flexibility and may rotate to some degree with respect to each other, all to conform to the tortuous path in which the stent S may be placed. By adding the change in the cross-sectional area feature, as shown in FIGS. 5-8, by using one or more of those features in a single stent, a stent is produced that is flexible, yet when expanded, retains its flexibility and is not subjected to stress to a significant degree at reversing bends after complete radial expansion. By focusing the stress occurring during radial expansion to a particular point outside the reversing bend, a simple-to-make construction occurs which addresses the concerns of some of the prior art designs which have tackled this problem by using varying degrees of curvature, such as European application No. 0662307, assigned to Advanced Cardiovascular Systems. This design, with the flexible crossties 16, represents a considerably more flexible design than rolled up coil springs such as that illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,458. Crossties which are essentially straight, such as those illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,955, do not afford the flexibility realized by the stent S of the present invention. It should be noted that as more bulk is presented at the transition between segments such as 22 and 24 in FIG. 9, the more likely is the bending to occur when subjected to radial expansion, as illustrated schematically by force F. Thus, designs that use doubled up wires at the apex, such as European application No. 0421729, assigned to Medtronic, exacerbate the bending results shown in FIG. 9, as well as increasing the stiffness of the stent and the force necessary for radial expansion of each of its individual rings. Additionally, by use of crossties which are coiled springs which protrude out of the cylindrical surface defined by the stent S, additional complications are created since the crossties will intrude into the vascular wall, creating additional irritation to the patient or worse damage if there is penetration of the vascular wall.
Accordingly, the above-described stent S of the present invention has the advantages of flexibility in view of the unique crossties which are used. The crossties remain in the cylindrical surface defined by the shape of the stent S, even upon radial expansion. The crossties 16 retain their flexibility, even after full radial expansion occurs. By use of the cross-sectional area changes, the applied stresses from radial expansion are focused to this transition zone as opposed to other places, such as the return bends. By focusing the deformation to the transition zone, stress is minimized or reduced in the reverse bend section, such as 12 or 14, and further the tendency of the reverse bends such as 12 or 14 to protrude out of the cylindrical surface defined by the stent S is greatly reduced, if not eliminated.
said reversing bends remain generally aligned to said cylindrical shape defined by said rings after radial expansion due to bending at said cross-sectional change locations.
said notch is located adjacent at least one of said reversing bends.
said change in cross-section is accomplished by opposed notches.
said wire member is formed having a notch adjacent at least one of said reversing bends which defines a change in cross-sectional area.
said change in cross-sectional area is accomplished by opposed notches.
the cross-sectional area of said wire member changes adjacent at least one of said reversing bends.
said wire member changes cross-section adjacent each said reversing bend.
said wire member changes cross-section on both sides of each said reversing bend.
said wire member which comprises said rings, when said rings are expanded radially outwardly, bends at said cross-sectional change location adjacent said reversing bends.
a plurality of non-overlapping crossties each having at least two bends.
said bends define at least two slope changes in said crossties.
each crosstie connects a reversing bend in one of said rings to the next adjacent circumferentially offset reversing bend on an adjacent ring.
said at least one crosstie comprises at least two reversing bends located remotely from said end of said crosstie.
said bends define a turn of no less than about 90°.
said crosstie having a first end offset circumferentially from a second end.
17. The stent of claim 15, wherein that portion of said crossties extending between said first and second ends and up to said bends of said crosstie are in substantial longitudinal alignment with the longitudinal axis of said cylindrical shape.
said straight sections have a smaller cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area through said reversing bends.
the cross-section of said wire member changes in said straight section and adjacent said reversing bends.
said straight section has a smaller cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area through an adjacent said reverse bend.
AngioStent Balloon Expandable Stent System, AngioDynamics Division of E-Z-EM, Inc., Sept., 1994 (brochure).
Doanld. S. Baim, MD, "New Stent Designs," 2 pages, dated after Aug., 1995.
Medtronic Wiktor GX, Medtronic Interventional Vascular, no date (brochure).
Miscellaneous literature regarding PS stent, no date.
Miscellaneous literature regarding stent, no date.
Miscellaneous literature regarding Wallstent, no date.
Miscellaneous literature regarding Wiktor Stents, no date.