speak, of the written Constitution and we're preceding In textual order.
that generation of Americans and its Its posterity.
So that was the preamble, and that was the beginning, of, the, our, our guided tour.
Legislative Branch, this kind of, New Congress.
but changing its powers and structure quite considerably.
Article One in a,um, in this, this congress.
newfangled president who'd be way more than a governor state governor.
But, but much less dangerous than, than an English monarch.
the executive power vested in a president.
invested in judges, by Article 3 of the Constitution.
noticed two things, or two things that come to your mind.
separation of powers textually, article one, article two, article three.
has a rather ni- nice and tidy cohesive organization.
An ordinary farmer 225 years ago could, could understand the thing.
a jumble much less well organized I think.
comes to mind, others were a bit more of a jamble.
So one thing you might have noticed is the constitution is pretty well organized.
So I hope the lectures so far have been fairly well organized too.
Cause we're just tracking that textual flow.
can't really talk about one branch in complete isolation to the other.
Let's take the veto power.
of the process by which laws are made.
But of course, it's a power of the president.
and, and he's front and center in Article II.
Or, let's talk about presidential impeachment.
gets to in effect indict a president, charge him.
And so, that's a kind of judicial power, if you will.
all of which begin with a kind of vesting clause.
Legislative power vested generally in the Congress.
Executive power vested generally in a President.
And, and judicial power vested in court.
second thought that may have come into your mind is like, well what's left?
so, aren't we done? Not quite.
the next one we're going to talk about Article 4 of the Constitution.
And, it focuses mainly on relations between the states.
Think about, all kind of horizontal federalism.
governments and the central government, the federal government.
But sometimes, it can also refer to, and the things are connected, more horiz-.
And that, that first thing is called vertical federalism.
There's the central government kind of above the states, to some extent.
Because when the federal government is acting within its powers.
It's competence is supreme, the supreme law of the land.
We're going to talk about that in more detail in later lectures.
government kind of above the states.
concept, the relationship of sister states among themselves.
And, and the vertical and the horizontal are connected.
Article Four focuses essentially on the states.
And we've seen them before. We've glimpsed them before.
to, to state legislatures, but Article Four brings states front and center.
And not just states, but what about those parts of the United States.
That aren't states, what about territories for example?
Article Four is going to focus on that.
actually strictly speaking in compasses more than stated.
For example, encompasses the national seat, today known as Washington, DC.
Senate, but it's obviously part of the United States.
It's, it's where basically the government of the United States resides.
always have been, part of the United States.
see really the same great themes that we've been glimpsing throughout our tour.
for democracy, at the founding, was republicanism.
slash republicanism, popular sovereignty, popular self rule.
emerge yet again. As we've been seeing it throughout.
And we're we saw it even in the question like, who is the people?
blacks count? Do slaves count?
And Article Four is going to tee that issue up centrally.
in Geography, and Geostrategy will be, another thing that we see in Article Four.
the Supreme Court is going to be in the National capital.
constitution provides and one idea is kind of a geographic idea.
center, but other things are actually supposed to be tried.
these lower federal courts are going to be picked.
They're judges, just like Supreme Court Justices basically.
Nominated by the President, confirmed by the Senate.
the states rather than in the national capital.
Three, and in the Preamble, are also evident in Article Four.
which is our, sort of, handbook for this part of the course.
Every chapter begins, remember, with a picture.
really understand the deep ideas of the chapter.
I'm going to come back to this picture at the end of the next lecture.
political cartoon, maybe ever, Franklin was a very inventive fellow.
of, of political cartoons, and this is the, the first one.
It's from, 1754, way before the American Revolution.
And, Ben Franklin is urging a kind of union of sorts of the different colonies.
With the caption "join or die."
I'm going to come back to this again at the end of the next lecture.
you of how the United States begins.
It begins as a series of British colonies in North America.
And, originally there, these colonies are settled at different times.
outposts on the Atlantic seaboard.
Founded at different times for different purposes.
Sometimes by business ventures, seeking to make a quick buck.
Others by the, the British monarchy itself.
preserve as much freedom as, as is, and self-government as is possible.
Well, as these colonies grow and expand, they start to verge on each other.
And, they're connected to the British Crown, but not really quite to each other.
the same king, in, in the center, but not much of a rim connecting.
The colonies to each other, in 1930, for example, just to flash forward.
crown, but not much connection to each other.
in 1754 thinks there should be kind of more connection among the colonies.
He himself as a continentalist.
he at a young age with kind of pennies in his pocket.
where he does find fame and, and fortune.
and, but he's imaging the continentalist that he is way before others are.
50 mile radius, and many of them sort of never ventured beyond that, that.
he's saying, we should create more of a union among the colonies.
should be more connection actually across these, these different colonies.
a gathering, a conclave a congress if you will.
Among us some of the different colonies, they meet in Albany, New York, in 1754.
the colonies together will regulate intercolonial affairs.
They'll be a council, kind of like NATO or the EEU.
maybe a presiding officer, a Governor of all the United Colonies.
knows what will happen when they start talking to each other.
to, as it were, re-invent the wheel.
won't just have spokes from the center to the different colonies.
so the colonies will be more connected to each other.
the wheel, and, but the wheel goes nowhere in the 1750's.
of Confederation, after Independence after 1776.
and, and wage war, a war of, of continental liberation against the crown.
their foreign policy, their, their treaties, visa via the rest of the world.
that he had floated in the 1750's have come to the fore, actually.
Confederation, remember it's not so well organized as a document.
become Article Four of the US Constitution.
to go from one state to another state.
Remember they're no longer colonies now they're state.
not be treated as aliens, not be treated as outsiders.
to the privileges and immunities of citizenship in other states.
interstate privileges and immunities, a free ingress egress.
We should be able to go from one state to another.
In fact, maybe even relocate and move and become a citizen of another state.
should be not you should be not discriminated against.
You should be treated as a, an insider rather than as an alien.
Privilege, interstate privileges and immunities of citizenship.
You see this in the EU today, for example.
from one EU nation to the other.
and, to treat citizens of one state as insiders in another state.
know a state could basically exclude you out the boarder.
But Article Four gets rid of the constitution, gets rid of that language.
be excluded, can't be barred at the gate.
So that's I think, a democratic legalitarian, reform.
Articles of Confederation were a little bit confused.
the central government should have that power.
state to make someone from Europe, for example, an American.
That should be decided by the United States rather than the individual states.
but, couple of questions. One: Who exactly is a citizen?
a definition, a clear definition of who is a citizen.
United States and member of the House or the Senate of the United States.
people, not slaves, free black people be citizens?
their home state recognizes their citizenship.
Free blacks fought, at Bunker Hill, and in, in Massachusetts.
and Article Four does not use the word white.
It could have used that word.
word, but South Carolina got out-voted on that.
implement the Articles of Confederation, but not in the Constitution.
of Massachusetts would have been unhappy with that.
They voted down, a Massachu, a proposed state constitution in 1778.
people of Massachusetts, in some places, didn't like that.
They were offended by race tests.
But in the and, and so the, that word is purposely omitted from the constitution.
popu, which is populated by justices picked by presidents.
toward the south, because of the three fifths clause.
Jackson's cabinet, he's put on the court by Andrew Jackson.
Taney in a case called Dred Scott in 1857 is going to say several things.
in Massachusetts and Massachusetts calls them a citizen.
for the constitution and, and fought at bunkers hill.
entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.
Now, I think that was a mistaken reading.
And and it's going to precipitate The Civil War.
Lincoln is going to have a strong reaction to, other elements of Dred Scott.
Not so much that one, but other aspects of Dred Scott.
Constitution ultimately fails in the 1860s.