Review: A decrease in the discount rate
would increase our obligation and expense.1
1 
92Table of Contents
 U.S. Pension BenefitsNon-U.S. 
Pension BenefitsOther Postretirement 
Benefits
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 13,069  $ 17,895  $ 2,859  $ 4,311   
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 17,895  $ 19,177  $ 4,436  $ 4,847  $ 3,736  $ 4,051  
Service cost — — 50 57 99 100 
Interest cost 401 330 69 53 80 64 
Plan amendments — — — — (29) — 
Actuarial losses (gains) (4,231 ) (610) (1,084 ) (142) (779) (211)
Foreign currency exchange rates — — (333) (154) — (15)
Participant contributions — — 5 4 43 48 
Benefits paid - gross (995) (996) (179) (184) (292) (310)