THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

Case No:  430/02

REPORTABLE

In the matter between

ROBYN LYNNE HEATHFIELD                                                       Appellant
and
LIJANE MAQELEPO                                                                     Respondent

Before:
Scott, Mthiyane JJA, Southwood AJA
Heard:
14 November 2003
Delivered: 27 November 2003

Summary:
Proper construction of written agreement to purchase immovable property –

purchaser or surety

JUDGMENT

SOUTHWOOD AJA

[1] On 5 August 2001 the respondent signed a written offer to purchase
from the appellant stand no 716, Bedfordview Extension 115, for a purchase
price of R1 300 000. In terms of the offer the purchase price was payable by
way of one instalment of R120 000 to be paid in cash within 30 days of
acceptance of the offer and the balance of R1 180 000 was to be paid against
registration of the property in the name of the purchaser. The balance was to
be secured by a Bank or other approved guarantee delivered within 120 days
of acceptance of the offer. The offer was subject to a bond or bonds of R1
180 000 being obtained by the purchaser within 30 days of acceptance of the
offer. The appellant accepted the offer on 6 August 2001.
[2] The agreement consists of an estate agent’s printed form (the ‘Offer to
Purchase’) containing standard terms and conditions into which the
purchaser’s and seller’s names and addresses, the purchase price, amounts
to be paid, dates of payment and bond details must be inserted. It
incorporates an additional page on which the relevant information pertaining
to the purchaser and seller is to be inserted for the purpose of transfer and/or
a bank loan application. The purchaser is described in the form as ‘Lijane
Maqelepo [the respondent] for and on behalf of the above co’. The ‘above co’
is obviously a reference to New Heights (Pty) Ltd as the name, New Heights
Pty Ltd, has been inserted above that of the respondent.
[3] Clause 21 of the offer to purchase has been inserted in manuscript and
reads as follows:

‘Should the PTY LTD NEW HEIGHTS not be able to take transfer and or ratify this
agreement I LIJANE MAQELEPO HEREBY holds (sic) myself surety and co-principal
debtor for all the obligations of this offer towards the seller and irrevocably hereby
undertake to take transfer in my own name.’
The respondent signed the offer to purchase as purchaser without qualifying
his signature.
[4] The respondent is reflected in the additional page referred to as the
purchaser and all his relevant details have been inserted. There is no
reference to the company, New Heights (Pty) Ltd.
[5] It is clear that the document was completed in two stages. Initially the
purchaser was to be LIJANE MAQELEPO as his name was entered as
purchaser in the appropriate place in the document and only his particulars
were inserted in the additional page as purchaser. Thereafter the parties
attempted to make NEW HEIGHTS (PTY) LTD the purchaser by inserting the
words ‘on behalf of the above co’ after the respondent’s name as purchaser,
the name NEW HEIGHTS PTY LTD above the respondent’s name and by
inserting clause 21.
[6] The respondent paid the cash instalment of R120 000 and obtained a
mortgage loan of R1 180 000 from ABSA Bank as stipulated by the
agreement. After the respondent obtained the mortgage loan, Biccari Bollo
Mariano, the attorney appointed to attend to the transfer, communicated with
him and he signed all the documents which were necessary to take transfer.
On 10 January 2002 the respondent paid the transfer duty and registration

costs amounting to R118 927,60 to Biccari Bollo Mariano.
[7] In February 2002, when the respondent called upon the appellant to
pass transfer, the appellant repudiated the agreement. The respondent did
not accept the repudiation and launched an application in the Witwatersrand
Local Division for an order that the appellant transfer the property to him.
[8] The appellant opposed the application. In her answering affidavit the
appellant did not dispute any of the respondent’s factual allegations. She
contended that as New Heights (Pty) Ltd (‘New Heights’) did not exist the
agreement was null and void; and that the respondent was no more than a
surety and therefore had no right to enforce the agreement.
[9] It is common cause that a company called New Heights (Pty) Ltd has
never been registered and accordingly has never existed.
[10] The matter came before Goldstein J in the Witwatersrand Local Division
who identified the essential issue to be whether the respondent signed the
agreement as principal or as surety. After analysing the provisions of the Offer
to Purchase (i e the agreement) the learned Judge concluded that the clear
intention of the parties was that the respondent would be the purchaser if the
company was not such. He accordingly granted the relief sought.
[11] With the leave of the Court a quo the appellant now appeals. The
appellant contends that the agreement is void because the principal on behalf
of whom the respondent signed the Offer to Purchase did not exist; that the
Court a quo erred in finding that the respondent signed the Offer to Purchase

as principal and not as surety and that as surety the respondent is not entitled
to claim performance by the appellant in terms of the agreement.
[12] As correctly pointed out by the Court a quo the essential question is
whether the parties intended that the respondent be a purchaser in his own
right or a surety for New Heights. This depends upon the proper construction
of the agreement and in particular whether the alteration to the description of
the purchaser and the insertion of clause 21 changed the intention that the
respondent be the purchaser.
[13] The appellant’s counsel has seized on the words ‘surety and co-
principal debtor’ in clause 21 of the agreement and argued that the parties
intended that the respondent would be a surety for New Heights and nothing
else. In effect, his argument is that the respondent signed the agreement as
agent on behalf of New Heights, as purchaser, and in his personal capacity,
as surety, for New Heights. He contended that an agreement signed on behalf
of a non-existent principal is invalid. If these are the facts that contention is
clearly correct. See Natal Land and Colonization Co Ltd v Pauline Colliery
and Development Syndicate Ltd [1904] AC 120: McCullogh v Fernwood
Estate, Ltd 1920 AD 204 at 207: Sentrale Kunsmis Korporasie (Edms) Bpk v
N K P Kunsmisverspreiders (Edms) Bpk 1970 (3) SA 367 (A) at 396D-E.
[14] In my view the appellant’s counsel’s argument ignores the context in
which these words have been used in clause 21 and the agreement as a
whole. The context in which words are used in an agreement is vital. See

Coopers & Lybrand and Others v Bryant 1995 (3) SA 761 (A) at 767E-768E:
List v Jungers 1979 (3) SA 106 (A) at 118D-119B: Aktiebolaget Hässle and
Another v Triomed (Pty) Ltd 2003 (1) SA 155 (SCA) par [1].
Furthermore, as pointed out by Colman J in Burroughs Machines Ltd v
Chenille Corporation of SA (Pty) Ltd 1964 (1) SA 669 (W) a court should not
lightly hold that an agreement is invalid. At 670G-H the learned Judge said:
‘In so doing I must, I think, have regard to the fact that exh. “A” is a commercial document
executed by the parties with a clear intention that it should have commercial operation. I
must therefore not lightly hold the document to be ineffective. I need not require of it such
precision of language as one might expect in a more formal instrument, such as a pleading
drafted by counsel. Inelegance, clumsy draftmanship or the loose use of language in a
commercial document purporting to be a contract, will not impair its validity as long as one
can find therein, with reasonable certainty, the terms necessary to constitute a valid
contract.’
See also Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd 1932 All ER 494 (HL) at 499H-I and
Soteriou v Retco Poyntons (Pty) Ltd 1985 (2) 922 (A) at 931G-I.
In construing the agreement it is also proper to take into account and make
allowance for the fact that ‘the language used was manifestly not that of a
lawyer or linguistic precisian’ – Trever Investments (Pty) Ltd v Friedhelm
Investments (Pty) Ltd 1982 (1) SA 7 (A) at 15C-D: African Organic Fertilizers
and Associated Industries Ltd v Premier Fertilizers Ltd 1948 (3) SA 233 (N) at
235-6.
[15] Clause 21 is inelegantly worded. It is obviously not the work of ‘a lawyer

or linguistic precisian’. When read together with the description of the
purchaser it shows that the respondent was purporting to act on behalf of
New Heights when he did not have authority to do so and that the parties
knew that the company would have to ratify the agreement to become bound.
The parties clearly contemplated that the company might fail to do so in which
event there would be no binding agreement between the appellant and the
company. They sought to regulate what would happen in such an eventuality.
They accordingly agreed that in the event of the company not being bound
the respondent would perform all the obligations of the purchaser in terms of
the agreement and that he would take transfer of the property in his own
name. They provided that in so doing the respondent would act as ‘surety and
co-principal debtor’.
[16] The agreement that the respondent would perform all the obligations of
the purchaser in terms of the agreement in the event of the company not
being bound is not consistent with the obligations of a surety in two crucial
respects. First, a surety cannot be liable unless there is a principal debtor who
is or becomes liable. The liability of a surety is entirely dependent upon the
liability of the principal debtor: i e it is accessory to that of the principal debtor.
And second, a surety is liable for the debt or obligations of another. See Trust
Bank of Africa Ltd v Frysch 1977 (3) SA 562 (A) at 584F- H: Sapirstein and
Others v Anglo African Shipping Co (SA) Ltd 1978 (4) SA 1 (A) at 11G-H:
Nedbank Ltd v Van Zyl 1990 (2) SA 469 (A) at 473G-474B.

The agreement that the respondent would take transfer of the property into
his own name is also inconsistent with the position of a surety. If a surety is
called upon to perform the purchaser’s obligations and does so, the
agreement between the purchaser and the seller remains in force and the
seller will be obliged to transfer the property into the name of the purchaser,
not that of the surety. Performance of the purchaser’s obligations and taking
transfer of the property are consistent with the respondent being the
purchaser.
[17] It is therefore clear from clause 21 that the parties intended that if the
company did not ratify the agreement and become bound as purchaser the
respondent would step into the shoes of the purchaser and perform the
purchaser’s obligations and take transfer of the property. This construction is
supported by the respondent’s unqualified signature as purchaser and the
respondent’s name and other details in the annexure to the agreement as
those of the purchaser. I therefore agree with the Court below that the word
‘surety’ was used inappropriately and that it was inconsistent with the parties’
true intention.
[18] In so far as clause 21 may be ambiguous, there is also the evidence of
the respondent, which is not disputed, that he performed the obligations of the
purchaser and that when he met the Appellant on 7 January 2002, he and
she discussed the agreement and the implementation thereof on the basis
that the respondent was the purchaser. It is clear from this evidence that both

the appellant and the respondent regarded the respondent, and not the
company, as the purchaser of the property. See MTK Saagmeule (Pty) Ltd v
Killyman Estates (Pty) Ltd 1980 (3) SA 1 (A) at 12F-H: Shacklock v Shacklock
1949 (1) SA 91 (A) at 101.
[19] The conclusion that the respondent was intended to be the purchaser
renders it unnecessary to consider the other arguments raised with regard to
the position of a surety.
[20] The appeal is dismissed with costs.

________________
B R SOUTHWOOD
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL
CONCUR:

SCOTT JA
MTHIYANE JA