THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case no: 605/09

HENDRIK VAN DER MERWE

Appellant

and

MASTER OF THE HIGH COURT

First Respondent

SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY
Second Respondent
TO ANIMALS
________________________________________________________________

Neutral citation:
Van der Merwe v Master of the High Court & another
(605/09) [2010] ZASCA 99 (6 September 2010)

CORAM:

Navsa, Cloete and Shongwe JJA and Bertelsmann and

Ebrahim AJJA

HEARD:

23 August 2010
DELIVERED:
6 September 2010

SUMMARY:
Acceptance of document as will in terms of s 2(3) of the
Wills Act 7 of 1953 ─ absence of signature not an absolute bar ─ document
authentic and intended to be deceased’s will.

______________________________________________________________
ORDER
______________________________________________________________

On appeal from:
South Gauteng High Court, Johannesburg (Tsoka J sitting as
court of first instance).
1.
The appeal is upheld.
2.
The order of the court below is set aside in its entirety and the following
order is substituted:
‘The first respondent is directed to accept the document executed by the
deceased during 2007, annexure ‘HVDM 1’ to the founding affidavit, as the will of
John Henry Munnik van Schalkwyk for the purposes of the Administration of
Estates Act 66 of 1965.’
________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
________________________________________________________________

NAVSA JA: (Cloete and Shongwe JJA and Bertelsmann and Ebrahim AJJA
concurring)

[1] This is an appeal, with the leave of this court, against a judgment of the
Johannesburg High Court (Tsoka J), in terms of which an application under s 2(3)
of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 (the Act), to have an unsigned document declared to be
the will of the late John Henry Munnik van Schalkwyk (the deceased) and to
authorise the Master of the High Court to accept it as such, was dismissed.  The
background is set out hereafter.

[2] The appellant, Hendrik van der Merwe, and the deceased first met in 1969
when they were both resident and employed in Heidelberg, Gauteng. Later they
both moved to Johannesburg. In 1972 the appellant moved to Cape Town but
returned to Johannesburg six years later.  In 1990, the appellant returned to
Cape Town where he resides to this day. From the time that the appellant and
the deceased had first met a friendship began to develop and continued to

strengthen, notwithstanding the later geographical distance between them. Their
relationship was such that their respective parents became friends. The appellant
and the deceased regularly travelled overseas together on holidays and visited
each other. They kept in regular telephone contact and had no secrets from each
other. The appellant describes the friendship as follows:
‘Ons verhouding kan dus beskryf word as dié van jarelange vriende en vertrouelinge, wat geen
geheime vir mekaar gehad het nie.’

[3] In 2007 the appellant and the deceased discussed the future. The
deceased intended to retire in 2008 and was keen to make important decisions in
relation to his retirement. During these discussions the two friends decided that
they would each execute a will in terms of which the other would be the sole
beneficiary of his deceased estate. Both were unmarried and neither had
descendants or immediate families to whom they could bequeath their estates ─
the deceased’s parents had by then died. Following on these discussions and in
accordance with their agreement the deceased sent the appellant an e-mail on
26 July 2007 (the document at the centre of this case) which reads as follows:
‘

TESTAMENT
Ek, die ondergetekende,
JOHN HENRY MUNNIK VAN SCHALKWYK (ID No. 4803285060086)
Tans woonagtig te EENHEID N0 29 BERGBRON VILLAS, WHITERIDGE UITBREIDING 9,
ROODEPOORT herroep hiermee alle vorige testament, kodisille en ander testamentêre aktes
deur my gemaak en verklaar die volgende my testament te wees.
A
Ek bemaak my boedel, wat roerende en vaste eiendomme insluit aan: HENDRIK VAN DER
MERWE – ID NO. 480218-5052-086. NO 1 LAETITIA STRAAT CHRISMA BELVILLE 7530
B
Ek benoem ABSA TRUST BEPERK as eksekuteur van my boedel en ek stel hulle vry van die
verpligting om sekuriteit aan die Meester van die Hoogegeregshof te verskaf.
C
ABSA TRUST BEPERK word verder gemagtig om volgens diskresie gebruik te maak van die
dienste filiaal of verwante maatskappy en sal gevolglik geregtig wees op enige vergoeding  vir
sodanige dienste gelewer.
D
My stoflike-oorskot moet terug vervoer word na Suid Afrika (indien nodig). My troeteldiere (indien
enige bestaan op hierdie tydstip) moet aan die slaap gesit word deur n gekwalifiseerde Veearts,

en dan saam met my stoflike-oorskot veras word. Die as moet begrawe word in dieselfde graf
waar my ouers begrawe is te: BENONI-begrafplaas, Afdeling DR5 ─ Graf No’s 681/2.

Geteken__________________________________
Op hierdie__________dag van_____________2004
in die teenwoordigheid van die ondergetekende belanglose
getuies, almal terselfdertyd teenwoordig.
AS GETUIES:
1.
________________________

________________________

TESTATEUR
2.
________________________’

[4] After sending this e-mail the deceased contacted the appellant
telephonically to ask if it met with his approval. During August 2007 and in
accordance with the agreement referred to above the appellant reciprocated. He
approached an attorney and instructed him to draft a will in similar terms, which
instruction was carried out. On 17 August 2007 the appellant signed the will
prepared for him by his attorney. The deceased was aware of this fact.

[5] The deceased retired on 20 March 2008, and died less than a month
thereafter on 12 April, without having executed the document sent by e-mail to
the appellant ─ he did not comply with any of the formalities prescribed by
s 2(1)(a) of the Act. According to the appellant the deceased gave no indication
at all before his death that he wanted to revisit their mutual decision. The
appellant is the only beneficiary of the deceased’s pension fund, which the former
submitted indicates that the latter had not changed his mind. At the time of his
death the e-mail was still stored on the deceased’s computer. The appellant
speculated that the deceased had not taken the time to sign the document
because he had not contemplated his early demise.

[6] It is necessary to record that the deceased had signed a properly
executed will on 23 September 2004, in terms of which he had bequeathed his
entire estate to The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the second

respondent. Save for the identity of the beneficiary the will is in an identical
format to that which appears in paragraph 3 above.

[7] Following on the deceased’s death, as stated above, the appellant applied
to the Johannesburg High Court to have the document set out above, declared
the deceased’s last will and testament. In response the Chief Executive Officer of
the second respondent, Ms Marcelle Meredith, filed an affidavit stating that the
second respondent had no knowledge of the discussion referred to by the
appellant and was unable to speculate on the reason for the deceased’s failure to
sign the will in favour of the appellant. Importantly, the second respondent chose
to abide the court’s decision. Effectively there was no opposition to the
application and in these circumstances a court should guard against uncritical
acceptance of the appellant’s version.

[8] In his report to the court below the Master of the high court, the first
respondent, noted that he had received and accepted the prior properly executed
will in favour of the second respondent but that he had no objection to the relief
sought by the appellant.

[9] The high court considered the absence of the deceased’s signature to be
of critical importance. In his judgment dismissing the appellant’s application
Tsoka J said the following:
‘In my view, the formalities referred to in Section 2 of the Act centre around the signature of the
testator. The signature is the centre that brings the other formalities together. In the absence of
the signature, there is no legal nexus between the alleged Will and the testator. In the absence of
the signature, which may be of the testator in the form of the signature of himself/herself or a
thumb print of the testator or a signature of a person signing in the presence and under the
direction of the testator, it is impossible to link a document alleged to be a Will, to the testator. In
this instance one cannot speak of a Will, otherwise any document as long as it contains the
particulars of the testator, may be characterized as a Will.’

[10] Tsoka J took the view that admitting the document referred to above as
the deceased’s will would be to ‘open the floodgates for any person to submit any
document…as a Will of a testator’. The learned judge considered the existence of

the earlier properly executed will as a further factor militating against the
acceptance of the document under discussion as the deceased’s last will. He
accordingly dismissed the application. There is no reference to decided cases in
the judgment of the court below.

[11] The formalities required in the execution of a will are set out in s 2(1) of
the Act. The relevant parts of s 2(1)(a) provides:
‘(a)
no will executed on or after the first day of January, 1954, shall be valid unless ─
(i)
the will is signed at the end thereof by the testator or by some other person in his
presence and by his direction; and
(ii)
such signature is made by the testator or by such other person or is acknowledged by the
testator and, if made by such other person, also by such other person, in the presence of two or
more competent witnesses present at the same time; and
(iii)
such witnesses attest and sign the will in the presence of the testator and of each other
and, if the will is signed by such other person, in the presence also of such other person; and
(iv)
if the will consists of more than one page, each page other than the page on which it
ends, is also so signed by the testator or by such other person anywhere on the page; and . . .’

[12] On the other hand, s 2(3) of the Act sets out the power of a court in
relation to a will or amendment thereof which does not comply with the
prescribed formalities. It reads as follows:
‘If a court is satisfied that a document or the amendment of a document drafted or executed by a
person who has died since the drafting or execution thereof, was intended to be his will or an
amendment of his will, the court shall order the Master to accept that document, or that document
as amended, for the purposes of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act 66 of 1965), as a
will, although it does not comply with all the formalities for the execution or amendment of wills
referred to in subsection (1).’

[13] It is clear that the formalities prescribed by s 2(1) and s 2(2) in relation to
the execution of a will and amendments thereto are to ensure authenticity and to
guard against false or forged wills.1

1 See in this regard Logue & another v The Master & others 1995 (1) SA 199 (N) at 202D-E and
Anderson and Wagner NNO & another v The Master and others 1996 (3) SA 779 (C) at 785B-C.

[14] By enacting s 2(3) of the Act the legislature was intent on ensuring that
failure to comply with the formalities prescribed by the Act should not frustrate or
defeat the genuine intention of testators.2 It has rightly and repeatedly been said
that once a court is satisfied that the document concerned meets the
requirements of the subsection a court has no discretion whether or not to grant
an order as envisaged therein. In other words the provisions of s 2(3) are
peremptory once the jurisdictional requirements have been satisfied.3

[15] Turning to the provisions of s 2(3) the first question to be considered is
whether the document in question was drafted or executed by the deceased.
Following on this is the question whether the deceased intended it to be his will.
In Letsekga v the Master & others 1995 (4) SA 731 (W) the following was stated
at 735F-G:
‘The wording of s 2(3) of the Act is clear: the document, whether it purports to be a will or an
amendment of a will, must have been intended to be the will or the amendment, as the case may
be, ie the testator must have intended the particular document to constitute his final instruction
with regard to the disposal of his estate.’

[16] A lack of a signature has never been held to be a complete bar to a
document being declared to be a will in terms of s 2(3). In Letsekga, decided in
the division from which this appeal emanated, the lack of a signature was not
held to be a bar to an order in terms of s 2(3) of the Act. Ex parte Maurice 1995
(2) SA 713 (C) decided in the same year as Letsekga was to the same effect. In
Thirion v Die Meester & andere 2001 (4) SA 1078 (T) an unsigned document
drafted by a person shortly before he committed suicide was held to be a valid
will and declared as such in terms of s 2(3). In that case the deceased had
executed a prior will that had complied with all the prescribed formalities. The
very object of s 2(3), as pointed out above, is to ameliorate the situation where
formalities have not been complied with but where the true intention of the drafter
of a document is self-evident. A basic trawl through the decided cases reveals

2 See Logue op cit at 203F-G. In Anderson op cit at 785C the following is said about s 2(3) of the
Act:
‘Section 2(3) is in the nature of a special exemption from the rigours of the requirements of
s 2(1).’
3 See Anderson at 785E-F and the cases there cited.

that the absence of a signature has not been seen as a bar to relief in terms of
s 2(3). On the other hand, it must be emphasised that the greater the non-
compliance with the prescribed formalities the more it would take to satisfy a
court that the document in question was intended to be the deceased’s will.

[17] I return to consider the document in question against the jurisdictional
requirements of s 2(3) of the Act. The appellant provided proof that the document
had been sent to him by the deceased via e-mail, lending the document an aura
of authenticity. It is uncontested that the document still exists on the deceased’s
computer. Thus it is clear that the document was drafted by the deceased and
that it had not been amended or deleted.

[18] The document is boldly entitled ‘TESTAMENT’ in large type print (6 mm
high), an indicator that the deceased intended the document to be his will.
Furthermore, the deceased nominated the appellant as the sole beneficiary of his
pension fund proceeds. This is an important and objective fact which is
consonant with an intention that the appellant be the sole beneficiary in respect
of the remainder of his estate. It is also of importance that the deceased had no
immediate family and that the appellant was a long time friend and confidante.
The fact that his previous will nominated the second respondent as his sole heir
indicates that he had no intention of benefiting remote family members. The
appellant’s version of the mutual agreement to benefit each other exclusively by
way of testamentary disposition is uncontested by the second respondent, the
sole beneficiary of the prior will, and is supported by the fact that after the
deceased had sent the document to the appellant, the latter executed a will
nominating the deceased as his sole beneficiary ─ another objective fact. All of
this leads to the inexorable conclusion that the document was intended by the
deceased to be his will.

[19] In light of the aforegoing it is clear that the court below erred in dismissing

the application. The appellant was clearly entitled to the relief sought. The
following order is made:
1.
The appeal is upheld.
2.
The order of the court below is set aside in its entirety and the following
order is substituted:
‘The first respondent is directed to accept the document executed by the
deceased during 2007, annexure ‘HVDM 1’ to the founding affidavit, as the will of
John Henry Munnik van Schalkwyk for the purposes of the Administration of
Estates Act 66 of 1965.’

_________________
M S NAVSA
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

For Appellant:

H G McLachlan

Instructed by

Visagie Vos Goodwood

E G Cooper Majiedt Inc Bloemfontein

For 1st Respondent:
Abide decision of the court

Instructed by

Master of the High Court Johannesburg

For 2nd Respondent:
Abide decision of the court

Instructed by

Marston & Taljaard Bedfordview