THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Not Reportable
Case No: 385/2017

In the matter between:

AUTOMATED OFFICE TECHNOLOGY
(PTY) LTD t/a AOT FINANCE
APPELLANT

and

INTERNATIONAL COLLEGES GROUP (PTY) LTD
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Automated Office Technology (Pty) Ltd t/a AOT Finance v
International Colleges Group (Pty) Ltd (385/2017) [2018]
ZASCA 31 (26 March 2018)

Coram:
Navsa, Seriti and Swain JJA and Pillay and Makgoka AJJA

Heard:
8 March 2018

Delivered:
26 March 2018

Summary:  Master rental agreement – written cession – interpretation of cession in
context – subsequent rental agreements validly ceded.

ORDER

On appeal from: Western Cape Division of the High Court, Cape Town (Nuku J with
Allie J concurring, sitting as a court of appeal).

The appeal succeeds with costs on a scale as between attorney and client.
The order of the Court a quo is set aside and replaced with the following
order:
‘(a)
The appeal succeeds with costs, on a scale as between attorney and client.
(b)
The order of the trial Court is set aside and replaced with the following order:
(i)
Judgment is granted in favour of the plaintiff for payment of the aggregate
amount of arrear rentals, in respect of the first to the ninth rental agreements, in the
sum of R479 257,35.
(ii)
Judgment is granted in favour of the plaintiff for payment of the aggregate
amount of future rentals, in respect of the first to the ninth rental agreements, in the
sum of R54 510,78.
(iii)
Interest is granted on the aforesaid amounts, payable from the date of
judgment being 27 November 2013 to date of payment, calculated at the prescribed
statutory rate.
(iv)   The defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff's costs of suit on a scale as
between attorney and client.
(v)   The plaintiff is ordered to pay the defendant’s wasted costs on the magistrates
court party and party scale, occasioned by the adjournment of the trial on the 20
February 2013.’

JUDGMENT

Swain JA (Navsa and Seriti JJA and Pillay and Makgoka AJJA)

[1] Whether rental is owed by the respondent, International Colleges Group (Pty)
Ltd to the appellant, Automated Office Technology (Pty) Ltd t/a AOT Finance, for the
hire of items of office equipment, comprising a number of copiers and fax machines,
is the origin of a war of attrition which has raged between the parties for the last ten
years. Problems first arose between the parties in January 2008 when the
respondent summarily ceased making payment of the rentals.

[2]    Concerned at the unexpected turn of events, the appellant sought an
explanation from the respondent, only to be informed that new owners had taken
over and wished to review all of the rental agreements, before making any further
payments. The appellant heard nothing further and the arrears on the accounts
increased. Letters of demand for payment by the respondent of the outstanding
rentals were ignored, save that a payment of R 200 000 was received during 2008,
which was allocated to a portion of the arrears. No further payments were received
and no clarification was furnished by the respondent, as to why payment was
withheld.

[3]    The appellant accordingly issued summons against the respondent in the
Magistrates Court for the district of Cape Town during May 2010. Return of the
equipment together with arrear and future rentals was claimed on the basis that as a
result of the failure by the respondent to make payment of the rental due in terms of
each of the nine written rental agreements, the appellant had cancelled them all.1

1 In terms of an order granted by consent and without prejudice, the respondent was ordered by the
Magistrates Court to return the equipment to the appellant.

[4]      It was common cause that:

4.1     A company, Katlego Solutions (Pty) Ltd (Katlego), had entered into a master
rental agreement with the respondent on 3 November 2005 for the hire of equipment
to the respondent, a copy of which was annexed to the appellant's particulars of
claim;

4.2     In terms of the master rental agreement, the equipment to be hired ‘from time
to time’ by Katlego to the respondent would be ‘described in signed Addendums’ in
accordance with the ‘Proforma Addendum’ annexed to the master rental agreement,
which would be subject to the terms and conditions recorded in the master rental
agreement;

4.3     The respondent concluded nine written rental addenda with Katlego, copies of
which were annexed to the appellant's particulars of claim marked ‘A’ to ‘J’. Each
was headed ‘Rental Addendum – Annexure A’, specified that it was an addendum to
the master rental agreement, described ‘The Equipment’ hired as well as the rental
payable and provided that ‘The terms and conditions of the Master Rental
Agreement shall apply hereto, as though specifically set forth herein’;

4.4    On 28 April 2006, Katlego concluded an agreement with the appellant headed
‘Cession of Master Rental Agreement and Addenda’ which provided that Katlego,
‘hereafter referred to as the Cedent, hereby cede and transfer all of the Cedent’s
rights, title and interest in the Master Rental Agreement signed on 26 October 2005
and the addenda signed hereto between the Cedent. . .’ and the respondent to the
appellant and;

4.5     A valid cession and transfer of the rights of Katlego in the first, second and
third rental agreements was effected to the appellant.

[5]     The defence advanced by the respondent fell within a highly technical narrow
compass. It was simply that a valid cession of Katlego’s rights in the remaining six
rental agreements was not effected to the appellant, because they were all
concluded after the written cession agreement. In other words, these later rental

agreements were not included in the cession, because the reference to ‘the addenda
signed hereto’ in the written cession agreement only referred to the first three rental
agreements in existence at the time of the cession. In other words, the written
cession did not operate in respect of rental agreements to be concluded in the future.

[6]      Accordingly, the only issue to be determined by the trial court was whether the
appellant had discharged the onus of proving that the rights, title and interest of
Katlego in the six rental agreements had been validly ceded to the appellant. It held
that the appellant had failed to do so and therefore granted judgment in favour of the
appellant only for the payment of arrear and future rental in respect of the three
rental agreements not in dispute, but dismissed its claim in respect of the remaining
six rental agreements, with costs. A subsequent appeal to the Western Cape
Division of the High Court, Cape Town was dismissed with costs. The appeal is with
the special leave of this court.

[7]    The only evidence upon which the trial court and the court a quo relied in
dismissing the claims of the appellant in respect of the six rental agreements in
issue, was the evidence of Mr Gregg Coull, a director of the appellant, as the
respondent closed its case without leading any evidence. He stated that he had
signed the master rental agreement and all nine rental agreements on behalf of
Katlego. He was duly authorised to do so, because Katlego was a Johannesburg
based company and when they opened a branch in the Western Cape, they did not
have sufficient resources and asked him to be a signatory on their rental
agreements.

[8]      The relationship between the appellant and Katlego dated back to 2003 when
Mr Coull had represented the appellant in orally agreeing with Katlego that each time
Katlego entered into a rental agreement, it would automatically be financed and
ceded to the appellant. He expressed the view that the rights, title and interest in the
first three rental agreements were ceded to the appellant on the date of the written
cession, being 28 April 2006 and that the rights, title and interest in the remaining six
rental agreements in issue, were ceded to the appellant on the dates that he signed
each of them on behalf of Katlego, and simultaneously accepted their cession to the
appellant, on its behalf. He was of the view, however, that the cession of the rights,

title and interest in the six rental agreements in issue, took place in accordance with
the 2003 oral agreement.

[9] When cross-examined, he however, stated that when Katlego signed each
rental agreement with the customer, it could on an ad hoc basis choose to sell and
cede the agreement to the appellant, in order to finance the transaction and raise
funds upfront. He was unable to explain how it could be at Katlego’s choice if there
was an oral agreement in 2003 that the rental agreements would automatically be
ceded to the appellant, but later reiterated that from the inception of the agreement,
the rights in the rental agreements would automatically be ceded. When asked
about the purpose of the written cession agreement in 2006, he replied it was to
record the oral cession agreement.

[10]   The grounds upon which the trial court dismissed the appellant's claim in
respect of the six rental agreements in dispute, were as follows:

10.1   The appellant, in its particulars of claim, had pleaded and relied upon the
written cession of agreement concluded on 28 April 2006 and had failed to plead and
rely upon the oral cession concluded in 2003, which provided that all the agreements
entered into by Katlego would be financed by and ceded to the appellant, as a matter
of practice.

10.2   The appellant failed to call a witness from Katlego to confirm the oral cession
agreement and the court was unable to rely upon the evidence of Mr Coull, because
he represented the appellant and not Katlego in the conclusion of this agreement.

[11]    On appeal the court a quo dismissed the appeal for the same reasons, making
the following findings:

11.1  The appellant's case was based upon the written cession agreement
concluded between the appellant and Katlego on 28 April 2006, but the evidence of
Mr Coull that the six rental agreements in issue were ceded to the appellant as a
result of the 2003 oral cession agreement, did not accord with the case as pleaded

by the appellant. His evidence accordingly could not assist the appellant as it was
trite that a litigant is bound by its pleadings.

11.2   Although Mr Coull testified that he was authorised to sign the master rental
agreement as well as the addenda on behalf of Katlego, he did not testify that he
was authorised to cede the agreements on behalf of Katlego.

11.3  The appellant had therefore failed to prove the cessions of the six rental
agreements in issue, by Katlego in favour of the appellant.

[12]    In reaching these conclusions the trial court and the court a quo erred, for the
following reasons:

12.1    Whether the six rental agreements in issue were validly ceded to the
appellant, requires an interpretation of the written cession agreement, read together
with the master rental agreement and the individual rental agreements. The written
cession agreement was pleaded in the following terms, in the appellant's particulars
of claim:

‘15. On 28 April 2006 and at Cape Town, Plaintiff and Katlego entered into a cession
agreement in terms of which Katlego agreed to cede and transfer all of its rights title and
interest in the master rental agreement, and the addendums thereto, to the Plaintiff.
15.1 A true copy of the aforesaid cession agreement is annexed hereto, marked "D".
16. Pursuant to the aforesaid cession agreement:
16.1 Katlego ceded and transferred all of its rights, title and interest in the master rental
agreement, and in the first, second and third agreements, to the Plaintiff on about 28 April
2006;
16.2  Katlego ceded and transferred all of its rights, title and interest in:
16.2.1 the Fourth agreement to the Plaintiff on about 8 May 2006;
16.2.2 the Fifth and Sixth agreements to the Plaintiff on about 6 August 2006;
16.2.3 the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth agreements to the Plaintiff on about 31 August 2006.’

In other words, the first three rental agreements were ceded to the appellant on the
date of the written cession agreement, but the remaining six rental agreements in
issue were ceded to the appellant in terms of the written cession agreement, on the
dates when each of them were concluded.
12.2   The view of Mr Coull that the six rental agreements concluded after the written
cession agreement, were ceded in terms of the 2003 oral cession and not the written
cession agreement, is irrelevant to an interpretation of the 2006 written cession
agreement, particularly as he stated that the purpose of the written agreement was
to record the oral cession agreement. In addition as stated in Novartis SA (Pty) Ltd v
Maphil Trading (Pty) Ltd [2015] ZASCA 111; 2016 (1) SA 518 (SCA) para 27, it is the
role of the court and not witnesses to interpret a document.

12.3   When interpreting the written cession agreement, the significance of the prior
oral cession agreement lies in the context and circumstances in which the written
cession agreement came into being. As stated in Bothma-Batho Transport (Edms)
Bpk v S Bothma & Seun Transport (Edms) Bpk [2013] ZASCA 176; 2014 (2) SA 494
(SCA) para 12:
‘Whilst the starting point remains the words of the document, which are the only relevant
medium through which the parties have expressed their contractual intentions, the process
of interpretation does not stop at a perceived literal meaning of those words, but considers
them in the light of all relevant and admissible context, including the circumstances in which
the document came into being. The former distinction between permissible background and
surrounding circumstances, never very clear, has fallen away. Interpretation is no longer a
process that occurs in stages but is "essentially one unitary exercise”.’

12.4   The central enquiry is the meaning of the sentence contained in the written
cession agreement which provides as follows:
‘. . . hereby cede and transfer all of the Cedent’s rights, title and interest in the Master Rental
Agreement signed on 26 October 2005 and the addenda signed hereto between. . .’
Katlego and the respondent, to the appellant.
In other words, do the words ‘addenda signed hereto’ refer only to those written
rental agreements ie addenda, in existence and signed at the time of signature of the
written cession agreement, or do they include written rental agreements to be
concluded in the future?

12.5   It is clear that the rights, title and interest of Katlego in the master rental
agreement were validly ceded to the appellant, in terms of the written cession
agreement. In terms of the master rental agreement, it is provided that ‘the customer’
ie the respondent:
‘. . . agrees to hire from Katlego the equipment which will be described in signed
Addendums, as per the Proforma Addendum annexed hereto marked "A", subject to terms
and conditions recorded overleaf.’
On the reverse of the master rental agreement detailed terms and conditions are set
out which govern the rental of any equipment by the respondent from Katlego. The
master rental agreement also provides that:
‘The description of The Equipment, serial numbers, and Rental charge payable will be as
agreed to in the Rental Addendums.’

12.6  Each of the written rental agreements is headed ‘Rental Addendum –
Annexure "A"’ with the subheading, ‘Addendum No  ---------- To the Master Rental
Agreement.’ A description of ‘The Equipment’, the serial numbers of the equipment,
the quantity of each item of equipment supplied and the rental payable, is set out in
each written rental agreement. The following clause is included, with provision for
signature by the parties to acknowledge its existence:
‘The terms and conditions of the Master Rental Agreement shall apply hereto, as though
specifically set forth herein.’

12.7  It is therefore clear that the rights and obligations of Katlego and the
respondent in respect of the hire of particular equipment by the respondent from
Katlego, could only be determined by reading the master rental agreement together
with each rental agreement, applicable to the equipment in question. Each of the
written rental agreements could not stand alone and had to be read in conjunction
with the master rental agreement.

12.8    As stated in Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality
[2012] ZASCA 13; 2012 (4) SA 593 (SCA) para 26:

‘An interpretation will not be given that leads to impractical, unbusinesslike or oppressive
consequences or that will stultify the broader operation of the legislation or contract under
consideration.’
To place an interpretation on the words, ‘. . . and the addenda signed hereto . . .’ in
the written cession agreement, to mean that only signed rental agreements in
existence at the time of the cession were ceded, would lead to impractical,
unbusinesslike and oppressive consequences and would stultify the broader
operation of the master rental agreement, as well as the individual rental agreements
concluded after the written cession agreement. This is because the later rental
agreements would be inchoate and unenforceable, because Katlego no longer
possessed any rights, title and interest in and to the master rental agreement, having
ceded them to the appellant.

12.9   Counsel for the respondent, however, submitted that the clause in each of the
rental agreements which provided that, ‘The terms and conditions of the Master
Rental Agreement shall apply hereto, as though specifically set forth herein’ meant
that the terms of the master rental agreement were incorporated by reference into
each of the six rental agreements, by agreement between Katlego and the
respondent. As a result these rental agreements were not inchoate and
unenforceable. The submission is without foundation. Having divested itself of all of
its rights, title and interest in and to master rental agreement in favour of the
appellant, Katlego could not re-acquire them simply by agreement with the
respondent. What was required was a re-cession of the ceded rights, title and
interest by the appellant as cessionary, back to Katlego, their previous holder. There
is no evidence that the appellant as cessionary agreed to transfer the ceded rights,
title and interest it held in the master rental agreement to Katlego, at the time each of
the later rental agreements was concluded.

12.10    This interpretation is in accordance with the background and context in
which the written cession agreement was concluded namely, the prior oral cession
agreement  transacted in 2003 in terms of which Katlego, according to the evidence
of Mr Coull, agreed to cede to the appellant its rights, title and interest in future rental
agreements to the appellant. The vacillation in his evidence as to whether in terms of

the prior oral cession agreement Katlego’s rights in future rental agreements were
automatically ceded, or whether this only occurred on the election of Katlego, cannot
lead to an unbusinesslike and impractical interpretation being placed upon the terms
of the written cession agreement, read together with the master rental agreement
and the six rental agreements in issue. In addition, as pointed out in Novartis, it is the
role of the court, not witnesses, to interpret a document.

[13]    Accordingly, in terms of the written cession agreement properly construed, the
rights, title and interest of Katlego in each of the six rental agreements in issue, were
validly ceded to the appellant on the date on which each of these rental agreements
were concluded. The appeal must accordingly succeed.

[14]  As regards the issue of costs, clause 18 of the master rental agreement
provides that:
‘In the event of Katlego instructing its attorneys to take steps to enforce any of its rights
under the agreement, The Customer shall pay to Katlego on demand all collection charges
and other legal costs which it incurs with its attorney, on the attorney and client scale.’
In Sapirstein and others v Anglo African Shipping Co (SA) Ltd 1978 (4) SA 1 (A) at
page 14 E-F, the following was stated:
‘I do not consider it necessary to decide whether the Court retains a residual discretion to
refuse to enforce such an agreement in certain circumstances, or to deprive a successful
party, relying on such an agreement, or any portion of his costs, because, whatever the
position may be, in the present instance no grounds exist for depriving the plaintiff of such
costs or any portion thereof. From these authorities it is clear, in my view, that the approach
is not, as suggested by Mr Louw, that the agreement to pay attorney and client costs will
only be enforced where there is reprehensible conduct on the part of the unsuccessful
litigant (the appellant in the present appeal) but rather that the Court is bound to enforce
such an agreement unless the Court finds that there is conduct which justifies it in depriving
the successful litigant (the respondent in the present appeal) of part or all of its costs.’
There is no conduct on the part of the appellant which would justify an order
depriving the appellant of part, or all of its costs, on the attorney and client scale.

[15]  The following order is granted:

The appeal succeeds with costs on a scale as between attorney and client.
The order of the Court a quo is set aside and replaced with the following
order:
‘(a)
The appeal succeeds with costs, on a scale as between attorney and client.
(b)
The order of the trial Court is set aside and replaced with the following order:
(i)
Judgment is granted in favour of the plaintiff for payment of the aggregate
amount of arrear rentals, in respect of the first to the ninth rental agreements, in the
sum of R479 257,35.
(ii)
Judgment is granted in favour of the plaintiff for payment of the aggregate
amount of future rentals, in respect of the first to the ninth rental agreements, in the
sum of R54 510,78.
(iii)
Interest is granted on the aforesaid amounts, payable from the date of
judgment being 27 November 2013 to date of payment, calculated at the prescribed
statutory rate.
(iv)   The defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff's costs of suit on a scale as
between attorney and client.
(v)    The plaintiff is ordered to pay the defendant’s wasted costs on the magistrates
court party and party scale, occasioned by the adjournment of the trial on the 20
February 2013.’

___________________________

K G B Swain

Judge of Appeal

Appearances:
For the Appellant:

P A Botha

Instructed by:

Laubscher & Hatting
c/o CK Friedlander Shandler Vloks, Cape
Town

Kramer Weihmann & Joubert, Bloemfontein

For the Respondent:

E A Limberis SC

Instructed by:

Cuzen Randeree, Johannesburg

McIntyre & Van Der Post, Bloemfontein