THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Case No:  428/09

In the matter between:

COMMISSIONER FOR THE SA REVENUE SERVICE

Appellant

and

LG ELECTRONICS SA (PTY) LTD

Respondent

Neutral citation: CSARS v LG Electronics (428/09) [2010] ZASCA 79 (28 May 2010)

Coram:
HARMS DP, NUGENT, LEWIS, HEHER JJA AND GRIESEL AJA

Heard:
10 May 2010

Delivered:
28 May 2010

Updated:

Summary:
Revenue – Customs and Excise – tariff determination
-
video monitors (screens) and tuners separately imported
-
whether screens incomplete reception apparatus for television in terms of
General Rules for Interpretation, Rule 2(a)
-
whether separate importation a scheme to defeat payment of legitimate
duties.

___________________________________________________________________________________
_
ORDER

On appeal from: North Gauteng High Court (Pretoria) (Southwood J sitting as court of
first instance):
The appeal is dismissed with costs including the costs consequent upon the
employment of two counsel.

_______________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
_____________________________________________________________________
Heher JA (Harms DP, Nugent, Lewis JJA and Griesel AJA concurring)
[1] This is an appeal against an order made under s 47(9)(e) of the Customs and
Excise Act 91 of 1964 by Southwood J in the Pretoria High Court. The learned judge
refused leave to appeal but such was granted on application to this Court.

[2] The order made by the court a quo was as follows:
‘1
The respondent’s application for a referral to evidence is dismissed.
The respondent’s tariff determination of 23 August 2006 to the effect that 42” Plasma
Display screens with model number 42PX4NVH imported by the applicant must for duty purposes
be classified within Tariff Heading 8528.12.30 of Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Customs and Excise
Act No 91 of 1964 is set aside.
The respondent’s determination is substituted by a determination that Tariff Heading
8528.21.20 applies.
It is declared that Rebate Item 460.16 of Schedule 4 to Act 91 of 1964 applies to the
screens.
The respondent is ordered to pay the costs of this application which costs shall include the
costs consequent upon the employment of two counsel and shall be on the scale as between
attorney and client.’
The appeal is against paragraphs 2 to 5 of the order.

[3] The respondent imports the screens referred to in para 2 of the order by sea from
South Korea. It imports tuners (also called ‘interface boards’) from the same source by air.

When a screen and a tuner are appropriately combined they constitute a television set.

[4] During the period 2004 to 2006 the respondent declared such screens on entry into
the Republic under tariff heading 8528.21.20.1 The appellant admitted the screens
accordingly until July 2006, after which, following investigation, it issued a revised
determination in terms of s 47(9)(d)(i)(bb) of the Act in respect of the screens, placing
them under tariff item 8528.12.30.2 Whereas video monitors attracted a customs duty of 25
per cent and enjoyed a full rebate on the grounds that they do not incorporate television
reception apparatus, the screens, under the redetermined heading, attracted the same
duty without the benefit of a rebate. The redetermination resulted in a credit of R43 530
187.70 in favour of the appellant for customs duty, ad valorem excise duty and value
added tax. The respondent disputed its liability and maintained its refusal to pay despite
several shifts by the appellant in its justification for the application of the re-determined
tariff heading. Eventually the respondent put an end to further debate by applying to the
High Court for relief substantially in the form that was granted in paras 2 to 4 of the order
of Southwood J.

[5] In granting the application the principal finding made by the learned judge was that,
‘on the facts the screens are complete video monitors and are used for that purpose’. As to
a submission that the separate importation of screens and tuners was a cloak to disguise
the reality of the entry of television sets into South Africa with the intention of evading the
legitimate levying of duty on such sets, the court a quo examined the evidence and
concluded that the facts negatived that inference and clearly showed ‘that the applicant
imported the screens and tuners in order to service two markets and imported them
separately because that is how they are exported by the manufacturer worldwide’.

[6] Tariff Heading 85.28 provided as follows at the relevant time:

1 Ie ‘Video monitors’. The evidence is unclear as to the tariff heading under which the tuners were admitted.
2 Ie ‘Reception apparatus, incorporating or designed to incorporate cathode ray tubes or other screens with a
screen size not exceeding 3m x 4m’.

Heading
8528
Sub-Heading

8528.1

8528.12
.30

.90
8528.13
.30

.90
8528.2

CD

Article Description
Reception Apparatus for Television, Whether or Not
Incorporating Radio-broadcast Receivers or Sound
or Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus:
Video Monitors and Video Projectors:

Refer to General Rebates of Customs Duties and
Fuel Levy
460.16 Temporary Rebates of Customs Duties

Refer to Ad Valorem Excise Duties from Page 691
--Reception apparatus for television, whether or not
incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound
recording or reproducing apparatus:
= Other

Reception apparatus, incorporating or designed to
incorporate cathode ray tubes or other screens with
a screen size not exceeding 3m x 4m
-     Other
=     Black and white or other monochrome

Reception apparatus, incorporating or designed to
incorporate cathode ray tubes or other screens with
a screen size not exceeding 3 m x 4 m
-    Other
--Video monitors

8528.21
.10
.20
8528.22
8528.30

= Colour

With a screen size exceeding 3 m x 4 m

With a screen size not exceeding 3 m x 4 m
=  Black and white or other monochrome
--Video projectors

18.
Tariff Heading 8529 provided as follows:
Heading
8529
Sub-Heading
CD
Article Description
Parts suitable for use solely or principally with  the

apparatus of headings 85.25 to 85.28:

Refer to Specific Drawbacks and Refunds of
Customs Duties and Fuel Levy –
516.10 Television and Radio Receiving Sets
8529.10

.10

.90
8529.90
.20
.50

.60

.70

.80
.90

-- Aerials and aerial reflectors of all kinds; parts suitable
for use therewith:
= Parabolic aerial reflector dishes of a diameter not
exceeding 120 cm
= Other
--Other:
= Cabinets for reception apparatus for television
= Filters or separators, for antennas for reception
apparatus for television
= Tuners (very high frequency or  ultra-high frequency)
and tuner control devices, for reception apparatus for
television
=Parts of moulded plastic or base metal, not
incorporating electronic components for reception
apparatus for television
= Other parts for reception apparatus for television
= Other

19.
The Explanatory Notes to Tariff Heading 8528 read (to the extent relevant) as
follows:
‘This heading covers television receivers (including video monitors and video projectors),
whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or
reproduction apparatus.
The heading includes:
(1)
Television receivers of the kind used in the home (table models, consoles, etc.)
including coin-operated television sets.
. . .
(3)
Video tuners, intended to be used with or incorporated in, e.g., video recording or

reproducing apparatus or video monitors. These tuners convert high-frequency television
signals into signals usable by video recording or reproducing apparatus or video monitors.
However, devices which simply isolate high-frequency television signals (sometimes called
video tuners) are to be classified as parts in Heading 85.29.
. . .
(6)
Video monitors which are receivers connected directly to the video camera or
recorder by means of co-axial cables, so that all the radio-frequency circuits are
eliminated. They are used by television companies or for closed-circuit television (airports,
railway stations, steel plants, hospitals, etc.). These apparatus consist essentially of
devices which can generate a point of light and display it on a screen synchronously with
the source signals. They incorporate one or more video amplifiers with which the intensity
of the point can be varied. They can, moreover, have separate inputs for red (R), green
(G) and blue (B), or be coded in accordance with a particular standard (NTSC, SECAM,
PAL, D-MAC, etc.). For reception of coded signals, the monitor must be equipped with a
decoding device covering (the separation of) the R, G and B signals. The most common
means of image reconstitution is the cathode-ray tube, for direct vision, or a projector with
up to three projection cathode-ray tubes, however, other monitors achieve the same
objective by different means (e.g., liquid crystal screens, diffraction of light rays on to a film
of oil).
Video monitors of this heading should not be confused with the display units of automatic
data processing machines described in the Explanatory Note to heading  84.71.’

[7] It is unnecessary for the purposes of this judgment to discuss the general principles
of tariff classification.3 The respondent’s counsel relied on two main submissions on
appeal. Firstly he accepted that the screens possessed the objective characteristics of
video monitors but submitted that they were in truth incomplete television sets because
a) they were designed to be incorporated with the imported tuners and thereby to become
television sets;
b) they possessed sophisticated refinements not related to their functional utility as
monitors which were intended only to serve the function of television receptors; and
c) they lacked the circuitry necessary for use as monitors in a domestic context as distinct

3 The cases are cited in Commissioner, SARS v Komatsu Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd 2007 (2) SA 157 (SCA) fn
5.

from the setting of an office or public place.
For the purposes of this appeal it may be accepted that these specific characteristics did
attach to the monitors. It is unnecessary to enter upon a discussion of the technical
aspects which underlie each aspect.

[8] Counsel for the appellant sought to persuade us that, on the strength of the
additional features thus identified that Rule 2(a) of the General Rules for the Interpretation
of the Harmonized System (which governs the classification of goods) applied to the
screens. This Rule provides as follows:
‘(a)
Any reference in a heading to an article shall be taken to include a reference to that article
incomplete or unfinished, provided that, as presented, the incomplete or unfinished article has the
essential character of the complete or finished article it shall also be taken to include a reference to
that article complete or finished (or falling to be classified as complete or finished by virtue of this
rule), presented unassembled or disassembled.’
Counsel relied only upon the incompleteness of the sets as presented and did not contend
that the sets were presented unassembled or disassembled.

[9] This was not a submission dealt with in terms by Southwood J who was satisfied
that Rule 1 applied viz.
‘For legal purposes, classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and
any relative section or chapter notes and, provided such headings or notes do not otherwise
require, according to the following provisions.’4

[10] In response, counsel for the respondent submitted that, for the purposes of tariff
classification, it is not possible for a product to be regarded as a complete article of one
tariff heading and, at the same time, to be treated as an incomplete article of a different
tariff heading. That indeed is the effect of Interpretative Rule 3 which eliminates the
possibility of classification under more than one heading. But it does not follow that
because an article is complete for the purposes of one heading it may not properly be
regarded as incomplete under another or that the former must prevail in all instances (as
counsel submitted). One may easily envisage an article of low value and utility complete in
itself but also possessing the essential characteristics of an incomplete and far more

4 Those ‘provisions’ are contained in the Explanatory Note to Rule I.

significant product. Rule 3 may then appropriately be applied to the determination. It
follows that I do not agree that Interpretative Rule 2(a) only arises for consideration if the
appellant succeeds in establishing a stratagem which entitles the court to look beyond the
admitted character of the screens as video monitors to their ‘true’ character (being,
according to the respondent’s contention, incomplete apparatus for television reception).

[11] As note (I) to Rule 2(a) emphasises,
‘The first part of Rule 2(a) extends the scope of any heading which refers to a particular article to
cover not only the complete article but also that article incomplete or unfinished, provided that, as
presented, it has the essential character of the complete or finished article.’

[12] The evidence is clear: a tuner is the means by which television signals are received
and converted to an optical image on the screen. Without a tuner the screen can perform
no reception function. In these circumstances, absent the tuner, the screen would appear
to lack the essential character of a complete television set. Counsel for the appellant met
this difficulty by the following submissions:
(a)
The provisions of tariff heading 8529.90.60 proves the argument  to be wrong. That
heading provides that the tuner is not a ‘Reception apparatus for television’, but a part
thereof. Because ‘tuners’  are classifiable as parts of ‘Reception apparatus for television’, a
‘Reception apparatus for television’ must, as a matter of logic, comprise more than just a
tuner, and the screen in the present instance may thus have the essential character of a
‘Reception apparatus for television’ notwithstanding the fact that it is not fitted with a tuner.
(b)
By definition an incomplete or unfinished article has some part or parts missing and
hence cannot function as a complete product (as was the position in the Komatsu case). 5
The absence of one component, even if such a component plays an essential role in the
functioning of the product, can in itself accordingly never be determinative of the question
as to whether the incomplete product has the essential character of the complete product.
(c)
The aforesaid reasoning is borne out by the various examples given in a number of
Explanatory Notes to the heading of Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Act. One example is the
General Note to Chapter 87:
‘An incomplete or unfinished product is classified as a corresponding complete or finished
vehicle provided it has the essential character of the latter (see Interpretative Rule 2(a)), as for

5 Commissioner, SARS v Komatsu Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd 2007 (2) SA 157 (SCA).

example:
(A) a motor vehicle, not yet fitted with the wheels  or tyres and battery.
(B) a motor vehicle not equipped with its engine or with its interior fittings.
(C) a bicycle without saddle and tyres.’

As far as ‘the motor vehicle not equipped with its engine’ is concerned, counsel
submitted that although it might serve as a fully functional chicken coop or trailer and could
be used as such at the time of importation, the reason why it would not be classifiable as
such is because, if proper regard is had to its true nature and characteristics, it is not a
complete chicken coop or trailer, but an incomplete motor vehicle. Similarly, the reason
why the screens are not to be classified as ‘Video monitors’ notwithstanding the fact that
they were fully functional video monitors at the time of importation is because, based on
the evidence as to their true nature and characteristics (set out in paragraph 21 above),
the intention of the designer and the manufacturer of the screens, as ‘objectively
embodied’ in the product, clearly was to design and manufacture a ‘Reception apparatus
for television’ i.e. a television set.’

[13] Attractive as this argument may appear at first glance, I do not think it withstands
closer examination for the reasons which follow.

[14] I agree with counsel for the respondent that reliance on tariff heading 8529.90.60 is
a red herring because the appellant’s argument overlooks Explanatory Note 3 to tariff
heading 8528. That note states that tuners which convert high frequency radio waves fall
under heading 8528; however, devices which simply isolate high-frequency television
signals (sometimes called video tuners) are to be classified as parts in heading 8529.  By
contrast the wording of the tariff heading contended for by the appellant viz ‘reception
apparatus incorporating or designed to incorporate . . . screens with a screen size not
exceeding 3m x 4m’ is indicative that a screen, on its own, is not regarded as a reception
apparatus.

[15] While it is clear that each determination must be made according to the salient facts
attaching to the goods in question (and, in particular, its objective characteristics), and
while in one case an engine may properly be regarded as the essence of the goods, in
another a frame or chassis may be sufficient to satisfy that test. In Autoware (Pty) Ltd v

Secretary for Customs and Excise,6 Colman J was required to consider whether a
vehicle was a panel van or an incomplete station wagon on importation. The learned judge
found that the relative simplicity and low cost of modification was not a decisive criterion,
because the enquiry does not turn on what the product was going to be or what it will be
adapted to be. Rather, the court must consider what the product was at the time of
importation. Colman J held7 that that issue
‘must be decided on the basis of the presence or absence, in the unmodified vehicles, of the
essential features or components of a station wagon . . . What I mean by an essential feature of a
station wagon is not a feature which is important, for one reason or another, or even one which is
essential for the proper functioning of a station wagon. I mean a feature which is essential in that it
embodies the essence of a station wagon, and differentiates such a vehicle from others which are
not station wagons.’

I respectfully endorse that approach.

[16] At the time of entry the screens were, as the appellant concedes, functional video
monitors. They possessed an existence and utility of their own which did not include or
require the incorporation of a device capable of receiving high frequency radio waves and
converting the signal into optical images. But without such a device the use of the screens
as ‘reception apparatus for television’ was totally excluded. That the screen was designed
to accept such a device or could be easily modified to accept it, is, as, Colman J pointed
out, of no consequence if the essential nature does not exist at the time of importation. Nor
does the ‘unnecessary’ addition of the ‘sophisticated’ features which are embodied in the
respondent’s screens, make up for the absence of the means of receiving and converting
signals albeit that it strongly indicates an intention on the part of the importer that the
product is to offer an alternative use to the ultimate purchaser. It is the primary

6 1975 (4) SA 318 (W).
7 At 327G-328A.

design and use which carries most persuasion.8

[17] For these reasons I am of the view that Interpretative Rule 2(a) did not apply to the
video monitors on entry and was rightly not treated as significant by Southwood J.

[18] The second leg of the appellant’s argument turned on its having proved in the court
a quo that the importation was a sham in the sense I have referred to above.9 The
contention faced formidable obstacles.

[19] First, as already emphasised, the screens were per se functional video monitors
and are sold and used as such. Second, the uncontested evidence was that the
respondent did not itself assemble the screens and tuners into television sets but sold
them as separate entities to retailers. Such purchasers might themselves sell the screens
and tuners separately or together or assemble them and sell the product as a television
set. The respondent neither directed nor controlled such purchases or the ultimate use of
the two items.

[20] Prima facie, the modus operandi of the respondent is entirely what it purports to be,
viz the importation of two separate items each having its own commercial utility. The
respondent makes no effort to hide the fact that the overwhelming use by retailers and the
public of the two items is in combination, ie as a television set.

[21] At the outset of the proceedings the appellant implicitly recognised the difficulties
which it faced in attempting to attach a pejorative intention to the separate importation.
Courts are always reluctant to find fraus legis without clear evidence; such clarity can
generally only be obtained by the examination of witnesses with due regard to the way in
which their affairs or those of their businesses have been conducted. Again, adequate
assessment invariably requires insight into the books and documents used in the business.
The appellant, apparently intent on exposing what it suspected was a stratagem, called on
the respondent in correspondence to produce an extensive range of documentation and
wide-ranging information originating both in South Korea and South Africa. The respondent

8 Cf Dowling J in Mincer Motors Ltd v Commissioner of Customs and Excise 1958 (1) SA 652 (T) at 654G-H.
9 As to the general principles, see eg Michau v Maize Board 2003 (6) SA 459 (SCA) para 4.

(with justification) appears to have regarded this demand as in the nature of a fishing
expedition and refused to comply. No aspect of the demand was thereafter pursued by the
Commissioner (although his counsel sought to draw an adverse inference from the
refusal). Application was made to the court a quo for the question of the genuineness of
the separate importations to be referred for the hearing of oral evidence. Southwood J
refused the application and his refusal has not been put in issue before us. Despite all
these considerations the appellant persisted in contending that the court a quo should
have found, on the papers, that the appellant was engaged in a scheme designed to
deprive the fiscus of its legitimate deserts.

[22] The considerations which counsel urged upon us as, cumulatively, sufficient to
prove that the respondent was engaged in a stratagem, were the following:
The opinion of its expert witness, Mr Van Wyk, derived from his identification of the
additional features foreign to a video monitor but necessary to a television set, that
a)
the monitor was designed and manufactured to incorporate the tuner and,
consequently, to be used as a television set;
b)
the tuner was probably designed and manufactured to be connected to, and thus to
function, exclusively with the monitor;
c)
the monitor was not designed simply to be used as a video monitor.
On importation the screens were accompanied by a document titled ‘Plasma TV
Owner’s Manual’.
With the owner’s manual was a pamphlet titled ‘Interface Board Owner’s Manual’
which contained instructions as to how to install the tuner in the screen, and which referred
to the owner’s manual for operating instructions.
According to information downloaded by officials from the respondent’s website in
July 2006, the monitors were supplied as standard with tuners.
At a meeting on 4 September 2006 representatives of the respondent advised the
Commissioner’s officials that:
(a)
the information on its website was incorrect and the monitors and tuners were
imported separately;
(b)
the screens had been redesigned in order to allow for the easy fitment of a tuner
after importation.
The respondent’s refusal to comply with the Commissioner’s request for documents

and information.
The evidence that certain large retailers
a)
only ordered complete television sets;
b)
received, as the delivered product, a screen (with a remote control) and an
uninstalled tuner;
c)
sold the product to their customers as television sets;
d)
were, until about March 2007, invoiced by the respondent for television sets, and,
thereafter, for the monitors and tuners separately.
The respondent imported 22063 screens and 25435 tuners from July 2005 to
December 2006. As the tuners had no use apart from their installation and use with the
screens, the ineluctable inference is that all screens must have been converted into
television sets, leaving the respondent with 3372 spare tuners.
The respondent’s explanation as to why it changed its method of invoicing (‘to avoid
any ambiguity that may have existed’) was disingenuous and illogical. It was open to only
one conclusion, namely that the television sets had all along been ordered, imported and
delivered in ‘kit form’. As a result of the Commissioner’s investigation, the paperwork had
to be changed in order to hide the true facts.
If due attention were paid to the substance of the products, and the sourcing,
purchasing, marketing and onselling of the screens, the conclusion of the court a quo
should have been that the respondent was engaged in a scheme designed to evade the
payment of the tariff applicable to the importation of television sets.

[23] The crux of the factual findings of the court a quo in relation to the charge of fraus
legis was that the screens were designed to serve two markets, one for video monitors or
information display panels, the other for television sets, and that the respondent supplied
both markets. Neither of these facts were denied by the Commissioner in the court a quo
or disputed on appeal.

[24] Southwood J also found that cogent commercial reasons existed for the manner in
which the screens were designed, manufactured and imported into South Africa. Moreover
the modus operandi of the respondent in selling the screen and tuners as separate items
(despite the contrary description in the invoices) was not rebutted at all by the
Commissioner. The learned judge disbelieved the evidence put forward by the

Commissioner concerning both the holding of the meeting on 4 September 2006 and the
content of the admissions allegedly made by and on behalf of the respondent at that
meeting. His grounds for doing so were well-motivated and I am unpersuaded that he
misdirected himself.

[25] Affording due weight to those of the grounds relied on by the appellant which are
either common cause or not seriously denied by the respondent, the conclusion of the
learned judge that the Commissioner had proved no stratagem on the part of the
respondent in regard to the importation of the screens appears to me to have been
justified. There was no evidence to suggest that the respondent manipulated the design or
manufacturing or the importation process to avoid payment of duties. This seems clearly to
fall within that category of cases where a man may legitimately order his affairs so that the
tax is less than it otherwise would be.10

[26] Southwood J made a special order of costs against the appellant. Suffice to say that
no ground has been adduced to interfere with his discretion.

[27] The appeal is dismissed with costs including the costs consequent upon the
employment of two counsel.

____________________

J A Heher

Judge of Appeal

10 IRC v Duke of Westminister [1936] AC 1 at 19; Hicklin v SIR 1980 (1) SA 481 (A) 494G; Michau v
Maize Board, above, para 4.

APPEARANCES
APPELLANT:
C E Puckrin SC with him J A Meyer SC

Instructed by State Attorney, Pretoria;

State Attorney, Bloemfontein

RESPONDENT:
A P Joubert SC with him C J McAslin

Instructed by DLA Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr, Sandown, Sandton;

Naudes, Bloemfontein