THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

OF SOUTH AFRICA

CASE NUMBER 459/97

In the matter between:

Sandile Gqabi

Appellant

and

The State

Respondent

CORAM: Smalberger, Schutz, JJA et Madlanga AJA

Date of Hearing: 11 May 1999

Date of Judgment: 18 May 1999

JUDGMENT

MADLANGA AJA:

BACKGROUND

[1] The appellant and eleven co-accused appeared before van Rensburg J and two
assessors in the Eastern Cape Division of the High Court charged with three counts of
murder, one count of attempted murder and one count of arson. On 16 August 1996 the
appellant was convicted on all five counts, the court finding that in respect of the murder
and attempted murder counts mens rea was in the form of dolus eventualis. All his co-
accused were acquitted on all the counts. The murder counts were treated as one for
purposes of sentence and in respect thereof the appellant was sentenced to twenty years
imprisonment. On the attempted murder and arson counts he was sentenced to eight years
and five years imprisonment respectively. It was ordered that the latter two sentences run
concurrently with the sentence imposed in respect of the murder counts.

[2] van Rensburg J granted the appellant leave to appeal to this court against his
conviction on all the counts.

[3] On 5 November 1994 at about midnight a group of men attacked premises situate at
144B Vellem Street, Joza, Grahamstown ("144B"). At these premises there was a main
house and, at the back, a detached outbuilding and a toilet. The outbuilding consisted of
three rooms. Initially the object of the attack was the outbuilding. Some of the attackers
climbed onto the roof of the outbuilding, removed a corrugated iron sheet, poured petrol
into the outbuilding through the opening in the roof and then set the outbuilding alight.
All the while, those of the attackers who had remained on the ground were pelting the
outbuilding with stones. Inside the outbuilding there were six men, amongst whom were
Fikile Booi and Tandile Anthony Manyati. Once the outbuilding was ablaze, the six men
ran out and hurriedly entered the main house through a broken window. The attackers
immediately directed their attack at the main house. They threw stones at it and set it
alight, again using petrol. Of the six men who had come from the outbuilding and other
people who had been sleeping in the main house, a great many ran away and escaped the
fire. Not so fortunate were Akhona Ngeju, a three year old boy and Tandile Anthony
Manyati, a twenty-five year old man. These two were incinerated in the house and they
are the deceased in the second and third murder counts respectively. The deceased in the
first murder count, Fikile Booi, managed to escape from the burning house but died a few
days later as a result of burns sustained in the fire. Four of the men who had been in the
outbuilding when the attack started survived. The attempted murder count relates to them.

[4] The events set out above were not disputed at the trial. The main issue was the
identity of the persons who launched the attack. Insofar as the appellant is concerned, that
continues to be an issue before this court. A further issue is whether the appellant acted in
concert with the group of attackers - whether common purpose was established. I proceed
to deal with these two issues.

IDENTIFICATION

(a) The evidence

[5] A number of persons witnessed the attack at 144B. However, the trial court relied on
the evidence of only two of these eyewitnesses, Nonkululeko Eunice Ngeju
("Nonkululeko") and Luyanda Ntamo ("Luyanda"). Its judgment sufficiently and
correctly sets out the reasons for rejecting the evidence of the remaining witnesses and of
this I need say no more. In setting out the evidence of Nonkululeko and Luyanda, I shall
deal only with the instances involving their identification of the appellant.

[6] Whilst sleeping in a bedroom of the main house at 144B, Nonkululeko was awakened
by the noise of an impact on the bedroom window. The window broke. She rushed to the
sitting room. Through its window she saw people entering the premises. Though saying
that she did not see these people clearly, she claims that they were the appellant, accused
6 to 9, accused 11 and other persons who were not charged. At a later stage she went
back to the bedroom where she had been sleeping. The window of this bedroom is at the
back and thus faced the outbuilding. Nonkululeko peeped through this window. She saw
(clearly this time) accused 2 and 3 on the roof of the outbuilding. The appellant, accused
4 to 10 and a certain Boyboy (not one of the accused) were on the ground throwing
stones at the outbuilding. Nonkululeko also testified that she had known the appellant for
a long time prior to the attack ("van lankal af"). She used to visit a certain house in the
vicinity of the appellant’s home and on such occasions she would see the appellant at his
home.

[7] Luyanda was amongst the six men who were in the outbuilding. Whilst they were
there, an object struck the door, which flew open. Just outside the outbuilding he saw a
group of people. Others were in a dirt road nearby (Vellem Street being a tarred street).
One of the six shut the door. Luyanda, using an inside door, went to an adjoining room.
He peeped through a hole in the door leading outside and saw that the appellant was
amongst the people in front of the outbuilding. These people were pelting the outbuilding
with stones. After escaping into the main house, he hid behind a wardrobe. While hiding
there he could see outside through a window. His evidence is not clear as to which
window this was. Through it he saw the appellant moving about. After he had eventually
got out of the main house, the police called him to their van. They asked him to identify a
person inside the van. They shone a torch on his face. Luyanda identified him as one of
the attackers. That person was the appellant. Luyanda and the appellant were
acquaintances and shared two mutual friends, Nqoyi and Zola. Luyanda had a girlfriend,
Nqabisa, whose home was in the same passageway ("gang") as the appellant’s home. As
at the date of the attack, he had known the appellant for two years. During that period he
used to see the appellant fairly regularly.

[8] Constable Tamboer, a detective ("Tamboer"), testified that at about 1h20 on 6
November 1994 he and Detective Sergeant de Jongh ("de Jongh") received a telephonic

report concerning the incident at 144B. They drove there, de Jongh being the driver.
According to de Jongh, whose evidence is dealt with later, they drove in a sedan. As they
approached the scene, they travelled from east to west in Vellem Street. Before the motor
vehicle stopped, Tamboer saw a man on the roof of an outbuilding of the premises
adjacent to 144B. From the roof, the man jumped over a fence and landed in the yard of
adjoining premises (i.e. two premises to the east of 144B). The man immediately ran
away in an easterly direction within the premises alongside Vellem Street. As their motor
vehicle was coming to a standstill, Tamboer got out and gave chase, running in Vellem
Street parallel to the man he was pursuing. Just before the corner of Vellem Street and a
dirt road, the man disappeared behind a house. When Tamboer reached the corner of the
two streets, he saw the man jump over the wall of the second house from the corner
(down the dirt road) into the yard. From the time the man disappeared behind the house
to the time Tamboer saw him again only about four seconds had elapsed. The man
disappeared behind the wall. Tamboer went down the dirt road and looked inside the yard
but did not see him. On continuing his search, and next to this yard, he found the man
lying on his stomach between a wall and a motor vehicle. From the time the man jumped
over the wall to the time he was found about one to two minutes had elapsed. This man
was the appellant. Tamboer testified that although he could not recall what the appellant’s
attire was, the attire of the man he had seen jump from the roof and that of the man he
found between the wall and the motor vehicle was the same. He arrested the appellant. At
that stage de Jongh joined him. On taking the appellant back to 144B, they found that a
number of other police vehicles and firemen had arrived. They placed the appellant in the
back of a police van. He was the only person in that van. In fact, he was the only person
arrested at the scene. On the way back to the charge office their sedan and the van in
which the appellant was followed each other. Tamboer next saw the appellant when he
was called to testify at the trial. A somewhat strange feature of Tamboer’s evidence is
that when he and de Jongh arrived back at the charge office, he went straight to the
detectives’ offices and did not enter the charge office to see to the booking in and locking
up of the appellant. This should be contrasted with what appears in the summary of the
evidence of de Jongh and Sergeant Kiti ("Kiti").

[9] de Jongh testified that on arrival at 144B he saw a man jump over a fence of a
neighbouring yard. He also saw six to eight people run out of the yard of 144B. About
two other people who were already in the street when he first saw them also ran away. As
he was stopping the motor vehicle, Tamboer jumped out and ran down Vellem Street in
the direction whence they had come. According to standing police instructions, police
partners are supposed to "stick with" each other and provide each other with backup. For
that reason, as soon as de Jongh had stopped the motor vehicle, he followed Tamboer at a
distance of about ten to fifteen metres. At that stage he could only see Tamboer. He did
not know what had become of the man who had jumped over the fence. After they had
turned into the dirt road, he saw Tamboer look inside certain premises surrounded by a
brick wall. Tamboer quickly came out and went around a motor vehicle which was
parked in the driveway of these premises and pulled the appellant from the ground.

[10] As will appear later, it is necessary to describe these premises. Photograph 8 of
Exhibit "B", an aerial photograph, fairly depicts these premises. The one side of the brick

wall extends in a straight line right from the wall of the house itself towards the dirt road.
The wall then forms a 90° turn so that it stands in front of the house. About halfway
down the length of what appears to be a very big house (it may be two houses which are
not detached but nothing turns on this) the wall again turns at 90° and stretches towards,
and makes contact with, the house. There is thus an enclosed yard infront of this first
portion of the house. The remaining half of the big house (if not the second house)
extends parallel to the last-mentioned portion of the wall towards the dirt road, so that
there is a passage between this part of the house and that portion of the wall. This passage
extends from very close to the dirt road right up to the house itself. It is this passage
which has been referred to as a driveway. The clear impression created by this scene is
that if the front door/s of the house/s was/were locked (which must have been the case at
that time of the night), the only way anybody who found himself in the enclosed front
yard or in the driveway could have left the premises was by going onto the road in front.
According to Tamboer’s evidence, the man he saw jump over the wall would have landed
in the enclosed yard. The significance of this is dealt with later.

[11] de Jongh further testified that they arrested the appellant and took him to 144B
where they placed him in the back of a police van which, together with other police
vehicles and fire engines, had since arrived. At the scene he met and spoke to Luyanda
who claimed to have witnessed the attack. He took Luyanda to the back of the van and
shone a torch in the appellant’s face. Luyanda confirmed that the appellant was one of the
attackers. Much later they left for the charge office where de Jongh instructed Tamboer
(who complied) to attend to the booking in and locking up of the appellant whilst he (de
Jongh) remained in the charge office attending to other duties. His evidence also confirms
that only one person was arrested that night. Other suspects were only arrested a few days
thereafter. Under cross-examination he said that he could not tell whether the man he saw
jump over a fence was the appellant. He also said that he never saw anybody on top of a
roof.

[12] During the night of 5 and 6 November 1994 Kiti was in charge of the police cells at
the police station which is at Beaufort Street, Grahamstown. He personally made an entry
in the occurrence book concerning the arrest and locking up of the appellant. He
confirmed that it was Tamboer who had the appellant locked up and who signed for the
entry made by him. The entry makes specific mention of the appellant’s name. It was the
appellant himself who gave his name to Kiti.

[13] The appellant’s version was that he was coming from his sister’s home very late at
night. He saw smoke and heard motor vehicles making a noise - under cross-examination
he seemed to accept that the noise was that of sirens. He decided to go to the place where
the smoke was, which was at 144B. On arrival there he stood on the pavement opposite
144B. After a very short while he departed homeward bound. Whilst walking on a dirt
road which is some distance from the one Tamboer and de Jongh claim to have arrested
him beside (in fact in roughly the opposite direction), a police van approached him from
behind. It stopped and police got out, walked up to him and arrested him. None of these
police was either Tamboer or de Jongh. In fact, he never saw Tamboer and de Jongh at all
that night. When cross-examining Kiti, he went so far as to suggest that the person

brought to the charge office by Tamboer and who gave his name as Sandile Gqabi (the
appellant’s name) must have been somebody else. He was taken back to 144B. Whilst the
police van was parked there, a light was shone in his face. The light blinded him and he
could not tell who it was. All he heard was "kumshaing" (the speaking of a European
language or a derivative thereof which in this case could either have been English or
Afrikaans) and he did not understand what was said.

(b) Evaluation of the evidence

[14] Nonkululeko’s evidence is open to some criticism. The trial court held an inspection
in loco at 144B between 19h15 and 20h00 on 8 November 1995. Amongst others, the
findings were:

"1. Lighting:

(a) The external lighting in the area is furnished by three high-masts each with a battery
of lights affixed thereto;

(b) None of the masts is close to the premises at 144B Joza;

(c) At the back of the main house where the outbuilding, which was burnt down on the
night in question, was situated, the lighting cannot be described as good;

(d) The outbuilding which was burnt down has not been rebuilt and the area where the
outbuilding was situated is now simply a flat piece of ground;

(e) A large portion of the area at the rear of the main house where the outbuilding was
situated and between where the outbuilding was situated and the rear wall of the main
house was covered in shadow;

(f) The shadow was cast by the main house and the outside toilets standing at the rear of
the main house;

(g) On observation it was possible to identify a person some four metres away while
standing immediately outside the window of the bedroom at the rear of the main house if
he was known to you, but even then it required fairly close scrutiny;

(h) From our observations a witness would have experienced difficulty in identifying
someone who was not known to him from the said distance of four metres;

(i) It would appear that in all probability the outbuilding which was burnt down would
have cast further shadow in the four metre area between the rear of the main house and
the outbuilding;

(j) Visibility in the area in front of the main house at 144B Joza was markedly better.

2. The distance from the wall of the building on the roof of which constable Tamboer
said he saw a person standing and the fence over which the person jumped directly from
the roof is approximately 90 centimetres."

From the aforegoing it is clear that between the bedroom window through which
Nonkululeko peeped and the outbuilding the lighting and visibility were not good. This is
the area where Nonkululeko claims to have seen the appellant. Secondly, as the appellant
was throwing stones at the outbuilding, he had his back to Nonkululeko, this minimising
chances of proper observation. The only times Nonkululeko could have seen the
appellant’s face (or at the very least the side of his face) were when, according to
Nonkululeko, the appellant was standing at an angle in relation to the bedroom window.
A suggestion by Nonkululeko that at some stage the appellant faced her squarely and that
she then had a good view of his face seems to be an afterthought and I shall say no more
of it. Thirdly, the scene was a moving one. She said, "... hulle het hier op en af beweeg."
Later on she added, "Nee dit was net ‘n deurmekaarspul." Fourthly, she was frightened.
To a degree, all of these militate against proper identification.

[15] Save for the fact that as Luyanda was peeping through the hole in the door of the
outbuilding the appellant was facing him (as opposed to giving his back to him),
Luyanda’s evidence may be criticised on similar grounds to Nonkululeko’s. Indeed, the
trial court did level criticism at the evidence of these two witnesses. The trial court was
quite alive to the inherent dangers attendant upon their testimony. In addition to the
criticism raised above the trial court considered a few more grounds for criticism which
in its view added to the necessity for circumspection. I need not discuss these other
factors any further. Suffice it to say that because of the cumulative effect of all these
factors, the trial court, quite correctly in my view, treated the evidence of Nonkululeko
and Luyanda with extreme caution. The court went so far as to suggest that in all
likelihood a verdict of guilty could not have been returned had it not been for the
evidence of the police witnesses. It is, therefore, necessary to consider to what extent the
evidence of the police assists the State case.

[16] The evidence of de Jongh clearly suggests that the attack was not yet over when he
and Tamboer arrived at the scene. This is deduced from the fact that about six or eight
people and about two others ran away from the yard of 144B and the street respectively
as soon as the two policemen arrived. These people must have been part of the group that
was launching the attack. It would be fanciful to suggest that those people were either
onlookers or people who had either come to offer assistance or were there for any other
lawful purpose. The fact of running away discounts any such possibility. Further, the fact

that all ten or so of the people ran away once the police arrived dispels any possible
suggestion that some people may have run away from the police for any number of
reasons, even if not guilty of any wrongdoing. It is worth noting that at the same time
Tamboer saw one person jump from the roof and also run away.

[17] The evidence has revealed that in the vicinity where de Jongh witnessed the act of
jumping over a fence Tamboer saw a man jump from a roof and over the same fence as
that referred to by de Jongh. The attack at 144B was characterised by the throwing of
stones and the climbing onto the roofs of both the outbuilding and the main house. The
record of the trial court’s observations at the inspection in loco which has already been
referred to also indicates that the roof of the main house at 144B was so close to the roof
of the adjoining house at 145B which, in turn, was so close to the roof of the outbuilding
at 145B, that a person could have walked from one roof to the next with ease. That being
so, and as the attack was still on when Tamboer and de Jongh arrived at the scene, the
inference is inescapable that the man who jumped from the roof over a fence was one of
the attackers. This is fortified by the fact that he escaped from the scene at the same time
as the other ten or so people already mentioned. That he was on top of a roof at 145B and
not at 144B is no answer to this conclusion because, as already indicated above, 144B
was quite close by and movement from roof to roof in the course of the attack presented
no difficulty. In my view, the suggestion by Mr Glover who appeared for the appellant
that an innocent bystander could have decided to climb the roof of the outbuilding at
145B so as to have a good view of what was happening is so fanciful as to require no
further comment.

[18] Mr Glover, in an attempt to distance the appellant from the man who had jumped
from the roof, submitted that the man de Jongh saw jump over the fence was not the same
as the one Tamboer saw jump from the roof. Inexplicably (but fortunately I do not have
to delve into this), he preferred the possibility that the appellant jumped from ground
level over the fence and that he was the man seen by de Jongh. He submitted that his
running away and hiding did not necessarily translate to guilt and that if it was the
appellant who was fleeing, he could have been fearful of the police purely because of his
long criminal record. The suggestion that two men jumped over the fence flies in the face
of the available and credible evidence. Tamboer, not being the driver, had an opportunity
to look and did look as the man jumped over the fence. He did not see another man jump
over that same fence from ground level. de Jongh, being the driver and still having to
bring the motor vehicle to a standstill, did not have as good an opportunity to observe
what was going on. Indeed, he was frank enough to say that he did not even see what the
man next did after he had jumped over the fence. Even when he followed Tamboer down
Vellem Street, the man was nowhere in sight. In my view, only one man jumped over the
fence and he jumped from the roof. de Jongh’s evidence can be explained on the basis
that he must have seen the man when he was already in the air and in the process of
jumping.

[19] In paragraph [17] above it has already been concluded that the man who jumped
from the roof was one of the attackers. It must next be considered whether that man was
the appellant. The man from the roof disappeared from Tamboer’s view for the first time

when he ran behind a house at the corner of Vellem Street and the dirt road. This
disappearance lasted only about four seconds. The man disappeared again when he
jumped over the wall of the premises described in paragraph [10] above. This
disappearance lasted no more than one to two minutes. The position in which Tamboer
found the appellant suggests that he was hiding. As appears from the description given
above, short of getting inside the house (which, because of the hour, seems unlikely
unless the person was not only known but was also welcome), there was no route of
escape once the man jumped into the enclosed yard. The only way out was the dirt road
by which the police were approaching. The man was thus cornered. Attempting to hide
between the wall and the motor vehicle was the man’s failed and last resort. According to
Tamboer, the clothing of the man who jumped from the roof and that of the man he
arrested was the same. The cumulative effect of all these factors leads to the conclusion
that the man who jumped from the roof and the appellant are one and the same person. To
conclude this part of the debate, I must mention that Mr Glover accepted that the
appellant was untruthful about where, and by whom, he was arrested. He thus accepted
that he was the man arrested by Tamboer in the presence of de Jongh. This concession, in
my view, was correctly made. It thus becomes unnecessary to deal with what I referred to
as a strange feature in Tamboer’s evidence, and that is the question of who it is that
booked the appellant in at the charge office. If there had been some semblance of truth in
the appellant’s version, it would have been necessary to deal with this aspect of
Tamboer’s evidence to establish a clear contemporaneous chain of events culminating in
the appellant being locked up in the cells so as to discount any possibility that the
appellant was arrested elsewhere and by other police officers. Suffice it to say that this
strange feature of Tamboer’s evidence may be explained by a lapse in memory
occasioned by the long time lapse (about two years) from the time of the appellant’s
arrest to the time Tamboer testified in court. I did not understand Mr Glover to be
questioning the credibility of Tamboer and de Jongh.

[20] Regard being had to the fact that all that the trial court found is that there was a risk
that Nonkululeko and Luyanda were mistaken in their identification of the appellant (and
not that they were mendacious or dishonest), such risk is eliminated by the cogent
corroborative evidence of Tamboer and de Jongh. The evidence against the appellant thus
amounted to so strong a case that in the absence of a reasonably possibly true explanation
his guilt had to follow. Is there a reasonably possibly true explanation?

[21] With the aid of aerial photographs the appellant mapped out where he was coming
from and where he was when he first saw the smoke at 144B. Even though no
measurements were given, it seems that this was quite a long way off. Appellant also
indicated where his home was. In moving from where he first noticed the smoke towards
144B he was going away from his home. To go all that way, leaving his home behind in
the dead of night, he must have been extremely curious and intent on seeing what was
going on at 144B. Strangely enough, he testified that on arrival at the scene, he stood for
a short while and left. When cross-examined on his observations at the scene he was very
evasive. He said that on arrival he observed that there were motor vehicles. When asked
whether any of these were police vehicles or fire engines, he said that, because he did not
stay for long, he could not tell. Further, in answer to the question as to what he found

going on at the scene, he said that he did not know and that the reason for this was again
the fact of departure soon after arrival. It eventually became clear that in essence at the
scene the appellant took particular note of only the smoke and fire, something very
strange for somebody who had come a long way apparently intent on looking on. Without
going any further, the appellant’s version was correctly rejected. The submission by Mr
Glover that lies do not necessarily translate to guilt is misplaced. As indicated above, a
strong case which can only be displaced by a reasonably possibly true explanation exists
without any reliance on the appellant’s untruthful testimony. In no way does this
approach offend against the principle set out in S v Mtsweni 1985 (1) SA 590 (A).

COMMON PURPOSE

[22] If I understood Mr Glover correctly, his submission under this point related to
whether the appellant was shown to have been associated with the attackers. A short
answer to this is that this enquiry is sufficiently dealt with in paragraphs [16] to [19]
above. That the appellant only ran away from the scene at the tail end of the events, and
only because of the arrival of the police, sufficiently demonstrates his association with
the acts of the group that launched the attack. Therefore, in the absence of evidence
tending to show that he ever dissociated himself from the group which launched the
attack in a manner which recklessly disregarded the real possibility of the death of people
who were in the outbuilding and the main house, he, in my view, is guilty of murder and
attempted murder. He is also guilty of arson. The group of attackers went to 144B with
the obvious intention of attacking in the manner already described. That they were
recklessly careless as to whether the death of people in the premises ensued sufficiently
demonstrates dolus eventualis.

[23] This appeal is not only purely factual but, as appears from the aforegoing debate, the
factual issues raised in it are by no means complex or of such importance as to warrant
the attention of this court. Accordingly, van Rensburg J should not have granted leave to
this court without any indication as to why such leave was not granted to the full court of
the Eastern Cape Division. In its present form the wording of section 315(2)(a) of the
Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 clearly enjoins a trial judge to first be satisfied that
the questions of law and of fact and other considerations involved in the appeal are of
such a nature that the appeal requires the attention of this court before he/she can grant
leave to this court. If he/she is not so satisfied, it is obligatory that leave be granted to the
full court of the division concerned. The absence of reasons on this issue makes it
difficult to understand why leave was granted to this court. Trial judges should always be
wary not to unnecessarily burden the roll of this court with appeals that may be
adequately disposed of by the full court of the division concerned (cf S v Myaka 1993 (2)
SACR 660 (A)).

[24] The appeal is dismissed.

M R MADLANGA

ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

SMALBERGER JA AND SCHUTZ JA CONCUR

Back to SCA judgments
Back to Wits Law School