Reportable
Case No 134/2001

In the matter between:

D F SCOTT (EP) (PTY) LIMITED                                              Appellant

and

GOLDEN VALLEY SUPERMARKET

Respondent

Coram:
HARMS, CAMERON and NUGENT JJA
Heard:
6 & 15 MAY 2002
Delivered: 23 MAY 2002
Subject:
Application and interpretation of Magistrates’ Courts’ rule 54.

JUDGMENT

HARMS JA/

HARMS JA:
[1] This appeal concerns an aspect of Magistrates’ Courts’ rule 54.  The
rule deals with actions by and against partners, a person carrying on a
business in a name or style other than that person’s own name, and by or
against an unincorporated company, syndicate or association.  It primarily
permits these ‘entities’ to sue and be sued without citing the ‘real’ parties
(such as the individual partners) by name.  But, as some Roman once
remarked, nomen est omen: citing a party under that party’s alias may be
risky.  As far back as 1930, this Court had the occasion to express its dismay
at the rule (Parker v Rand Motor Transport Co and Another 1930 AD 353
361; see also Rees v Feldman 1927 TPD 884).  At the same time the hope
was expressed that it may be found expedient to substitute a simpler and less
confusing system of rules.  No such luck.  The principles underlying the rule
were later incorporated in Uniform rule 14.  To complicate matters the two

rules, without a discernible rationale, are not the same.   Even the meaning
of words differ.  For instance, the word ‘firm’ is used in rule 54 to refer to a
partnership whereas it is defined in rule 14 to refer to a business, carried on
by its sole proprietor under a name other than that person’s own.  Although
this judgment concerns rule 54, the term will be used in the rule 14 sense.
[2] The plaintiff (the present appellant) issued summons in the
magistrate’s court for the district of Somerset East for payment for goods
sold and delivered during January and February 1997.  The defendant was
cited as ‘Golden Valley Supermarket’ and the summons called upon
‘die eienaar, Golden Valley Supermark, ‘n firma wat handel dryf te Golden Valley,
Somerset Oos’
to do what summonses usually require of defendants.  In due course an
appearance to defend was entered on behalf of the ‘defendant’.  The attorney
on behalf of the defendant sought further particulars and these were
supplied.

[3] The defendant, through the attorney, filed a plea, which, from the
outset, contained the following defence:
‘1.1 Golden Valley Supremarket is tans die eiendom van die Golden Valley Ventures BK
en is gemelde beslote korporasie dus die verweerder in hierdie aksie;
1.2 Gedurende die tydperk 30 Oktober 1996 tot 4 Maart 1997 het ene meneer Wayne Vye
die perseel, toerusting en meublement van Golden Valley Supermarket gehuur by die
verweerder en het persoonlik handel gedryf onder die naam van Golden Valley
Supermarket.’
[4] The plea was in accordance with Magistrates’ Courts rule 19(5).  It
provides –
‘(a) For the purposes of this rule “defendant” includes a person upon whom a summons
has been served and who alleges that he is not the defendant cited in the summons and
enters appearance to defend on that ground. The court may on hearing of any such
defence order costs to be paid to or by such person as if he were a party to the action.

(b) If such defence be sustained the court, instead of dismissing the summons, may, if
moved thereto by the plaintiff, allow any necessary amendment and order that it be
served upon the real defendant.’
[5] The case went to trial on substantially this issue.  The plaintiff’s case
was that the close corporation and not Mr Wayne Vye was liable to it.  The
defendant’s evidence was in accordance with the plea and the Magistrate in
the event upheld the plea, finding that the plaintiff all along knew that Mr
Wayne Vye, and not the close corporation, was its debtor.  The claim was
consequently dismissed with costs.
[6] The plaintiff appealed to the Full Bench (DF Scott (EP) (Pty) Ltd v
Golden Valley Supermarket [2001] 1 All SA 303 (E) per Kroon J and
Govender AJ).  For purposes of the appeal the plaintiff accepted the
Magistrate’s factual findings but argued that, in spite thereof, it was entitled
to judgment against ‘Golden Valley Supermarket’.  In this regard the
plaintiff relied upon rule 54 and the judgment of the Cape Full Court in

Farm Fare (Pty) Ltd v Fairwood Supermarket 1986 (4) SA 258 (C) 262C-E.
The Court below nevertheless dismissed the appeal but granted the
necessary leave to appeal to this Court where the issue remains whether on
the facts judgment can be entered against ‘Golden Valley Supermarket’.
[7] The record before the Court below was somewhat defective and the
learned Judges were consequently unaware of the fact that after the filing of
the plea the plaintiff had served a notice, purportedly under rule 54(1),
requiring of the defendant to provide it with the names and addresses of the
persons who had been the partners of the firm at the time the cause of action
arose.  The response accorded with the plea and stated that Mr Wayne Vye
had been the sole proprietor of the business at the time.
[8] Rule 54 provides as follows –
‘(1) Any two or more persons claiming or being sued as co-partners may sue or be sued
in the name of the firm of which such persons were co-partners at the time of the
accruing of the cause of action. In any such case any party may by notice require from the

party so suing or sued a statement of the names and places of residence of the persons
who were at the time of the accruing of the cause of action co-partners in any such firm.
(2) The party receiving such notice shall, within 10 days after receipt thereof, deliver the
statement required.
(3) When the names of the partners are so declared, the action shall proceed in the same
manner and the same consequences in all respects shall follow as if they had been named
in the summons; but all the proceedings shall nevertheless continue in the name of the
firm.
(4) Any person carrying on business in a name or style other than his own name may sue
or be sued in such name or style as if it were a firm name; and so far as the nature of the
case will permit, all the provisions of this rule relating to proceedings against firms shall
apply.
(5) The provisions of this rule shall also mutatis mutandis apply to an unincorporated
company, syndicate or association.
(6) When action has been instituted by or against a firm or by or against a person carrying
on business in a name or style other than his own name or by or against an
unincorporated company, syndicate or association in the name of the firm or in such

name or style or in the name of the company, syndicate or association, as the case may
be, the court may on the application of the other party to the action made at any time
either before or after judgment on notice to a person alleged to be a partner in such firm
or the person so carrying on business, or a member of such company, syndicate or
association, declare such person to be a partner, the person so carrying on business or a
member, as the case may be, and on the making of such order the provisions of subrule
(3) shall apply as if the name of such person had been declared in a statement delivered
as provided in subrule (2).’
[9] The approach to and interpretation of the rule are subject to a number
of trite propositions, which in the context of the appeal nevertheless require
emphasis.  Rules of court are designed to ensure a fair hearing and should be
interpreted in such a way as to advance, and not reduce, the scope of the
entrenched fair trial right (s 34 of the Constitution; De Beer NO v North-
Central Local Council and South-Central Local Council and Others
(Umhlatuzana Civic Association Intervening) 2002 (1) SA 429 (CC) 439).
The rule deals with procedure and not with substantive law (Simpson’s

Motors v Flamingo Motors 1989 (4) SA 797 (W) 797I).  It does not turn a
partnership or firm into a different entity or into a juristic person, existing
separately from its members or owner (Parker supra 357 in fine).  It does
not create rights or liabilities which otherwise would not have existed
(Ahmed v Belmont Supermarket 1991 3 SA 809 (N)).  Also, it does not
override other rules of more basic and general application.  For instance,
legal proceedings cannot commence against any party unless that party is
notified by means of an initiating process; if not, the proceedings are null
and void (Dada v Dada 1977 (2) SA 287 (T) 288C-F).  Further, actions have
to be commenced by a summons with a call upon the defendant (rule 5(1)),
who must be properly identified (rule 6(5)), the process must be served upon
the defendant, and the defendant must be given the opportunity to defend the
case and to file a plea setting out the nature of the defence.

[10] If, as in this case, someone carries on business in a name or style other
than that person’s own, he may be sued in that name (rule 54(4)).  It is
important to note the use of the present tense in the opening phrase of the
sub-rule: ‘any person carrying on business’ (Maisel v Anglo African
Furnishing Co 1931 CPD 223 225).  In this regard it differs from sub-rule
(1), which deals with partnerships and where past facts (who were partners
at the time the cause of action accrued?) might be relevant.  In other words,
the provisions of sub-rule (4) can be used only to determine the true identity
of the defendant before court.  (The citation of the defendant in the
summons, by the way, was of the present owner of the business.)  It is of
little consequence that the other provisions of the rule apply to a case
covered by this sub-rule because that is only the position ‘so far as the nature
of the case will permit’.  Maisel (loc cit)1 explained that –

1 Followed in The Fifty Six Dry Cleaners v Capitol Electric Co 1962 (3) SA 529 (T).

‘[t]he nature of the case will not permit [the provision] to apply when action is instituted
at a time when B owns a business upon a cause of action which accrued when A owned
the business. In such a case, if plaintiff has a cause of action against B at all, he must
elect whether to sue A or B. He cannot issue summons against the firm name, and serve it
on B, and then, on a disclosure by B that A was the owner of the business when the cause
of action accrued, claim that A is a party to the action. A and B, not being partners,
cannot both be defendants in the action, and if A is the real party sued, then the disclosure
of A's name made by B is not a disclosure by the 'party sued' in terms of Order 7, Rule 6
(1) [the present rule 54(1)] and consequently the Rule cannot apply.’
[11] This statement is, in my view, correct and directly applicable to this
case.  The plaintiff’s notice under rule 54(1) was ill conceived.  At that stage
the plaintiff knew from the plea who the defendant before the court was and
who (according to the defendant) the owner of the firm was when the cause
of action accrued.  Even on the plaintiff’s version it was not a partnership.
The request to disclose the name of the partners was in the circumstances
misplaced.  The plaintiff had chosen its target, namely the close corporation,

albeit by using its alias.  The defendant, as mentioned, filed a plea under rule
19(5) and on that the plaintiff joined issue.  A plea in that form entitled the
defendant to have the dispute as to the identity of the defendant settled,
something the Magistrate did.  The plaintiff did not apply under par (b) of
the sub-rule for an amendment of the claim and service upon the ‘real’
defendant.  Under these circumstances, as the Magistrate correctly held, the
reliance on rule 54(4) was misplaced and out of order. See Rustenburg Kloof
Kiosk v Friedland, Hart, Cooper & Novis 1973 (2) SA 130 (T) 134.
[12] As mentioned, the plaintiff in the face of all this, pinned its hopes on
Farm Fare, a judgment which in differing degrees was not kindly received
by other courts (Simpson’s Motors v Flamingo Motors supra; Ahmed v
Belmont Supermarket supra; PK Stores (Pty) Ltd t/a Eric’s Spar v Mike’s
Kitchen 1994 (2) SA 322 (O)).  Before quoting the salient passage from the
judgment, some factual background.  The plaintiff sued a firm under its

business name.  Ms Noor signed the power of attorney for the entering of
appearance and, in opposing the summary judgment application, described
herself as the proprietor of the firm.  The defence was that the firm had
purchased goods from the plaintiff on a cash basis only and that there could
consequently not have been any amounts due to the plaintiff.  On that issue
the matter went to trial.  To the plaintiff’s surprise, the defendant called a
witness – not Ms Noor – who alleged out of the blue that one Hassan and not
Ms Noor had been the owner at the relevant time.  The trial court upheld this
‘defence’ and dismissed the claim.  The Full Court, instead of dealing with
the matter only on the simple basis that the trial court had erred in upholding
a defence, which had not been pleaded or properly ventilated, proceeded to
consider whether or not a plea by the defendant that the owner at the
relevant time was Hassan and not the present owner would have been
excipiable (at 261I-J).  It found that it would.

[13] The judgment in Farm Fare explained this finding (at 261J-262E) –
‘Moreover in founding his judgment on the alleged transfer and retransfer of the business,
the trial Judge denied plaintiff the benefit of the provisions of Rule 14 in terms of which
plaintiff chose to sue, and inflicted on it a defendant which plaintiff had never itself
selected.  Plaintiff at no stage in the proceedings purported to sue Miss Noor instead of
(the possibly mythological) Hassan.  Rule 14 (2) provides in so many words that a firm
may be sued in its own name.  The plaintiff need not allege the name of the proprietor.
The plaintiff may, but is not obliged to, attempt to discover who wore the mask of the
firm name at the "relevant date" - apparently the date when the cause of action arose.  . . .
Where such information is not forthcoming, whether or not it has been called for, nothing
prevents judgment being given against the firm as cited. A judgment in that form limits to
the assets of the business the source from which plaintiff may recover the judgment debt.
. . .  It is irrelevant who was the proprietor at the "relevant date". Normally when a
business is sold, that includes the assets, goodwill and liabilities.’
[14] The basic premise, namely that a plea in this form would have been
excipiable is, at least as far as magistrates’ courts are concerned, wrong.  As

stated, rule 19(5) provides in terms for such a plea.  It is difficult to see why
the position would be different in the High Court.  The passage quoted also
contains some statements that have to be qualified.  It is correct that the
manner in which the case was handled had deprived the plaintiff of its
procedural rights under uniform rule 14 but it is not entirely accurate to state
that the trial court inflicted a defendant upon the plaintiff whom the plaintiff
had not selected.  The plaintiff had chosen the firm, which means that it had
chosen the owner of the firm.  On the pleadings and in the light of other
factors it was common cause that the owner was Ms Noor.  The plaintiff
was, accordingly, entitled to judgment as prayed and judgment should have
been issued against the firm.  In the light of the common cause facts
execution would then have been against the goods of Ms Noor.  The error of
the trial court was that it permitted the raising of an issue, which the
defendant on record was not entitled to raise at that stage. Cf Engelbrecht

and Another v Visentin: in re Visentin v Clensatron South Africa and Others
1997 (2) SA 241 (W).
[15] Although it is correct, as stated in Farm Fare, that judgment may be
entered against a firm, whether or not the name of the owner has been
disclosed, this general proposition does not take account of the case where
the identity of the owner of the business is in issue.  If the owner of the firm
before court is one person but the plaintiff wishes to hold another liable
under that name, the identity of the proprietor at the date concerned is,
contrary to the impression created by the Full Court’s judgment, highly
relevant.
[16] The last sentence quoted is also incorrect to the extent that it states
that when a business is sold it generally includes the liabilities.  Liabilities
can only be transferred by means of a delegation, an agreement to which the
creditor is a party.  The sentence is also out of context.  In deciding whether

a defence is excipiable, a court cannot have regard to what agreements
‘normally’ contain.
[17] It follows that Farm Fare cannot be relied on to support the plaintiff’s
argument.  Counsel was asked about the object of the present exercise: what
does the plaintiff wish to do with a judgment against ‘Golden Valley
Supermarket’?  The frank response was that the plaintiff wishes to execute
on the goods of Mr Wayne Vye after having him declared the person who
carried on business under that name at the time the cause of action had
arisen under rule 54(6) which has been quoted above.  If this were possible,
as counsel conceded, it would mean that the rule transformed firms into legal
entities separate and apart from their owners.  It would also mean that a
judgment would be effective against someone who was not a party to the
litigation.

[18] This is not the effect of this badly drafted sub-rule.  The problem is
that, as is the case of the whole of the rule, a rule drafted to deal with
partnerships (where the partnership has assets separate from those belonging
to the individual partners) was made applicable to individuals who trade
under an alias (where all the assets vest in the same estate).2  Nevertheless,
the sub-rule cannot give the plaintiff what it wants.  To the extent relevant, it
provides that when action has been instituted against a person carrying on
business in a name or style other than his own, the court may on application
of the plaintiff made at any time either before or after judgment on notice to
a person alleged to be the person so carrying on business, declare such
person to be the person so carrying on business.  Once again, the provision is
limited to the person who, at the time of the summons, was carrying on the
business under that name.  The effect is that if the issue arises as to who the
person behind the persona is, the court may determine that issue.  It does not

2 For the history of sub-rule (6): Xakana v Elliot Brothers (Queenstown) (Pty) Ltd 1967 (4) SA 724 (E)
727E-H.

mean that someone who is (or was) not before court is suddenly transformed
into a judgment debtor.  Any other interpretation would render the sub-rule
ultra vires.
[19] The courts below were consequently correct in not granting judgment
against ‘Golden Valley Supermarket’.  It remains to record that there was no
appearance for the respondent when the appeal was called on 6 May.  The
matter stood down and later that morning, by agreement, was postponed to
15 May 2002.  Since the non-appearance was due to the negligence of the
respondent’s Grahamstown attorneys, they were then ordered to pay the
appellant’s wasted costs de bonis propriis on the attorney and client scale.

The appeal is dismissed with costs.
__________________

L T C HARMS
JUDGE OF APPEAL
AGREE:
CAMERON JA
NUGENT JA