THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case no: 570/11
Not reportable

In the matter between:

DANNY PILLAY
APPELLANT

and

THE STATE
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Pillay v The State (570/11) [2012] ZASCA 43 (29 March 2012)

Coram:
Cloete, Mhlantla, Bosielo, and Tshiqi JJA et Petse AJA

Heard:
23 February 2012

Delivered:
29 March 2012

Summary:
Appeal – conviction against charges of rape and indecent assault on
two complainants – reliability of the evidence of state witnesses – whether the
court a quo applied the necessary caution.

ORDER

On appeal from:  North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria (Phatudi J and Tokota AJ sitting
as court of appeal):
The appeal is dismissed.
______________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
______________________________________________________________________

BOSIELO JA (CLOETE, MHLANTLA, TSHIQI JJA AND PETSE AJA CONCURRING):

[1] The appellant was convicted in the regional court, Pretoria on one count of rape
and one of indecent assault. The two counts were treated as one for purposes of
sentence and the appellant was sentenced in terms of s 276(1)(h) of the Criminal
Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA) to three years’ correctional supervision subject to
certain conditions and a further imprisonment for five years wholly suspended for five
years on certain conditions.

[2] Aggrieved by the sentence imposed, the respondent appealed in terms of s 310A
of the CPA. The appellant cross-appealed against his conviction. The respondent’s
appeal against the sentence succeeded whilst the appellant’s appeal against his
conviction failed. The sentence by the trial court was set aside and replaced with a
sentence of imprisonment for five years in respect of the rape charge and in respect of
the indecent assault charge, three years’ imprisonment wholly suspended for three
years on condition that the appellant was not convicted of indecent assault or rape
committed during the period of suspension. The appellant is appealing against his
conviction with the leave of the court below.

[3] At the heart of this appeal is the reliability and credibility of the two cardinal state
witnesses, who incidentally are the complainants.

[4] The salient facts leading to the conviction can succinctly be stated as follows:
The two complainants are cousins to the appellant’s wife. They are P who was 18 years
old and S who was 19 years old at the time. The alleged incident occurred on 7
November 2007, when they were both at the appellant’s home, to celebrate Diwali, a
festival celebrated by adherents of the Hindu faith. It appears from the evidence of the
appellant, his wife, K and their son, V that the complainants drank some intoxicating
liquor during that evening. According to the appellant and his wife, this was Klipdrift
brandy mixed with coke. The complainants admit that they drank some beverage
offered to them by the appellant at his home. However, they deny that they knew that it
contained alcohol. They were, according to them, under the impression that they drank
coke and not intoxicating liquor.

[5] Soon after they had drunk the drinks offered by the appellant, P started feeling so
dizzy that she could not stand on her own. P then left the group and went to rest in the
bedroom of the appellant’s son. As she could not walk properly, the appellant’s son
assisted her. These facts are common cause. What follows is the disputed version of P.
The appellant followed her into the bedroom. (There was some confusion in P’s
evidence regarding whether the appellant’s wife had entered the bedroom at all at that
stage. The statement made by P to the police suggested that she had. But that was not
her evidence. Ultimately, it appeared that only the appellant entered the bedroom at that
stage, but that both the appellant and his wife did so at a later stage when S was
indecently assaulted.) After P lay down on the bed, the appellant started to undress her.
At this stage she was drowsy and was passing out intermittently (presumably due to the
alcohol that she had consumed). She then became unconscious and cannot remember
what happened. When she regained her consciousness, she was in the main bedroom
and she was naked. The appellant and his wife were also in the room, both naked. The

appellant’s wife had a vibrator in her hand. Whilst P lay on the bed, the appellant spread
her legs apart, fondled her, sucked her vagina and inserted his penis in her vagina. P
testified that at this stage the appellant did not have a condom on. P could not
remember if the appellant ever put a condom on. All she remembered was that the wife
told him to put one on but if he eventually put it on or not she could not be certain. As
the sexual intercourse was painful she cried. She then started to vomit. The appellant
then stopped and went to fetch water for her. This was on the instructions of appellant’s
wife. The appellant and his wife then carried her to the shower where they turned on the
cold water tap. Later on, the appellant’s wife dressed her in her own clothes.

[6] They then took her to their son’s bedroom where she found her sister S sleeping.
According to P she was still drowsy at this stage. The appellant and his wife entered the
bedroom where S was sleeping with their younger daughter. Both were still naked and
the appellant’s wife still had the vibrator. They started to fondle S. The appellant
apparently left the room. The appellant’s wife told S that the appellant was waiting to
have sex with her at the swimming pool. However, S resisted, claiming that she was
tired and pretended to be asleep. The appellant then re-entered the room, apparently to
check on the progress. The appellant’s wife then told him to wait outside as S would be
coming. As S resisted all attempts to get her out, the appellant’s wife finally gave up and
left the room.

[7] In the morning, P reported to S that she had been raped the previous night. P
testified that she was a virgin at the time and further that she did not give the appellant
consent to penetrate her carnally. She was 18 years old at the time.

[8] S confirmed that, together with P, they enjoyed some drinks which were offered
to them by the appellant whilst they were at his house. She denied that she drank
alcohol. According to S, she and P drank coke. However after drinking the ‘coke’ offered
to her by the appellant, she felt dizzy and nearly fell over. Whilst on the veranda, P

complained that she was not feeling well and wanted to sleep. She left for the house. S
remained on the veranda with the appellant’s children after the appellant and his wife
had followed P into the house. She then started to pass out intermittently. Later she
asked the appellant’s son to help her to the house where she ended up in the same
bedroom where P was sleeping. Significantly, she realised that P’s hair was wet. The
appellant’s wife then came and pulled her to their bedroom where she was shown
several pornographic movies on a laptop. She then left them and returned to the room
where she had been sleeping. The appellant’s wife later returned to her room where she
fondled her and stroked her with a vibrator on her chest after she had opened her
pyjama top, whilst at the same time kissing and touching her body. The appellant then
touched her twice on her vagina outside the pyjamas. The appellant’s wife tried to get
her to go to the appellant at the swimming pool. S successfully resisted all these
attempts, claiming that she was tired. The appellant and his wife then left her room.

[9] After the appellant and his wife had left the room, P started to cry and
complained of pains in her private parts. When they woke up the next morning, S then
discovered that P was dressed in different clothes. She had a brown top on and a pair
of black trousers with no bra. Inside the shower they saw P’s pyjamas under the
appellant’s clothes. P then told S that she could remember what had happened and
reported that she had been raped by the appellant. During the morning both the
appellant and his wife pretended as if nothing had happened. They appeared to P and S
still to be drunk.

[10] After they had had their breakfast, the appellant’s wife took them home. Upon
arrival at home, they did not report this incident to their parents immediately as they
found them on their way to some shopping mall. Instead, P went to her friend’s house
where she reported this to her friend’s father who advised them to report the matter to
the police. They then went to the police station to report the incident. P was later
examined by a district surgeon, Dr Martinez.

[11] Dr Martinez examined P on 8 November 2007. He observed the following: a
fresh tear on the fossa navicularis; a swelling of the hymen and a fresh tear of the
hymen. His conclusion was that the genital injuries found on P were consistent with
penetration of a large object beyond the labia majora, for example an erect penis. He
also concluded that there was forceful penetration which in his estimation had occurred
within the previous 72 hours.

[12] The appellant testified in his defence. He conceded that the two complainants
were at his home on 7 November 2007 until they went home the next day. He testified
that his house was securely locked and that nobody entered or left his home that night.
He was the only adult male person in the house that night. He testified that both
complainants drank Klipdrift brandy mixed with coke at his home. According to the
appellant the two complainants became ‘paralytically drunk’ whilst drinking the Klipdrift
and coke. They kept on falling down. According to the appellant the two complainants
drank the Klipdrift and coke knowing what they were drinking. He denied having had
any sexual intercourse with, or indecently assaulting, either of them. The appellant
contended that the charges were fabricated. The reason he advanced is that he had
had some dispute with their parents in the past. However, it was later clarified that as at
the time of the incident, the dispute had been resolved.

[13] Counsel for the appellant launched a strong attack against the acceptance of the
complainants’ evidence. He submitted that on their own version, they were so inebriated
that they even suffered several bouts of loss of consciousness. The submission is that
the complainants were so drunk that they were unable properly to recall the events of
the day. It was contended further that on their own version, they were so drunk that they
experienced intermittent bouts of loss of consciousness as a result of the alcohol which
they drank. Based on their state of intoxication, it was contended that their evidence is
like that of a drunkard and should have been approached with caution and rejected as
being unreliable.

[14] Undoubtedly the evidence in this matter called for a cautionary approach. This is
because both complainants were seriously under the influence of intoxicating liquor.

[15] Counsel also criticised the complainants for their behaviour which on the face of
it appears to be improbable. First, the complainants failed to telephone their parents,
despite having a cellular phone, to alert them to their predicament. Second, instead of
fleeing home in the morning, they elected to make and enjoy breakfast at the appellant’s
home. The argument is that they did not behave like rape victims. In evidence, the
complainants had testified that the appellant and his wife were still drunk in the morning
and behaving in a rather peculiar manner. Concerning their failure to phone their
parents, S explained that she did not have a charger and the batteries to her cellular
phone were low. In any event the appellant’s wife offered to take them home. Given the
traumatic experiences they lived through the previous night, I do not think that this
behaviour can seriously detract from their credibility and reliability. At the available
opportunity, P reported to S that she had been raped by the appellant. On the evidence
this report was spontaneous.

[16] In evaluating the evidence, the court below acknowledged that the two
complainants were under the influence of intoxicating liquor when the incidents
described herein allegedly occurred. Importantly, the court below accepted that due to
the effect of alcohol, their evidence was not reliable. In exercising caution, the court a
quo found the doctor’s evidence regarding recent penetration of P to be irrefutable. The
only vexed question which remained was who the perpetrator was. P testified that the
appellant penetrated her carnally. Importantly, the evidence is that, except for their 13
year old son, there was no other male person present at the appellant’s house on that
night. Assuming that the son may have been sexually active, the possibility that he may
have been the perpetrator can safely be excluded for there was no reason for P to
blame his father and implicate his mother if he had raped her. The appellant admitted
that he was sexually active. It is common cause that the house was fitted with adequate

security to exclude any possible intruders. There is therefore no suggestion that another
man could have gained entry into the house stealthily overnight and raped the
complainant. The possibility that P could have left the house voluntarily and had sexual
intercourse with an unknown person can also safely be excluded ─ she was in no
condition to have done so. It was suggested by the appellant’s counsel that it may have
been the vibrator that caused the injuries to P’s genitals found by Dr Martinez.
Theoretically it could have been, but such a hypothesis is inconsistent with P’s evidence
that after the appellant penetrated her, his wife told him to put on a condom, whereupon
he withdrew from her and thereafter re-entered her. There would have been no point in
the appellant’s wife telling him to put on a condom if he was using a vibrator to
penetrate P.

[17] But whatever the shortcomings of the complainants’ version, the medical
evidence of fresh tears on P’s hymen and clear signs of recent penetration beyond the
labia majora by a large object like an erect penis, makes the conclusion inescapable
that P was sexually assaulted that night. The only possibility other than rape by the
appellant is that P had sexual intercourse a day or so prior to the visit and she and her
sister decided for some reason to blame the appellant for her loss of virginity.That is too
far fetched to contemplate. Why would the sisters concoct so complex a story? Given
the fact she was at all material times in the appellant’s house, the inference that it is the
appellant who had sexual intercourse with P on that night is, to my mind, the only
reasonable inference to be drawn from the proven facts.

[18] It is a trite principle of our law that the state bears the burden to prove the guilt of
an accused beyond reasonable doubt and not beyond any shadow of doubt. As Malan
JA aptly held in R v Mlambo 1957 (4) SA 727 (A) at 738A-B:
‘In my opinion, there is no obligation upon the Crown to close every avenue of escape which
may be said to be open to an accused. It is sufficient for the Crown to produce evidence by
means of which such a high degree of probability is raised that the ordinary reasonable man,
after mature consideration, comes to the conclusion that there exists no reasonable doubt that

an accused has committed the crime charged. He must, in other words, be morally certain of the
guilt of the accused. An accused’s claim to the benefit of a doubt when it may be said to exist
must not be derived from speculation but must rest upon a reasonable and solid foundation
created either by positive evidence or gathered from reasonable inferences which are not in
conflict with, or outweighed by, the proved facts of the case.’ See also S v Ntsele 1998 (2)
SACR 178 (SCA) at 182b-e.

[19] Based on the conspectus of the evidence, I cannot find any fault with the
reasoning and conclusion of the court below. In particular, I find that the cumulative
effect of all the evidence points inexorably to the appellant as the person who raped P
on the night in question. Because the version of the appellant and his wife about the
events of that night fall to be rejected so far as the rape of P is concerned, and because
there is corroboration by P of S’s evidence that S was indecently assaulted, I consider
that the appellant was correctly convicted on this latter count as well. Consequently, I
am satisfied that the appellant’s guilt was proved beyond reasonable doubt on both
counts.

[20] In the result, the appeal is dismissed.

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L O BOSIELO
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

For Appellant:

J J Strydom SC

Instructed by:

O J Botha Attorneys, Montana Park

Honey Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:

M J Makgwatha

Instructed by:

Director of Public Prosecutions, Pretoria

Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein