THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Not Reportable

Case No: 498/2015

In the matter between:

BUSHY VINCENT KEKANA

APPELLANT

and

THE STATE

RESPONDENT

Neutral Citation:  Kekana v The State (498/2015) [2015] ZASCA 194 (1 December

2015)

Coram:
Navsa, Cachalia, Shongwe, Tshiqi and Dambuza JJA

Heard:
11 November 2015

Delivered:
1 December 2015

Summary:   Sentencing – Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 – appellant
aged between 16 and 18 years – sentence of life imprisonment
imposed in relation to a conviction on each of two counts of murder –
the fact that appellant was a child at the time of the commission of the
offence ignored – material misdirection – sentence of 20 years‟
imprisonment substituted.

___________________________________________________________________

ORDER

On appeal from:  Gauteng Division of the High Court, Pretoria (Polson AJ, Ranchod
J and Msimang AJ concurring, sitting as court of appeal):
(a) The appeal against each of the two life sentences is upheld.
(b) The order of the full court is set aside and the following order is substituted in its
place:
„(i)
the appeal against sentence by the first appellant is upheld only in relation to
the sentences of life imprisonment imposed in respect of his conviction on
counts 1 and 2.
(ii)
the sentences of life imprisonment in respect of counts 1 and 2 are set aside
and substituted with a sentence of 20 years‟ imprisonment, both counts being
taken together for purposes of sentence.
(iii)  all the other sentences are confirmed.
(iv)  the order of the court below in respect of the first appellant is consequently
substituted to read as follows:

“1.
Accused 1 is sentenced as follows:
(a)
On counts 1 and 2, taken together for the purposes of sentence, to
20 years‟ imprisonment.
(b)
On count 3, to 15 years‟ imprisonment.
(c)
On count 5, to 3 years‟ imprisonment.
(d)
On count 6, to imprisonment for one year.”
(e)
It is ordered that the sentences on counts 3, 5 and 6 shall run
concurrently with the sentence of 20 years‟ imprisonment in respect of
counts 1 and 2.

(f)
The effective sentence is thus one of 20 years‟ imprisonment.”‟

___________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT

Tshiqi JA (Navsa, Cachalia, Shongwe and Dambuza JJA concurring)

[1] On 14 January 2005 Mr Aslam Muhamad and Mr Foster Mashimbye were
gunned down during a robbery at their business, the Ga-Raoleka supermarket,
Thabamoopo, Lebowakgomo. They died at the scene. During the robbery an
undisclosed amount of cash was stolen. As the four suspects fled from the
supermarket, they continued shooting indiscriminately. Mrs Raesibe Madimetja, who
resided in the neighbourhood, was shot and wounded on her right thigh while she
stood outside her home. The appellant, who was one of the four robbers, and Mr
Brian Poho, who later became a state witness at the trial, were apprehended by
members of the community on the scene, and handed over to the police. Two other
suspects, who were accused 2 and 3, at the trial, were arrested afterwards.

[2] The three accused were arraigned in the circuit court of the Transvaal
Provincial Division, Polokwane on two counts of murder, one of robbery with
aggravating circumstances, attempted murder, and the unlawful possession of a
firearm and ammunition. They were found guilty on all, except the attempted murder,
charges.

[3] The two murder charges fell under Part 1 Schedule 1 of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act 105 of 1997 (the Act), in view of the fact that they were perpetrated
during the course of a robbery with aggravating circumstances. The three accused
were sentenced to life imprisonment on each of the two murder charges, 15 years‟
imprisonment for the robbery with aggravating circumstances, and three years‟
imprisonment for the unlawful possession of a firearm, and one years‟ imprisonment
for the unlawful possession of ammunition. It was ordered that the sentences in
respect of the other counts run concurrently with the sentences imposed in respect of
counts one and two. They were thus sentenced to an effective sentence of life
imprisonment. Subsequently, they applied for and were granted leave to appeal to

the full court of the Gauteng Provincial Division of the High Court against their
sentences.

[4] That court dismissed their appeals. The appellant, whose appeal is the only
one before us, now appeals to this court against the full court‟s confirmation of his life
sentence.

[5] Sentencing rests pre-eminently in the discretion of the trial court and an
appeal court cannot, in the absence of a material misdirection by the trial court,
interfere with the sentence only because it is not one that the court itself would have
imposed.1 To do so would amount to usurping the trial court‟s discretion2 and it would
erode the discretion entrusted to the trial court.3 However, notwithstanding the
absence of a material misdirection, an appeal court may be justified in interfering with
the sentence imposed by the trial court when the disparity between the sentence of
the trial court and that which the appellate court would have imposed is so marked
that it can properly be described as shockingly, startlingly or disturbingly
inappropriate.4

[6] The only issue in this appeal is whether the effective life sentence imposed on
the appellant, despite his youthfulness, is liable to be set aside. In this regard it
appears that both the trial court and the full court were under the mistaken
impression that the appellant had turned eighteen when the crimes were committed.
They thus assumed that they were obliged to impose the maximum penalty of life
imprisonment, unless there were substantial and compelling circumstances justifying
the imposition of a lesser sentence. They held that there were no substantial and
compelling circumstances.

[7] The record shows that appellant was 17 years and some 10 months old at the
time, having been born in March 1987.He thus had to be sentenced in terms of

1 S v Malgas 2001 (2) SA 1222 (SCA) para 12.
2 Ibid para 12.
3 S v Rabie 1975 (4) SA 855 (A).
4 S v Malgas (above) para 12.

s 51(1) read with s 51(3)(b) of the Act. Section 51(3)(b), which is applicable to
children between the ages of 16 and 18. In sentencing the appellant as if he had
already attained the age of eighteen at the time of the commission of the offence,
both courts ignored the provisions of the subsection and thus misdirected themselves
materially. This court must therefore consider the sentence afresh.

[8] The seriousness of the crimes cannot be understated.  The appellant and his
co-accused committed two callous murders during a daring robbery. After shooting
the two deceased the appellant and his co-accused fled, shooting indiscriminately in
total disregard for the safety of people in the vicinity. Ms Madimetja was seriously
injured during the incident.

[9] The appellant played a leading and active role before and during the
commission of the offence. The group met at his home to plan the robbery before
departing to the crime scene. He was in possession of a firearm, was first to enter the
supermarket, and fired shots whilst fleeing the scene. But for the fact that he ran out
of ammunition, more people could have been injured or killed. He was still in
possession of the firearm when he was arrested. I accept the trial court‟s observation
that his actions could not be described as those of someone who was under the
influence of his older co-accused.

[10] But our courts are enjoined by the Constitution to take the youthfulness of an
accused as a factor in mitigation of sentence.5 They are required to always bear in
mind that such offenders are in fact young and may be rehabilitated and become
responsible members of the community in future.6 Their participation in crimes may
well stem from immature judgment, from as yet unformed character, from youthful
vulnerability to error and impulse.7

[11] It is of course worrisome that some of the most gruesome and horrific crimes
are perpetrated by youth, but in spite of that reality, a presiding officer faced with the

5 Section 28(1)(g) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
6 In Centre for Child Law v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development & others (NICRO as
amicus curiae) 2009 (2) SACR 477 (CC) paras 28-31 and 63.
7 Ibid para 3.

sentencing of a young offender must be guided by certain principles including the
principle of proportionality, the best interests of the child, adherence to recognised
international law principles, the least possible restrictive deprivation of the child‟s
liberty, which should be a measure of last resort and restricted to the shortest
possible period of time8 having a greater emphasis on the rehabilitation as mentioned
above. These principles have now been incorporated in the Child Justice Act 25 of
2008, which came into operation on 1 April 2010. For child offenders between the
ages of 14 and 18, the maximum term of imprisonment is now 25 years.

[12] In addition to his age the appellant had spent two years and eight months in
custody before he was sentenced. This must be taken into account in arriving at an
appropriate sentence. In all the circumstances a term of 20 years‟ imprisonment is
appropriate.

[13] In the result:
(a) The appeal against each of the two life sentences is upheld.
(b) The order of the full court is set aside and the following order is substituted in its
place:
„(i)
the appeal against sentence by the first appellant is upheld only in relation to
the sentences of life imprisonment imposed in respect of his conviction on
counts 1 and 2.
(ii)
the sentences of life imprisonment in respect of counts 1 and 2 are set aside
and substituted with a sentence of 20 years‟ imprisonment, both counts being
taken together for purposes of sentence.
(iii)  all the other sentences are confirmed.
(iv)  the order of the court below in respect of the first appellant is consequently
substituted to read as follows:

“1.
Accused 1 is sentenced as follows:
(a)
On counts 1 and 2, taken together for the purposes of sentence, to
20 years‟ imprisonment.
(b)
On count 3, to 15 years‟ imprisonment.
(c)
On count 5, to 3 years‟ imprisonment.

8 S v B 2006 (1) SACR 311 (SCA) para 24.

(d)
On count 6, to imprisonment for one year.”
(e)
It is ordered that the sentences on counts 3, 5 and 6 shall run

concurrently with the sentence of 20 years‟ imprisonment in respect of

counts 1 and 2.

(f)
The effective sentence is thus one of 20 years‟ imprisonment.”‟

_____________
Z L L Tshiqi
Judge of Appeal

APPEARANCES

For Appellant:

L M Manzini

Instructed by:

Justice Centre, Pretoria

Justice Centre, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:
S R Sibara

Instructed by:

Director of Public Prosecutions, Pretoria

Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein