THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Reportable
Case No: 1211/2017
In the matter between:
THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF HOME AFFAIRS

FIRST APPELLANT
THE MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS

SECOND APPELLANT
ACTING CHIEF DIRECTOR: PERMITTING,
THE DEPARTMENT OF HOME AFFAIRS

THIRD APPELLANT
and
DE SAUDE ATTORNEYS

FIRST RESPONDENT
IMMIGRATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES SA CC
t/a VISA ONE

SECOND RESPONDENT

Neutral Citation:
DG Department of Home Affairs v De Saude Attorneys
(1211/2017) [2019] ZASCA 46 (29 March 2019)

Coram:
Navsa AP, Majiedt and Makgoka JJA and Carelse and Matojane AJJA
Heard:
8 March 2019

Delivered:
29 March 2019

Summary: Application to compel the Department of Home Affairs to process
applications and appeals within the structure of the Immigration Act 13 of 2002 and
the South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1995 after prolonged delays – Department
unjustifiably challenging locus standi of attorneys acting on behalf of affected
individuals – challenge to jurisdiction of court without merit – institutional dysfunction
and failure to meet statutory and constitutional obligations criticised.

___________________________________________________________________
ORDER
___________________________________________________________________
On appeal from: Western Cape Division of the High Court, Cape Town (Allie J
sitting as court of first instance):
The appeal is dismissed with costs.

___________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________________
Navsa AP (Majiedt and Makgoka JJA and Carelse and Matojane AJJA concurring ):

[1] This appeal is against an extensive order of the court below, the Western
Cape Division of the High Court, Cape Town, at the instance of De Saude Attorneys
(De Saude), and Immigration Management Services SA CC, a close corporation
trading as Visa One (Visa One), each of which specialises in providing services to
foreign nationals in various applications made in terms of the Immigration Act 13 of
2002 (the Act) and the Citizenship Act 88 of 1995 (the CA). They were the first and
second applicants, respectively, in the application in the court below. Before us, they
were the first and second respondents, respectively.

[2] The application was directed at compelling the first to fifth respondents in the
court below, namely, the Director-General of the Department of Home Affairs, the
Minister of Home Affairs, the Director of Immigration Services: Western Cape, and
the Acting Chief Director: Permitting of the Department of Home Affairs as well as
VFS Global (VFS), which acts on behalf of the department, to make decisions within
set deadlines, on what was alleged to be 473 pending applications submitted by De
Saude and Visa One on behalf of their clients, in terms of the aforesaid legislation.
De Saude and Visa One sought, so they said, to compel the respondents to comply
with their obligations in terms of the Constitution and the applicable legislation. By
the time the application was heard by the court below, the number of affected
individuals - foreign nationals who were clients of De Saude and Visa One - had
reduced to 323.

[3] The order appealed against reads as follows:
‛1. The failure of unknown officials in the employ of the Respondents to determine and
deliver, within a reasonable and lawful time, 323 applications referred to in the lists attached
to the applicants’ replying affidavit, more specifically in paragraph 103 of that affidavit, is
hereby reviewed and set aside, the said lists contain the following applications;
1.1
14 applications for temporary residence visas in terms of the Immigration Act 13 of
2002; - set out in the list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS1A;
1.2
145 applications for internal appeals, in terms of section 8 of the Immigration Act, of
temporary residence visa applications – set out in the list to the replying affidavit as
SMDS2A;
1.3
94 permanent residence permit applications in terms of the Immigration Act – set out
in the list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS3A;
1.4
50 applications for internal appeals, in terms of section 8 of the Immigration Act, of
permanent residence permit applications – set out in the list annexed to the replying affidavit
as SMDS4A;
1.5
5 applications for authorisation to remain in South Africa in terms of section 32(1) of
the Immigration Act – set out in the list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS5A;
1.6
2 applications for internal appeals, in terms of section 8 of the Immigration Act, of
application for authorisation to remain in South Africa in terms of section 32(1) of the
Immigration [Act] – set out in the list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS6A;
1.7
5 for corrections of decisions already received from the Respondents – set out in the
list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS7A;
1.8
2 applications for undesirability waiver applications in terms of section 30(2) of the
Immigration Act – set out in the list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS8A;
1.9
4 exemption applications in terms of section 31 of the Immigration Act – set out in
the list annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS9A;
1.10
2 applications for citizenship in terms of the Citizenship Act – set out in the list
annexed to the replying affidavit as SMDS10A.
2. Respondents are directed to determine and deliver to the Applicants the decisions on:
2.1 The applications in the lists attached to the replying affidavit as SMDS1A, SMDS2A,
SMDS5A, SMDS6A and SMDS7A within thirty (30) calendar days of the date of judgment;
and
2.2 The applications listed in the lists attached to the Applicants’ replying affidavit as
SMDS3A, SMDS4A, SMDS8A, SMDS9A and SMDS10A within sixty (60) calendar days of
the date of judgment;
3. In the event that any of the overdue applications have been misplaced by or are otherwise
unavailable to the Respondents:

3.1 The respondents are directed to notify the Applicants in writing within two (2) weeks of
the date of judgment of which applications have been misplaced;
3.2 The respondents are directed to take steps at their own expense to copy misplaced
applications from the offices of the Applicants, at a time that is reasonable and convenient
for all parties but within two (2) weeks of the date of notification referred to in sub-paragraph
(1) above; and
3.3 First Respondent and all respondents who oppose the application are directed to pay the
Applicants’ costs, jointly and severally, the one paying the other to be absolved, such costs
shall include costs that stood over for later determination.’

[4] With the leave of the court below, only the first three of the erstwhile
respondents appealed against that order. They are the first, second and third
appellants in this court. The detailed background is set out below.

[5] The facts that appear in the paragraphs that follow were set out in the
founding affidavit on behalf of the respondents by their principal deponent, Ms
Stefanie Maria De Saude. The appellants chose not to engage on the asserted facts
but to raise certain technical points, which I will deal with in due course. What was
asserted by Ms De Saude appears alongside the applicable statutory provisions.

[6] Section 10 of the Act provides for a range of temporary residence permits,
such as, study permits, business permits, staying with a relative, or retired persons
permits. De Saude and Visa One, on behalf of their clients, acting in terms of the Act,
had made 35 applications to the Department for temporary residence permits. By the
time the application was heard, there were 14 such applications outstanding.

[7] Section 8(4) of the Act provides that an applicant aggrieved by a decision
contemplated in subsection (3) may, within 10 working days from receipt of the
notification contemplated in subsection (3), make an application in the prescribed
manner to the Director-General for the review or appeal of that decision. On behalf of
their clients, De Saude and Visa One had lodged 185 internal appeals in terms of s 8
of the Act, related to the applications for temporary residence visas. By the time the
matter was heard by the court below, the number of appeals had reduced to 145.

[8] Section 25(2) of the Act provides for one of two kinds of permanent residence
permits that might be issued by the Department. There were 122 applications made
on behalf of De Saude and Visa One’s clients. This number had reduced to 94 by the
time it was heard by the court below. The respondents lodged 74 appeals in respect
of decisions made concerning permanent residence permit applications. That
number had reduced to 50 by the time the court below heard the matter.

[9] Section 32(1) of the Act provides as follows:
‘Any illegal foreigner shall depart, unless authorised by the Director-General in the
prescribed manner to remain in the Republic pending his or her application for a status.’
There were eight applications for authorisation to remain in South Africa in terms of
s 32(1) of the Act and two internal appeals lodged in relation to decisions related to
such applications. The number of applications for authorisation to remain in South
Africa had reduced to five by the time the matter was heard. The two internal
appeals had still not been resolved.

[10] Six applications were made for corrections of decisions made by the
Department. By the time of the hearing of the application in the court below that
number had reduced to five.

[11] Section 30(1) of the Act gives the Director-General the power to declare
categories of persons set out therein to be ‘undesirable’, where after they would be
disqualified from a port of entry visa, a visa, admission into the Republic and from a
permanent residence permit. Section 30(2), however, gives the Minister the power,
upon application by an affected person, to waive any of the grounds of undesirability.
There were 34 applications by affected persons for undesirability waivers, in terms of
s 30(2) of the Act. Only two applications were outstanding at the time of the hearing
of the matter.

[12] Section 31 of the Act permits the Minister to grant foreign nationals certain
exemptions. Five such applications on behalf of respondents’ clients were made and,
finally, two applications for citizenship were made in terms of the CA. There were
four outstanding applications for exemptions by the time the matter was heard and
the two applications for citizenship in terms of the CA.

[13] According to the respondents the Department unreasonably delayed making
decisions in respect of what is set out in the preceding paragraph, in some
instances, for periods exceeding four years.

[14] The following statement in the founding affidavit on behalf of the respondents
bears repeating:
ʽThe problem that is the ultimate cause of this application is that the Department has, for
years now, failed at a structural level to determine applications made to it in any reasonable
or lawful time period, including but not limited to the 473 applications that the Applicants now
bring before this Court. As shall be explained in greater detail below, applications – even
simple applications – to the Department can take years to be resolved, if they are resolved at
all.҆

[15] The respondents insist that the present case is part of a repeated pattern of
how the Department deals with applications which its officials are constitutionally and
statutorily obliged to determine. In this regard they refer to an earlier decision of the
Western Cape Division of the High Court in Eisenberg & Associates & others v
Director-General, Department of Home Affairs & others 2012 (3) SA 508 (WCC)
paras 73 and 86 where the following is stated:
ʽDespite the respondents’ protestations to the contrary, the inescapable inference is that,
irrespective of whether they have the best will in the world, they have dealt with the
applications of the applicants’ various clients in a manner which can only be described as
“administrative bungling”.
. . .
However, since I have found that the applicants’ version is inherently credible and that the
respondents' version is clearly untenable, it follows that I find that there are still 105
applications which have not yet been determined by the respondents. That is a significant
amount. This also means that the lives of 105 foreigners (excluding their dependants who
are also obviously affected) hang in the balance until the respondents get their house in
order.’

[16] The respondents claimed that the case referred to in the preceding paragraph
is but one instance of numerous cases of a similar nature. In relation thereto, they
provided the following details:

‘In 2011, [Visa One] V1 and an immigration firm then known as Eisenberg & Associates
(“E&A”) launched the application that resulted in the Cloete AJ judgment [Eisenberg &
Associates & others v Director-General, Department of Home Affairs & others 2012 (3) SA
508 (WCC)], which I referred to above. I myself was an employee of E&A at the time.
The Cloete AJ judgment concerned only temporary residence visas applications under the
Immigration Act.
A later, almost identical application by V1 and E&A concerned permanent residence permit
applications under the Act. This resulted in an order by this Court, per Van Staden AJ, in
favour of E&A and against the Respondents on 18 May 2012 ("the Van Staden AJ order").
The Respondents failed to comply with the Van Staden AJ order, resulting in further urgent
court action by V1 and E&A.
On 27 November 2012, this Court, per Savage AJ, handed down a judgment which declared
that the Respondents had failed to comply with the Van Staden AJ order and directed them
to comply within two weeks. This judgment – Eisenberg & Associates and Others v the
Director-General: Department of Home Affairs and Others (WCHC 10043/11) [2012]
ZAWCHC 191 – is unreported and I do not attach to avoid overburdening these papers. If
required, it can be made available to this Court.
Subsequent to the Cloete AJ judgment, other firms also began taking action.
For example, in 2012 Intergate Immigration Services (Pty) Ltd ("Intergate") launched a case
concerning about a thousand delayed applications under case number 6078/2012 in this
Court.
Intergate was granted an order against the Department by this Court, per Saldanha J, on 8
August 2012, in terms whereof the Department was ordered to decide and deliver to
Intergate decisions on over 800 applications.
The Department failed to comply with that order, resulting in a further urgent application by
Intergate during November 2012, under case number 21022/12 in this Court.
On 28 November 2012, Cloete AJ (as she then was) found that the Department had failed to
comply with the court order granted by Saldanha J. The Department [was] ordered to comply
therewith on or before 14 December 2012.
The Department yet again failed to comply with that order, and eventually after yet more
litigation, the matter was finalized with Respondents being obliged to determine a final permit
application before 23 August 2013.
The structural inadequacies and inefficiencies that generated the first backlog were never
addressed, resulting in further litigation. Intergate, for example, sought and obtained an
order from this Court, per Veldhuizen J, on 10 December 2014 that found, inter alia, that the
Respondents had failed to comply with its legal duties under the Immigration Act.

And V1 and E&A (now known as Eisenberg de Saude, as I was then a partner at the firm)
launched yet another application against the Respondents, under case number 14705/14, to
compel them to make decisions on 977 overdue applications under, inter alia, the Act.
On 13 November 2014, this Court, per McCurdie AJ, made an order:
Reviewing and setting aside the failure of the Respondents to determine the overdue
applications; and
Ordering the Respondents to determine and deliver decisions on the applications within
certain deadlines.
I attach a copy of the McCurdie AJ order ("the McCurdie AJ Order") as SMDS11. The order
sought in this court application is substantially similar to the McCurdie AJ Order.
In terms of that order, the Respondents were given 30 days to determine and deliver
decisions on temporary residence visa applications and appeals, and 60 days to determine
and deliver permanent residence applications and appeals.
The Respondents failed to comply with that order.
Accordingly, V1 and E&A returned to court, and on 27 February 2015, another order, per
Rogers J, was obtained against the Respondents.
This order, too, was ignored, leading to yet another judgment by this Court, per Rogers J
(Eisenberg de Saude and Others v Director-General of the Department of Home Affairs and
Others [2015] ZAWCHC 130 (15 September 2015)), in which he referred the failures of the
Respondents to oral evidence to determine if they amounted to contempt of court.
This process is still on-going, partly because the Respondents failed to comply with the
orders made by Rogers J concerning the discovery of documents in preparation for the
hearing of oral evidence.
On 4 April 2016, V1 launched its own application concerning 232 applications in terms of the
Immigration Act that had been unlawfully delayed.
On 20 June 2016, the Respondents (who were the same as the Respondents in this matter)
agreed and undertook that all of the overdue applications would be finalised by 8 August
2016. I attach a copy of the unsigned court order embodying this undertaking as SMDS12.
Once again, the chronic delays of the Department meant that this order was disobeyed.
The overdue applications of V1 that are the subject of this application, arose in large part
while its previous court application was still being resolved. This is, I contend, a sad
testament to how slow and disorganised the Department is.
I contend that this court application is on all fours with all of the abovementioned matters and
litigants who applied to this Court to, inter alia, compel the Respondents to make decisions
on unlawfully delayed applications.’

[17] The respondents contended that prior to 2010, the Department functioned
smoothly and that immigration and citizenship law practitioners, in the past, could
usefully engage with the Department to resolve any problems that might arise in
relation to applications made in terms of the legislation referred to above.

[18] Problems arose in 2010. The Department moved all adjudicative functions to
Pretoria. Previously, applications and processes lodged in Cape Town in the
categories referred to above were decided in Cape Town. The move to Pretoria
caused a number of logistical problems. Whatever documents emanated from the
decision were couriered through from the decision-makers in Pretoria to Cape Town.
If documents did not arrive in time, it caused problems for affected persons who, in
the event that they had a decision in their favour were not in a position to produce
proof thereof, placing them in peril. In the event of a rejection of an application, one
is required to be informed in order to lodge an appeal within the prescribed period.
Given the problems that have since crept in, affected persons are in danger of not
being able to comply with the provisions of the legislation in question and are in
danger of arrest.

[19] In many instances, after a decision had been made the outcome was never
delivered. Insofar as an applicant or affected person is concerned the application is
delayed. The respondents alleged that there are many employees of the Department
who are under-skilled, inefficient, uncaring and who abuse the administrative powers
entrusted to them.

[20] The appointment of VFS as a service provider has been of no assistance. The
adjudication process, and hence the delays, are within the Department’s area of
jurisdiction and thus its responsibility. The respondents stated that they tried, for a
prolonged period of time, to engage with the Department to have the aforesaid
problems addressed, but to no avail. The respondents supplied details of the efforts
made by them:
(a) Representatives of De Saude and Visa One regularly attended physically at the
Department's regional offices, located at Barrack Street, Cape Town, as well as at
the office of VFS in Cape Town, and engaged with the staff there.

(b) They visited the Department’s website. Unfortunately, the website seldom
worked: reference numbers that were inserted by the De Saude and Visa One in the
required e-mail field, when entered, yielded no results.
(c) Attempts to call the Cape Town office of the Department usually failed. There was
generally no reply. If there was a reply, one was directed to the aforesaid website.
(d) The nationwide call centre of the Department was totally useless. Even if one got
through to an agent, the agent would always request to be sent a power of attorney,
before further information could be released. There would then be no reply to such
email. If one called again, one would get a different agent who would make the same
request. This was where it ended.
The respondents emphasise that they were left with no choice but to approach the
court for an order in the terms set out above.

[21] According to the respondents the introduction of VFS, far from facilitating the
process, in fact impeded matters by creating a further bureaucratic barrier when one
sought to engage the Department. Any query directed at VFS was met with a
standard response that the matter had been forwarded to the Department.

[22] The respondents provided examples of the devastating effect of the delays
occasioned by the Department’s inaction. First, they point to the case of Ms Louise
Batty, an Australian nurse, who has qualifications in Health Education and
Promotion, Palliative Care and Community Outreach, and Psychiatric Nursing. She
has a Masters degree in Primary Health Care.

[23] Ms Batty has been in South Africa since 2003, working with disadvantaged
children in the Limpopo Province. She started a non-governmental charity called
‘Keep The Dream’. An application in terms of s 19(4) of the Act1 was made by Ms
Batty on 4 May 2015 for a critical skills visa, so that she could become the managing
director of Keep The Dream and continue with the development of the organisation.
The application was declined on 9 July 2015. Ms Batty lodged an internal appeal on

1 Section 19(4) of the Immigration Act 13 of 2002 reads as follows:
‘Subject to any prescribed requirements, a critical skills work visa may be issued by the Director-
General to an individual possessing such skills or qualifications determined to be critical for the
Republic from time to time by the Minister by notice in the Gazette and to those members of his or her
immediate family determined by the Director-General under the circumstances or as may be
prescribed.’

22 July 2015. Despite the passage of over 15 months, no decision had been
received from the respondents.

[24] The Department’s failure to deal with the appeal has led to immense hardship.
Ms Batty’s existing visa expired while she was awaiting an outcome. If she left South
Africa, the charity she had spent more than a decade building, to help the poorest
and most vulnerable members of South African society, would collapse. She would
also be declared undesirable, and barred from returning to South Africa. But
because she has no visa, she cannot work. And she is constantly at risk of detention
and deportation.

[25] Ms Batty’s parents, who are octogenarians, are unwell in Australia. She
desperately needs a visa to be prepared for the very real possibility that one of them
will become seriously unwell. The delay by the appellants risk making her choose
between her life's work in helping poor South African children, and being with her
parents in the last stages of their lives. This is a cruel and awful position to be placed
in.

[26] The following part of an e-mail by Ms Batty to De Saude sets out an
immediate problem caused by the expiry of her existing visa and the failure of the
Department to act:
'My business accounts have all been frozen. I cannot operate them at all and its payday for
all the staff tomorrow. I am concerned as most of my staff live from pay to pay. Please as a
matter of urgency, PLEASE send the bank letter addressed to FNB regarding my work
permit. I was given no notice. I find out tomorrow during banking hours what the deal is
however we have never had this issue.'

[27] The second example provided by the respondents is the case of Mr Dzorai
Nzembe, a Zimbabwean national, who fled to South Africa in 2005 and obtained a
work permit. Through hard work he went from being a casual labourer on a farm to
being a senior manager, a member of the South African Institute of Managers, and
vital to the success of the farm as a whole.

[28] On 23 October 2014 Mr Nzembe applied for a critical skills visa based on
being a corporate general manager. His application was rejected on 4 December
2014. On 9 December he appealed that decision. No decision has yet been made.

[29] Like Ms Batty, Mr Nzembe’s present visa has expired. Without it he cannot
work here nor leave. He is constantly at risk of being arrested, detained and
deported. He has two children, who were born on the farm at which he worked, and
a wife. He was the primary breadwinner, and the family is struggling without his
income. He cannot afford the school fees for his eldest son, and his youngest son
has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy and requires specialist care.

[30] In addition, the respondents complain that their livelihood and that of their
employees are threatened as they are unable to achieve any results for the people
who approach them for assistance.

[31]  The respondents accept that time should be allowed for the processing of
applications and appeals, but are emphatic that the Constitution and the legislation
under which the Department operates do not countenance the degrees of inaction
and delay that their clients have been subjected to and the personal hardships
caused thereby. They accept that permanent residence and citizenship applications
could take up to eight months to process. Applications to have corrections made, on
the other hand, so they contend, should take no longer than one month. Other
applications and appeals under the two Acts referred to above, they submitted,
should not take longer than two to three months to finalise.

[32] The applications and appeals brought by the respondents’ clients have been
delayed, in many instances by a number of years. The delays in all of them are way
beyond reasonable periods. As pointed out by the respondents, immigration and visa
status affects every aspect of a person’s life, from the right to conduct a bank
account to housing, employment, study and business opportunities.

[33] De Saude and Visa One contended that it was the precarious position they
and their clients found themselves in and the failure, despite their best efforts, to

productively engage with Departmental officials, that compelled them to approach
the court below for relief on an urgent basis.

[34] The appellants’ response to the application was not to challenge the facts set
out above but, at the outset, to challenge the locus standi of the respondents. The
appellants adopted the position that De Saude and Visa One’s failure to join the 473
individuals who were their clients as parties to the litigation was fatal. They insisted
that the application could not be said to be in the public interest and could not be
labelled a class action. The appellants, in their answering affidavits, also relied on
the fact that the alleged 473 clients had not filed powers of attorney in favour of the
respondents. They were adamant that the respondents, who are corporate entities,
ought to have presented resolutions indicating that the litigation was authorised. It is
necessary to note that there were two supporting affidavits filed by affected
individuals, namely, Ms Batty and Mr Nzembe. The appellants also challenged the
jurisdiction of the court below. They contended that since adjudicative functions were
carried out in Pretoria and the statutory decision makers and supervisory officials
were located there, the court below had no jurisdiction to hear the matter.

[35] In addition, the appellants adopted the position that this was a case of
misjoinder, in that the different cases presented cumulatively, each turned on
different facts and that the 473 individuals, who are geographically scattered, should
not have joined together in the single application in the court below. In this regard it
was pointed out by the appellants that, for instance, some of the applications were
submitted in other countries, apparently by foreign nationals. Insofar as the
applications for corrections are concerned, the appellants took the view that there
are no outstanding decisions. They complained about the lack of particularity by the
respondents in relation to the applications for corrections. They state that the precise
nature of the corrections sought by the respondents’ clients were not disclosed. I
interpose to record that the respondents did provide the names of individuals who
were affected by the appellants’ inaction and provided the categories under which
their applications or appeals resorted. As explained above, the appellants
deliberately elected not to engage with the detailed factual averments by the
respondents.

[36] In the respondents' replying affidavit they explained that the clients whom
they represented in the application were without the financial means and did not
have the resources to bring individual applications to vindicate their rights.

[37] The application brought by the respondents in the court below was heard by
Allie J. In relation to the question of jurisdiction, she had regard to the submission on
behalf of the appellants, that in terms of s 6(1) of the Promotion of Administrative
Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA), read with the definition of ‘court’2 in that legislation,
there were only 4 grounds on which a court would have jurisdiction and that those
grounds were lacking, in respect of the application before the court. The following, in
terms of that legislation, are the bases for the exercise of jurisdiction by a competent
court:
'10.1 The court in whose jurisdiction the administrative action occurred;
10.2 The court in whose principal place of business/administration is within its jurisdiction;
10.3 The court where the adversely affected party is domiciled;
10.4 The court where adverse effect of the administrative action will be experienced.'
The appellants contended that the effects of the administrative action (the lack of a
decision) was experienced by affected individuals and not by De Saude and Visa
One. Their clients were scattered all over the country and, perhaps, beyond our
borders and were thus not domiciled within the area of the court’s jurisdiction and
consequently the court below did not have jurisdiction.

[38] Allie J also considered the provisions of s 21(2) of the Superior Courts Act 10
of 2013, which read as follows:

2 Section 1 of the the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA) defines 'court' as
follows:
'"court" means –
(a)
the Constitutional Court acting in terms of section 167(6)(a) of the Constitution; or
(b)
(i) a High Court or another court of similar status; or
(ii) a Magistrate's Court for any district or for any regional division established by the Minister
for the purposes of adjudicating civil disputes in terms of section 2 of the Magistrates' Courts
Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944), either generally or in respect of a specified class of administrative
actions, designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette and presided over by a
magistrate, an additional magistrate or a magistrate of a regional division established for the
purposes of adjudicating civil disputes, as the case may be, designated in terms of section
9A; within whose area of jurisdiction the administrative action occurred or the administrator
has his or her or its principal place of administration or the party whose rights have been
affected is domiciled or ordinarily resident or the adverse effect of the administrative action
was, is or will be experienced.'

'A Division also has jurisdiction over any person residing or being outside its area of
jurisdiction who is joined as a party to any cause in relation to which such court has
jurisdiction or who in terms of a third party notice becomes a party to such a cause, if the
said person resides or is within the area of jurisdiction of any other Division.'

[39] The court below took into account that the respondents were resident in and
practised within the court’s area of jurisdiction and that the Minister had a principal
place of business within that area and reasoned that the other officials who operated
outside of the court’s area of jurisdiction were therefore rightly joined by the
respondents. Thus, she concluded the court below had jurisdiction to hear the
matter.

[40] On the question of locus standi, the court below expressed itself as follows:
'Applicants provided a ground for locus standi in the founding affidavit, namely, that their
practices, consequently their livelihood and that of their employees are affected by their
inability to compel a response from Respondents. The argument that litigation would be
more remunerative for applicants fails to take account of the financial means of applicants'
clients and amounts to litigation-baiting.
When respondents in their answering affidavit, challenged the basis for locus standi,
applicants elaborated on the connection between the decisions not taken by respondents for
unreasonable periods of time and the adverse effect thereof on their clients and why they
have local standi to bring the application on behalf of their clients as well, who clearly don't
have the resources to bring it themselves.'

[41] With reference to the decision in Kruger v President of the Republic of South
Africa & others [2008] ZACC 17; 2009 (1) SA 417 (CC) paras 23 and 25, the court
below said the following:
'In Kruger the court, correctly in my view, said at paragraph 22 that section 38 introduced a
radical departure from the common law concerning locus standi because it expands the
persons with standing beyond a direct and substantial interest and now includes people who
act on behalf of people who can't act or on behalf of public interest in general.
Section 38 is consonant with the provisions of section 6(1) of PAJA which provides that any
person may bring an application under that Act.
The purpose of PAJA is to ensure that just and fair administrative action occurs. A failure to
give a decision over an unduly prolonged period of time constitutes unfair administrative

action. It is in the interests of justice that respondents be put to terms to take their decisions
within a reasonable period of time.'

[42] Allie J found that the respondents, as immigration law specialist practitioners
who service clients affected by legislation in that area, must be considered to have a
real and substantial interest in ensuring that statutory functionaries fulfil their
statutory duties when dealing with the different categories of individuals who submit
matters for adjudication under the statutory regime. The court below went on to say
the following:
‘When the Department fails to deliver decisions within periods in excess of 7 years, and
when further engagement by applicants with the Department become[s] circular in nature as
alleged in the founding affidavits, the applicants have a real interest in ensuring that they can
fulfil their legal and ethical duty to represent their clients' interests.'
Consequently Allie J held that the respondents had locus standi to bring the
application.

[43] The court below dealt summarily with the misjoinder point raised by the
appellants. It said the following:
'I am of the view, that in the absence of allegations by the respondent concerning alleged
different grounds upon which the respondents may withhold decisions for an indeterminate
period of time, the facts and law upon which the relief sought rests are substantially the
same.
Respondents have failed to address the substantial allegations in the founding affidavit
concerning the applicants' clients, who are listed as such in the last column of the lists
annexed to the founding affidavit. In particular, respondents have not taken issue with the
allegation that applicants and consequently their clients are entitled to a decision being
made in each of their applications to the Department nor with the timeframes proposed by
applicants, within which the decisions should be taken and the method of communication of
those decisions proposed by applicants.'
Allie J went on to make the order set out at the commencement of this judgment. It is
against the abovementioned conclusions and the order that the present appeal is
directed.

[44] We were taken aback at the stance adopted by the appellants. They clearly
took the view that they are entitled not to account to this court or to the public at

large for their failure to fulfil their constitutional and statutory obligations. They have
left unchallenged, extremely serious assertions about their repeated and abysmal
failure to process applications that the constitutional scheme and statutory regime
demand. Their silence speaks volumes of prolonged institutional dysfunction as
claimed by De Saude and Visa One. They limit themselves to technical challenges,
asserting that they, like other litigants, are entitled to rely on technical defences.
When we enquired of counsel representing the appellants whether he had been
instructed to continue to persist in this stance or whether he had advised this course,
he was emphatic that he and the State Attorney were acting on instructions. The
attitude revealed by the appellants is thus all the more perplexing. It is necessary,
however, to reveal that at the outset of proceedings before us, counsel on behalf of
the appellants informed the court that the Department was overwhelmed by logistical
challenges, the implication being that the bureaucratic machinery is unable to cope
with incessant demands and that this dictated the inaction complained of by the
respondents.

[45] If, after the application had been launched in the court below, the Department
had provided the respondents with a reasonable timeframe within which they would
process the applications in question, the respondents would no doubt have been
constrained to accede thereto. Indeed, if that option had been suggested at the
beginning of proceedings in the court below, that court would have been hard
pressed not to afford the Department such an indulgence. The appellants instead
chose a more obstructive path.

[46] This court has in the past recorded its appreciation for the difficulties faced by
the Department. In Rahim & others v Minister of Home Affairs 2015 (4) SA 433
(SCA) para 2, this court recognised that South Africa has kilometre upon kilometre of
porous borders which the Department has to control. It noted the obvious concern by
citizens about the unregulated entry of foreign nationals as well as the obligation by
the State to ensure that in dealing with foreign nationals we maintain and promote
constitutional norms. Those twin concerns endure.

[47] Before commenting finally on the conduct of the Department and the attitude
of the appellants in relation to the application brought by De Saude and Visa One, it

is necessary to consider whether there is merit to any of the technical defences on
which they relied. First, there is the question of whether the respondents had locus
standi. The Constitution is the starting point. Section 38 of the Constitution provides:
‘Anyone listed in this section has the right to approach a competent court, alleging that a
right in the Bill of Rights has been infringed or threatened, and the court may grant
appropriate relief, including a declaration of rights. The persons who may approach a court
are -
(a) anyone acting in their own interest;
(b) anyone acting on behalf of another person who cannot act in their own name;
(c) anyone acting as a member of, or in the interest of, a group or class of persons;
(d) anyone acting in the public interest; and
(e) an association acting in the interest of its members.’

[48] In Freedom Under Law v Acting Chairperson: Judicial Service Commission &
others [2011] ZASCA 59; 2011 (3) SA 549 (SCA) para 19 this court noted that the
Constitutional Court has repeatedly stressed that a broad approach to standing
should be adopted. This approach should apply not only to instances in which
constitutional rights were asserted, but also when there was a complaint about an
infringement of rights other than those protected in the Bill of Rights. In Ferreira v
Levin NO & others; Vryenhoek & others v Powell NO & others 1996 (1) SA 984 (CC)
para 165, Chaskalson P said the following in relation to the question of standing in
constitutional matters:
‘. . .I can see no good reason for adopting a narrow approach to the issue of standing in
constitutional cases. On the contrary, it is my view that we should rather adopt a broad
approach to standing. This would be consistent with the mandate given to this Court to
uphold the Constitution and would serve to ensure that constitutional rights enjoy the full
measure of the protection to which they are entitled.’

[49] In Democratic Alliance & others v Acting National Director of Public
Prosecutions & others [2012] ZASCA 15; 2012 (3) SA 486 (SCA), this court had
occasion to consider the development of our law from a repressive past to present
day. It recorded that during the time of an oppressive regime, lawyers had to fight for

space in order to challenge and limit human rights abuses. Even then our courts, in
cases crying out for justice, were willing to adopt a liberal approach to standing.3

[50] In Ferreira, para 166, Chaskalson P said the following:
‘Although corporations do not have rights under the Canadian Charter and cannot institute
Charter challenges in their own behalf, they can challenge the constitutionality of a statutory
provision at a criminal trial on the grounds that it infringes the rights of human beings and is
accordingly invalid. Where, as in the present case, the impugned section of the Companies
Act has a direct bearing on the applicants’ common-law rights, and non-compliance with the
section has possible criminal consequences, they have sufficient standing in my view to
secure a declaration from this Court as to the constitutionality of the section.’

[51] O’Regan J, in Ferreira, explained why a generous and expanded approach to
standing is necessary in constitutional litigation. At para 229, she said the following:
‘Existing common-law rules of standing have often developed in the context of private
litigation. As a general rule, private litigation is concerned with the determination of a dispute
between two individuals, in which relief will be specific and, often, retrospective, in that it
applies to a set of past events. Such litigation will generally not directly affect people who are
not parties to the litigation. In such cases, the plaintiff is both the victim of the harm and the
beneficiary of the relief. In litigation of a public character, however, that nexus is rarely so
intimate. The relief sought is generally forward-looking and general in its application, so that
it may directly affect a wide range of people. In addition, the harm alleged may often be quite
diffuse or amorphous. Of course, these categories are ideal types: no bright line can be
drawn between private litigation and litigation of a public or constitutional nature. Not all non-
constitutional litigation is private in nature. Nor can it be said that all constitutional challenges
involve litigation of a purely public character: a challenge to a particular administrative act or
decision may be of a private rather than a public character. But it is clear that in litigation of a
public character, different considerations may be appropriate to determine who should have
standing to launch litigation.’

[52] In Kruger, para 25, the Constitutional Court held, in relation to the standing of
an attorney to challenge the constitutionality of certain proclamations:

3 See para 38 of Democratic Alliance & others v Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions &
others, and the reference there to Wood & others v Ondangwa Tribal Authority & another 1975 (2) SA
294 (A).

‘As an attorney in a specialist personal injury legal firm who works regularly in this field, Mr
Kruger has a direct and professional interest in the validity of the proclamations. A legal
practitioner is an officer of the court. Where the practitioner can establish both that a
proclamation is of direct and central importance to the field in which he or she operates, and
that it is in the interests of the administration of justice that the validity of that proclamation
be determined by a court, that practitioner may approach a court to challenge the validity of
such a proclamation. In this case Mr Kruger has shown that he is a personal injury attorney
and that the validity of the proclamations is of central importance to his field of practice.
Moreover, he has established that significant legal uncertainty has arisen because of the
contents of the First Proclamation and the publication of the Second Proclamation. The
effect of this uncertainty is clearly adverse to the proper administration of justice. A personal
injury attorney must be able to understand and engage with the legislative scheme on which
he or she and his or her clients rely in order to seek compensation. The uncertainty created
by the issue of the two proclamations and their effect on Mr Kruger’s ability to manage his
clients’ affairs are reason enough to grant standing to the applicant.’

[53] Kruger did, however, sound the following caution, at para 26:
‘In recognising the applicant’s standing in this case, I emphasise that it arises because of the
need for legal certainty and the administration of justice. Legal practitioners must not
assume that they will be allowed to bring applications to this court for a declaration of
invalidity based purely on financial self-interest or in circumstances where they cannot show
that it will be in the interest of the administration of justice that they do so.’

[54] In Kruger, para 27, the following question was left undecided:
‘It is not necessary, given this conclusion, to decide whether a litigant, when raising a
constitutional challenge not based on Ch 2 of the Constitution, is entitled to act in the public
interest. That question can stand over for another day.’

[55] It is true that the replying affidavit on behalf of De Saude and Visa One,
misguidedly, as accepted by counsel on their behalf who admitted that he had
settled the affidavit, conceded that the application was not brought in the public
interest. However, it is clear from the founding and replying affidavits that the
applicants whose livelihoods were threatened, seeing that they practise mainly in the
field of immigration and citizenship law, were bringing the application in their own
interest, but they asserted emphatically that their clients’ constitutional rights were
being infringed, inter alia, their right to administrative justice due to systemic failure.

One also has to take into account that they claimed, without challenge, that their
clients were liable to arrest and/or summary deportation and were subjected to
hardships as a result of departmental inertia. They also asserted, again without
contradiction, that, having regard to Ms Batty’s position, that poor and vulnerable
children were prejudiced. It was also clear from what they said about their clients,
that their unresolved status in the country, compellingly leads to financial difficulties.
In Ms Batty’s case, with her status in the country being in limbo, her NGO’s business
accounts were all frozen and she was unable to pay staff. In Mr Nzembe’s case, he
was unable to continue earning a salary. Why, one might rightly ask, would any of
the other clients that De Saude and Visa One represent, not find themselves in
similar positions. The respondents complained, generally, of large scale institutional
dysfunction and that went unanswered.

[56] In Eisenberg & Associates & others v Director-General, Department of Home
Affairs & others 2012 (3) SA 508 (WCC), para 74-75, the court, dealing with the
statutory duties of officials of the Department said the following:
‘As I have mentioned above, the respondents are the officials in the DHA who, generally
speaking, administer the immigration regime in South Africa in terms of the Act and
regulations pursuant thereto. One of the most important components of this regime is the
lawful and efficient provision of temporary residence permits to foreigners who wish, for
whatever reason, to enter and sojourn in South Africa.
For a foreigner in South Africa these permits are the single most important documents that
they can possess. It is the basis of their legal existence in this country. Every aspect of their
lives – the ability to travel freely (s 21 of the Constitution); the ability to work and put food on
the table for their families (a component of the right to dignity in s 10 of the Constitution, see
Minister of Home Affairs & others v Watchenuka & another 2004 (4) SA 326 (SCA) (2004 (2)
BCLR 120) at 339B-C, 339F-G and 340G); the ability to keep their children in school (ss28
and 29 of the Constitution); and the basic right to liberty (s 21(1) of the Constitution) – is
dependent on the physical possession of a valid permit.’

[57] De Saude and Visa One rightly stressed that the appellants have statutory
and constitutional obligations which they failed to fulfil and with justification pointed to
material parts of the preamble of the Immigration Act which reads as follows:

‘In providing for the regulation of admission of foreigners to, their residence in, and their
departure from the Republic and for matter connected therewith, the Immigration Act aims at
setting in place a new system of immigration control which ensures that –
(a) visas and permanent residence permits are issued as expeditiously as possible and on
the basis of simplified procedures and objective, predictable and reasonable requirements
and criteria, and without consuming excessive administrative capacity;
(b) security considerations are fully satisfied and the State retains control over the
immigration of foreigners to the Republic;
(c) interdepartmental coordination and public consultations enrich the management of
immigration;
(d) economic growth is promoted through the employment of needed foreign labour, foreign
investment is facilitated, the entry of exceptionally skilled or qualified people is enabled,
skilled human resources are increased, academic exchanges within the Southern African
Development Community is facilitated and tourism is promoted;
(e) the role of the Republic in the continent and the region is recognised;
(f) the entry and departure of all persons at ports of entry are efficiently facilitated,
administered and managed;
(g) immigration laws are efficiently and effectively enforced, deploying to this end significant
administrative capacity of the Department of Home Affairs, thereby reducing the pull factors
of illegal immigration;
(h) the South African economy may have access at all times to the full measure of needed
contributions by foreigners.’ (My emphasis.)

[58] The contention on behalf of the appellants that the respondents acted purely
in their own financial interest, is without foundation. The respondents painted a
picture of prolonged and enduring departmental dysfunction. The livelihood of the
respondents and their employees is clearly at stake, but, their clients and others in
similar situations as well as the South African public at large, have an interest in the
proper administration of the Act and the CA. Indeed, courts have a mandate to
uphold the Constitution and to see to it in cases properly before them, that
administrative functionaries do their duty and fulfil their statutory and constitutional
obligations. In the present case, De Saude and Visa One have shown, not only that
their own interests are affected, but have demonstrated institutional dysfunction and

that the broader public interest, including the interest of their clients were implicated.4
The issues raised are vital to the proper administration of justice. The Act was
designed and indicated by its preamble to ensure expedition in the issuing of visas
and permanent residence permits. What we have, instead, is sloth on a grand scale.

[59] In Democratic Alliance v President of the Republic of South Africa & others
2012 (1) SA 417 (SCA),5 this court had cause to embark on an extensive
examination of the constitutional scheme. The starting point was the founding
provisions of the Constitution. Section 1(c) emphasises that ours is a democratic
State founded, among other values, on the supremacy of the Constitution and the
rule of law. Section 1(d) commits government to democracy, accountability,
responsiveness and openness. Section 2 reaffirms that the Constitution is the
supreme law and that law or conduct that is inconsistent with it is invalid and that the
obligations imposed by the Constitution must be fulfilled. In para 57 of that case this
court stated the following:
‘[E]very citizen and every arm of government ought rightly to be concerned about
constitutionalism and its preservation.’
In para 68, the following appears:
‘Importantly, organs of State, through legislative and other measures, must assist and
protect the courts to ensure their independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and
effectiveness.’
In para 70 the following is said:
‘[T]he same theme that suffuses all the other chapters of the Constitution . . . namely that
institutions of State integral to the wellbeing of a functioning democracy have to be above
reproach, have to be independent and have to serve the people without fear, favour or
prejudice.’

[60] As stated in Gauteng Gambling Board & another v MEC for Economic
Development, Gauteng [2013] ZASCA 67; 2013 (5) SA 24 (SCA), para 52, our
present constitutional order requires that the State be a model of compliance. It has
a duty not to frustrate the enforcement by courts of constitutional rights. In my view,

4 In this regard see the instructive dicta paras 41-44 of the decision of the Constitutional Court in Giant
Concerts CC v Rinaldo Investments (Pty) Ltd & others [2012] ZACC 28; 2013 (3) BCLR 251 (CC).
5 Paras 57-70.

De Saude and Visa One clearly had standing to bring the application. The defence of
a lack of standing on the part of the respondents is entirely without merit.

[61] The appellants’ reliance on misjoinder is also without merit. It beggars belief
that the Department adopted the position that it was not shown that there was
commonality in relation to the law and facts in respect of the cases of each of the
respondents’ clients. Was the Department seriously inviting each of the clients to
launch a separate application with concomitant costs for which the taxpayer has to
bear the burden? The complaint in each case and overall was that the Department
failed to meet its statutory obligations to make decisions timeously. The court below
rightly rejected the misjoinder defence.

[62] Insofar as jurisdiction is concerned, the court below had regard to s 6(1) of
PAJA read with the definition of ‘court’ in that legislation, as set out in para 37 above
and had regard to the relevant parts of s 21(2) of the Superior Courts Act 13 of 2010
set out in para 38 above.

[63] As stated earlier, the court below held that the Minister had a principal place
of business within the jurisdiction of that court, and even though the other
departmental appellants did not operate within the jurisdiction of the court below,
because of the provisions of s 21, it had jurisdiction to entertain the application
brought by De Saude and Visa One. The heads of argument on behalf of the
appellants, incredulously, in my view, inter alia, assert the following:
‘The Respondents cited the Minister because he is the official to whom applications for
naturalisation as a citizen must be directed in terms of the Citizenship Act. Only two of the
323 applications in issue are, however, applications for citizenship in respect of which the
Minister is called upon to make a decision. The remaining 321 decisions are to be made by
the First and Third Appellants, neither of whom are located within the jurisdiction of the court
a quo.
. . .
It is submitted that the Respondents cannot, as they have sought to do, consolidate separate
and distinct complaints in one application and thereby confer upon a High Court jurisdiction
over decision-makers over whom it would otherwise not have jurisdiction, simply because
the reason for the complaint is the same.’

[64] The Minister is nominally and ultimately responsible for the actions of office
bearers and functionaries within the Department. What is set out above ignores that
fact and the aligned legal position. Furthermore, it is the Department that chose to
accept the applications of the affected persons within the area of the jurisdiction of
the court. The outcome of decisions is conveyed within the jurisdiction of the court. In
addition, De Saude and Visa One (the applicants in the court below) have their
offices within the area of the jurisdiction of that court. In light of the aforesaid, the
attitude adopted by the appellants in relation to jurisdiction is baffling. Given what
was conveyed to us at the outset by counsel on their behalf, the ineluctable
conclusion is that the stance adopted in respect of the litigation was one that was
deliberately obstructive and dilatory. This is further borne out by the fact that in a
number of cases involving litigation with affected parties and attorneys representing
them, the appellants did not rely on these technical points. The approach of the
appellants, in a word, is unconscionable, especially coming from a state department.
It could also, rightly, be described as disgraceful.

[65] The essential conclusions by the court below cannot be faulted. The appeal is
dismissed with costs.

__________________
M S Navsa
Acting President

Appearances:
For the Appellants:

G Quixley

Instructed by:

State Attorney, Cape Town

State Attorney, Bloemfontein
For the Respondents:

D Simonsz

Instructed by:

De Saude Attorneys, Cape Town

Phatsoane Henney, Bloemfontein