THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
OF SOUTH AFRICA

Reportable

CASE  NO:  63/2002

In the matter between :

AKTIEBOLAGET HÄSSLE                                                                   First Appellant
ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS (PTY) LTD
Second Appellant

and

TRIOMED (PTY) LTD                                                                                  Respondent
_____________________________________________________________

Coram:
HEFER
AP,
HARMS,
FARLAM,
NAVSA
et
NUGENT  JJA

Heard:
19 AUGUST 2002
Delivered:
12 SEPTEMBER 2002
Summary:
Patent specification – purposive construction
_____________________________________________________________

J U D G M E N T

_____________________________________________________________

NUGENT JA/

NUGENT JA:
[1] ‘In law’ – remarked Lord Steyn in R v Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex parte Daly1 - ‘context is everything.’    And so it is when it
comes to construing the language used in documents, whether the document
be a statute, or a contract, or, as in this case, a patent specification.

[2] Patent No. 87/2378, which is in issue in this appeal, relates to a
pharmaceutical preparation containing omeprazole.  Omeprazole is a potent
inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, which makes it useful in the treatment of
gastric and duodenal ulcers.  It is relatively unstable, however, and degrades
rapidly in the presence of acid solutions.  If the drug is to be administered
orally it must be prepared in a form that enables it to pass through the
stomach without having contact with the acidic stomach fluids, so that it can

[2001] 3 All ER 433 (HL) at 447a

be delivered intact to the proximal part of the small intestine where the
environment is suitable for the drug to be dispersed.

[3] The first appellant is the patentee and the second appellant has been
licensed to use the invention.  The respondent imports and distributes a
pharmaceutical preparation known as Ulzec, in 10g and 20g doses, which is
alleged by the appellants to infringe the patent.  The appellants applied to the
Commissioner of Patents, as a matter of urgency, for interim relief aimed at
restraining the respondent from distributing Ulzec pending the outcome of
an action for final relief.  Several issues were raised in those proceedings but
the Commissioner (Southwood J) found it necessary to deal with only one of
them - he found that Ulzec does not infringe the patent and on that ground
alone the application was dismissed.  Leave to appeal having been granted
by the Commissioner this Court directed in terms of Rule 11 that the appeal
would be confined to the issue of infringement and that if the appeal were to

succeed the application would be remitted to the Commissioner for the
remaining issues to be dealt with.

[4] The aim of the invention, according to the patent specification, is to
enable an oral dose of omeprazole to be delivered intact to the proximal part
of the small intestine, there to be rapidly dispersed so that it can be absorbed
through the wall of the intestine into the blood stream.  In order for the drug
to pass through the stomach without having contact with the acidic stomach
fluids it is encapsulated in an enteric coating that is resistant to dissolution in
the stomach but dissolves in the proximal part of the intestine.  Enteric
coatings that are in common use, however, are themselves acidic, which
would ordinarily cause the drug to deteriorate while in storage, but the
storage stability of the drug is enhanced if it is mixed with an alkaline
compound.  It was found that when such an alkaline core is enteric coated
some diffusion of moisture through the coating occurs during the time that

the dosage resides in the stomach, which dissolves part of the core in the
proximity of the coating with the result that an alkaline solution forms under
the enteric coating and dissolves it from within.   That problem is overcome,
according to the invention, by coating the alkaline core with a substance that
forms a  barrier between the alkaline core and the outer enteric coating.  It is
the composition of that subcoating layer that lies at the centre of the present
dispute.

[5] The invention is claimed as follows in claim 1 of the patent
specification (some of the remaining claims are of secondary relevance to
this appeal and I will return to them later in this judgment):
‘1.
An oral, pharmaceutical preparation in the form of enteric coated tablets or
pellets, containing omeprazole as the active ingredient characterized in
that it is composed of:
(a)
alkaline core material containing omeprazole together with an
alkaline reacting compound, or an alkaline salt of omeprazole
optionally together with an alkaline reacting compound, and

(b)
on said alkaline core material one or more inert reacting subcoating
layers comprising tablet excipients which are soluble or rapidly
disintegrating in water, or polymeric, water soluble, filmforming
compounds,
optionally
containing
pH-buffering,
alkaline
compounds between the alkaline core material and
(c)
an outer layer, which is an enteric coating.’

[6] The dispute falls within a narrow compass.  Paragraph (b) of claim 1
envisages the active alkaline core of paragraph (a) being subcoated with one
or more layers ‘comprising tablet excipients which are soluble or rapidly
disintegrating in water, or polymeric, water soluble, filmforming
compounds’. The active alkaline core of respondent’s product, Ulzec, is
subcoated with a single compound (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, which is a water
soluble, film-forming polymer).  The respondent alleges that it is an essential
element of the claim that the subcoating layer or layers should be constituted
of more than one excipient or compound and that because the alkaline core
of Ulzec is subcoated with a single compound the patent is not infringed.

[7] In Letraset Ltd v Helios Ltd 1972 (3) SA 245 (A) at 274G-H van
Winsen JA, writing for the Court on that issue, described the nature of the
enquiry into infringement as follows:
‘The determination of the question as to whether or not plaintiff has proved an
infringement of his patent turns upon a comparison between the article or process,
or both, involved in the alleged infringement and the words of the claims in the
patent.  If the article or process falls within the ambit of the claims, properly
construed: an infringement is proved.  But the article or process will not be
regarded as falling outside the scope of the claims if such differences as the
comparison may disclose are not matters of any substance.  In making the
comparison the law looks at the essence of what is contained in the claim and will
not allow what is described as the “pith and marrow” of the protected invention to
be pirated.  The evaluation of what is the substance or essence of an invention is a
matter for the “good sense” of the judicial tribunal seized with the enquiry.’

[8] While the enquiry into infringement requires the allegedly infringing
article or process to be compared against the language of the claim, it
appears from that dictum, and has subsequently been repeated by this Court,
that the language of the claim must be construed purposively, so as to extract
from it the essence, or the essential elements, of the invention (Multotec
Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd v Screenex Wire Weaving Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd

1983 (1) SA 709 (AD) 722A-D;  Stauffer Chemical Co and Another v Safsan
Marketing and Distribution Co (Pty) Ltd and Others 1987 (2) SA 331 (A)
343A-344D; Sappi Fine Papers (Pty) Ltd v ICI Canada Inc (Formerly CIL
Inc) 1992 (3) SA 306 (AD) 319I). For as pointed out by Lord Diplock in
Catnic Components Limited and another v Hill and Smith Limited [1982]
RPC 183 (HL) at 242, in a passage that was approved and adopted by this
Court in the cases I have referred to:
‘… a patent specification is a unilateral statement by the patentee, in words of his
own choosing, addressed to those likely to have a practical interest in the subject
matter of his invention (i.e. “skilled in the art”), by which he informs them what
he claims to be the essential features of the new product or process for which the
letters patent grant him a monopoly.  It is those novel features only that he claims
to be essential that constitute the so-called “pith and marrow” of the claim.  A
patent specification should be given a purposive construction rather than a purely
literal one derived from applying to it the kind of meticulous verbal analysis in
which lawyers are too often tempted by their training to indulge.  The question in
each case is:  whether persons with practical knowledge and experience of the
kind of work in which the invention was intended to be used, would understand
that strict compliance with a particular descriptive word or phrase appearing in a
claim was intended by the patentee to be an essential requirement of the invention
so that any variant would fall outside the monopoly claimed, even though it could
have no material effect upon the way the invention worked.”

[9] In Multotec Manufacturing, supra, at 721C-E Corbett JA observed
that a court should always guard against ‘too “textual” an approach’ in the
interpretation of claims in a patent specification because by ‘peering too
closely at the language of a claim the Court may overlook an infringement
that takes the substance of the invention.’  While the claim must be
construed to ascertain the intention of the inventor as conveyed by the
language he has used (Gentiruco A.G. v Firestone S.A. (Pty) Ltd 1972 (1) SA
589 (A) 614B-C) what is sought by a purposive construction is to establish
what were intended to be the essential elements, or the essence, of the
invention, which is not to be found by viewing each word in isolation but
rather by viewing them in the context of the invention as a whole.  To the
extent that it might have been suggested in an obiter dictum in Nampak
Products Ltd and Another v Man-Dirk (Pty) Ltd 1999 (3) SA 708 (SCA) at
714A that it might be called in aid only to construe an ambiguous claim I do
not think that is supported by the decisions of this Court and in my view it is

not correct.  It is merely an approach to construction that is aimed at
establishing what was meant in a particular context.  As pointed out by
Hefer JA in Fundstrust (Pty) Ltd (in Liquidation) v Van Deventer 1997 (1)
SA 710 (A) at 726H-727B (in a passage that was adopted in relation to the
construction of patent specifications in Monsanto Co v MDB Animal Health
(Pty) Ltd (formerly MD Biologics CC 2001 (2) SA 887 (SCA) at 892B-C):
‘The task of the interpreter is, after all, to ascertain the meaning of a word or
expression in the particular context of the statute in which it appears (Loryan (Pty)
Ltd v Solarsh Tea and Coffee (Pty) Ltd 1984 (3) SA 834 (W) at 846G ad fin). As a
rule every word or expression must be given its ordinary meaning and in this
regard lexical research is useful and at times indispensible. Occasionally,
however, it is not.’

[10] The words ‘excipients’ and ‘compounds’ in paragraph (b) of the
claim, expressed as they are in the plural, might indeed in literal terms mean
at least two different excipients, or compounds, as the case may be (the
literal meaning was adopted by the Commissioner).  But when seen in the
context of the invention as a whole, and also when seen in the context of one

of the remaining claims, in my view it is most doubtful that the inventor
could have intended that to be essential.

[11] The purpose that is served by the subcoating layer or layers (for
convenience I will refer hereafter to the subcoating layer or layers only in
the singular) is merely to form an effective but water-soluble barrier between
the alkaline core and the enteric coating.  It is apparent from the claim itself
that the chemical composition of the subcoating layer was considered by the
inventor to be immaterial, provided only that it fulfilled the functional
requirements specified in the claim, for the claim does not insist upon, or
even specify, what its chemical composition should be.  If the subcoating
layer may consist of a mixture of any two excipients or compounds it must
follow that its composition is immaterial (provided only that it has the
functional characteristics specified in the claim) and there is then no
apparent reason, nor could one be suggested, why it should not consist of

any one of those compounds alone.  The fact alone that the inventor was
indifferent to the composition of the subcoating layer (provided only that it
had the characteristics described in the claim) makes it most doubtful that it
was intended that two or more excipients or compounds were essential
elements of the invention.

[12] Moreover, that doubt only increases when the words are read in the
context of claims 3 and 4 (which indirectly incorporate all the elements of
claim 1).  Claims 3 and 4 provide as follows:
‘3. A preparation according to claim 1 wherein the subcoating comprises two or
more sub-layers.
4. A preparation according to claim 3 wherein the subcoating comprises
hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose,
hydroxypropyl
cellulose
or
polyvinylpyrrolidone.’

[13] A preparation according to claim 4 will have a subcoating that
comprises at least two layers, but those subcoating layers will nonetheless
conform with paragraph (b) of claim 1.  It will be a subcoating, however,

that might ‘comprise’ any one of the three compounds described in claim 4.
If the word ‘comprise’, as it is used in claim 4, was intended to mean
‘consists of’, then clearly claim 1 was not intended to exclude a subcoating
consisting of only one compound, for otherwise the provisions of claim 4
would be internally inconsistent.  It was submitted by the respondent,
however, that the word ‘comprises’ in claim 4 is used as a synonym for
‘includes’ (which would not be inconsistent  with modern usage - Fowler’s
Modern English Usage 3rd ed by R.W. Burchfield – and is also the meaning
that has been accepted in patent cases in the United States – see In re
Bertsch 56 USPQ 379 at 384; H.K. Porter Company, Inc v The Gates
Rubber Company 187 USPQ 692 at 715) and that claim 4 thus does no more
than specify that the multiple compounds that are required by claim 1 are to
include at least one of the compounds specified in claim 4.  Whether the
word ‘comprise’ is used in claim 4 synonymously with ‘includes’ is itself

questionable, for that would seem to be inconsistent with its use in claim 3,
but it is not necessary for present purposes to decide whether that is so.

[14] In my view both those considerations, if not decisive of the meaning
to be given to the words in the claim, at least raise considerable doubt that
the inventor intended to exclude from the ambit of the claim preparations in
which the subcoating layer consists of one compound, notwithstanding the
use of the word in the plural.  Where the words used in the claim are
ambiguous, in the sense that when read in their proper context their meaning
is doubtful or not reasonably clear, the body and title of the specification
may be invoked to ascertain whether at least a reasonably certain meaning
can be given to the claim (Gentiruco A.G. v Firestone S.A. (Pty) Ltd 1972
(1) SA 589 (A) at 615F-G).

[15] The description of the invention in the body of the specification
contains no suggestion that the subcoating layer should consist of more than
one excipient or compound: if anything it suggests the contrary.  In
describing the subcoating layer the specification says no more than that it
‘consists of one or more water soluble inert layers, optionally containing pH-
buffering compounds’ and that the material for the subcoating layer ‘is
chosen among the pharmaceutically acceptable, water soluble, inert
compounds or polymers used for film-coating applications.’  Had it been
thought essential that the subcoating layer should consist of more than one
compound one would have expected something to that effect to have been
said.  What is decisive, however, is the composition of the subcoating layer
in the various examples that are given in the specification of what are said to
be ‘the invention…described in detail.’  In many cases the subcoating layer
consists of a single compound (usually dissolved in distilled water or
ethanol).  That is entirely inconsistent with a construction of claim 1 that

confines the invention to preparations in which the subcoating layer consists
of at least two different excipients or compounds.

[16] It is clear, when seen in that context, that the words in claim 1 were
not intended to claim as an essential element of the invention a subcoating
layer that consisted of more than one excipient or compound, and to exclude
a subcoating layer that consisted of only one, notwithstanding that the words
were used in the plural.  In my view, the words were intended instead to
refer merely to a quantity of excipient or compound rather than to excipients
or compounds of more than one kind.  In those circumstances the
respondent’s product infringes the patent and the application ought not to
have been dismissed on that ground.

[17] Accordingly the appeal is upheld with costs, including the costs
occasioned by the employment of two counsel, and the following orders are
made:
(a) The order of the Commissioner of Patents is set aside.
(b) It is declared that the respondent, by importing, making, disposing of
or offering to dispose of its Ulzec products infringes claim 1 of Patent
No. 87/2378.
(c) In accordance with the order made by this court on 17 May 2002 the
application for the temporary interdict is remitted to the
Commissioner of Patents.

____________________
R W NUGENT
JUDGE OF APPEAL

HEFER     AP)
HARMS    JA)
FARLAM JA)
NAVSA     JA)     CONCUR