THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Reportable
Case no: 798/2018
In the matter between:

MINISTER OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY
APPELLANT

and

SUNDAYS RIVER CITRUS COMPANY (PTY) LTD
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:  Minister of Trade and Industry v Sundays River Citrus Company (Pty) Ltd
(798/2018) [2019] ZASCA 184 (03 December 2019)

Coram:
Petse DP, Swain, Mbha and Mbatha JJA and Eksteen AJA

Heard:
01 November 2019

Delivered:
03 December 2019

Summary:
Trade and Industry – grant payable to enterprises to promote their
competitiveness as incentive for job creation and retention – grant payable to enterprises
undertaking investment in competitiveness enhancing activities of existing operations –
calculation of grant based on the manufacturing value added by the enterprise concerned
in its manufacturing process – no particular method of grant calculation prescribed – audited
financial statements but one of the methods that may be used to determine actual
manufacturing value added.

_____________________________________________________________________

ORDER
______________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Eastern Cape Division of the High Court, Port Elizabeth (Jaji J sitting as
court of first instance):
The appeal is dismissed with costs.
______________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
______________________________________________________________________

Petse DP (Swain, Mbha and Mbatha JJA and Eksteen AJA concurring):

[1] At issue in this appeal is the question whether the Eastern Cape Division of the High
Court, Port Elizabeth (the high court) was correct, following upon a successful review of
administrative action, to direct the appellant, the Minister of Trade and Industry, in
recalculating a grant payable to the respondent, Sundays River Citrus Company (Pty) Ltd,
in terms of a government scheme to utilise the ‘pool account method’ of calculation instead
of the annual financial statement method (the AFS method). The appellant says the answer
is in the negative. But the respondent says that this question must be answered in the
affirmative. This issue arises against the backdrop recounted below.

[2] The respondent is an incorporated limited liability company. Its principal place of
business is in the Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape. It conducts the business of
packaging and marketing citrus fruit on behalf of citrus fruit farmers in four different centres
in the Eastern Cape. Its sole shareholder is another limited liability incorporated company
named SRCC Holdings (Pty) Ltd (SRCC Holdings). Some 106 citrus fruit farmers in the
Sundays River Valley own shares in SRCC Holdings.

[3] The respondent’s business model operates along the following lines. Citrus fruit
farmers who are shareholders in SRCC Holdings deliver their harvest to the respondent’s

warehouses. There the fruit is washed, dried, waxed, sorted and packaged for sale under
various brands both to international and local markets. The respondent derives its income
in the form of packing fees and marketing commission from its packaging and marketing
activities on behalf of the citrus fruit farmers. The net returns from the sale of the citrus fruit
are then paid over to the farmers on a proportionate basis after deduction of not only the
respondent’s operational expenses but also costs associated with the preparation of the
citrus fruit for sale. Each farmer’s proportionate share of the net profits takes account of
those costs according to each farmer’s level of participation in the pool.

[4] For accounting purposes, the revenue derived from the marketing and sale of citrus
fruit and expenditure incurred in generating that revenue is all dealt with in what the
respondent describes as a ‘pool account’ on behalf of all the participating citrus fruit farmers.
The net profit earned from these activities is paid to the participating farmers based on the
extent of their participation in the various pools. The net profit in the various pools is arrived
at by deducting from the proceeds of sale, packing and marketing fees, cost of packing
materials, distribution and related costs.

[5] It is necessary to emphasise that given the nature of the respondent’s business
model, the calculation of the net profit generated in the pool account is kept separate from
the respondent’s income statement. This entails that the packaging and marketing fees
charged to the pool are reflected in the respondent’s pool accounting records as expenses
in the pool account and are deductible from the gross proceeds of the citrus fruit as are all
other pool expenses in arriving at the net profit.

[6] In order to promote enterprise competitiveness and, as a consequence, job creation
and retention, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) introduced the Manufacturing
Competitiveness Enhancement Programme (the MCEP) some seven years ago in terms of
which it paid grants to qualifying businesses. The MCEP’s main objective was to design and
administer incentive programmes seeking to support and enhance competitiveness of a
variety of manufacturing entities across a range of sectors. To qualify for a grant, a business
entity must first apply to the DTI and receive approval, which will invariably be granted if the
criteria prescribed by the DTI are met. Businesses seeking to avail themselves of a grant
were required to, amongst others, invest in any one or more of the following: capital

equipment for upgrading and expansions; enterprise-level competitiveness improvement
activities for new or increased market access; and product and process improvements.1
Once a business has been approved to receive a grant under the scheme it becomes eligible
to submit a claim to the DTI for payment of the grant in accordance with a prescribed formula
set out in the MCEP’s Guidelines. These Guidelines were revised from time to time and
those that were in operation at the commencement of the proceedings in the high court were
contained in Version 4 of April 2014.

[7] The MCEP also provides for a formula to be used in determining the amount of the
grant which represents the value that a manufacturer adds to a product in the course of its
manufacturing process. This value is calculated as a defined percentage of the
‘Manufacturing Value Added’2 over a two year period. The maximum amount of the grant is
capped in accordance with the size of the participating enterprise. The respondent is one of
the approved beneficiaries of the scheme.

[8] On 28 March 2013, and in line with the prescripts of the MCEP, the respondent
submitted a claim to the DTI for payment of the grant due to it. After an inordinate delay and
persistent prompting from the respondent, the DTI ultimately advised the respondent that it
had calculated the grant amount in the sum of R 1 820 748.The respondent disputed the
correctness of this amount, contending that it was nowhere near the amount that it
considered was due to it, having regard to its Manufacturing Value Added. Protracted
negotiations aimed at resolving the impasse then ensued. But the DTI was not prepared to
budge, asserting that its calculations were consonant with the Guidelines’ prescribed
formula.

1 Part 3.1.3 of the MCEP Guidelines provides as follows:
‘Applicants will be able to apply for one or a combination of the above-mentioned components at company
and/or cluster level, based on their needs. Applicants can achieve this by investing in capital equipment for
upgrading and expansions; green technology upgrades for cleaner production and resource efficiency
activities; enterprise-level competitiveness improvement activities for new or increased market access, product
and process improvement and related skills development; as well as conducting feasibility studies.’
2 The Manufacturing Value Added (MVA) is calculated by deducting the sales value of imported goods, sales
value of other bought in finished goods and material input costs (used in manufacturing process) from an
enterprise’s total sales or turnover over a two-year period. The total qualifying grant represents a percentage
of the MVA depending on the historical size of the enterprise concerned.

[9] During November 2016, and after some three years had elapsed and abortive
attempts at negotiations with the DTI, the respondent instituted motion proceedings against
the appellant. In addition to costs and further or alternative relief, it sought an order in the
following terms:
‘(a)
That the decision taken by the Department of Trade and Industry to pay to the Applicant a
grant in the sum of R1 820 748,00 in terms of the calculation provided by it to the Applicant
on 12 May 2016, as its grant in terms of the Manufacturing Competitive Enhancement
Programme, launched in 2012, be and is hereby reviewed and set aside.
(b)
That the Department of Trade and Industry is ordered to recalculate the Applicant’s grant by
utilising the pool account method of calculation, alternatively, the annual financial statement
method of calculation;
(c)
That the Department of Trade and Industry is ordered to pay to the Applicant the sum arrived
at by utilising such calculation’.

[10] In support of its application, the respondent averred, amongst other things, that:
‘18.1. The Applicant converted from a co-operative to a private company in 2000, but its business
is still operated on exactly the same co-operative principles that were applied when it was a
co-operative. Only bona fide citrus farmers, who deliver fruit to the Applicant for grading,
packing and marketing, qualify to become shareholders of the Applicant’s holding company.
18.2. The pooling system is widely used by co-operatives in the agricultural processing industry.
When members deliver their produce to a co-operative, such as the Applicant, the produce
loses its identity and is pooled or grouped based on certain criteria, e.g. variety, quality grade
and size. The delivered produce is graded and sized in order to determine the number of
standard units of fruit delivered in terms of each differentiated grouping of quality grade and
fruit size.
18.3. The farmer member qualifies for pool participation based on the total quantity of standard
units of fruit that he delivered over the duration of the pool into each differentiated grouping
in the pool. The co-operative will then process the produce, for example, making wine or
processing and packing fresh fruit as in the case of the Applicant, and will then market the
final product under the label of that co-operative. An example of this is Simonsvlei Wines, a
product of Simonsvlei (Co-operative) Ltd.
18.4. In the case of the Applicant, all its pooled citrus is marketed both nationally and internationally
under various brand names like Sundays, Outspan etc. without any reference to the
individual farmer members. The farmer members share in the net proceeds of the sales
according to their relative pool participation in the various pools.

19.
19.1. The aforegoing manufacturing process of adding value to the product requires appropriate
accounting, that is, pool accounting. The pool account is in essence similar in nature to a
trust account in the sense that income and expenditure items are accounted for therein, on
behalf of the pool participants, and the net profit remaining after conclusion of all transactions
is paid over to the pool participants.
19.2. In this regard, the Applicant invoices the pool account in respect of packing and marketing
fees which are sufficient to cover the Applicant’s operating costs incurred in providing the
services, as well as to provide the Applicant with a net profit to ensure its reserves are
maintained. Once the citrus fruit from a specific year’s produce has all been sold and all
income and costs have been accounted for, the Applicant (like all other co-operatives)
calculates the net profit for each pool by deducting from the sales proceeds all the
manufacturing costs such as the packing and marketing fees, packing materials, distribution
costs and the like.
19.3. Importantly, the packing and marketing fees charged by the Applicant to the pool account
are reflected in the Applicant’s income statement in the annual financial statements as its
main income. Also important, in this regard, is that the calculation of the pool’s net profit is
kept separate from the Applicant’s income statement, similar to the principles that would be
applied to a trust account, and is called a pool account. The packing and marketing fees
invoiced to the pool by the Applicant are therefore accounted for as expenses in the pool
account and are deducted from the fruit proceeds, together with other pool expenses, in
order to arrive at the net profit of the pool account that can be paid out to the various farmer
members participating in the pool.
20.
The pool account method thus utilises the pooled citrus turnover and material input costs
relative to the packaging by the Applicant of citrus fruit on behalf of the farmer members, as
well as the net payment to them in lieu of citrus fruit delivered by them, as input values in the
calculation of the MVA – as opposed to having regard only to the Applicant’s own turnover
and material input costs as reflected in its audited annual financial statements (“AFS
method”).
21.
The pool account method of calculation is, moreover, a more accurate assessment of the
MVA for a company which provides a co-operative service to its farmer members, than is the
AFS method of calculation. This is so because it provides a more realistic representation of
the cost of material used in the manufacturing process and the value of the sales of
manufactured goods. It is therefore a more realistic representation of the cost of material
used in the manufacturing process and the value of the sales of manufactured goods. It is
therefore a more realistic determination of the Applicant’s actual MVA. The pool account

method was regarded by Dectra, after taking advice from auditors PricewaterhouseCoopers
(“PWC”), as fundamentally correct and more relevant than the AFS method, for the
aforegoing reasons, and it has been applied by Dectra and accepted by the DTI in eleven
applications (five applications were approved prior to the Applicant’s application and six
applications were approved after the Applicant’s application) by other clients of Dectra
providing co-operative services, of the kind provided by the Applicant, in the wine industry.
Details of those eleven applicants are as follows:
21.1. Langverwacht Koöperatiewe Wynmakery Beperk, approved by the DTI on 22 February 2013
and the first claim payment made on 26 July 2013;
21.2. De Doorns Wynkelder Primary Co-operative Ltd, approved by the DTI on 30 August 2013
and the first claim payment made on 12 June 2014;
21.3. Vredendal Wynkelder (Edms) Beperk, approved by the DTI on 1 August 2014 and the first
claim payment made on 2 October 2015 with a second claim payment made on 30
September 2016;
21.4. Bonnievale Wynkelder Koöperatief Beperk, approved by the DTI on 29 April 2013 and the
first claim payment made on 24 October 2013;
21.5. Montagu Wine and Spirits Co (Pty) Ltd, approved by the DTI on 29 April 2013 and the first
claim payment made on 4 November 2013;
21.6. Slanghoek Wynkelder (Pty) Ltd, approved by the DTI on 5 March 2015 and the first claim
payment made on 30 November 2015;
21.7. Brandvlei Wynkelder (Edms) Beperk, approved by the DTI on 22 August 2014 and the first
claim payment made on 4 February 2015;
21.8. Ashton Wynkelder (Edms) Beperk, approved by the DTI on 23 January 2015 and the first
claim payment made on 6 Novemer 2015;
21.9. Appelsdrift Wynmakery (Edms) Beperk, approved by the DTI on 22 August 2014 and the first
claim payment made on 17 June 2015;
21.10. Die Roodezandt Koöperatiewe Wynmakery Beperk, approved by the DTI on 18 March 2013
and the first claim payment made on 13 August 2013; and
21.11. Lutzville Wingerde Beperk, approved by the DTI on 31 May 2013 and the first claim payment
made on 30 October 2015 with a second claim payment made on the same date.’

[11] The appellant opposed the application. In pursuit of that opposition, it responded to
the respondent’s categorical averments set out in the preceding paragraph thus:
‘30.
Ad Paragraph 18 thereof

Save to state that the business model of the applying entity is irrelevant to the calculation of
the grant, the contents hereof are noted. It may also be noted that the Applicant is, by its own
admission, a private company and can accordingly not claim “co-operative” status and/or the
calculation of the grant in accordance with any method other than that based on its own
Audited Financial Statements (AFS) in accordance with the Guidelines.
31.
Ad Paragraph 19 thereof

The Applicant’s method of earning income is, with respect, not relevant to the calculation of
the grant amount. The Applicant has to satisfy the qualifying criteria as provided for in the
Guidelines and has to submit audited financial statements to substantiate the figures which
it submits as the basis for the calculation of the grant applied for. The Applicant cannot, with
respect, compile two sets of financial statements and then submit the statements which are
of greater advantage to it, as it appears to do in this instance. The dti cannot be held liable
for any mistakes or misrepresentation made by the Applicant or its consultant. Save for the
aforegoing, the contents hereof are noted.
32.
Ad Paragraph 20 thereof

Save to reiterate that the acceptable method of calculating an applicant’s grant amount, is
the AFS method … the contents hereof are noted. I also repeat the submissions made at
paragraph 30 above.
33.
Ad Paragraph 21 thereof
33.1
It is denied that the “pool account method” or any particular method which is
preferable to any particular applying entity, is the “fundamentally correct” method of
calculating a grant amount. It is submitted that the applying entity cannot be
prescriptive as to its preferred method of calculation and the dti is not obliged to apply
the method as prescribed by the entity.
33.2
With regard to the entities listed at sub-paragraphs 21.1 to 21.11, it is submitted that
the information supplied by entities when lodging applications for grants, is subject to
a confidentiality agreement and may not, without the said entity’s written
authorisation, be disclosed to any third parties.
33.3
Furthermore, the deponent to the Founding Affidavit is well aware of the
confidentiality of the information which is relied upon in these paragraphs. This is
evident from the correspondence which was addressed to the Applicant’s attorneys
in reply to a request for the documentation relied upon in making these allegations.
A hard copy of the relevant correspondence is attached hereto as annexure “A”.
33.4
In the absence of the eleven wineries referred to, waiving the benefit of the
confidentiality agreements entered into with them, the dti is unable to properly deal
with the allegations herein. In any event, what is at issue in this litigation is whether

the calculation effectively sought to be reviewed is correct and in accordance with the
Guidelines. It is of no assistance to the Applicant to argue, in effect, that if other grants
had been incorrectly calculated, the Applicant is entitled to benefit therefrom. If it
should be found that any applicant has unduly benefited from the MCEP, the dti is
obliged, in terms of the Public Finance Management Act, act 1 of 1999 (the”PFMA”),
to recover such undue payment/benefit from such applicant.’

[12] In its heads of argument in the high court, the appellant conceded that the decision
made by the DTI with respect to the amount determined by it as a grant payable to the
respondent fell to be reviewed and set aside. Following upon this concession, therefore, all
that remained to be determined by the high court on the merits was the remedy as
contemplated in s 8(1) of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA).

[13] In due course, the application came before Jaji J who, on 10 April 2018, granted an
order3 substantially in the terms sought in the notice of motion. On 19 June 2018 the learned
Judge granted leave to the appellant to appeal to this court against paragraph (b) of his
order.

[14] As is apparent from the terms of the relief claimed by the respondent in the high court,
two main issues arose for decision. First, the respondent impugned the correctness of the
appellant’s calculation of the grant in the sum of R1 820 748. Second, the respondent
sought an order directing the appellant to recalculate the grant amount by utilising the ‘pool
account method’ of calculation or alternatively the annual financial statements method of
calculation. With respect to the recalculation, the respondent explained the basis upon
which it relied in support of its case. Having regard to the nature of the dispute between the
parties and their respective contentions, the high court was called upon to decide which one

3 ‘(a)
That the decision taken by the Department of Trade and Industry to pay to the applicant a grant in the
sum of R 1 820 748, 00 in terms of the calculation provided by it to the applicant on 12 May 2016, as
its grant in terms of the Manufacturing Competitive Enhancement Programme, launched in 2012, be
and is hereby reviewed and set aside;
(b)
That the Department of Trade and Industry is ordered to recalculate the applicant's grant by utilising
the pool account method of calculation;
(c)
That the Department of Trade and Industry is ordered to pay to the applicant the sum arrived at by
utilising such calculation;
(d)
That the respondent pay the costs of this application, inclusive of the costs of postponement of
19 October 2017.’

of the two methods of calculation (or any other method) would be appropriate upon remittal
of the matter to the DTI for reconsideration, having regard to the MCEP’s Guidelines.

[15] As already mentioned, the high court directed the appellant, in recalculating the grant
payable to the respondent, to utilise the ‘pool account method of calculation’. The appellant
contests the propriety of this order on various grounds. The thrust of its contention in its
heads of argument is that, in doing so, the high court in essence found that the ‘respondent
had satisfied the requirements of s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa) of PAJA. It did so, argues the appellant, in
circumstances where the respondent had not made out a case therefor.

[16] Building on this contention the appellant’s primary submission is that the main issue
in this appeal is whether the high court was correct, in effect, concluding that the
requirements of s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa) of PAJA had been satisfied.

[17] Before considering this issue it is convenient at this stage to deal with three of the
self-standing subsidiary points raised by the appellant. The first submission was that the
high court erred in categorising the grant payable under the MCEP as a reward when in
truth it is an incentive. This submission only needs to be stated to be rejected. It does not
advance the appellant’s case in any way and is nothing short of a red herring.

[18] The second submission was that the facts alleged on behalf of the appellant in its
answering affidavit created a dispute of fact on the papers as to whether it was appropriate
to utilise the pool account method in recalculating the respondent’s manufacturing value
added. Relying on the rule in Plascon-Evans,4 counsel for the appellant argued that the high
court was thus precluded from deciding the case on the papers. Counsel is mistaken in
advancing this contention. As Heher JA said in Wightman t/a JW Construction v Headfour
(Pty) Ltd & another [2008] ZASCA 6; [2008] 2 All SA 512 (SCA); 2008 (3) SA 371 (SCA)
para 13:
‘A real, genuine and bona fide dispute of fact can exist only where the court is satisfied that
the party who purports to raise the dispute has in his affidavit seriously and unambiguously
addressed the fact said to be disputed. There will of course be instances where a bare denial meets

4 Plascon-Evans Paints Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Ltd 1984 (3) SA 623 at 634-635.

the requirement because there is no other way open to the disputing party and nothing more can
therefore be expected of him. But even that may not be sufficient if the fact averred lies purely within
the knowledge of the averring party and no basis is laid for disputing the veracity or accuracy of the
averment. When the facts averred are such that the disputing party must necessarily possess
knowledge of them and be able to provide an answer (or countervailing evidence) if they be not true
or accurate but, instead of doing so, rests his case on a bare or ambiguous denial the court will
generally have difficulty in finding that the test is satisfied. I say ‘generally’ because factual
averments seldom stand apart from a broader matrix of circumstances all of which needs to be borne
in mind when arriving at a decision. A litigant may not necessarily recognise or understand the
nuances of a bare or general denial as against a real attempt to grapple with all relevant factual
allegations made by the other party. But when he signs the answering affidavit, he commits himself
to its contents, inadequate as they may be, and will only in exceptional circumstances be permitted
to disavow them. There is thus a serious duty imposed upon a legal adviser who settles an answering
affidavit to ascertain and engage with facts which his client disputes and to reflect such disputes fully
and accurately in the answering affidavit. If that does not happen it should come as no surprise that
the court takes a robust view of the matter.’

[19] Indeed, when members of the Bench pointed out to counsel that the appellant had
not pertinently answered to the allegations made in paragraphs 18 to 21 of the founding
affidavit, wherein the respondent comprehensively laid the basis upon which it relied in
motivating for the utilisation of the pool account method (for recalculating the manufacturing
value added), he seemed not to have a direct answer. Instead, counsel referred us not to
the appellant’s answer to paragraphs 18 to 21 (quoted liberally above) but to other
paragraphs of the answering affidavit. We were invited to infer from the paragraphs to which
we were referred and the tenor of the answering affidavit that, in substance, the
respondent’s allegations were disputed. That cannot be.

[20] It is trite that in motion proceedings the respondent is required to set out clearly which
of the applicant’s allegations are admitted and which are denied and to set out his version
of the relevant facts. It is generally not sufficient to rely on bare or unsubstantiated denials.5
Nor was it sufficient for the appellant in answering to the respondent’s averments to
envelope them ‘in a fog which hides or distorts the reality’6 relating to the use of the pool

5 Room Hire Co (Pty) Ltd v Jeppe Street Mansions (Pty) Ltd 1949 (3) SA 1155 (T) at 1163-1165.
6 See Wightman, fn 6 above, para 16.

account method for beneficiaries of the scheme in the wine industry. As this court rightly
noted in Transnet Ltd v Rubenstein, 2006 (1) SA 591 (SCA) para 28, affidavits in motion
proceedings constitute both the pleadings and the evidence in support of the cases
advanced by the parties. A party that chooses to be coy in answering its opponent’s
averments does so at its own peril. Indeed, in the totality of the evidence presented in the
high court it cannot be said that the affidavits filed on behalf of the appellant gave rise to a
dispute of fact on the bases on which its counsel relied in argument. Thus, the argument
relating to the perceived dispute of fact is unavailing.

[21] Last, I deal with the argument that the high court erred in finding that the respondent
had a legitimate expectation that its application for a grant would be assessed utilising the
pool account method. On a reading of the respondent’s affidavits I did not understand it to
be the respondent’s case that it had a legitimate expectation that it would be treated similarly
with the entities named therein. As I see it what it sought to do was to point out that the
utilisation of the pool account method was not something unusual or extraordinary but a
common occurrence within the DTI. And that it was not seeking something outside of the
parameters of the MCEP. After all, what the respondent claimed to be a realistic amount of
the grant payable to it represented a percentage of the manufacturing value added in its
manufacturing process.

[22] Section 8 of PAJA, headed ‘Remedies in proceedings for judicial review’, empowers
a court in proceedings for judicial review to grant any order that is just and equitable, having
regard to the exigencies of each case. Such orders include:

‘(a)
directing the administrator—

(i)
to give reasons; or

(ii)
to act in the manner the court or tribunal requires;
. . .

(c)
setting aside the administrative action and—
(i)
remitting the matter for reconsideration by the administrator, with or without
directions; or

(ii)
in exceptional cases—
(aa)
substituting or varying the administrative action or correcting a defect
resulting from the administrative action’.

[23] The exceptional remedy of substitution is an equitable one that has its origin in our
common law, long before the advent of our constitutional order and the enactment of PAJA.
The circumstances under which a court would be justified in exercising this power were over
the years explained in various decisions by our courts. In Johannesburg City Council v
Administrator, Transvaal, & another 1969 (2) SA 72 (T) at 75A-76C, Hiemstra J explained
the position thus:
‘Ordinarily, when an administrative decision is set aside, the matter is sent back for
reconsideration, but not necessarily so. An early guideline is the case of Norman Anstey & Co v
Johannesburg Municipality, 1928 W.L.D. 235, where GREENBERG, J., said at p. 242:
“I think the Court is only entitled to order the issue of a certificate or licence when it is clear on the
facts that the local authority would be bound to grant the certificate or licence.”
The Court then merely saves time by giving a decision which is a foregone conclusion. In Maske
and Gilbert v Aberdeen Licensing Court, 1930 AD 30 at p. 45, and in Gildenhuys v Parys Liquor
Licensing Board and Another, 1957 (4) SA 142 (O) at p. 151, considerations of time impelled the
Court to make the decision itself, but there too the Court would not have done so if the end result
had been open to doubt. In Essack v Durban City Council, 1953 (4) SA 17 (N) at p. 23, the
consideration was that the respondent had revealed an unjustifiable determination to adhere to a
wrong decision – an attitude calculated to impair the prospects of applying its mind afresh. A similar
consideration applied in Adam’s Stores (Pty.) Ltd v Charlestown Town Board and Others, 1951 (2)
SA 508 (N).
In Livestock and Meat Industries Control Board v Garda, 1961 (1) SA 342 (AD), HOLMES,
A.J.A., stated the “basic principle” as follows at p. 349G:
“From a survey of the foregoing decisions it seems to me possible to state the basic principle as
follows, namely that the Court has a discretion, to be exercised judicially upon a consideration of the
facts of each case, and that, although the matter will be sent back if there is no reason for not doing
so, in essence it is a question of fairness to both sides.”’

[24] In Gauteng Gambling Board v Silverstar Development Ltd & others 2005 (4) SA 67
(SCA) paras 28-29, Heher JA said:
‘The power of a court on review to substitute or vary administrative action or correct a defect
arising from such action depends upon a determination that a case is ‘exceptional’: s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa)
of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000. Since the normal rule of common law is
that an administrative organ on which a power is conferred is the appropriate entity to exercise that
power, a case is exceptional when, upon a proper consideration of all the relevant facts, a court is
persuaded that a decision to exercise a power should not be left to the designated functionary. How

that conclusion is to be reached is not statutorily ordained and will depend on established principles
informed by the constitutional imperative that administrative action must be lawful, reasonable and
procedurally fair. Hefer AP said in Commissioner, Competition Commission v General Council of the
Bar of South Africa and Others 2002 (6) SA 606 (SCA):
“ . . . (T)he remark in Johannesburg City Council v Administrator, Transvaal, and Another
1969 (2) SA 72 (T) at 76D-E that “the Court is slow to assume a discretion which has by statute
been entrusted to another tribunal or functionary” does not tell the whole story. For, in order to give
full effect to the right which everyone has to lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative
action, considerations of fairness also enter the picture. There will accordingly be no remittal to the
administrative authority in cases where such a step will operate procedurally unfairly to both parties.
As Holmes AJA observed in Livestock and Meat Industries Control Board v Garda 1961 (1) SA 342
(A) at 349G:
“. . . the Court has a discretion, to be exercised judicially upon a consideration of the facts of each
case, and . . . although the matter will be sent back if there is no reason for not doing so, in essence
it is a question of fairness to both sides.” [See also Erf One Six Seven Orchards CC v Greater
Johannesburg Metropolitan Council (Johannesburg Administration) and Another [1998] ZASCA 91;
1999 (1) SA 104 (SCA) at 109F-G.]
I do not accept a submission for the respondents to the effect that the Court a quo was in as
good a position as the Commission to grant or refuse exemption and that, for this reason alone, the
matter was rightly not remitted. Admittedly Baxter Administrative Law at 682 - 4 lists a case where
the Court is in as good a position to make the decision as the administrator among those in which it
will be justified in correcting the decision by substituting its own. However, the author also says at
684:
“The mere fact that a court considers itself as qualified to take the decision as the administrator does
not of itself justify usurping that administrator’s powers . . .; sometimes, however, fairness to the
applicant may demand that the Court should take such a view.”
This, in my view, states the position accurately. All that can be said is that considerations of fairness
may in a given case require the court to make the decision itself provided it is able to do so.”
An administrative functionary that is vested by statute with the power to consider and approve
or reject an application is generally best equipped by the variety of its composition, by experience,
and its access to sources of relevant information and expertise to make the right decision. The court
typically has none of these advantages and is required to recognise its own limitations. See Minister
of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and Others v Phambili Fisheries (Pty) Ltd; Minister of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism and Others v Bato Star Fishing (Pty) Ltd 2003 (6) SA 407 (SCA)
at paras [47] to [50], and Bato Star Fishing (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Others

[2004] ZACC 15; 2004 (4) SA 490 (CC) at paras [46] to [49]. That is why remittal is almost always
the prudent and proper course.’

[25] The dicta to which reference is made in paragraphs 23 and 24 above were endorsed
by the Constitutional Court in Trencon Construction (Pty) Ltd v Industrial Development
Corporation of South Africa Ltd & another [2015] ZACC 22; 2015 (5) SA 245 (CC); 2015
(10) BCLR 1199 (CC). The Constitutional Court emphasised that ‘substitution remains an
extraordinary remedy’ and that ‘remittal is still almost always the prudent and proper course’
to adopt.

[26] The Constitutional Court continued:7
‘In our constitutional framework a court considering what constitutes exceptional
circumstances must be guided by an approach that is consonant with the Constitution.  This
approach should entail affording appropriate deference to the administrator.  Indeed, the idea that
courts ought to recognise their own limitations still rings true.  It is informed not only by the deference
courts have to afford an administrator but also by the appreciation that courts are ordinarily not
vested with the skills and expertise required of an administrator.’

[27] However, for the reasons that follow, the appellant’s contention that the high court
invoked s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa) of PAJA at all is plainly unsustainable.

[28] It is now time to revert to the crux of the appeal. This is: whether in granting the order
at issue in this appeal, the high court strayed beyond the parameters of the power conferred
on it by s 8(1)(a)(ii) of PAJA. On this score the remarks of the Constitutional Court in
Steenkamp NO v Provincial Tender Board, Eastern Cape 2007 (3) SA 121 (CC) para 29 are
instructive. There, Moseneke DCJ stated:
‘It goes without saying that every improper performance of an administrative function would
implicate the Constitution and entitle the aggrieved party to appropriate relief. In each case the
remedy must fit the injury. The remedy must be fair to those affected by it and yet vindicate effectively
the right violated. It must be just and equitable in the light of the facts, the implicated constitutional
principles, if any, and the controlling law. It is nonetheless appropriate to note that ordinarily a breach
of administrative justice attracts public-law remedies and not private-law remedies. The purpose of
a public-law remedy is to pre-empt or correct or reverse an improper administrative function. In some

7 See para 43.

instances the remedy takes the form of an order to make or not to make a particular decision or an
order declaring rights or an injunction to furnish reasons for an adverse decision. Ultimately the
purpose of a public remedy is to afford the prejudiced party administrative justice, to advance
efficient and effective public administration compelled by constitutional precepts and at a broader
level, to entrench the rule of law.
(Footnotes omitted.)

[29] This theme was elaborated upon in Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & others v
Genorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & others 2011 (4) SA 113 (CC) where Froneman J held as
follows:
‘This “generous jurisdiction” in terms of s 8 of PAJA provides for a wide range of just and
equitable remedies, including declaratory orders . . . orders directing the administrator to act in an
appropriate manner, and orders prohibiting him or her from acting in a particular manner.’8

[30] The learned Justice went on to say:
‘I do not think that it is wise to attempt to lay down inflexible rules in determining a just and
equitable remedy following upon a declaration of unlawful administrative action.’9

[31] Typically, an order of substitution under s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa) entails that the reviewing
court itself makes the decision that, in its view, the administrator should have made. As a
result, the need for remittal is obviated and the dispute between the parties is put to an end
once and for all. Here the high court did not purport to invoke s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa). Thus, the best
that can be said in favour of the appellant is that the order of the high court had the effect of
curtailing the ambit of the parties’ dispute and circumscribing the exercise of the
administrator’s powers, upon reconsideration of the matter, in relation to the method of
calculation.

[32] It is by now manifest that the cause of the appellant’s discontent is in truth the fact
that the high court directed the DTI to utilise the pool account method in its recalculation. Its
contention is that this aspect of the case ought to have been left to the DTI for it to recalculate
the amount according to the prescripts of the MCEP untrammelled by directions. This is so,

8 Para 83.
9 Para 85.

argues the appellant, because it is not open to the respondent to prescribe to the DTI to
utilise another entity’s financial records (this being a reference to SRCC Holdings). But this
submission stems from a misconception on the appellant’s part. As counsel for the
respondent pointed out, it is to the respondent’s pool accounts that one must look in order
to determine the true extent of the manufacturing value added in the respondent’s
manufacturing process as comprehensibly explained in the respondent’s founding affidavit.

[33] In its heads of argument in this court the appellant accepted that ‘the MCEP’s
Guidelines do not provide for the grant to be calculated in accordance with either the pool
account method or the financial statement method’. Nevertheless, it sought to argue that
the audited financial statement method best achieved the apparent purpose of the MCEP.
The implication of this concession is telling. Indeed it puts paid to the very essence of the
appellant’s case as it goes to show that each case will necessarily turn on its own facts.

[34] The case of the appellant was presented on the footing that the way paragraph (b)
of the high court’s order was crafted indicates that it invoked s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa) of PAJA. This
then gave rise to the question whether exceptional circumstances existed to warrant this.
The fallacy underpinning counsel’s argument is not hard to find. The argument entirely
overlooks the true ambit of the case that remained to be decided by the high court once the
merits of the review were conceded. The whole dispute between the parties centred around
the method of calculation. Other than contending that the audited financial statements must
be used, the appellant failed to pertinently answer the respondent’s case which contended
for the utilisation of the pool account method. On the contrary, the respondent
comprehensively explained why this was eminently the most appropriate method to adopt
‘because it provides a more realistic representation of the cost of material used in the
manufacturing process and the value of the sales of manufactured goods’.

[35] The reality is that in the light of this it would have been a futile exercise to remit the
question of the recalculation of the grant without the high court simultaneously issuing
appropriate directions, as it was statutorily empowered to do under s 8(1)(a)(ii) of PAJA.
This, particularly in the light of the factual matrix before it and the entrenched diametrically
opposed positions adopted by the parties. Ultimately, as the high court found on a
conspectus of the evidence placed before it, it turned out that the position taken by the

appellant was indefensible. Had the high court not issued directions, the dispute between
the parties would have remained unresolved. This was all the more so in a case like the
present where the DTI had – to borrow the phraseology used in Essack above – ‘revealed
an unjustifiable determination to adhere to a wrong decision’ thereby evincing an attitude
that it would utilise the audited financial statement method come what may. This would have
had the distinct potential for further litigation resulting in the wastage of both human and
financial resources.

[36] Seen in this light there can be no doubt that the invocation of s 8(1)(a)(ii) of PAJA by
the high court was appropriate. Accordingly, this appeal falls to be dismissed.

[37] There is in any event another insurmountable hurdle in the appellant’s path. This is
so because s 8(1)(a)(ii) of PAJA empowered the high court to weigh the relevant factors
mentioned in this section and itself determine what an appropriate remedy would be. In
doing so, it exercised a discretion in the narrow sense. This means that this court’s power
to interfere on appeal is circumscribed.10 However, as this point was not addressed by the
parties either in their heads of argument or oral argument nothing more need be said about
it.

[38] In the result the following order is made:
The appeal is dismissed with costs.

_________________
X M Petse
Deputy President

10 See Trencon, fn 12 above, paras 84-90.

APPEARANCES

For Appellant:
B Boswell (with him M N Pango)

Instructed by:

State Attorney, Port Elizabeth

State Attorney, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:
S C Rorke SC

Instructed by:

Mike Nurse Attorneys, Port Elizabeth

Webbers Attorneys, Bloemfontein