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THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Not Reportable
Case No:  31/2016

In the matter between:

MOSHINA ESSOP

APPELLANT

and

THE STATE

RESPONDENT

Neutral citation: Essop v S (31/2016) [2016] ZASCA 114 (12 September 2016)

Coram:

Bosielo, Zondi and Van der Merwe JJA and Schoeman and
Potterill AJJA

Heard:

18 August 2016

Delivered:

12 September 2016

Summary:
Criminal Procedure: appeal against refusal by court below to grant
leave to appeal on petition: test is whether the appellant has reasonable prospects of
success on appeal: leave to appeal against refusal of petition is granted.

___________________________________________________________________
ORDER
___________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: KwaZulu-Natal Division, Pietermaritzburg (Ntshangase and
Seegobin JJ sitting as court of appeal):
The appeal succeeds.
The order refusing the appellant leave to appeal is set aside and is replaced with
the following order:

‘The appellant is granted leave to appeal against sentence imposed by the
regional court, Pietermaritzburg to the KwaZulu-Natal Division, Pietermaritz-
burg.’
________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT

Zondi JA (Bosielo and Van der Merwe JJA and Schoeman and Potterill AJJA
concurring):

[1] This is an appeal against the refusal by the KwaZulu-Natal Division,
Pietermaritzburg (Ntshangase and Seegobin JJ) of the appellant’s petition for leave to
appeal against the sentence imposed by the regional court.

[2] The appellant appeared in the regional court, Pietermaritzburg facing 17 counts of
theft of attorneys’ trust funds totalling R406 811.64 under the control of her employers,
Stowell and Company. She pleaded guilty to all the counts and was duly convicted.
After all counts were taken together for the purposes of sentence, she was sentenced to
10 years’ imprisonment, five years of which were suspended for a period of five years
on condition that she was not convicted of theft or any competent verdict of theft

committed during the period of suspension. After her application for leave to appeal
against sentence was refused by the trial court the appellant petitioned the Judge
President (KwaZulu-Natal Division, Pietermaritzburg) for leave to appeal against
sentence. Her petition was dismissed.

[3] The appellant thereafter applied to the court below for leave to appeal to this
court against dismissal of her petition for leave to appeal by the court below. Ntshangase
and Seegobin JJ initially heard the application for leave to appeal, but they could not
agree on whether or not to grant leave. In consequence, the application was postponed
and a full court was constituted to hear it. Ntshangase, Pillay and Seegobin JJ, now
sitting as the full court heard the application and granted leave to appeal to this court
against the refusal of the petition.

[4] As this application for leave was brought prior to the coming into operation of the
Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013, the procedure as set out in S v Kriel [2011] ZASCA
113; 2012 (1) SACR 1 (SCA) must therefore be followed. In Kriel, this court held at
para 12:
‘Like the court in Matshona we, too, cannot determine the merits of the appeal. The issue before us is
whether leave to appeal to the High Court should have been granted and not the appeal itself.’

[5] The issue before this court is whether the petition for leave to appeal against the
sentence imposed by the trial court should have been granted by the KwaZulu-Natal
Division. In other words, at this stage what we need to decide is whether leave should
have been granted by the two judges before whom the petition served and not the appeal
itself.1 In Matshona this court held that the test to be applied is whether there is a
reasonable prospect of success in the intended appeal and not whether the appeal itself

1 S v Khoasasa [2002] ZASCA 113; 2003 (1) SACR 123 (SCA) paras 14 and 19-20; S v Matshona [2008] ZASCA 58;
[2008] 4 All SA 68 (SCA) para 4; S v Smith [2011] ZASCA 15; 2012 (1) SACR 567 (SCA) para 3.

ought to succeed or not.

[6] What the test entails was explained in these terms by this court in Smith at para 7:
‘What the test of reasonable prospects of success postulates is a dispassionate decision, based on the
facts and the law, that a court of appeal could reasonably arrive at a conclusion different to that of the
trial court. In order to succeed, therefore, the appellant must convince this court on proper grounds
that he has prospects of success on appeal and that those prospects are not remote, but have a realistic
chance of succeeding. More is required to be established than that there is a mere possibility of
success, that the case is arguable on appeal or that the case cannot be categorised as hopeless. There
must, in other words, be a sound, rational basis for the conclusion that there are prospects of success
on appeal.’

[7] In an attempt to demonstrate that there are reasonable prospects of success on
appeal, counsel for the appellant referred to various findings made by the trial court
which he submitted were clearly wrong and constituted a misdirection on its part. He
submitted that contrary to the trial court’s findings, there was no evidence: first, that the
appellant resigned because it had become too dangerous to continue working for the
complainant; secondly, that the appellant was a danger to society or its property and that
it needs to be protected; and thirdly, that the appellant’s three minor children would not
be left destitute should a custodial sentence be imposed on the appellant as her husband
and his family are available to care for them. He pointed out that the evidence was that
the appellant’s family, due to their own personal circumstances, were not willing to care
for the children and that their father, who had not been involved in their upbringing since
divorce, was reluctant to care for them. In this regard, he submitted that the magistrate’s
finding demonstrated that she failed to consider the rights of the children as she was
enjoined to do so by s 28(2) of the Constitution.2 He submitted further that the
magistrate erred by failing to properly recognise that the appellant was the primary
caregiver, the impact her incarceration will have on the children and, if they would be

2 Section 28(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides as follows:
‘A child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.’

adequately cared for whilst the appellant is in prison.

[8] It is instructive to note that as regards an enquiry under s 28 of the Constitution,
the magistrate’s finding was that the children would be adequately cared for while the
appellant is incarcerated because ‘Welfare is there and they will [intervene] and foster
care can be organised if there is a problem’. The interests of the minor children must be
considered independently, not subsumed into a consideration of the appellant’s
circumstances. The appellant’s contention that the interests of the minor children were
not properly considered, might be correct.

[9] Furthermore, it was submitted that the magistrate failed to give due consideration
to a sentence in terms of s 276(1)(h) or (i) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 and
sufficient weight to the pre-sentence reports recommending that the appellant was a
suitable candidate for correctional supervision and that such sentence would be an
appropriate sentence in the circumstances.

[10] In my view, having regard to the issue that is before us for consideration, there is
merit in the appellant’s submissions that the magistrate misdirected herself in
determining or applying the facts for assessing the appropriate sentence to be imposed
on the appellant. It follows that I am persuaded that there are reasonable prospects that
the appeal might succeed. Leave to appeal should have been granted.

[11] In the result the following order is made:
The appeal succeeds.
The order refusing the appellant leave to appeal is set aside and is replaced with
the following order:
‘The appellant is granted leave to appeal against sentence imposed by the
regional court, Pietermaritzburg to the KwaZulu-Natal Division, Pietermaritz-

burg.’

_________________

D H Zondi

Judge of Appeal

Appearances
For the Appellant:
B S Osborne

Instructed by:

Carlos Miranda Attorneys, Pietermaritzburg

Matsepes Inc, Bloemfontein

For the Respondent:
Z G Mshololo

Instructed by:

The Director of Public Prosecutions, Pietermaritzburg

The Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein