THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case no: 266/08

INGWANE NELSON HOLENI

Appellant

and

THE LAND AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
Respondent
OF SOUTH AFRICA

________________________________________________________________

Neutral citation:
Holeni v The Land and Agricultural Development Bank of
South Africa (266/08) [2009] ZASCA 9 (17 March 2009)

CORAM:

Streicher, Navsa, Cloete, Jafta JJA and Bosielo AJA

HEARD:

20 February 2009
DELIVERED:
17 March 2009
CORRECTED:

SUMMARY:
Section 11(b) of the Prescription Act 68 of 1969 ─ ‘the State’
does not encompass the Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South
Africa ─ therefore a three-year period rather than a 15-year period of prescription
applies.
________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
ORDER
______________________________________________________________

On appeal from:
High Court, Pretoria (Motata J sitting as court of first
instance).
1.
The appeal is upheld with costs.
2.
The order of the court below is set aside and is replaced by the following:
‘1.
The defendant’s special pleas to the plaintiff’s first and second claims are upheld and
both claims are dismissed.
2.
The plaintiff is ordered to pay the defendant’s costs.’
______________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
______________________________________________________________

NAVSA JA (Streicher, Cloete, Jafta JJA and Bosielo AJA concurring):

[1] This case concerns the application of s 11 of the Prescription Act 68 of
1969 (the Act). We are called upon to decide whether the debts owed by the
appellant to the respondent, the Land and Agricultural Development Bank of
South Africa (‘the bank’1), are extinguished after the lapse of a period of three
years or after 15 years have passed. If the former, the appeal should succeed.

[2] On 19 May 2004 the bank instituted action in the Pretoria High Court
against the appellant, Mr Ingwane Holeni, claiming two amounts from him. In
addition to contesting the merits of the claim Mr Holeni raised special pleas of
prescription. It was agreed between the parties that the special pleas should be
adjudicated first and the court below (Motata J), in terms of Uniform rule 33(4),
made an order in this regard.

[3] The court below dismissed the special pleas with costs. The present
appeal, with the leave of that court, is against this order.

1 This appellation will be used throughout to refer to the bank in its various legislative incarnations
over a period of nearly a century.

[4] Since the special pleas did not take issue with the bank’s material
averments relating to prescription they were determined on the basis of the facts
alleged by the bank. The relevant facts appear in the following two paragraphs.

[5] In respect of claim 1: During May 1999 the parties concluded a loan
agreement, in terms of which the bank lent and advanced R300 000 to Mr Holeni
for the purchase of cattle. The amount was repayable in monthly instalments
over a period of eight years, with each instalment of R8 500 being due on the
15th day of each month. The first instalment was due on 15 May 1999. The
monies were advanced to Mr Holeni, who, according to the bank, has to date
paid it only an amount of R734.18. It was the bank’s case that the full amount
became due and payable as a result of Mr Holeni’s breach of the agreement.2
The bank claimed a total of R707 664.33 which included capital and interest.3

[6] In respect of claim 2: During May 1998 the bank granted Mr Holeni a
‘seasonal loan’ for the production of crops. The total of R35 000 drawn by him
was to be repaid by 15 June 1999. Mr Holeni defaulted in repaying the debt.
According to the bank he has to date paid only an amount of R1 039.20. Despite
being called upon to do so Mr Holeni failed to remedy the breach, once again
rendering due and payable the outstanding balance and interest. The bank
claimed a total of R77 877.63 which includes capital and interest. As with the first
claim, we need not concern ourselves with the amount being claimed.

The Issue

[7] The summons containing both claims was served on 20 July 2004, more
than three years after the respective dates on which each debt became due. In

2 See para 43.
3 For present purposes we do not need to consider the in duplum rule.

his special pleas, Mr Holeni relies on the three-year period of prescription
provided for by s 11(d) of the Act to resist the bank’s two claims.

[8] The relevant parts of s 11 read as follows:
‘The periods of prescription of debts shall be the following:
(a)
thirty years in respect of─

(i)
any debt secured by mortgage bond;

(ii)
any judgment debt;

(iii)
any debt in respect of any taxation imposed or levied by or under any law;

(iv)
any debt owed to the State in respect of any share of the profits, royalties or any

similar consideration payable in respect of the right to mine minerals or other

substances;
(b)
fifteen years in respect of any debt owed to the State and arising out of an advance or
loan of money or a sale or lease of land by the State to the debtor, unless a longer period applies
in respect of the debt in question in terms of paragraph (a);
. . .
(d)
save where an Act of Parliament provides otherwise, three years in respect of any other
debt.’ (My emphasis).

[9] The bank contends that it is directly controlled by the State, exercises a
public power or performs a public function in terms of legislation and can thus
rightly be described as ‘an organ of State’ as defined in s 239 of the Constitution.
It was submitted that this meant that the bank could rely on the benefit of the
extended 15-year period of prescription provided for in s 11(b) of the Act. It was
on this basis that the court below held in favour of the bank.

[10] The question in this case is whether the court below was correct in that
conclusion. Put differently, can the Land Bank be considered to be ‘the State’ as
referred to in s 11(b) of the Prescription Act 68 of 1969 and can it consequently
claim the benefit of the 15-year period of prescription? The answer obviously
depends upon the interpretation of the expression ‘the State’ in that section of the
Act.

The State

[11] The state as a concept does not have a universal meaning. Its precise
meaning always depends on the context within which it is used. Courts have
consistently refused to accord it any inherent characteristics and have relied, in
any particular case, on practical considerations to determine its scope. In a
plethora of legislation no consistency in meaning has been maintained.4

[12] Baxter provides an example. He points out that for some purposes such
as state liability, where the old doctrine of crown immunity has had to be
neutralised and compensation is to be paid from the State Revenue Fund, ‘the
State’ covers the organs and activities of central government alone while, for
purposes such as treason and sedition, it has been held to include all organs of
public administration.5

[13] The Constitution has no definition of ‘state’. In Chapter 4 the composition
of Parliament as the national legislative authority is spelt out. In Chapter 5 the
powers of the President and national executive authority are described. Chapter
6 deals with Provinces and their legislative and executive authorities. Chapter 7
sets out the status and objects of municipalities which constitute local
government. Chapter 8 provides for courts and the administration of justice and
in Chapter 9, provision is made for state institutions supporting constitutional
democracy.

[14] Section 239 of the Constitution, on which the respondent relies, defines
‘organ of state’ as follows:
‘(a)
any department of state or administration in the national provincial or local sphere of

government; or
(b)
any other functionary or institution -

4 Baxter Administrative Law (1984) pp 94-96. Greater Johannesburg TMC v Eskom 2000 (1) SA
866 (SCA) at para 16. M M Loubser Extinctive Prescription (1996) p 42.
5 Administrative Law p 96.

(i)
exercising a power or function in terms of the Constitution or a provincial

constitution; or

(ii)
exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any

legislation, but does not include a court or a judicial officer.’

[15] The respondent relies, in particular, on s 239(b)(ii) for the contention that
the bank is a constituent part of the state and therefore entitled to rely on s 11(b)
of the Act.

[16] The definition of ‘organ of state’ in the Constitution might be important in
respect of constitutional and administrative law matters and for other related
purposes. The crucial question in the present case is what the legislature
intended by the use of that expression in s 11(b) of the Act? This being so, it is in
my view unhelpful to look to other enactments.

[17] It should also be borne in mind that, when the Act was promulgated, the
definition of ‘organ of state’ in s 239 of the Constitution was more than two
decades into the future. It can hardly be contended that the legislature, at that
time, had in mind a broader meaning of ‘the State’ to coincide with what is
presently contained in that definition. In any event, the Constitution itself
differentiates between the state and organs of state. The Constitution can
therefore not be used as authority for the proposition that ‘the State’ in the Act
should be interpreted so as to include organ of state.

[18] I agree with the submission on behalf of Mr Holeni that, since s 11(b) of
the Act provides for a 15-year prescription period ─ an exception to the general
prescription period of three years ─ the meaning attributed to ‘the State’ should
be restricted.6

6 See L C Steyn Die Uitleg van Wette 5ed (1981) pp 80-82.

[19] The benefit for the state provided by s 11(1(b) came about because it was
thought that the treasury should be protected.7 To my mind, contextually, the
plain meaning of ‘the State’ as it appears in s 11(b) of the Act is that of a juristic
person, capable of suing in its own name for what is due to the treasury.8 It is
being referred to in its incarnation as government, going about government
business and recovering monies due to treasury.9 Further support for this
conclusion appears in the next three paragraphs.

[20] The state is referred to in two other places in the Act. In s 19, the following
appears:
‘This Act shall bind the State.’
This provision was necessary because of the rule, at the time, that the state is
not bound by its own laws.10 The reference here must be to the state as a
governing entity with legal personality.

[21] In s 11(a)(iv) of the Act, referred to above, the state has the benefit of a
30-year period of prescription in respect of any share of profits, royalties or any
similar consideration payable in respect of the right to mine minerals or other
substances. There can be no doubt that the reference to the state in that context
must mean the state in its role as government acting for the benefit of the
treasury.

[22] Thus, in terms of the rule of interpretation that the same words must be
similarly interpreted in different parts of an act, the reference to ‘the State’ in s 11
must also be to the state as government and as a juristic person in its own

7 J C de Wet Opuscula Miscellanea (1979) p 111. Section 13(2) of the Prescription Act 18 of 1943
which first provided for the 15-year benefit for the state was introduced by s 30(1) of the Finance
Act 46 of 1945.
8 In the sense described in Die Regering van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika v SANTAM
Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk 1964 (1) SA 546 (W). Executive power was seen as the
embodiment of the State for that purpose.
9 See Loubser Extinctive Prescription p 42.
10 Boardman v Minister van Finansies 1984 (1) SA 259 (T) at 267C-E.

right,11 unless there are indications to the contrary. I turn to consider that
question.

Is the bank ‘the State’ for purposes of s 11(b) of the Act?

[23] Counsel for the bank referred to s 25(5) of the Constitution which provides
that the state should take all reasonable legislative and other measures, within its
available resources, to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to
land on an equitable basis and contended that the Land and Agricultural
Development Bank Act 15 of 2002 (LADA), to which the bank owes its existence,
was a legislative measure to that end. It was pointed out that the bank was using
taxpayers’ money in furtherance of state objectives. Counsel submitted that the
bank, which was subject to government control, was therefore operating as part
of the State and as such was entitled to the preferential treatment provided for in
s 11(b) of the Act.

[24] Furthermore, counsel for the bank contended that in interpreting s 11(b) of
the Act we were obliged, in terms of s 39(2) of the Constitution, to promote the
spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights. This meant that we should
interpret it in a manner that ensures that the bank’s funds are protected to enable
it to meet its constitutional objectives. It was submitted that this was best
achieved by interpreting ‘the State’ in s 11(b) in such a manner as to encompass
the bank.

[25] LADA came into operation on 10 June 2002. It repealed the Land Bank
Act 13 of 1944 (the LBA).12 Section 2(1) provides:
‘The Bank established under section 3 of the Land Bank Act, 1912 (Act 18 of 1912), and which
continued to exist in terms of section 3 of the Land Bank Act, 1944 (Act 13 of 1944), continues to
exist under the name of the Land and Agricultural Development Bank of  South Africa despite the
repeal of those Acts.’

11 Sinovich v Hercules Municipal Council 1946 AD 783 at 804.
12 The LBA was the operative act when the advances were made to the respondent.

[26] Significantly, s 2(2) of LADA provides as follows:
‘The Bank is a legal person and is, in its corporate capacity, capable of suing and being sued and
is, subject to the provisions of this Act, capable of purchasing or otherwise acquiring, holding or
alienating property, movable or immovable, and of performing such acts as legal persons may
generally by law perform.’

[27] The objects of the bank are set out in s 3 and include what might broadly
be described as the promotion, facilitation and support of agriculture and land
reform. The bank is required to address the legacy of racial and gender inequality
in the agricultural sector.13

[28] Section 4 of LADA provides for the bank to be controlled by a board
appointed by the Minister responsible for Agriculture.14 However, it is the board
that directs and controls the operations and business of the bank, implements
policies laid down in the Act and develops strategies for the efficient
management of the bank.15 It must develop a code of good practice. Section 5(2)
of LADA provides:
‘In carrying out its functions, the Board must exercise utmost care and act in the best interests of
and for the benefit of the Bank.’
Board members are individually and collectively accountable to the Minister.16

[29] The funds of the bank consist of its capital, monies derived from its
operating activities, interest on investments, amounts appropriated by
Parliament, loans obtained by it, deposits and donations or grants.17 The bank is
entitled to raise additional funds by way of borrowing, from such persons and on
such terms as may be determined by the board, subject to a borrowing policy
approved by the Minister and the Minister of Finance.18

13 Section 3(e).
14 Hereinafter referred to as the Minister.
15 Section 5.
16 Section 6.
17 Section 22.
18 Section 24.

[30] The business of the bank is to provide agricultural and rural financial
services in furtherance of the objects of the bank.19 The Board of the bank must
ensure that its annual budgets, corporate plans, annual reports and audited
financial statements are prepared and submitted in accordance with the
provisions of the Public Finance Management Act 1 of 1999 (the PFMA).20

[31] Section 36 entitles the bank to establish subsidiaries, if necessary, for its
effective operation and the carrying out of its objectives. The majority of directors
of the subsidiary must be members of the board, although it need not consist
exclusively of such members. Section 37 entitles the bank, with board approval
and subject to the PFMA, to enter into a joint venture with any person for
purposes of furthering the objects of the bank.

[32] Importantly, s 38(2) provides that the bank may at the request of the
Minister or another government department or organ of state act as an advisor to
them in respect of matters within or associated with the bank’s objectives on
such terms as may be determined by the Minister. Furthermore, s 45 of the Act
provides that a judicial management order in terms of the Companies Act 61 of
1973 may be granted in respect of the bank by a competent court on application
by the Minister or the board.

[33] As can be seen from the provisions of s 2(1) of LADA as set out in para 25
above the bank was established as far back as 1912. Then already it was
established as a distinct body corporate, capable of suing and being sued, and of
doing or performing such acts and things as a body corporate may by law do and
perform.21 It is true that in relation to all three statutes that regulated the bank
during its existence there was government involvement and control in relation to

19 Section 26(1).
20 Section 35(3).
21 Section 3(1) of Act 18 of 1912.

the appointment of board members. Funds were provided by Parliament for it to
meet its objectives.

[34] It is clear that it is the board of the bank that directs and controls the
operations and business of the bank. It must, of course, do so within the
parameters of its empowering statute. As set out in para 29, the bank may raise
its own funds within a borrowing policy approved by the Minister. Its funds need
not exclusively be those appropriated by Parliament and it can even receive
donations and grants.

[35] It is also true, as set out above, that the bank is accountable to
government and has to comply with the PMFA. However, the bank operates and
conducts business as a distinct corporate entity and interacts with different
persons and the state.22 Section 46 of the LBA, the predecessor of the Act,23
drew a distinction between the bank acting in its own capacity and acting on
behalf of government. Section 46 of the LBA was the only section in which the
bank was authorised to make advances on behalf of government for particular
purposes out of monies appropriated by Parliament. That authority did not extend
to the type of advances made to Mr Holeni. It follows that where the bank was
acting outside the provisions of s 46, it was acting in its own name and stead as
a distinct and separate legal entity.

[36] It would be a startling proposition for the state, in appropriate
circumstances, to be liable to be placed under judicial management under the
Companies Act as is provided in LADA in respect of the bank. It is as ludicrous to
suggest that the state is able to establish subsidiaries in the same way as the
bank may do.

22 In terms of s 38(2) of LADA the bank may act as an advisor to government and organs of state
in respect of matters within or associated with the bank’s objectives on such terms as may be
determined by the Minister from time to time.
23 The LBA was the prevailing statute at the time that the advances were made.

[37] The bank has been in existence for almost a century. Having regard to
what is set out above it comes as no surprise that we were not referred to a
single instance or authority in which during that time the bank was equated with
the state.

[38] To sum up: LADA makes it clear that the bank is a separate juristic person
acting in its own name and right, distinct from, although not entirely independent
of government.

[39] I am unable to understand how the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of
Rights are served by interpreting s 11(b) of the Act to provide the benefit of the
15-year prescription period. In my view, the objects of the bank are best met by
an alert management that recovers monies due to it diligently and promptly so as
to optimise the use of its funds to meet the urgent demands of land reform and
modernisation of South African agriculture. The facts of this case speak volumes
of the bank’s laxity in recovering funds due to it.

[40] Furthermore, the modern trend in comparable jurisdictions is towards
streamlining prescription periods and not making special provision for public
authorities.24

[41] In addition, persons interacting with the bank commercially would, in the
face of a 15-year prescription period being imposed upon them, encounter
difficulties in providing in their books of account for possible future recoveries by
the bank and might be reluctant to do business with it.

24 In a memorandum in 1955 to the Law Review Commission, Professor J C de Wet expressed
reservations about disparate periods of prescription but reasoned that since the treasury was
being protected it would be a lost cause to attempt to persuade the legislature otherwise ─ see
J C de Wet Opuscula Miscellanea p 77 et seq. In its Issue Paper in August 2003 dealing with
prescription periods the South African Law Reform Commission considered investigations by law
reform bodies in the UK, Australia and Vancouver pp 2-3 of Issue Paper 23 (Project 125) ─ the
popular recommendation was that special provision not be made for public authorities.

[42] In any event, the legislature was astute to ensure in the provisions
referred to above, and in other sections of LADA, that the bank’s funds be
carefully controlled and monitored. Several safeguards have been built into the
Act. Accountability and transparency appear to be the watchwords. It appears to
me that the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights are best served by
permitting the bank to conduct its affairs within the confines of its empowering
statute and to restrict the meaning of state in s 11(b) of the Act as referred to
above.

[43] For all the reasons set out above the appeal should succeed. It was
submitted on behalf of the bank that, since there was no acceleration clause in
the agreement in terms of which the advance in relation to claim 1 was made,
those instalments that fell outside of the three-year prescription period could still
be recovered by it and that we should refer that part of claim 1 to the court below
for further consideration. I am afraid that this submission cannot succeed. It was
the bank’s case that the entire amount was due and payable because Mr Holeni
had breached the agreement.25 It is on that basis that the special plea was
decided and it is on that basis that the appeal is to be decided.

[44] A special plea of prescription is often referred to as a peremptory
exception in the sense that, if established, it renders the claim permanently
unenforceable.26 In the event of the special plea being upheld, the bank’s claims
fall to be dismissed. There is no indication in the record that the parties intended
otherwise; the contrary is the case.

25 In para 4.2 of the bank’s particulars of claim the following appears:
‘The annual payment is repayable in monthly instalments on the 15th day of every month (the due
date) in 96 instalments over a period of 8 years. The first instalment is payable on 15th May 1999
amounting to R8 500.00 per month.’
Mr Holeni requested further particulars as follows:
‘What entitled plaintiff to claim the full outstanding amount notwithstanding the fact that the date
of payment of several instalments had not arrived when summons was issued?’
The bank’s response to that request was as follows:
‘Because Defendant breached the terms of the agreement.’
26 See Van Winsen, Cilliers, Loots Herbstein & Van Winsen edited by Dendy The Civil Practice of
the Supreme Court of South Africa 4 ed (1997) p 477 and the authorities cited there.

[45] The following order is made:
1.
The appeal is upheld with costs.
2.
The order of the court below is set aside and is replaced by the following:
‘1.
The defendant’s special pleas to the plaintiff’s first and second claims are upheld and
both claims are dismissed.
2.
The plaintiff is ordered to pay the defendant’s costs.’

_________________
M S NAVSA
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

For Appellant:
J G Bergenthuin SC

Instructed by

Thys Cronjé Incorporated Pretoria

Van der Merwe & Sorour Bloemfontein

For Respondent:
A A Louw SC

P Nonyane

Instructed by

Motla Conradie Incorporated Pretoria

Naudes Attorneys Bloemfontein