THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case No:  234/2008

W W GIBBS and 23 OTHERS

APPELLANTS
and

MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL

DEVELOPMENT & 5 OTHERS

RESPONDENTS

Neutral citation: Gibbs v Minister of Justice (234/08) [2009] ZASCA 73 (1 June 2009)

Coram:
NAVSA, BRAND JJA, HURT, GRIESEL and BOSIELO AJJA

Heard:
11 May 2009

Delivered:
1 June 2009

Updated:

Summary:
Principle of legality ─ Interpretation and application of statutory scheme ─
Public Service Act 111 of 1984 ─ Public Service Act 103 of 1994─ Magistrate’s Act 90 of
1993 ─ Regulations ─ whether system of merit awards previously applicable to certain
Magistrates, continue to have legal validity ─ no legal basis for awards which, in any event,
militate against judicial independence and constitutional values.

_______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

ORDER

On appeal from: High Court Pretoria (Botha, Rabie JJ and Fabricius AJ sitting as court
of first instance).

The appeal is dismissed with costs, such costs to include the costs occasioned by the
employment of two counsel.

JUDGMENT
_____________________________________________________________________

NAVSA JA and BOSIELO AJA: (BRAND JA, HURT and GRIESEL AJJA concurring)

INTRODUCTION
[1] The question in this appeal is whether senior magistrates and magistrates (including
the 24 appellants) are legally entitled to continue to be considered for and receive merit
awards as part of their conditions of service.1 The present appeal is against a decision of a
Full Bench of the Pretoria High Court, sitting as a court of first instance, which decided the
question against the appellants.

BACKGROUND

[2] In 1984, by virtue of s 36 of the Public Service Act 111 of 1984 (the PSA), a public
service staff code was promulgated,2 in terms of which categories of public servants could
qualify for merit awards. The purpose of merit awards is set out at the commencement of
chapter B.XII of the staff code under the heading: ‘SPECIAL RECOGNITION FOR
SUSTAINED ABOVE-AVERAGE JOB PERFORMANCE, FOR EXCEPTIONAL
EFFICIENCY
AND
FOR
AN
EXCEPTIONAL
ACHIEVEMENT,
INVENTION,

1 The system of merit awards does not apply to Regional Court Presidents, Regional Court Magistrates
and Chief Magistrates.
2 Chapters B.XII/I and K.II/I/7.17(b) governed the rights and privileges relating to merit awards.

IMPROVEMENT, ETC.’ The purpose of merit awards is set out as follows:
‘To grant special recognition (within the context of the rank) to officers and employees who have distinguished
themselves from their peers through sustained above-average work performance.’
The system was intended to act as an incentive toward above-average performance.

[3] Prior to 1994 magistrates were appointed in terms of the PSA and as such were
public servants, in effect derogating from their judicial independence.3 Senior Magistrates
and Magistrates could thus be considered for merit awards. During this period magistrates
were responsible for various duties including administration. This involved performing
extra-judicial duties of an administrative nature not only for the Department of Justice but
for other Government departments, including the collection of revenue, the processing and
payment of social benefits, the processing and administration of labour contracts.

[4] In being considered for merit awards magistrates would be evaluated and,
depending on their performance, would be classified in either category A or B. Magistrates
who fell under category A were entitled to 18% of their annual salary whilst those who fell
in category B were entitled to 10% of their annual salary. They would then be paid the
cash equivalent of these percentages.

[5] The relevant provisions of the Magistrates Act 90 of 1993 (the MA) came into
operation on 11 March 1994.4  The MA provided for the appointment of magistrates by the
Minister after consultation with the Magistrates Commission.5  It heralded a new era in line
with the Constitution to ensure and promote an independent judiciary. Magistrates were no
longer required to perform any administrative functions and their duties were confined to
judicial and quasi-judicial work.

[6] The PSA was repealed by the Public Service Act 103 of 1994 (the 1994 PSA),
which came into operation on 3 June 1994. Section 42 of the 1994 PSA made provision for
a public service staff code which was promulgated in terms identical to the one that it
replaced. On 1 July 1999 the Deputy Director-General: Public Service and Administration

3 See discussion below. More particularly paras 14 and 23.
4 Section 17 of the MA amended s 9 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944 and thereby made
provision for the appointment of magistrates for districts or sub-districts.
5 See ss 10 and 4 of the MA read with s 9 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944.

gave notice that the Minister for the Public Service and Administration had, in terms of the
provisions of the 1994 PSA, withdrawn the Public Service Staff Code with effect from
1 July 1999, subject to the provisions of Public Service Regulations. The Public Service
Regulations were published on 1 July 19996 and provided for transitional arrangements.
More particularly in respect of the present dispute, it provided that evaluations for merit
award purposes would continue until 31 December 2000, unless a state department was
ready to implement performance management and development schemes, in which event
the merit award system would cease on an earlier date.

[7] The result of the aforegoing was that in the public service, excluding the magistracy,
the system of merit rewards was replaced by performance management and development
schemes.

[8] Alongside this statutory progression, material provisions of the MA must be
considered. Section 11, under the heading ‘Conditions of service of magistrates, except
salary and vacation of office’, stipulates:
‘Subject to the provisions of this Act, the conditions of service of a magistrate shall be determined in
accordance with the regulations under section 16.’

[9] Section 18(3) of the MA provides:
‘The conditions of service applicable to a person referred to in subsection (1) immediately before the date of
commencement of section 12, shall not be affected to his or her detriment, and no such condition of service
shall, after such date, be construed or applied in a manner which is less favourable to the person concerned
than the manner in which it was construed or applied immediately before the said date.’
Section 12 came into operation on 11 March 1994. Section 18(3) was clearly intended to
be protective of the established legal rights of persons appointed as magistrates prior to
that date.7

[10] In 1998 the Independent Commission for the Remuneration of Public Office Bearers
Act 92 of 1997 came into operation. The Commission was empowered to make
recommendations concerning the salaries, allowances and benefits of public office bearers

6 Government Gazette No 20271 ─ Notice No 847.
7 Section 12 came into operation on 11 March 1994. Many of the appellants were appointed subsequent
to 1994.

including judges and magistrates. Section 12(1)(a) of the MA provides:
‘Magistrates are entitled to such salaries, allowances or benefits─
(i)
as determined by the President from time to time by notice in the Gazette, after taking into

consideration the recommendations of the Independent Commission for the Remuneration of Public
Office-bearers established under section 2 of the Independent Commission for the Remuneration of
Public Office-bearers Act, 1997 (Act 92 of 1997); and
(ii)
approved by Parliament in terms of subsection (3).’8

[11] Section 19 of the Judicial Officers (Amendment of Conditions of Service) Act 28 of
2003, which commenced on 1 November 2003, provides:
‘Subject to subsection (2), any remuneration, including any annual salary, salary, allowance or benefit
accruing immediately before the commencement of this Act to a magistrate … is deemed to have been
determined in accordance with─
(a)
section 12 of the Magistrates Act, 1993 (Act 90 of 1993)…,
(b)
…’9

[12] Notwithstanding (a) the abolition in 1994 of the non-judicial duties of Senior
Magistrates and Magistrates; (b) that the public service staff code no longer applied after
31 December 2000; (c) that the President had not in terms of s 12 of the MA made any
provision by notice in the Gazette for merit awards; and (d) that the regulations
contemplated in s 11 of the MA do not provide for merit awards, the Department of Justice
continued with a system of evaluations for the purposes of these awards. This is in itself
mystifying. There were no longer administrative performances to assess. It would be
anathema if what was being evaluated was judicial work. The affidavits filed on behalf of
the parties were not enlightening on this aspect.

[13] From 1994 to 1996 the department was involved in ‘evaluations’ for the purpose of
merit awards. Since 1997 the department was not involved in such evaluations. From that
date magistrates evaluated themselves until 2004 when the problem that gave rise to the
present appeal reared its head. The limited information provided by the parties indicates
that evaluations were finally approved by provincial evaluation moderating committees.

[14] During November 2004 the Magistrates Commission resolved that the merit award

8 Parts of s 12 have been amended and substituted on a number of occasions over the years.

system for magistrates should be abolished, noting the criticisms that this system had
attracted over a long period of time and recording that these awards were inconsistent with
judicial office. Furthermore, the Commission, apparently intent to ensure that in effect
Senior Magistrates and Magistrates were not financially prejudiced, decided to recommend
to the Minister that a motor vehicle financing benefit that had hitherto not being extended
to Senior Magistrates and Magistrates should now be afforded to them. It is recorded by
the Magistrates Commission that the value of the motor vehicle financing benefit would be
‘at least equal to an A category merit award classification’. This decision was
communicated to the second respondent, the Director-General of the Department of
Justice and Constitutional Development. This led to a flurry of communication, both
internally within the department and between magistrates and the department. At one
stage the State law advisor was involved.

[15] On 5 November 2004 the President, acting in terms of s 12 of the MA, determined
the salary and benefits of magistrates. No provision was made for merit awards neither
was provision made for a motor vehicle finance scheme for magistrates and senior
magistrates. On 24 November 2005 the President issued a proclamation determining the
salaries and benefits of magistrates with effect from 1 April 2005 including the motor
vehicle finance scheme. Once again, no provision was made for merit awards.

[16] During 2004/2005 all the appellants and presumably other magistrates of similar
rank were ‘evaluated’ for the purpose of merit awards. In monetary terms a category A
evaluation would have yielded a financial benefit in an amount of R46 543.68 whilst a
category B evaluation would have yielded an amount of R25 857.60. After the evaluation
process numerous enquiries on behalf of the appellants concerning the payment of these
benefits came to nought.

[17] On 15 February 2005 the second respondent decided, on behalf of the Department
of Justice and Constitutional Development, to terminate the payment of merit awards. It is
that decision that led to two applications in the Pretoria High Court for an order, inter alia,
declaring the system of merit awards to be lawful and to form part of ‘the remuneration’ of

9 Provisions relating to judges have been omitted.

Senior Magistrates and Magistrates. These were consolidated and were heard before a
Full Bench of the Pretoria High Court.

[18] As stated above the application was unsuccessful. The court below rejected the
submission on behalf of the appellants that they and other magistrates were entitled to a
hearing before the decision to terminate the merit awards was taken. Botha J, writing for
the court below, held that merit awards could rightly be considered to have formed part of
the conditions of service of Senior Magistrates and Magistrates. Before us that conclusion
was not challenged.

[19] The court below concluded that there was no statutory basis for the payment of
merit awards. Furthermore, it held that, because of the provision of a motor vehicle finance
benefit, the magistrates had not been detrimentally affected. In the view of the court below
the failure of the second respondent to provide the magistrates with a hearing did not
affect the legality of his decision. The appellant’s reliance on the doctrine of legitimate
expectation, as referred to in Administrator, Transvaal and Others v Zenzile and Others
1991 (1) SA 21 (A) at 34F-G, was unsuccessful.

[20] The first and second respondents, the Minister of Justice and Constitutional
Development and the Director-General, contest the appellants’ assertion of a right to
continue to be considered for and to receive merit awards, primarily on the basis of the
principle of legality.

[21] In my view, this challenge is well-founded. In Fedsure Life Assurance Ltd v Greater
Johannesburg TMC 1999 (1) SA 374 (CC) at para 56 the following appears:
‘[I]t is a fundamental principle of the rule of law, recognised widely, that the exercise of public power is only
legitimate where lawful. The rule of law ─ to the extent at least that it expresses this principle of legality ─ is

generally understood to be a fundamental principle of constitutional law.’10

[22] There is no statutory or other legal foundation for merit awards for magistrates.
Furthermore, the relevant parts of s 165 of the Constitution are material and they provide
as follows:
‘(2)
The courts are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law, which they must apply
impartially and without fear, favour or prejudice.
(3)
No person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the courts.
(4)
Organs of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and protect the courts to ensure
the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts.
(5)
...’

[23] Merit awards in which the Department of Justice was historically involved detract
from the judicial independence that the Constitution demands. The criticisms over the
years concerning merit awards and how they lend themselves to potential pressure by the
executive are justified. Judicial officers should not require incentives to comply with their
oath of office and their constitutional obligations. The Magistrates Commission and the
respondents cannot be faulted for their decisions to put an end to merit awards. If
anything, they should be commended for doing so.

[24] In addition to what is set out in the preceding paragraphs there are further
considerations. Awards that historically were awarded in relation to administrative tasks
are now sought by the appellants, notwithstanding that those tasks have since been
abolished. This militates against the most fundamental constitutional values of
accountability, responsiveness and openness. As stated above, there is a paucity of
information concerning the basis for the ‘evaluations’. We are baffled by what was in fact
evaluated. That the magistracy itself was responsible for the evaluations is an added
negative feature.

[25] The reliance by the appellants on Zenzile is misguided. That case referred to the

10 Section 1(c) of the Constitution provides:
‘The Republic of South Africa is one, sovereign, democratic state founded on the following values:
(a)
…
(b)
…
(c)
Supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law.

decision of this court in Administrator, Transvaal, and Others v Traub and Others 1989 (4)
SA 731 (A) at 748G.11 In the latter case, it was held that when a statute empowers a public
body to give a decision prejudicially affecting an individual in his liberty or property or
existing rights, the individual has a right to be heard before the decision is taken unless the
statute expressly or by implication indicates the contrary. This is usually expressed as the
doctrine of legitimate expectation which relates to the audi alteram partem principle. In
Meyer v Iscor Pension Fund 2003 (2) SA 715 (SCA) at 731J-732A the following was said:
‘According to the traditional approach, it matters not whether the expectation of a procedural benefit is
induced by a promise of some procedural benefit itself or by a promise that some substantive benefit will be
acquired or retained. The expectation remains a procedural one.’12

[26] The appellants relied on Zenzile for substantive relief. The notice of motion does not
seek an opportunity to make representations or to be heard. The principal problem for the
appellants is that a hearing could not have the effect the appellants sought, namely, the
payments flowing from the merit awards ─ because there is no legal basis for such
payment. One can only have a legitimate expectation in relation to a right that is legally
sustainable and enforceable. It is not insignificant that the Magistrates Commission on
which magistrates have representation and a voice debated the issue.13

[27] The Magistrates Commission was astute to ensure that magistrates were not worse
off financially and therefore recommended that the motor vehicle finance benefit scheme
be extended to them. The appellants bore the onus to prove that such benefits as they
previously enjoyed had been diminished. This they failed to do. All the indications are that
motor vehicle finance benefit scheme had, at the very least, made up for the financial
benefits that used to flow from the merit awards that were abolished.

[28] In my view, the reasoning and conclusions of the court below cannot be faulted.

(d)
…’
11 At 34J-35B.
12 In this regard Zenzile and Traub were referred to (at 732A-D).
13 In terms of s 3 of the MA two magistrates with the rank of chief magistrate, two regional magistrates
and two magistrates who do not hold the aforementioned ranks are part of the Magistrates Commission.

For the reasons referred to above, the following order is made:
The appeal is dismissed with costs, such costs to include the costs occasioned by the
employment of two counsel.

_________________
M S NAVSA
JUDGE OF APPEAL

_________________
L O BOSIELO
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:
FOR APPELLANTS:
T J KRUGER SC

L KELLERMANN
INSTRUCTED BY:
PIETERSE & CURLEWIS INC, PRETORIA

KRAMER, WEIHMANN & JOUBERT INC, BLOEMFONTEIN

FOR RESPONDENT:
B R TOKOTA SC

D T SKOSANA
INSTRUCTED BY:
THE STATE ATTORNEY, PRETORIA

THE STATE ATTORNEY, BLOEMFONTEIN
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
1 June 2009
Status:
Immediate
Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the
media and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of
Appeal

On 1 June 2009 the Supreme Court of Appeal handed down judgment in
W W Gibbs and 23 others v Minister of Finance and Constitutional
Development and 5 others and dismissed, with costs, an appeal by
magistrates against a judgment of the Pretoria High Court, in terms of
which it was held that a system of merit awards which held monetary
value was no longer legally valid.

In the past magistrates had been regarded as part of the civil service.
Civil servants and magistrates received merit awards as special
recognition for above average performance. In the past magistrates
were responsible for various administrative duties including the
collection of revenue, the processing and payment of social benefits, the
processing and administration of labour contracts.

In 1994 a new system for the appointment of magistrates was

introduced. In terms of the provisions of the Magistrates Act 90 of 1993
read with the provisions of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944,
magistrates are appointed by the Minister of Justice and Constitutional
Development after consultation with the Magistrates Commission. They
were no longer required to perform administrative functions. This change
was the beginning of a new era in line with the Constitution to ensure
and promote an independent judiciary.

Within the civil service itself there were changes. From 1 July 1999 merit
awards were done away with and replaced with performance
management and development schemes. Transitional arrangements to
allow for departments to establish such schemes allowed merit awards
in some instances to continue up until December 2000.

Notwithstanding these changes the department continued with the
system of merit awards up to and including 2003. In its judgment the
SCA stated that since evaluations were required for merit awards, and
since administrative tasks had been abolished for magistrates, it was
difficult to understand what in fact was being evaluated. From 1997 the
department withdrew from the evaluation procedure and left the
magistrates to their own devices.

During 2004 the Magistrates Commission resolved that the system of
merit awards should be abolished, recording that they were inconsistent
with judicial office and impinged on the independence of the judiciary. In
February 2005 the second respondent, the Director-General of the
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, decided to
terminate the payment of merit awards. It is that decision that led to an
application by affected magistrates in the Pretoria High Court for the

continuation of the system and payment of the benefits flowing from it.

The SCA held that there was no statutory basis for the system of merit
awards and concluded that the Pretoria High Court’s decision in this
regard was correct. The SCA stated that merit awards detracted from
judicial independence and that judicial officers did not require incentives
to comply with their oath of office. It commended the Magistrates
Commission and the department for putting an end to merit awards.