THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Reportable
Case no: 113/2021

In the matter between:
HLB INTERNATIONAL (SOUTH AFRICA) (PTY) LTD

APPELLANT
and
MWRK ACCOUNTANTS AND CONSULTANTS (PTY) LTD
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
HLB International (South Africa) v MWRK Accountants and
Consultants (113/2021) [2022] ZASCA 52 (12 April 2022)
Coram:
Petse DP, Zondi, Makgoka and Plasket JJA and Meyer AJA
Heard:
22 February 2022
Delivered:
This judgment was handed down electronically by circulation to the
parties’ representatives by email, publication on the Supreme Court of Appeal website
and release to SAFLII. The date and time for hand-down is deemed to be at 9:45 am
on 12 April 2022.

Summary: Practice – judgments and orders – interpretation of order – applicable
principles.

ORDER

On appeal from: Gauteng Division of the High Court, Pretoria (Davies AJ sitting as
court of first instance):
1.  Subject to paragraph 2 below, the appeal is dismissed with costs.
2.  Paragraph 3 of the high court’s order is set aside and replaced with the following:
‘3.  The costs of this application are to be paid by the first respondent.’

JUDGMENT

Meyer AJA (Petse DP, Zondi, Makgoka and Plasket JJA concurring):

[1] This appeal concerns the principles applicable to and the interpretation of a
court order. The order in question was granted by the Gauteng Division of the High
Court, Pretoria (Davies AJ) on 15 November 2019 (the first order).

[2] The respondent, MWRK Accountants and Consultants (Pty) Ltd (MWRK), holds
49% of the shareholding in the appellant, HLB International (Pty) Ltd (HLB), and Par
Excellence Finance and Leasing (Pty) Ltd (PE) - the second respondent in the high
court - holds 51% of the shareholding in HLB, a property holding company; it was the
owner of Erf 3726, Benoni Extension 10, Ekhurhuleni (the property). MWRK launched
an application for equitable relief - the winding-up of HLB in terms of s 81(1)(d)(iii) of
the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (the Companies Act) on the basis that it is just and
equitable for HLB to be wound up - or for relief from oppressive or prejudicial conduct
in terms of s 163 - for PE to buy MWRK’s 49% shareholding in HLB at a purchase
price equivalent to the highest of 49% of the present market value of the property or
for the purchase price paid for the property plus an escalation of 8% per year
compounded from 6 March 2017 (the equitable application).

[3] The high court refused to wind up the solvent HLB, but held that the action of
HLB and its majority shareholder, PE, is unfairly prejudicial, unjust and inequitable to

the minority shareholder, MWRK, as contemplated in s 163 of the Companies Act. It
held that ‘[t]he most equitable remedy lies in ascertaining the value of the [MWRK’s]
shares, and realising the same effectively and timeously’. The high court ordered the
sale of the property, in the first place by way of private treaty, or otherwise by way of
public auction. The first order, against which there was no appeal, reads as follows:
‘1. The parties are directed forthwith to mandate at least three registered estate agents to
procure the sale of the relevant immovable property, Erf 3726, Benoni Extension 10,
Ekurhuleni.
2. If [MWRK] and [PE] are unwilling or unable to agree on and accept an offer to purchase
within three months of this order, then Erf 3726 must be sold by public auction.
3. The aforesaid public auction must be held within two months of the expiry of the three-
month period referred to in paragraph 2 above.
4. The net proceeds of the sale of Erf 3726 must be distributed between [MWRK] and [PE] pro
rata according to their respective shareholdings.
5. [HLB] and [PE] are directed to pay interest on [MWRK’s] share of the purchase price at the
prescribed rate, calculated from 14 March 2019 until the date of final payment.
6. [MWRK] is directed to pay the wasted costs occasioned by the matter standing down on 21
May 2019.
7. [HLB and PE], jointly and severally, are directed to pay the costs of this application.’

[4] A dispute arose as to the meaning of the first order. MWRK’s interpretation of
the order was that the property must be sold ‘free of any lease relating to the property’
and HLB’s interpretation (and also that of PE) was that the high court’s first order is
clear and unambiguous and did not require to be clarified and corrected by having
regard to the high court’s reasons for the first order or the background facts that
preceded the litigation and order.1 The order meant that the property was to be sold
subject to the lease. HLB leased the property to Certified Master Auditors Inc – now
HLB CMA South Africa Inc (CMA). MWRK, therefore, instituted a second application
against HLB and PE in which it sought the clarification and correction of the first order
by the inclusion in the relevant paragraphs thereof of the phrase that the sale of the
property by private treaty or public auction is to be ‘free of any lease relating to the

1 HLB relied and still relies on Administrator, Cape and Another v Ntshwaqela and Others 1990 (1) SA
705 (A) at 716C, where this Court said that ‘[i]f the meaning of an order is clear and unambiguous, it is
decisive, and cannot be extended by anything else stated in the judgment’, in support of its contention.

property’ (the correction application). It was opposed only by HLB, and not by the
majority shareholder, PE.

[5] By order dated 21 September 2020, the high court interpreted and corrected its
first order (the second order). It reads thus:
‘1. The judgment and order of this Honourable Court dated 15 November 2019 under the
above case number is clarified to stipulate that the sale and auction envisaged in respectively
paragraphs 1 and 2 of the order of 15 November 2019 should not be subject to the lease
agreement which was signed between [HLB] and [CMA].
2. The first and second orders (sic) [paragraphs] are hereby varied to read:
“1. The parties are directed forthwith to mandate at least three registered estate agents to
procure the sale of the relevant immovable property Erf 3726, Benoni Extension 10,
Ekurhuleni, the said sale to be free of any lease relating to the property;
2. If [MWRK] and [PE] are unwilling or unable to agree on and accept an offer to purchase
within three months of this order, then Erf 3726 must be sold by public auction, which sale
must be free of any lease relating to the property.”
3. The costs of this application are to be paid by [HLB] on the scale as between attorney and
client.’ (Underlining added.)

[6] The appeal, with the leave of the high court, is against the second order. It bears
emphasis that the first order is not on appeal before us and we are therefore not
required to consider the correctness thereof. This appeal only concerns the high
court’s interpretation and correction of the first order in terms of the second order.

[7] It is necessary to place the first order in proper perspective and to consider the
context in which it was made.2 Ms Lesley Anne Reynolds is the sole shareholder and
director of MWRK. She is married to Mr Michael Wayne Reynolds, a chartered
accountant who conducted his practice through a professional personal liability
company, MWRK Accountants & Auditors Inc. (MWRKAA), until 1 March 2017. Mr
Marius Johannes Maritz is the chairperson, a director of, and a shareholder in CMA.
The MJMN Trust (the trust) holds 99.999% shares and Mr Maritz holds 0.0001%

2 Finishing Touch 163 (Pty) Ltd v BHP Billiton Energy Coal South Africa Ltd and Others [2012] ZASCA
49; 2013 (2) SA 204 (SCA) para 14; Van Rensburg and Another NNO v Naidoo and Others NNO;
Naidoo and Others NNO v Van Rensburg NO and Others [2010] 4 All SA 398 (SCA); 2011 (4) SA 149
(SCA) para 43 et seq.

shares in PE. Mr Maritz and his daughter, Ms Nadine van Dyk, are beneficiaries of the
trust. Mr Maritz was the sole director of PE until he resigned on 6 November 2017, on
which date Ms van Dyk was appointed its sole director.

[8] During 2016, negotiations ensued between Mr Maritz, representing CMA, and
Mr Reynolds, representing MWRKAA, to merge Mr Reynolds’ professional audit
practice into CMA. The negotiations culminated in the conclusion of a written
agreement and addendum thereto, on 23 December 2016, between CMA and Mr
Reynolds (the CMA/Reynolds agreement). In terms thereof the professional audit
practice of Mr Reynolds was merged into CMA and Mr Reynolds was appointed the
managing director of CMA. The CMA/Reynolds agreement also contained provisions
for Mr Reynolds’ withdrawal or demerger from CMA.

[9] In order to accommodate the physical integration of Mr Reynolds’ professional
audit company into CMA, it was agreed between Mr Maritz, representing HLB and PE,
Ms Reynolds, representing MWRK, and Mr Reynolds, that once a suitable immovable
property had been found to accommodate such physical integration (Mr Reynolds and
his staff compliment), it would be purchased by and registered in the name of HLB,
which at that stage was a dormant personal liability company without any assets or
liabilities and in the process of being converted to a private company with limited
liability. HLB would be utilised as the property holding company once the immovable
property had been purchased. PE would subscribe to 51% of HLB’s new share capital
and MWRK to 49% at a share price of 51% and 49% respectively of the purchase
price to be paid for the immovable property and any improvements to it. A suitable
immovable property was thereafter found.

[10] On 6 March 2017, a shareholders agreement was concluded between PE,
MWRK, Mr Reynolds (as an interested party and spouse of MWRK’s representative,
Ms Reynolds), and HLB. The terms mentioned in the previous paragraph found their
way into the shareholders agreement and require no repetition. By way of introduction,
the following is stated in the shareholders agreement:
‘The First Shareholder [PE] and the Second Shareholder [MWRK] are desirous to become
joint Shareholders in HLB International (South Africa) Inc. with registration number

2006/009577/21 in which the First Shareholder will hold 51% (Fifty One Percent) of the Shares
and the Second Shareholder will hold 49% (Forty Nine Percent) of the shares.
HLB International (South Africa) Inc., duly represented by Marius Johannes Maritz in his
capacity as Director, is a party to a Sale of Immovable Property Agreement between Gancho
Jose Penetra Antunes Identification Number: 630416 5054 089 (the “SELLER”) and HLB
International (South Africa) Inc. Registration Number 2006/009577/21 (the “PURCHASER”).
The immovable property which forms the subject of the Sale of Immovable Property
Agreement is Erf 3726, Benoni Extension 10 Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
Gauteng Ekurhuleni.’

[11] Paragraphs 7 and 8 of the shareholders agreement are presently relevant and
provide as follows:
‘7.  PRE-EMPTIONS AND TRANSFER OF SHARES
7.1  The Parties acknowledge and agree that the professional Audit Practice of Michael Wayne
Reynolds, Identity Number 610614 5078 084, was merged into Certified Master Auditors
Inc, registration number 1997/013001/21, in terms of agreements between Michael
Wayne Reynolds, related entities and Certified Master Auditors Inc.
7.2  The Parties agree that in the event of Michael Wayne Reynolds giving notice of intent to
withdraw his audit practice from Certified Master Auditors Inc., that the First Shareholder
shall have the right to offer to the Second Shareholder to purchase the First Shareholders’
interest in HLB International (South Africa) Inc. within 5 business days of the event, and
in that instance, the Second Shareholder will have 22 (Twenty Two) business days from
the date of the election of the First Shareholder to sell its shares, to settle the purchase
price. The purchase price for the First Shareholder’s Shares shall be the highest of:
7.2.1  51% (Fifty One Percent) of the market value of the property;
or
7.2.2  The purchase Price of the 51% (Fifty One Percent) Shares plus escalation of 8% (Eight
Percent) per year compounded.
8.  RENTAL AND UTILISATION OF THE PROPERTY
8.1  The property will be rented exclusively to Certified Master Auditors Inc. for an initial period
of 9 (Nine) years, renewable for an additional 9 (Nine) years at the election of Certified
Master Auditors Inc. on the basis that Certified Master Auditors Inc. will pay all operating
costs in relation to the immovable property in a timeous manner.
8.2 Michael Wayne Reynolds’ income from Certified Master Auditors Inc. and related
companies will be reduced with 49% (Forty Nine Percent) with the aforementioned cost.’

[12] The immovable property referred to in the shareholders agreement is situated
at 19 Twin Road, Farrarmere, Benoni.  It was purchased for R2,3 million and a further
amount of R887 469.92 was spent on effecting improvements to the property. An office
building is erected on the property, which can accommodate 40 to 50 persons. The
purchase price for the property and the cost of the improvements were paid by PE and
MWRK proportionate to their shareholding in HLB, and ownership of the property was
transferred to and registered into the name of HLB.

[13] On 31 May 2017, an agreement of lease was concluded between HLB as lessor
and CMA as lessee (the lease). In terms of the lease, HLB rented the property to CMA3
with effect from ‘. . . 1 June 2017 and shall subsist for an initial period of 9 (Nine) years,
renewable for an additional period of 9 (Nine) years at the election of . . . ’ CMA.4 The
rental payable in terms of the lease are ‘. . . all Operating Costs in relation to the
Premises in a timeous manner . . .’5 and the parties agreed that ‘”Operating Costs”
means the reasonable costs in connection with the ownership, management,
maintenance, repair and operation of the Property and the Building/s, including, but
not limited to, the Rates and the costs of . . . cleaning the Building and the Property . .
. providing security in respect of the Property and Building/s . . . insuring the Building/s
. . . electricity, water, sewage, refuse removal and related municipal charges . . . [and]
maintaining internal walls and finishes’.6 Mr Reynolds and his staff compliment moved
into the office building on the property.

[14] The relationship between Mr Reynolds, on the one hand, and Mr Maritz and
CMA, on the other, soured to such an extent that Mr Reynolds, on 1 March 2018, gave
notice of his intention to withdraw his audit practice from CMA with effect from 31
March 2018. Mr Maritz, on behalf of CMA, stated in HLB’s answering affidavit that the
reason for the souring of the business relationship ‘was the alleged fraud committed
by Michael Wayne Reynolds as well as defrauding the South African Revenue
Services’. Ms Reynolds, in MWRK’s replying affidavit, stated that ‘Maritz’s gratuitous
reference to fraud allegedly committed by [her] husband confirms the irretrievable

3 Clause 3 of the lease.
4 Clause 4 of the lease.
5 Clause 5 of the lease.
6 Clause 6.1 of the lease.

breakdown of the relationship between us and him’. Mr Maritz also stated that ‘[t]he
involvement of the director of [MWRK] in the alleged fraud committed by Mr Michael
Wayne Reynolds with her husband still needs to be determined by the forensic audit
since she is very closely involved in the management operations of her husband’s
business operations’. Ms Reynolds replied that those ‘allegations are false, scurrilous
and defamatory’. In response to Mr Reynolds’ notice of withdrawal, Mr Maritz inter alia
advised him that ‘the Farramere offices [the property] is subjected to a lease to
Certified Master Auditors Inc and whenever you withdraw from CMA Inc, whether in
accordance with our agreements or in breach of our agreements, you should vacate
the premises on that day’. Mr Reynolds withdrew his professional audit practice entity
from CMA and vacated the property.

[15] In a letter from MWRK’s attorney dated 19 April 2018, an offer was made to
purchase the 51% shareholding of PE in HLB at the market value of the property. On
23 April 2018, PE’s attorney responded that PE has no intention of selling its 51%
shareholding in HLB nor of purchasing MWRK’s 49% shareholding. Hence the
equitable application to the high court. As I already have mentioned once the high
court had made the first order a dispute arose as to the meaning of that order. The
result was that no marketing of the property by estate agents as envisaged in the first
order took place. The reasons, according to MWRK, were that it was confirmed to it
by an estate agent that no competitive purchase price would be obtained if the property
was to be sold subject to the existing lease, and because of the dispute that had arisen
between PE, HLB and MWRK, whether a sale as envisaged in the court order had to
be subject to the lease, or not.

[16] On 25 February 2020 Mr Maritz, on behalf of HLB, instructed Aucor Properties
(the auctioneer) to sell the property at an auction subject to the lease, despite MWRK’s
objection. The property was accordingly sold on 17 March 2020 at 12:00 to Silver
Meadow Trading 12 (Pty) Ltd (Silver Meadow) for a meagre sum of only R300 000.
The property, as I have mentioned, was purchased by HLB for a total amount of R2,3
million and a further R887 469-92 was spent on effecting improvements to it.

[17] The correction application, in which MWRK sought the clarification and
correction of the first order, was served on HLB on 17 March 2020 at 16:13. The high

court interpreted and corrected its first order in accordance with the interpretation that
MWRK had throughout advanced. In his reasons for the second order, Davies AJ
stated that, due to an oversight on his part, it was not pertinently stated in the first
order that the sale of HBL’s property was to take place free of any lease relating to the
property. That was a mere omission on his part and the first order, as formulated, did
not give effect to its true intention.

[18] There is no essential difference between an ‘order’ and a ‘judgment’: it is said
in some of the cases that an ‘order’ refers to a decision given upon relief claimed in an
application on notice of motion, petition or other machinery recognised in practice,
while a ‘judgment’ refers to a decision given upon relief claimed in an action. The word
‘judgment’ when used in the general sense comprises both the reasons for the
judgment and the judgment or order.7

[19] Rule 42(1)(b) of the Uniform Rules of Court provides that the high court may, in
addition to any other power it may have, on its own initiative or upon the application of
any party affected, rescind or vary an order or judgment in which there is an ambiguity,
or a patent error or omission, but only to the extent of such ambiguity, error or
omission. In Colyn v Tiger Food Industries Ltd t/a Meadow Feed Mills (Cape),8 the
interpretation of rule 42(1)(b) was placed in its proper context. It was held that the
context was the common law before the introduction of the Uniform Rules and that the
‘guiding principle of the common law is certainty of judgments’, with the effect that
generally speaking, when a judgment has been given, it is final and unalterable: the
judge becomes functus officio and may not ordinarily vary or rescind his own judgment.
There are, however exceptions that relate to ‘the correction, alteration and
supplementation of a judgment or order’. It was, the court held, ‘against this common
law background, which imparts finality to judgments in the interests of certainty, that
Rule 42 was introduced’, catering for the rectification of the same types of mistakes
that the common law had recognised.

7 Administrator, Cape and Another v Ntshwaqela and Others 1990 (1) SA 705 (AD) at 715B-F.
8 Colyn v Tiger Food Industries Ltd t/a Meadow Feed Mills (Cape) [2003] 2 All SA 113 (SCA); 2003 (6)
SA 1 (SCA) paras 4-6.

[20] The exceptions recognised in the pre-constitutional case law are referred to in
Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro.9 They include the exceptions that the
court may: (a) ‘clarify its judgment or order, if, on a proper interpretation, the meaning
thereof remains obscure, ambiguous or otherwise uncertain, so as to give effect to its
true intention, provided it does not thereby alter “the sense and substance” of the
judgment or order’; and (b) ‘. . . correct a clerical, arithmetical or other error in its
judgment or order so as to give effect to its true intention’, which ‘. . . exception is
confined to the mere correction of an order in expressing the judgment or order so as
to give effect to its true intention’ and ‘does not extend to altering its intended sense
or substance’. This Court elaborated on this exception thus:
‘KOTZÉ, J.A., made this distinction manifestly clear in the West Rand case, supra at pp. 186-
187,10 when, with reference to the old authorities, he said:
“The Court can, however, declare and interpret its own order or sentence, and likewise correct
the wording of it, by substituting more accurate or intelligent language so long as the sense
and substance of the sentence are in no way affected by such correction; for to interpret or
correct is held not to be equivalent to altering or amending a definitive sentence once
pronounced.”’

[21] In Thompson v South African Broadcasting Corporation11, the following
passage in S v Wells was quoted with approval:12
‘The more enlightened approach, however, permits a judicial officer to change, amend or
supplement his pronounced judgment, provided that the sense or substance of his judgment
is not affected thereby (tenore substantiae perserverante) . . . According to Voet a Judge may
also, on the same day, after the pronouncement of his judgment add (supplere) to it all
remaining matters which relate to the consequences of what he has already decided but which
are still missing from his judgment. He may also explain (explicare) what has been obscurely
stated in his judgment and thus correct (emendare) the wording of the record provided that
the tenor of the judgment is preserved.’

9 Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro A.G. [1977] 4 All SA 600 (A); 1977 (4) SA 298 (A) at
307A-308A.
10 West Rand Estates Ltd v New Zealand Insurance Co Ltd 1926 AD 178.
11 Thompson v South African Broadcasting Corporation [2001] 1 All SA 329 (A); 2001 (3) SA 746 (SCA)
at 749B-D.
12 S v Wells 1990 (1) SA 816 (A) at 820C-F.

[22] The ambiguous language or the patent error or the omission must be
attributable to the court itself.13 A ‘patent error or omission’ has been described as an
error or omission as a result of which the judgment granted does not reflect the
intention of the judicial officer pronouncing it.14 It is irrelevant whether the reasoning of
the court was sound or unsound.15 If an order does not reflect the true or real intention
of the court, it is indicative of a patent error, which falls to be corrected.16

[23] In Zondi v MEC, Traditional and Local Government Affairs, and Others,17 the
Constitutional Court said this:
‘[32] An analysis of our pre-constitutional case law suggests that these exceptions were
grounded on at least two interrelated considerations. The first was the need to do justice.
Support for this is to be found in the West Rand Estates case, which is probably the first case
in which the Appellate Division was called upon to consider whether it had the power to amend
its order. In that case the Appellate Division had inadvertently omitted to award interest that
had been claimed to a successful litigant. In amending the order, the Court concluded that
“the only course to pursue is to adopt the one which justice demands”. The Court observed
that “the Court is merely doing justice between the same parties”. And it added that this “is a
plain matter of necessity and justice”. Subsequent case law did not suggest otherwise. This
language makes it plain that in amending the order, the Court was motivated by the need to
do justice.
[33] The other consideration relates to the need to adapt the common law to the changing
times and circumstances. In West Rand Estates, and in dealing with the time limit for
prescription of one day within which the amendment of an order was allowed under common
law, the Court observed that what was considered to be an expedient or reasonable time
previously may not be expedient or reasonable at the present time. It added that “(t)ime and
circumstances bring about change and development; and modern exigencies and conditions
may well require the observance of a longer period of prescription”. Thus in Estate Garlick18
the Court adopted the common law ex necessitate rei to meet the modern exigencies caused
by the practice of making the costs orders without hearing argument.

13 Seatle v Protea Assurance Co Ltd 1984 (2) SA 532 (C) at 541C; First National Bank of South Africa
Ltd v Jurgens and Others 1993 (1) SA 245 (W) at 246E-F.
14 Seatle at 541C.
15 Seatle at 541D.
16 Wessels & Co v De Beer 1919 AD 172 at 173; Marks v Kotze 1946 AD 29 at 30-31; Adonis v Additional
Magistrate, Bellville, and Others 2007 (2) SA 147 (C) para 17.
17 Zondi v MEC, Traditional and Local Government Affairs, and Others 2006 (3) SA 1 (CC), paras 32-
35.
18 Estate Garlick v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1934 AD 499 at 503-4.

[34] What emerges from our pre-constitutional era jurisprudence is that the general rule that
an order once made is unalterable was departed from where it was in the interests of justice
to do so and there was a need to adapt the common law to changing circumstances and to
meet modern exigencies. It is equally clear from the case law that in departing from the general
rule, the Court invoked its inherent power to regulate its own process. Thus in West Rand
Estates, the Court held that:
“It is within the province of this Court to regulate its own procedure in matters of adjective law.
And, now that the point has come before it for decision, to lay down a definite rule of practice.
I am of the opinion that the proper rule should be that which I have just stated. The Court, by
acting in this way, does not in substance and effect alter or undo its previously pronounced
sentence, within the meaning of the Roman and Roman-Dutch law. The sanctity of the doctrine
of res judicata remains unimpaired and of full force, for the Court is merely doing justice
between the same parties, on the same pleadings in the same suit, on a claim which it has
inadvertently overlooked.”
[35] This approach to the general rule by the Appellate Division is consistent with the
Constitution. It is now entrenched in s 173 of the Constitution, which provides that:
“The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Appeal and High Courts have the inherent power
to protect and regulate their own process, and to develop the common law, taking into account
the interests of justice.”’ (Footnotes omitted.)

[24] I now turn to the relevant rules of interpreting a court’s judgment or order. In
Firestone this Court said this:19
‘The basic principles applicable to construing documents also apply to the construction of a
court’s judgment or order: the court’s intention is to be ascertained primarily from the language
of the judgment or order as construed according to the usual, well-known rules. See Garlick v
Smartt and Another, 1928 A.D. 82 at p. 87; West Rand Estates Ltd. v New Zealand Insurance
Co. Ltd., 1926 A.D. 173 at p. 188. Thus, as in the case of a document, the judgment or order
and the court’s reasons for giving it must be read as a whole in order to ascertain its intention.
If, on such a reading, the meaning of the judgment or order is clear and unambiguous, no
intrinsic fact or evidence is admissible to contradict, vary, qualify, or supplement it. (cf.
Postmasburg Motors (Edms.) Bpk. v. Peens en Andere, 1970 (2) S.A. 35 (N.C.) at p 39F-H).
Of course, different considerations apply when, not the construction, but the correction of a
judgment or order is sought by way of an appeal against it or otherwise – see infra.20 But if

19 At 304D-H.
20 In Frankel Max Pollak Vinderine Inc v Menell Jack Hyman Rosenberg & Co Inc and Others 1996 (3)
SA 355 (A) at 362I-J, Corbett CJ said that ‘[t]he correction of a judgment is dealt with more fully by

any uncertainty in meaning does emerge, the extrinsic circumstances surrounding or leading
up to the court’s granting the judgment or order may be investigated and regarded in order to
clarify it; for example, if the meaning of a judgment or order granted on an appeal is uncertain,
the judgment or order of the court a quo and its reasons therefor, can be used to elucidate it.
If, despite that, the uncertainty still persists, other relevant extrinsic facts or evidence are
admissible to resolve it. See Garlick’s case, supra, 1928 A.D. at p. 87, read with Delmas Milling
Co. Ltd. v Du Plessis, 1955 (3) S.A. 447 (A.D.) at pp. 454F-455A; Thomson v Belco (Pvt.) Ltd.
and Another, 1960 (3) S.A. 809 (D).’ (Footnotes omitted.)

[25] Since Firestone there have been significant developments in the law relating to
the interpretation of documents, both in this country and in others that follow similar
rules to our own. The modern approach to interpretation was set out thus by this Court
in Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality:21
‘Whatever the nature of the document, consideration must be given to the language used in
the light of the ordinary rules of grammar and syntax; the context in which the provision
appears; the apparent purpose to which it is directed and the material known to those
responsible for its production. Where more than one meaning is possible each possibility must
be weighed in the light of all these factors. The process is objective, not subjective. A sensible
meaning is to be preferred to one that leads to insensible or unbusinesslike results or
undermine the purpose of the document. . . . The “inevitable point of departure is the language
of the provision itself”, read in context and having regard to the purpose of the provision and
the background to the preparation and production of the document.’
And in Bothma-Batho Transport (Edms) Bpk v S Bothma & Seun Transport (Edms)
Bpk,22 this Court made the point that ‘[t]he former distinction between permissible
background and surrounding circumstances, never very clear has fallen away’; that
interpretation is now ‘essentially one unitary exercise’; and that it ‘is no longer helpful
to refer to the earlier approach’.

Trollip JA in the Firestone case at 306F-E. It is to this passage that the notation “see infra” refers’. In
other words, that is where this Court refers to the exceptions to the general principle that once a court
duly pronounced a final judgment or order, it has itself no authority to correct, alter or supplement it.
21 Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality [2012] ZASCA 13; [2012] 2 All SA 262
(SCA); 2012 (4) SA 593 (SCA) para 18, cited with approval by majority of the Constitutional Court in
National Credit Regulator v Opperman and Others [2012] ZACC 29; 2013 (2) SA 1 (CC) fn 105, and
followed in a unanimous judgment of hat court in Cross-Border Road Transport Agency v Central
African Road Services (Pty) Ltd and Others [2015] ZACC 12 (CC); 2015 (5) SA 370 (CC).
22 Bothma-Batho Transport (Edms) Bpk v S Bothma & Seun Transport (Edms) Bpk [2013] ZASCA 176;
[2014] 1 All SA 517 (SCA); 2014 (2) SA 494 (SCA) para 12.

[26] The now well established test on the interpretation of court orders is this:
‘. . . The starting point is to determine the manifest purpose of the order. In interpreting a
judgment or order, the court’s intention is to be ascertained primarily from the language of the
judgment or order in accordance with the usual well-known rules relating to the interpretation
of documents. As in the case of a document, the judgment or order and the court’s reasons
for giving it must be read as a whole in order to ascertain its intention. . . . ’23

[27] The manifest purpose of the judgment is to be determined by also having regard
to the relevant background facts which culminated in it being made.24 For as was said
in KPMG Chartered Accountants (SA) v Securefin Ltd and Another,25 ‘context is
everything’26.

[28] A fairly recent illustration of the linguistic, contextual and purposive approach
to the interpretation of a judgment or order is to be found in Elan Boulevard (Pty) Ltd
v Fnyn Investments (Pty) Ltd,27 in which it was said that ‘[a]n order is merely the
executive part of the judgment and, to interpret it, it is necessary to read the order in
the context of the judgment as a whole’28, and-
‘. . . [a]s part of the “usual well-known rules” of interpretation, according to Olivier JA,29 is-
“dat mens jou nie moet blind staar teen die swart-op-wit woorde nie, maar probeer vasstel wat
die bedoeling en implikasie is van wat gesê is. Dit is juis in hierdie proses waartydens die
samehang en omringende omstandighede relevant is”. (Footnotes omitted.)
Loosely translated:
“One should not stare blindly at the black-on-white words, but try to establish the meaning and
implication of what is being said. It is precisely in this process that the context and surrounding
circumstances are relevant.”’

23 Finishing Touch 163 (Pty) Ltd v BHP Billiton Energy Coal South Africa Ltd and Others 2013 (2) SA
204 (SCA) para 13 and endorsed by the Constitutional Court in Eke v Parsons 2016 (3) SA 37 (CC)
para 29.
24 Cross-Border Road Transport Agency para 22, see also Speaker, National Assembly and Another v
Land Access Movement of South Africa and Others [2019] ZACC 10 (CC); 2019 (6) SA 568 (CC) para
43.
25 KPMG Chartered Accountants (SA) v Securefin Ltd and Another 2009 (4) SA 399 (SCA) at 409I.
26 The original phrase was used by Lord Steyn in R v Secretary for the Home Department, ex parte Daly
[2001] 3 All ER 433 (HL) at 447. This was first approved by this Court in Aktiebolaget Hässle and
Another v Triomed (Pty) Ltd 2003 (1) SA 155 (SCA) para 1.
27 Elan Boulevard (Pty) Ltd v Fnyn Investments (Pty) Ltd [2018] SCA 165; 2019 (3) SA 441 (SCA).
28 Para 16.
29 Plaaslike Oorgangsraad, Bronkhortspruit v Senekal 2001 (3) SA 9 (SCA) at 18J-19A.

[29] Elan was an appeal against the dismissal of an application for the recognition
and enforcement of a foreign civil judgment sounding in money delivered by the
Supreme Court of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia against a South African couple.
They had formed an Australian company of which they were the directors. The
company was the sole trustee of an Australian trust set up by them. The company on
behalf of the trust purchased two ‘off-the-plan’ apartments in a development at Surfers
Paradise in the State of Queensland from Elan, an Australian company. The
obligations of the purchaser were guaranteed by the couple in respect of the one
apartment and only by the husband in respect of the other. Elan issued a claim out of
the Supreme Court of Queensland against the purchaser for damages for breach of
contract and against each of the husband and wife for recovery of the monies pursuant
to the guarantees given by them. The Supreme Court of Queensland gave judgment
in favour of Elan, and, ordered inter alia that ‘[t]he defendants pay to the plaintiff the
sum of AUD 1 172 614,26.’

[30] Having set out the relevant contextual background facts which culminated in
the order being made and the Australian court’s reasons for it,30 this Court concluded
thus:31
‘In my view a South African court is not precluded from construing the order in the light of the
judgment and the reasons therefor and concluding that at all material times the intention of
the Australian court was to impose joint and several liability upon the Essacks [the couple].
Indeed, this conclusion is inescapable in the light of the fact that the Australian judgment was
granted in favour of the appellant ‘on its claim’, which in respect of the Essacks was founded
upon their provision of guarantees in respect of the liability assumed by the purchaser under
the various contracts of sale. . . . It thus seems clear from the contracts, read as a whole, that
liability was intended to be joint and several. Clearly, it could never have been the intention of
the Australian court, as the Essacks would have it, to have ordered each of the defendants
before it to have been liable only for their aliquot share of the judgment debt. Such a conclusion
would fly in the face of the judgment and the provision by the Essacks of guarantees. Indeed,
such a conclusion would be absurd; it would carry with it the necessary implication that the
purchaser was, in terms of the judgment, only liable for its joint, ie one third portion, of the
judgment.’

30 Paras 1-9 and 15.
31 Para 17.

[31] In this case the property was acquired by HLB and paid for by its only two
shareholders, MWRK (the Reynolds company) and PE (the Maritz company),
proportionately to their respective 51/49% shareholding in HLB, in consequence of the
merger of Mr Reynolds’ professional auditing entity, MWRKAA, with that of CMA, of
which company Mr Maritz is the chairperson, a director and a shareholder. A lease
was entered into between HLB and CMA for a non-market related minimal rent to
provide office accommodation to Mr Reynolds and his staff compliment. When Mr
Reynolds and his auditing company withdrew from the merger with CMA, they had to
vacate the property and their investment (through the vehicle of HLB) was locked in,
and unrealisable, due to the potentially 18-year lease concluded between HLB and
CMA. In consequence, MWRK approached the high court for equitable relief in terms
of the provisions of s 81(1)(d)(iii) of the Companies Act - on the basis that it is just and
equitable for HLB to be wound up - or for relief from oppressive or prejudicial conduct
in terms of s 163 of the Companies Act - on the basis that the conduct of HLB’s majority
shareholder, PE, in failing to co-operate in the proper severance of their commercial
relationship on fair and equitable terms in order to enable it to withdraw its investment
in HLB, amounted to oppressive or prejudicial conduct. The application was opposed
by HLB and PE. Relief in terms of s 163 of the Companies Act was, despite opposition,
granted to MWRK.

[32] In granting the first order, the high court reasoned thus: Its point of departure
was a recognition that the ‘. . . fundamental question before [it] is whether equitable
considerations are present in this matter that are so compelling as to allow [MWRK] to
terminate the business relationship with [HLB], and withdraw its capital . . . ’; and if so,
‘. . . whether the equitable relief should take the form of winding-up, or some other
form of relief in terms of s 163 of the Companies Act’. The high court recognised that
HLB ‘. . . is a commercially solvent and viable company’. It found ‘. . . that winding-up
on just and equitable grounds must of necessity be a remedy of last resort and that all
other remedies must be considered before such a step is taken’.

[33] The high court pertinently observed that counsel appearing for HLB and PE
conceded that CMA’s option to renew the lease for another nine-year period would in
all probability be exercised. That concession, according to the high court ‘. . . has an
important bearing on the matter since [MWRK] is confronted with the situation where

it cannot realise its investment or withdraw its capital for the better part of eighteen
years, during which time [HLB] would be paying a nominal rental calculated largely
according to the operating costs’. It inter alia relied on an English case in which the
following example was considered to be a standard case of unjust, inequitable or unfair
treatment: shareholders who ‘. . . have entered into an association upon the
understanding that each of them who has ventured his capital will also participate in
the management of the company . . . ’ and the participation of any such shareholder
is terminated. The high court added that that would also be the case where ‘. . . the
shareholders have expected to benefit by their capital expenditure’. It held that ‘. . .
[t]hat fundamental assumption of the parties has now fallen away to the clear prejudice
of [MWRK] and the Reynolds family, and to the commensurate unwarranted benefit of
CMA and Maritz’. In such a case, according to the high court, ‘. . . it will usually be
considered unjust, inequitable or unfair for a majority to use their voting power to
exclude a member from participating in the management or enjoying rewards, without
giving the minority shareholder the opportunity to remove its capital on reasonable
terms’.

[34] The high court also held that the insistence of HLB and PE ‘. . . that the status
quo should remain intact for a decade and a half or more, during which time [MWRK]
cannot withdraw the benefit from its capital investment, is . . . a clear injustice that falls
squarely within the ambit of s 163 of the Companies Act . . .’; and that, viewed in the
context of ‘. . . the relationship between the parties, and in particular the failure of the
merger that was the fundamental raison d’être of [HLB], . . . [MWRK] must be allowed
to realise its investment’. The most equitable remedy, so the high court held, ‘. . . lies
in ascertaining the value of [MWRK’s] shares, and realising them effectively and
timeously’. The high court expressed its ‘. . . misgivings about the appointment of a
third party to [evaluate] the shareholding’ and considered it best ‘that the parties should
be afforded the opportunity to guide their own destiny’. The ‘primary question’,
according to the high court, ‘. . . is the value of [the property], and the open market is
the best arbiter of its value . . . ’, with the result that the parties ‘. . . should therefore
be given an opportunity to sell the immovable property through normal channels, to
their mutual advantage . . . ’, failing which, the property ‘. . . must be sold by public
auction’. The high court recognised ‘. . . the fact that clause 7.2 of the Shareholders
Agreement makes mention of an escalation of 8% per year, compounded, as a means

of arriving at a value for the shareholding . . .’, but did not consider that that ‘. . . figure
necessarily represents the true appreciation of the property’s value, and again the
market is the best arbiter’. In conclusion the high court held that ‘. . . [t]he proceeds of
the sale must be distributed to the relevant shareholders in accordance with their pro-
rata shareholding’.

[35] HLB argues that the high court did not intend the property to be sold free of the
lease since that would be an order in terms of s 163(2)(h)32 of the Companies Act, in
terms of which the high court set aside the lease agreement between HLB and CMA
without having considered whether or not HLB or CMA should be compensated. The
simple answer to this argument is that we are not concerned with the correctness of
the first order, which as already mentioned, was never appealed against. It is irrelevant
whether the reasoning of the high court in respect of that order was correct.

[36] Proper interpretative analysis leads to the inevitable conclusion that the high
court’s omission to state in its first order that the sale of the property contemplated in
the order is to be free of the lease, was a ‘patent error or omission’ in expressing the
order, which resulted in the first order not giving effect to the high court’s true intention.
In its second order, the high court correctly rectified the patent omission so as to give
effect to its true intention, which correction did not alter the intended sense and
substance of the order.

[37] This conclusion is inescapable in the light of the fact that MWRK approached
the high court in its capacity as a 49% shareholder of HLB, inter alia for relief from
HLB’s oppressive or prejudicial conduct in terms of s 163 of the Companies Act. The
high court judgment was granted in favour of MWRK’s s 163 claim. The oppressive or
prejudicial conduct found by the high court on the part of HLB, was the insistence of
HLB and PE for the status quo to remain intact for a decade and a half or more, during
which time MWRK could not withdraw or benefit from its capital investment, despite
the failure of the merger of Mr Reynolds’s professional audit entity into CMA, which
merger, so the high court held, was the fundamental raison d’être of HLB (a previously

32 Section 163(2)(h) of the Companies Act provides that the court may make any order it considers fit,
including ‘an order varying or setting aside a transaction or an agreement to which the company is a
party compensating the company or any other party to the transaction or party’.

dormant company) acquiring the property to facilitate and give effect to the merger,
which raison d’être had fallen away. The high court clearly intended to permit MWRK
to realise its initial capital investment in HLB without having to wait the better part of
18 years.

[38] The high court intended that MWRK receives back the amount of its initial
investment plus its proportionate share of the amount of ‘the true appreciation of the
property’s value’ as determined by the open market. In other words, it was foundational
to the high court’s order that the property had to be sold free of the lease between HLB
and CMA. It could never have been the intention of the high court, as HLB would have
it, to have ordered the sale of the property to be subject to the lease and for the
common law principle of huur gaat voor koop to apply. Such a conclusion, as was held
in a different context in Elan, would be absurd: it would carry with it the necessary
implication that MWRK, although its application for relief from HLB’s oppressive or
prejudicial conduct succeeded, received no such relief and, instead, lost most of its
initial capital investment and the market related appreciation thereof. Indeed, such a
conclusion would defeat the purpose the first order to prevent prejudice to the minority
shareholder due to the existence and long duration of the lease, which lease was at
the core of the case, and unwarranted benefit to the majority shareholder.

[39] It remains to consider HLB’s further arguments that MWRK failed to
demonstrate that it launched the correction application within a reasonable time of the
granting of the first order; that the legal interests of both CMA (the lessee of the
property) and Silver Meadow (the purchaser of the property) were affected by the
second order and they should, therefore, have been joined or notified of the second
application. These arguments, too, are unmeritorious. The high court had a discretion
to excuse the delay, which it tacitly did. There is no reason for this Court to interfere
with the high court’s exercise of its discretion, especially in the light of MWRK’s strong
prospects of success, which, in itself, may excuse an inadequate explanation for the
delay.33

33 In Valor IT v Premier, North West Province and Others [2020] ZASCA 62 (SCA); [2020] 3 All SA 397
(SCA); 2021 (1) SA 42 (SCA) para 38, this Court said that ‘very weak prospects of success may not
offset a full, complete and satisfactory explanation for a delay; while strong merits of success may
excuse an inadequate explanation for the delay (to a point).’

[40] In HLB’s answering affidavit in the correction application, Mr Maritz made the
bald allegation that he was ‘. . . advised that to date hereof CMA has not received
notice of this application’. MWRK refuted that allegation in its replying affidavit. It
produced the return of service by the sheriff of Halfway House in which it is certified
that a copy of the correction application ‘. . . was duly served upon Mr MJ Maritz,
director, a person in charge, apparently not less than sixteen years of age after the
original document had been shown and the nature and contents thereof explained to
the said person’. Such service, according to the sheriff’s return of service took place ‘.
. . on the 17 March 2020 at 6:13 at CMA Inc Office and Conference Park, 234
Alexandra Avenue, Halfway House being the registered address of Certified Master
Auditors Incorporated’.

[41] By way of the second order in the correction application, the high court
interpreted and corrected its first order that was made on 15 November 2019, which
was long before the property was sold to Silver Meadow at the auction that was held
on 17 March 2020 at 12:00. It obviously had no interest in the equitable application
and the first order. The second order that was made on 21 September 2020, merely
interpreted and corrected the first order.

[42] Finally the matter of costs. The high court ordered HLB, who was the first
respondent in the correction application, to pay the costs of the application ‘. . . on the
scale between attorney and client’ on the basis that its opposition was ‘untenable’ and
had ‘. . . the effect of delaying the proper adjudication of the correctness or otherwise
of the judgment. . .’ In departing from the general rule that costs should follow the
event and that the successful party is awarded costs as between party and party
unless it is one of those ‘rare occasions’ where an award of punitive costs is
warranted,34 the high court failed to exercise its discretion judicially. HLB’s opposition
to the correction application was certainly not unreasonable and the award of punitive
costs was not warranted. This is demonstrated, firstly, by the high court’s subsequent
order granting HLB leave to appeal to this Court, which by necessary implication
means that the high court was of the opinion that the appeal would have a reasonable

34 See LAWSA Vol 3 Part 2 Second Edition paras 292 and 320.

prospect of success as contemplated in s 17(1)(a)(i) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of
2013, and, secondly, by a reading of this judgment. Furthermore, before Mr Maritz
instructed the auctioneer to sell the property by public auction, he had obtained
counsel’s opinion regarding the meaning of the first order, and he was therefore
satisfied that the sale of the property was to be subject to the lease.

[43] In the result the following order is made:
1.  Subject to paragraph 2 below, the appeal is dismissed with costs.
2.  Paragraph 3 of the high court’s order is set aside and replaced with the following:
‘3.  The costs of this application are to be paid by the first respondent.’

_______________________

P A MEYER
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

Appearances
For appellant:
HF Oosthuizen SC

Instructed by:
Carel van der Merwe Attorneys, Midrand

Webber Attorneys, Bloemfontein
For respondent:
JG Bergenthuin SC
Instructed by:
Griesel & Breytenbach Attorneys, Pretoria

Phatshoane Henney Attorneys, Bloemfontein
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
MEDIA SUMMARY OF JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF
APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
12 April 2022
Status:
Immediate

The following Summary is for the benefit of the media in the reporting of this case and
does not form part of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Appeal.
HLB International (South Africa) v MWRK Accountants and Consultants (113/2021)
[2022] ZASCA 52 (12 April 2022)

Today the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) handed down judgment dismissing, with costs, an
appeal against the decision of the Gauteng Division of the High Court, Pretoria, except for
setting aside the punitive scale of the costs awarded by the high court and replacing it with an
award on the party and party scale.
The primary issue before the SCA concerns the modern day principles applicable to and the
interpretation of an order granted by the high court. Having considered the significant
developments in the law relating to the interpretation of documents, including judgments or
orders, both in this country and in others that follow similar rules to our own, Meyer AJA, writing
the unanimous judgment of the court, concluded that the now established test on interpretation
of court orders is this: ‘The starting point is to determine the manifest purpose of the order. In
interpreting a judgment or order, the court’s intention is to be ascertained primarily from the
language of the judgment or order in accordance with the usual well-known rules relating to
the interpretation of documents. As in the case of a document, the judgment or order and the
court’s reasons for giving it must be read as a whole to ascertain its intention’: Finishing Touch
163 (Pty Ltd v BHP Billiton Energy Coal South Africa Ltd and Others 2013 (2) SA 204 (SCA)
para 13 and endorsed by the Constitutional Court in Eke v Parsons 2016 (3) SA 37 (CC) para
29. The SCA added that the manifest purpose of the judgment or order is to be determined by
also having regard to the relevant background facts which culminated in it being made.
~~~~ends~~~~