THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Case No:  692/09

In the matter between:

SONWABISO MAXWELL NDIMENI
Appellant

and

MEEG BANK LIMITED (BANK OF TRANSKEI)
Respondent

Neutral citation:
Sonwabiso Maxwell Ndimeni v Meeg Bank Limited (Bank of Transkei)
(629/09) [2010] ZASCA 165 (01 December 2010)

Coram:

MPATI P, LEWIS, HEHER, SNYDERS and TSHIQI JJA

Heard:

01 November 2010

Delivered:

01 December 2010

Summary:

Recusal – On grounds of appearance of bias – acting judge, in capacity as
attorney and conveyancer in private practice, having commercial relationship
with one of the litigants – duty to disclose fact of commercial relationship –
failure to make disclosure resulting in proceedings being a nullity.

____________________________________________________________________
ORDER
____________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Labour Appeal Court (Davis, Jappie and Leeuw JJA sitting as court
of appeal).

The following order is made:

1. The application to lead further evidence is granted.
2. The appeal is upheld with costs.
3. The order of the court below is set aside and for it the following is substituted:
‘(a)  The appeal is upheld with costs.
(b) The order of the court below is set aside.
(c) The matter is remitted to the Labour Court for trial de novo before another
judge.’

_______________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
____________________________________________________________________
MPATI P (LEWIS, HEHER, SNYDERS and TSHIQI JJA ..........):
[1] On 15 September 1998 the appellant was dismissed from his position as manager
of the Lusikisiki branch of the respondent following a disciplinary enquiry.  The chairman of
the enquiry had found him to have acted irregularly and contrary to the standing bank
procedures or practice in the execution of his duties as branch manager, particularly in
respect of transactions relating to the account of Mr Y I Docrat, who owned a supermarket
at Flagstaff (charge 1).  There were three further charges in respect of which the appellant
was found guilty and for which he was given a final written warning.  It is not necessary to
mention these charges for present purposes.

[2] The appellant challenged the findings of the chairman of the disciplinary enquiry
before the Labour Court (Zilwa AJ) on grounds of lack of procedural and substantive

fairness.  The Labour Court confirmed the findings of the chairman in respect of three of
the charges and imposed a sanction of summary dismissal for the first charge and a final
written warning for the second and third charges.  The appellant subsequently gave notice
of his intention to apply for leave to appeal against the order of the Labour Court, but later
discovered that Zilwa AJ and ‘close members of his family’ each allegedly had some
commercial relationship with the respondent.  He promptly gave notice that ‘at the hearing
of the application for leave to appeal on 16 November 2001’ he would apply to amend his
grounds of appeal by adding the following ground:
‘Leave to appeal to the [LAC] is granted for the purpose of enabling the [appellant] to apply to the
[LAC] for an order permitting the leading of oral evidence on why the trial judge should have
recused himself.’
In his affidavit in support of the application to amend his grounds of appeal the appellant
alleged that he believed Zilwa AJ  ‘was biased in [his] case and had [he] been aware of the
above facts at the time of the trial of this matter [he] would have instructed [his]
representative to request him [Zilwa AJ] to recuse himself’.

[3] However, for reasons that have not been disclosed, Zilwa AJ failed to hear the
appellant’s application for leave to appeal, with the result that the appellant approached
the Labour Appeal Court (LAC) for leave to appeal to it on the ground of constructive
refusal of leave by the Labour Court. (I should mention that the application was set down
for hearing on 12 November 2001, but was postponed to 16 November 2001 at the
instance of the appellant. It was again postponed on that day sine die and never set down
again despite the appellant’s endeavours, according to him.) The LAC granted the leave
sought, but subsequently dismissed the appeal with costs.  This appeal is before us with
the special leave of this court.

[4] At the commencement of his argument in this court counsel for the appellant sought
leave, on behalf of the appellant, as was done in the LAC, to introduce the evidence upon
which reliance was placed for the assertion that Zilwa AJ should not have presided at the
trial but should have recused himself.  It has been held that where a reasonable
apprehension of bias is found to be present, the judicial officer is duty bound to recuse him

or herself.1  This is so because the common-law right of each individual to a fair trial, which
is now constitutionally entrenched, must be respected.  The issue in this appeal, therefore,
is whether the evidence sought to be introduced by the appellant satisfies the test of
‘reasonable apprehension of bias’ and, if so, whether the proceedings before the Labour
Court were a nullity.

[5] It is perhaps convenient, for a better understanding of the circumstances of the
case, to set out a brief summary of the facts relating to the charge in respect of which the
appellant was summarily dismissed.  Mr Jacobus Daniel Marais, the collection manager of
the respondent, testified that he discovered an activity by Docrat called ‘cross firing’ or ‘kite
flying’2 on his account with the respondent, which resulted in the latter suffering a loss of
approximately R9 million.  In order to recoup some of its losses the respondent allowed
Docrat to operate a trading account at its Lusikisiki branch, but he was not allowed an
overdraft facility on it.  It is not in dispute that Docrat’s loan account was managed by
Marais at the respondent’s head office in Umthatha.  The trading account was managed by
the appellant.  Although he had no overdraft facility in respect of the trading account
Docrat was allowed an unofficial overdraft of R130 000.  Marais testified, however, that the
branch was required to report to head office as soon as the account went into overdraft.

[6] In March 1998 the trading account was overdrawn by more than a million rand due
to the deposit of a bad cheque for the sum of R727 190.16, which was returned three
times but redeposited each time.  In the meantime cheques drawn on the account were
met against the uncleared positive balance reflected in it.  The respondent reacted by
sequestrating Docrat and closing his business.  It took a loss of more than one million rand
in the process.

[7] The appellant, on the other hand, testified that all transactions on Docrat’s trading
account were effected on the express instructions of Marais, who was responsible for the
operation of the account, together with the managing director, Mr George Kaltenbrünn.  He
therefore contended that Marais was responsible for the loss suffered by the respondent.

1 Take and Save Trading CC & others v Standard Bank of SA Ltd 2004 (4) SA 1 (SCA) para 2.
2 This involved the depositing of cheques and drawing against uncleared effects in different accounts, in
effect borrowing against non-existent funds.

But Marais’s version was that he and the credit manager at head office, a certain Ms Ntuli,
only monitored the overdraft part of the account, but that the administration of the account
remained with the branch where it was operated.  The appellant was thus to blame for the
loss because he had failed to report to head office accurately and to follow established
policies relating to drawing against uncleared effects.  Mr Batembu Diko, the accountant at
the Lusikisiki branch, testified that he acted as manager of the branch in the absence of
the appellant.  He said that he would report to the head office on Docrat’s account only
when it was overdrawn and Docrat wished to draw on it.  The authority to allow Docrat to
withdraw money on his overdrawn account would thus be obtained from head office.  The
Labour Court disbelieved the appellant and found him guilty of misconduct as charged.

[8] Although it made reference to the evidence relating to the claim of bias, the LAC did
not consider this ground of appeal.  Its reason for this appears from the following passage
in the judgment:3
‘Mr Pillemer, who appeared on behalf of appellant, accepted that, were this court to find, on the
substance of the dispute, that the probabilities were clearly in favour of respondent after an
analysis of the record, credibility questions would have no bearing on the decision, no purpose
would be served by referring the case back to another judge.  For this reason therefore, the critical
issue turns on the evidence relating to the charge.’
The court thus proceeded to consider the evidence presented before Zilwa AJ and
concluded that there was ‘simply no justification for referring this matter back for hearing
before a different judge’; that the dispute ‘does not turn on the credibility findings of
witnesses but on the plausibility of the evidence and an evaluation of the probabilities’, and
that the competing versions ‘can be justified or rejected exclusively on the evidence placed
before the [Labour Court] and which was available to this court’.  The probabilities, so the
court held, clearly supported the decision of the respondent to dismiss the appellant.

3 Per Davis JA (Jappie and Leeuw JJA concurring), para 7.

[9] In this court Mr Pillemer, for the appellant, disputed the correctness of the LAC’s
interpretation of his submission before it in this regard.  And a reading of the transcript of
the exchanges between the court and counsel reveals that the latter’s submission was
indeed misinterpreted.  The relevant part of the transcript reads as follows:
‘COURT:  But if we have read this record and we are satisfied that there is absolutely no basis by
which this appeal should succeed then?
MR PILLEMER:  It must still go back because this case turns critically on questions of credibility.
COURT:  So in other words with great respect if you have read a record and you read it from start
to finish and there are no merits on the appeal what then it is not answering my question?
Credibility is only relevant Mr Pillemer when you read a record and you are absolutely sure about it
assuming one is totally sure.
MR PILLEMER:  If you are totally sure [that] even accepting everything the appellant says is true,
he has got no case then there would be no point in sending it back I accept that.  There would not
be a failure of justice.’
What counsel thus conceded was that if, in spite of an acceptance of the appellant’s
version, the court were still to find that the appellant has no case, there would have been
no failure of justice and consequently there would be no need to refer the matter back to
the Labour Court for a hearing de novo before a different judge.

[10] As will become evident later in this judgment, I consider that the LAC erred in any
event in failing to deal with the issue of the alleged bias.  It is indeed so that the fact that
an allegation of bias might be established does not necessarily mean that the entire
proceedings will be vitiated.4   But where the issue is pertinently raised on appeal the
appeal court should, in my view, deal with it, as failure to do so might detrimentally affect
the public’s confidence in the courts.

[11] Before us the appellant did not rely on the record of the proceedings at the trial for
purposes of determination of the appeal. Nor was there any suggestion that Zilwa AJ
exhibited actual bias ‘in the sense that he had approached the issues before him with a

4 Rondalia Versekeringskorporasie van SA Bpk v Lira 1971 (2) SA 586 (A) at 590H; President of the
Republic of South Africa & others v South African Rugby Football Union & others 1999 (2) SA 14 (CC)
para 42.

mind which was in fact prejudiced or not open to conviction’.5 The appellant sought to have
the judgment set aside and the matter referred back to the Labour Court for the trial to
commence de novo before a different judge, on the grounds of an alleged commercial
relationship between Zilwa AJ and the respondent, which engendered a fear that the
learned acting judge would not be impartial in the case.  It was submitted on behalf of the
appellant that in the light of the alleged commercial relationship there had not been a fair
trial.  The appeal, so the argument continued, therefore turns on the question whether or
not Zilwa AJ was disqualified from hearing the matter.

[12] In our law the ground for the disqualification of a judicial officer is the existence of a
reasonable apprehension that he or she will not decide the case impartially or without
prejudice, and not that he or she will decide the case adversely to one party.6  And the
question is ‘whether a reasonable, objective and informed person would on the correct
facts reasonably apprehend that the Judge has not or will not bring an impartial mind to
bear on the adjudication of a case, that is a mind open to persuasion by the evidence and
the submissions of counsel’.7 In the same paragraph the Constitutional Court observed
that ‘it must never be forgotten that an impartial Judge is a fundamental prerequisite for a
fair trial and the judicial officer should not hesitate to recuse herself or himself if there are
reasonable grounds on the part of a litigant for apprehending that the judicial officer, for
whatever reason, was not or will not be impartial’.

[13] The facts upon which the appellant relied for his claim that Zilwa AJ should have
recused himself are contained in an affidavit deposed to by Kaltenbrünn in answer to the
appellant’s allegations in support of his application to amend his grounds of appeal.  Those
allegations were:
‘(a) Ms S V Zilwa, the judge’s wife is a shareholder in and director of [the respondent];
(b)  . . . Ms S V Zilwa is a chartered accountant and in that capacity is sub-contracted by

5 BTR Industries South Africa (Pty) Ltd & others v Metal and Allied Workers’ Union & others 1992 (3) SA
673 (A) at 690A-B.
6 President of the Republic of South Africa & others v South African Rugby Football Union & others 1999
(4) SA 147 (CC) para 46 in which reference was made with approval to a passage in Re JRL : Ex parte
CJL (1986) 161 CLR 342 (HCA) at 352.
7 President of the Republic of South Africa v South African Rugby Football Union, above n6, para 48; SA
Commercial Catering and Allied Workers’ Union v Irvin & Johnson Ltd (Seafood Division Fish Processing)
2000 (3) SA 705 (CC) para 11; Sager v Smith 2001 (3) SA 1004 (SCA) para 15; Take and Save Trading
CC v Standard Bank of SA Ltd, above n1 para 2.

KPMG to audit the books of [the respondent];
(c)  Bank of Transkei Insurance Brokers have been closed and all the work formerly done
by this division is now done by Sikhona Financial Services.  Ms S V Zilwa is the sole
director of Sikhona Financial Services;
(d)  Advocate P H S Zilwa, the judge’s brother is a director of [the respondent];
(e) Mr D Z Nkonki, the judge’s brother-in-law, is an Executive Director of [the respondent];
(f)  In his practice as an attorney, the judge handles commercial bonds of [the respondent]
and is thus reliant on [the respondent] for a portion of his income.’

[14] As I have mentioned above, Zilwa AJ did not hear the appellant’s application for
leave to appeal, which would have afforded him an opportunity to respond to these
allegations in his judgment.  But Kaltenbrünn responded as follows to the allegation that
Zilwa AJ handles commercial bonds of the respondent:
‘The Honourable Acting Judge Zilwa is a qualified attorney in partnership with Mandela Makaula.
The firm was appointed to the panel of attorneys for TNBS Mutual Bank.  No work was ever done
by the firm for Meeg Bank prior to 1 May 2001.  Accordingly this allegation does not demonstrate
any facts upon which an apprehension of bias may be founded.’
According to Kaltenbrünn the respondent merged with TNBS Mutual Bank during the
beginning of 2001 although the effective date of the transaction which foreshadowed the
actual merger was 1 April 2000.  The two banks commenced functioning as one entity from
1 April 2001.

[15]    The appellant attached to his application to the LAC for leave to appeal copies of
two mortgage bonds prepared by Zilwa AJ, which clearly contradict Kalternbrünn’s
assertion that no work was ever done by the former’s firm of attorneys on behalf of the
respondent prior to 1 May 2001.  The first bond was executed at the office of the Registrar
of Deeds, Umthatha, on 20 March 2000 and the second on 8 August 2000.  Both bonds
were passed in favour of the respondent.  It is a well-known practice in this country that the
mortgagee bank or financial institution takes responsibility for the registration of a bond.  In
the absence of any evidence to the contrary, it must be accepted that the instructions for
the preparation and execution of the bonds by Zilwa AJ (as conveyancer) emanated from
the respondent, as mortgagee.

[16] In BTR Industries8 Hoexter JA said:
‘It is a hallowed maxim that if a judicial officer has any interest in the outcome of the matter before
him (save an interest so trivial in nature as to be disregarded under the de minimis principle) he is
disqualified, no matter how small the interest may be. . . The law does not seek, in such a case, to
measure the amount of his interest. I venture to suggest that the matter stands no differently with
regard to the apprehension of bias by a lay litigant.  Provided the suspicion of partiality is one
which might reasonably be entertained by a lay litigant a reviewing Court cannot, so I consider, be
called upon to measure in a nice balance the precise extent of the apparent risk.  If a suspicion is
reasonably apprehended, then that is the end to the matter.’
That case involved a refusal by the presiding member of a three-member Industrial Court
(IC), to recuse himself in a matter in which the IC was hearing an application for an unfair
labour practice determination between BTR Industries (BTR) and the Metal and Allied
Workers Union (union) of which BTR’s employees were members.  The presiding member
had attended and addressed a seminar during an adjournment in the trial, which had been
organised by a certain firm of consultants and advisers on industrial and labour relations.
He had been invited to the seminar by the firm of consultants upon which BTR had relied
‘very heavily’ for advice during the negotiations between it and the union on the dispute
that was now before the IC.  Three other speakers at the seminar, which had been
advertised as ‘for management and senior legal practitioners’, were counsel representing
BTR.  In confirming the reviewing court’s (Didcott J) order setting aside the proceedings in
the IC for the reason that the presiding member should have recused himself, this court
reasoned that the facts of the matter were strong enough ‘to meet the less exacting
requirements of the “reasonable suspicion of bias” test’.9

[17] The present is not a case where the judicial officer would have been automatically
disqualified.  The allegations against him are not that he had an interest or potential
interest in the case in the sense of owning a substantial number of shares in the
respondent, or that he had any other direct pecuniary interest in the outcome of the
proceedings, in which event he would have been automatically disqualified.10 The rationale
for this rule is that no one can be a judge in his or her own cause.  But the rule (of

8 Above n5, at 694J – 695A.
9 At 696I – J.
10 See Dimes v Properties of Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL 759; Re Ebner; Ebner v Official Trustee
in Bankruptcy [1999] FCA 10 paras 41 – 43; Locabail (UK) Ltd v Bayfield Properties Ltd and another
[2000] 1 All ER 65 (CA); Clenae Pty Ltd v Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [1999] VSA 35.

automatic disqualification) does not apply only in instances where the judicial officer
concerned has a pecuniary interest in the outcome of the proceedings.  It also applies
where a non-pecuniary interest to achieve a particular result exists.  In R v Bow Street
Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and others, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 2)11 Senator
Pinochet, a former head of state of Chile, applied for an order setting aside an earlier order
of the House of Lords in an appeal to it reinstating one of two warrants issued by a
metropolitan stipendiary magistrate but later quashed by the Queen’s Bench Divisional
Court. The warrants had authorised the arrest of Senator Pinochet so as to facilitate
proceedings for his extradition to Spain to be tried there for crimes against humanity
allegedly committed whilst he was head of state in Chile.  The House of Lords had granted
leave to Amnesty International (AI) to intervene in the appeal proceedings before it.  The
order of the House of Lords reinstating the warrant was by a majority of three Law Lords,
among whom was Lord Hoffmann, to two.

[18] Senator Pinochet’s application was based on information that came to light after the
House of Lords had made its order.  It transpired that Lord Hoffmann’s wife had been
working at the international secretariat of AI since 1977 – the judgment of the House of
Lords was given on 25 November 1998 – and that Lord Hoffmann was himself a Director
and Chairperson of Amnesty International Charity Limited (the Charity), one of two
registered companies that undertake work of the international headquarters of AI, and had
helped, in 1997, in the organisation of a fundraising appeal for a new building for Amnesty
International UK. He had also helped to organise the appeal to the House of Lords
together with other senior legal figures.  On the facts before it the House of Lords
reasoned that AI shared with the government of Spain not a financial interest, but an
interest to establish that there was no immunity for ex-heads of state in relation to crimes
against humanity; and that the Charity, which has the same objects as the AI, one of which
is ‘to procure the abolition of torture, extra-judicial execution and disappearance’, plainly
had a non-pecuniary interest to establish that Senator Pinochet was not immune.

[19] After a discussion on the rule relating to automatic disqualification due to pecuniary
interest the court said:

11 [1999] 1 All ER 577 (HL).

‘But if, as in the present case, the matter at issue does not relate to money or economic advantage
but is concerned with the promotion of the cause, the rationale disqualifying a judge applies just as
much if the judge’s decision will lead to the promotion of a cause in which the judge is involved
together with one of the parties.’12
The court thus concluded that Lord Hoffmann, being a member of AI, ‘would have been
automatically disqualified because of his non-pecuniary interest in establishing that
Senator Pinochet was not entitled to immunity’.  It consequently set aside its order of 25
November 1998 reinstating the warrant.  In the course of its judgment the House of Lords
remarked that the mere fact of a judicial officer’s interest in the cause is sufficient to
disqualify him ‘unless he has made sufficient disclosure’.13    As to the other factors, such
as the connection between AI and Lady Hoffmann and Lord Hoffmann’s involvement in
organizing the appeal to it, the House of Lords found that these factors might have been
relevant if Senator Pinochet had been required to show ‘a real danger or reasonable
apprehension of bias’.14

[20] I have indicated above that in the present matter the appellant did not allege that
Zilwa AJ had a pecuniary interest in the outcome of the case, but that there is a
commercial relationship between him and the respondent, which engendered in him
(appellant) a reasonable apprehension that the learned acting judge would not be
impartial.  Zilwa AJ is an attorney who would have returned to his practice at the end of his
acting appointment.  Problems that arise when members of the legal profession, in
particular members of the Bar and Side-Bar, act on the bench, were discussed in
Locabail15 where the learned Lord Justices of the Court of Appeal said the following in
respect of attorneys (solicitors):
‘But we think the problems can usually be overcome if, before embarking on the trial of any
assigned civil case, the solicitor . . . conducts a careful conflict search within the firm of which he is
a partner. . . While parties for and against whom the firm has acted, and parties closely associated,
would (we hope) be identified, the possibility must exist that individuals involved in such parties,
and parties more remotely associated, may not be identified. When in the course of a trial properly
embarked upon some such association comes to light (as could equally happen with a barrister-

12 Per Lord Browne-Wilkinson at 588e – f.
13 At 586f.
14 At 588j – 589a.
15 Above, n10.

judge), the association should be disclosed and addressed, bearing in mind the test laid down in R
v Gough.’16
(The test laid down in R v Gough17 is whether ‘. . . in the circumstances of the case . . . it
appears that there was a real likelihood, in the sense of a real possibility, of bias . . .’ on
the part of the judicial officer, which is not the test in this country.)

[21] It seems obvious, as the Court of Appeal observed in Locabail, that there can be no
reasonable apprehension of bias if the judicial officer does not know of the facts that would
be relied upon as giving rise to a conflict of interest.  In the present matter Zilwa AJ
executed the second bond on 8 August 2000. Only six days thereafter, on 14 August 2000,
he commenced with the hearing of evidence in the trial of this matter.  In my view, he must
have known at the commencement of the trial, that six days before, and at least once
before that, he had executed bonds on behalf of the respondent.  The appellant’s
application to the LAC for leave to appeal was opposed by the respondent.  The opposing
affidavit was deposed to by Mr Hendrik Stefanus Coetzee, a director of the respondent’s
Johannesburg attorneys.  He asserted, on the instructions of his client, that Zilwa AJ was
not employed by the respondent ‘at the time that he heard this matter’ and denied that the
respondent ‘was in any position to have exerted undue influence on the Judge’.  He further
denied that the two copies of the bond documents demonstrated that Zilwa AJ ‘was
employed’ by the respondent.  He continued by saying that whilst the documents seemed
to suggest that Zilwa AJ was a conveyancing attorney who registered a bond in favour of
the respondent, there was no indication that that was on the instructions of the respondent
or that the respondent remunerated him for those services.

[22] I have already held that it must be accepted, in the absence of evidence to the
contrary, that the instructions to prepare and execute the bonds emanated from the
respondent.  In my view, it was open to the respondent and Zilwa AJ to rebut the prima
facie evidence presented by the appellant that Zilwa AJ executed the bonds on behalf of
the respondent.  They failed to do so.  It would have been quite easy for the respondent to
state that the bonds were not executed on its instructions and that it never remunerated
Zilwa AJ’s firm for them.  It is true that in his affidavit in support of the respondent’s

16 Ibid at 76.
17 [1993] 2 All ER 724 (HL).

opposition to the appellant’s application for leave to amend his grounds of appeal
Kalternbrünn stated that no work was ever done by Zilwa AJ’s firm on behalf of the
respondent.  But after the appellant had produced copies of the bond documents one
would have expected the respondent, or Zilwa AJ, to have stated pertinently that the bonds
were not executed on behalf of the respondent, and that the latter never remunerated the
firm for the services rendered.

[23] It must be remembered that the case before Zilwa AJ concerned the fairness or
otherwise of the appellant’s dismissal by the respondent. Two of the witnesses who
testified at the trial on behalf of the respondent, namely Marais and Kalternbrünn, were
senior members of the respondent’s management stationed at head office. The appellant
was their subordinate.  Their evidence, particularly Marais’s, was to be weighed against his
because he was placing the blame for the respondent’s financial loss on Marais, while
Marais was placing it on him. Moreover, the instructions given to the firm of which Zilwa AJ
was a partner by the respondent for the preparation and execution of bonds were not a
once-off occurrence – and I express no view as to whether a once-off occurrence would
have made any difference. The firm is said to be on the respondent’s list of attorneys to
whom such instructions are given. (It has not been disputed that the firm is on the
respondent’s list, but merely that it ‘was appointed to the panel of attorneys for TNBS
Mutual Bank’, which, we know, merged with the respondent.) In my view, the appellant
would be entitled to believe, reasonably so, that Zilwa AJ would have expected to receive
more instructions in the future from the respondent to prepare and execute bonds on its
behalf.   In these circumstances, I agree with the submission of counsel for the appellant
that Zilwa AJ was obliged to disclose his relationship with the respondent, so that the
appellant could decide whether to request him to recuse himself, or to waive his right to do
so.  In my view, the facts satisfy the requirements of the ‘reasonable apprehension of bias’
test.

[24] Counsel for the respondent conceded that Zilwa AJ should have made disclosure of
his relationship with the respondent, in the circumstances of this case, and that the logical
conclusion from his failure to do so was that the proceedings before him would be a nullity.
He contended, however, that the present being a labour matter which, in terms of the
purpose for which the Labour and Labour Appeal Courts were created, should have been

dealt with expeditiously, and in view of the fact that the appellant’s dismissal was
confirmed almost ten years ago (Zilwa AJ delivered his judgment on 9 March 2001), this
court should not set aside the proceedings of the trial court. He argued that this is a case
where this court should consider the merits of the appeal as it can be disposed of on the
probabilities. There is no reason, in my view, why the appellant or litigants in labour
disputes generally, should be denied their right to a fair trial, to which everyone else is
entitled.  In cases where the judicial officer refuses to recuse himself or herself when he or
she should in fact have done so, what occurs thereafter, ie the continuation of the
proceedings, is a nullity.18

[25] In view of the conclusion I have reached it is unnecessary for me to consider the
other factors raised by the appellant as giving rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias.
In the result the following order is made:
1.  The application to introduce further evidence is granted.
2.  The appeal is upheld with costs.
3.  The order of the court below is set aside and for it the following is substituted:
‘(a) The appeal is upheld with costs.
(b) The order of the court below is set aside.
(c) The matter is remitted to the Labour Court for trial de novo before another judge.’

____________________

L Mpati

President

18 Moch v Nedtravel (Pty) Ltd t/a American Express Travel Service 1996 (3) SA 1 (A) at 8J – 9G and the
cases there cited.

APPEARANCES
APPELLANTS:
M Pillemer SC

Instructed by Jafta Incorporated, Durban;

Matsepes Inc., Bloemfontein

RESPONDENT:
F A Boda

Instructed by Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc, Benmore;

Naudés, Bloemfontein
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
01 December 2010

Status:
Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the media and
does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal.
* * *
SONWABISO MAXWELL NDIMENI v MEEG BANK LIMITED (BANK OF
TRANSKEI)

Mr Sonwabiso Ndimeni was dismissed from his position as manager of the
Lusikisiki branch of Meeg Bank consequent upon the findings of a disciplinary
enquiry that he had acted irregularly and contrary to the standing bank procedures
and practice in the execution of his duties as branch manager.  In respect of one of
four misconduct charges against him it had been alleged that he had caused
substantial financial loss to the bank, particularly in relation to the handling of the
account of a certain client of the bank.

The Labour Court upheld the findings of the chairman of the disciplinary enquiry
and imposed a sanction of summary dismissal.  However, before judgment was

delivered, Mr Ndimeni discovered that the acting judge, an attorney, had some
commercial relationship with the bank; the firm in which he was a partner was on
the bank’s list of attorneys to whom the bank gave instructions to prepare and
execute mortgage bonds.  Mr Ndimeni then sought leave to introduce this evidence
on appeal to the Labour Appeal Court, alleging that because of the commercial
relationship between the acting judge and the bank, there was a reasonable
apprehension that the judge would not be impartial in the case and that the acting
judge should therefore not have presided in the matter.  The Labour Appeal Court
did not deal with this complaint on appeal but decided the matter on the
probabilities and dismissed the appeal.

On further appeal to it the Supreme Court of Appeal held, in a judgment delivered
on 1 December 2010, that in the circumstances of the case the acting judge should
have disclosed his relationship with the bank so that Mr Ndimeni could decide
whether or not to apply for his recusal.  He failed to do so.  The court accordingly
held that the facts of the case satisfied the ‘reasonable apprehension of bias’ test.  It
set aside the orders of the Labour Appeal Court and the Labour Court and remitted
the matter to the Labour Court for trial de novo before another judge.