THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPORTABLE
Case number :  304/06
In the matter between :

DAVID SINCLAIR BARNETT

FIRST APPELLANT
PATRICIA STEPHANIE CANHAM NO

SECOND APPELLANT
STEPHEN HUGH CHURCH

THIRD APPELLANT
PETER CLOWES

FOURTH APPELLANT
JAMES KEVIN DOVETON

FIFTH APPELLANT
PETER GOSS

SIXTH APPELLANT
HILTON LLEWELLYN LANE

SEVENTH APPELLANT
ASHTON HENRY MARTIN

EIGHTH APPELLANT
RICHARD JEREMY REEN

NINTH APPELLANT
JACOB JOHN ROTHMAN

TENTH APPELLANT
WILLIAM TURTON

ELEVENTH APPELLANT
EDWARD LAWRENCE BARRY

TWELFTH APPELLANT
MICHAEL BERESFORD

THIRTEENTH APPELLANT
BRUCE DORNLEO

FOURTEENTH APPELLANT
R JOHN PICKERING

FIFTEENTH APPELLANT
NEVILLE DANSON TAYLOR

SIXTEENTH APPELLANT
and
THE MINISTER OF LAND AFFAIRS

FIRST RESPONDENT
THE MINISTER OF WATER AFFAIRS AND
FORESTRY

SECOND RESPONDENT
THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS
AND TOURISM

THIRD RESPONDENT
THE MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS,
ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM,
EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

FOURTH RESPONDENT

CORAM :

HOWIE P, BRAND, JAFTA, MAYA et COMBRINCK JJA
HEARD :

20 AUGUST 2007
DELIVERED :
6 SEPTEMBER 2007

Summary:
Application for eviction from cottages built in coastal conservation area – based
on both Decree 9 of 1992 (Transkei) and wrongful possession in common law – plea of
prescription dismissed on principle of continuous wrong – PIE found not applicable because
cottages held not to be ‘homes’- other defences dismissed on the facts.

Neutral citation: This judgment may be referred to as Barnett v Minister of Land Affairs [2007]
SCA 95 (RSA)

JUDGMENT
________________________________________________________________
BRAND JA/

BRAND JA:
[1] The first three respondents are Cabinet Ministers representing three
different State Departments in the National Government. The fourth respondent
is the Member of the Executive Council for Economic Affairs, Environment and
Tourism in the Province of the Eastern Cape. The sixteen appellants are the
occupiers of sites and cottages on the Transkei Wild Coast in an area 13
kilometres north of Port St Johns and situated in the magisterial district of
Lusikisiki. I shall herein refer to the respondents collectively as ‘the Government’
and to the appellants as they were cited in the court a quo, ie ‘the defendants’.

[2] On the basis that the sites occupied by the defendants form part of State
land, the Government sought and obtained an eviction order against the
defendants (by Miller J) in the Mthatha High Court. The order also directed the
defendants to demolish and remove all structures built on the sites within four
months from date of the order, failing which the Government was authorised to
have the structures demolished and removed at the defendants’ expense. The
appeal against that judgment is with the leave of the court a quo.

[3] The sites are situated in an area which, until 27 April 1994, formed part of
the erstwhile Republic of Transkei. Since then, it falls under the jurisdiction of the
Provincial Government of the Eastern Cape. The cottages and other structures
were erected by the defendants from about mid 1994. The Government relied on
two causes of action, in the alternative. Its first cause of action  was based on the
provisions of a decree promulgated by the President of the Transkei on 24 July
1992 described as Decree No 9 (Environmental Conservation) of 1992 which
came into operation on 1 January 1993 (‘the Decree’). For its alternative cause of
action the Government relied on the common law ground that the defendants
were in unlawful possession – or occupation – of State land.

[4] I shall soon return to the provisions of the Decree in more detail. Broadly
stated, however, its import was to proclaim all State land situated on the
landward side of the entire Transkeian coast within a strip of one kilometre above
the high water mark, a coastal conservation area. Inside the conservation area,
the Decree prohibited any development by anybody (including departments of

State) save under authority of a permit issued by the Department of Agriculture
and Forestry. Relying on the provisions of the Decree as its main cause of action,
the Government contended that because the defendants had no permit to
construct the cottages and other structures on the sites occupied by them, their
activities constituted unauthorised development within the coastal conservation
area, the consequences of which they were bound to remove.

[5] The defences raised by the defendants to these causes of action were
numerous and, at least some of them, rather difficult to understand. They led to a
trial lasting for many days and a record covering nearly four thousand pages. In
the course of time, some of these defences have wisely been jettisoned.  Those
persisted in will best be understood against the background facts that follow. The
defendants are mostly well-to-do farmers and businessmen. They all reside in
the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Nonetheless, most of them had some association
with the Transkei Wild Coast which they visited regularly on vacation for a
number of years. Their settlement in the area started about one month after the
area again became part of South African soil, in April 1994. Their reason, so they
said, was because prior to that they were not allowed to occupy land which
formed part of the former Republic of Transkei. The timing of their settlement in
this exquisitely beautiful, virtually pristine part of nature, happened to coincide,
however, with a transition from one government to the other, when administrative
control in the area seems to have been, to say the least, in a state of flux.

[6] The procedure adopted by the defendants to obtain their occupancy was
essentially the same. This is hardly surprising. Those who came later simply
followed the precedent established by the success of the earlier ones. Broadly
stated, it happened like this: They first spoke to the local headman, Induna Torch
Hola, who is since deceased, and informed him of their wish to obtain a site on
the coast which they identified to him. The headman then took them to the chief
of the local tribe, Chief Mchilizwa Hanxa, who is also since deceased. Their
approach to the chief was mostly accompanied by a bottle of Commando brandy,
which appears to have been the strong drink of the chief’s choice. Once they
obtained the chief’s approval, he arranged for them to attend a meeting of the
Emtweni tribal authority, exercising jurisdiction in the area.

[7] Accompanied by the chief, they then attended a meeting of the tribal
authority. After the meeting had approved their request, they paid a ‘customary
fee’ of R200 to the tribal authority for which they were issued with a receipt. They
also received a rather curious document signed by the secretary of the tribal
authority and described as a ‘fishing site licence application’. According to the
heading of the document itself, it was to be submitted to the magistrate at
Lusikisiki. In substance the document conveyed to the magistrate a
recommendation by the tribal authority that the applicant cited be granted a
licence to conduct some fishing business on the proposed site. Why I referred to
the document as curious, is, of course, because it made no mention of the
defendants’ request for permission to occupy or to build a cottage on the site.
while, on the other hand, it referred to an application for a business licence which
the defendants never wanted.

[8] Armed with the receipt and the fishing site license application, the
defendants then made their way to the magistrate’s court building in Lusikisiki.
However, they did not go to the magistrate, as instructed by the contents of the
application form, but to an official in the Department of Agriculture, Mr Dumisane
Ntete, who happened to have his office in the same building. Arrangements were
then made with Ntete to meet at the chosen site together with Chief Hanxa and
members of the local community. It appears that Ntete always had a measuring
tape with him when he attended these meetings. Yet the measuring tape was
never used. The sites were not actually measured, but rather vaguely identified
by Ntete with reference to certain landmarks and physical features. Nor were the
sites ever surveyed or their exact dimensions recorded or mapped.

[9] The chief then asked the members of the local community present, who
on occasion numbered up to one hundred people, whether they had any
objection to the site being allocated to the defendant concerned. No objections
were ever raised. After that, the chief granted his permission for structures to be
built on the site, which signalled the end of the formalities. Festivities then started
where beer, brandy and food, supplied by the defendants in ample quantities,
were enjoyed by all. The only thing that happened thereafter was that some of
the defendants – though not all of them – annually paid the sum of R20 by way of
a local tax and a general levy to the Receiver of Revenue in Lusikisiki, whose

office also happened to be in the same building as the Magistrate’s Court.
Receipts were issued for these payments and a record kept by means of a so-
called cardex filing system, identifying each defendant with reference to his own
tax number.

[10] Two of the defendants testified that on an occasion when they went to pay
their annual taxes at the Magistrate’s Court building they happened to meet one
of the magistrates. They then used the opportunity to ask him whether there was
anything more they had to do in order to secure occupation of their sites. His
response was something to the effect that they had done all they were required
to do and that ‘nobody could take their piece of heaven away from them’.

[11] In response to the defendants’ declarations of trust in the validity of the
permission they received from the chief, the tribal authority and – on two
occasions from the magistrate, by conduct, as it were – the Government relied on
the evidence of Mr James Feely. Feely was employed between 1989 and 2000
by the departments – first of the former Transkei Government and then of the
Eastern Cape Provincial Government – that took administrative responsibility for
the area. According to his testimony – undisputed in this regard – the allocation
of residential sites and sites for recreation as well as land destined for agricultural
use in the area, was governed at the time by the provisions of Proclamation No
26 of 1936 read with the Transkei Agricultural Development Act 10 of 1966
(Transkei).

[12] According to these statutory enactments, residential sites could only be
allocated in areas earmarked for residential purposes. Because the sites
occupied by the defendants did not form part of any residential area, no one was
authorised to permit the occupation or the erection of buildings on these sites.
Moreover, s 4 of the 1936 Proclamation provided that, within residential areas,
permission to reside could only be granted by the magistrate of the district and
only to a ‘person domiciled in the district, who has been duly authorised thereto
by the Tribal Authority’. It follows that neither the chief nor the tribal authority
could allocate residential sites. They could only make recommendations to the
magistrate and, in any event, only in respect of persons domiciled in the district.
In terms of s 5, occupation for recreational purposes could only take place with

the permission of the Minister of the Interior and subject to such conditions and
to the payment of such rental or other charges as he of she might approve. In
sum, Feely’s evidence was that the permission relied upon by the defendants,
was plainly devoid of any validity.

[13] Feely also laid the factual foundation for the Government’s main cause of
action which relied on s 39 of the Decree. The relevant part of the section
provides:
’39(1) There is hereby established on the landward side of the entire length of the seashore,
excluding any national park, national wildlife reserve, municipal land, seaside resort, site
occupied in terms of Proclamation No 174 of 1921 or Proclamation No 26 of 1936, privately
owned land and lease hold land, a coastal conservation area 1 000 metres wide measured –
(a)
in relation to the sea, as distinct from a tidal river and tidal lagoon, from the high-water
mark;
(b)
. . .
(2)
Notwithstanding anything in any other law or in any condition of title contained, no person
(including any department of State) shall within the coastal conservation area, save under the
authority of a permit issued by the Department [of Agriculture and Forestry] in accordance with
the plan for the control of coastal development approved by the resolution of the Military
Council –
(a)
clear any land or remove any sand, soil, stone or vegetation;
(b)
. . .
(c)
erect any building.
. . ..’
And then follows a list of other prohibited activities, such as the construction of
roads, etc, which were admittedly carried out by the defendants, both on their
individual sites and in the area generally.

[14] It is not in dispute that, despite the cessation of the Republic of Transkei
as an independent country, the Decree remained in force by virtue of s 229 of the
Interim Constitution, Act 200 of 1993, in the area where it previously found
application. Likewise undisputed, is the fact that, pursuant to the provisions of
s 235(8) of the Interim Constitution, the administration of s 39 of the Decree had
been assigned to Feely’s employer of late, to wit, the Department of Economic
Affairs, Environment and Tourism of the Eastern Cape Province. Feely was
convinced that the sites occupied by the defendants form part of the coastal
conservation area. They were clearly situated within a zone one kilometre from
the sea and, so he testified, not inside any of the areas pertinently excluded by

s 39(1) such as national parks, seaside resorts, etc. Yet, he said, not one of the
defendants – or, for that matter, anybody else – applied for a permit from any of
the successive authorities that he worked for, to carry out the activities
enumerated in s 39(2) that they had performed.

[15] Feely conceded in cross-examination that no overall plan for coastal
development was ever approved by resolution of the Military Council as
envisaged by s 39(2). The development plan in existence at the time, he
explained, was the Transkei Coastal Development Control Plan of 1979.
According to this plan, the defendants’ sites were outside any of the prescribed
nodes destined for development, Though a new development plan was in the
process of preparation for approval, that plan had never been finalised before the
demise of the Military Council. Feely’s department thus continued to work on the
1979 plan. If someone had applied for a permit under s 39(2) – which no-one did
– Feely’s assumption was that his department would have made use of the 1979
plan.

[16] The Government also relied on the expert evidence of Mr Warrick Pierce,
who carried out an investigation into the environmental impact of the defendants’
activities in the area. In response, the defendants tendered the expert evidence
of Dr James Granger who was involved in a similar study. This gave rise to a
rather lengthy debate between these two experts, the relevance of which, I must
confess, I find difficult to understand. What the experts agreed upon was that the
impact of some of the defendants’ activities was significant and that it will endure
for a long time to come. In this regard, they both referred, by way of example, to
the harm caused by the gaining of access to cottages by means of four-wheel
driven vehicles via the beach and across frontal dunes; the impact on dunes
caused by the construction of cottages too close to the high-water mark; the
damage caused by the clearing of the coastal forest; and the visual disturbance
caused by the erection of structures to an otherwise pristine landscape. What the
two experts also seemed to agree on, was that no proper and effective
rehabilitation could take place for so long as the defendants’ cottages remain.
The dispute between them seemed to turn mainly on the extent to which the
environmental impact of the defendants’ activities can be remedied or
ameliorated through rehabilitative measures, once all the structures had been

demolished and removed from the sites. As I have indicated, however, I cannot
see how the resolution of this debate, one way or the other, could make any
difference to the outcome of this case.

[17] Dr Granger also introduced a further topic which then became a recurring
theme in the evidence of the defendants themselves. It related to the benefits
received by the local residents from the settlement by the defendants in the area
and the concomitant hardship that they would suffer if the defendants were
compelled to leave. In the promotion of this theme, the defendants also relied on
the results of a social impact study commissioned on their behalf. In sum, the
results of this study showed that unemployment is a serious problem in the area;
that many of the local inhabitants have no cash income at all and that they
represent what was described as the ‘poorest of the poor’. According to those
responsible for the study, the consensus among members of the local community
was that they substantially benefited from the presence of the defendants in the
area. Examples of these benefits included the employment of local residents as
domestic workers, as security guards and as construction workers on the building
sites; assistance rendered by the defendants in the erection of a school and a
water tank for the community; and the provision by the defendants of emergency
transport and care. In the event the study showed that this resulted in
considerable local support for the defendants’ continued presence in the area, as
was confirmed by those members of the community who were called to testify on
behalf of the defendants.

[18] Against this background I can now turn to those defences persisted in by
the defendants on appeal. First among these is the special plea of prescription.
The starting point of the defendants’ argument in support of this plea relied on
s 12(3) of the Prescription Act 68 of 1969. In terms of this section, the defendants
argued, the prescription period – of three years provided for in s 11(d) –
commenced to run, at the latest, when the Government acquired knowledge of
the ‘identity of the debtor and of the facts from which the debt arose’. The ‘debt’
under consideration, so the argument went, is the vindicatory relief that the
Government sought to enforce. The identities of the defendants and the facts
from which the vindicatory claims against them arose, so the argument
proceeded, were known to the Government at the latest by early 1996. Thus, the

argument concluded, the claims relied upon by the Government became
prescribed long before summons in the matter was issued and served in
December 2000.

[19] In my view it is fair to say that the Government was aware of the identities
of the defendants and of the facts upon which its claims against them rely, more
than three years before the present action was instituted. I am also prepared to
accept that the vindicatory relief which the Government seeks to enforce
constitutes a ‘debt’ as contemplated by the Prescription Act. Though the Act does
not define the term ‘debt’, it has been held that, for purposes of the Act, the term
has a wide and general meaning and that it includes an obligation to do
something or refrain from doing something (see eg Electricity Supply
Commission v Stewarts & Lloyds of SA (Pty) Ltd 1981 (3) SA 340 (A) at 344F-G
and Desai NO v Desai 1996 (1) SA 141 (A) at 146H-J). Thus understood, I can
see no reason why it would not include a claim for the enforcement of an owner’s
rights to property (see also eg Evins v Shield Insurance Co Ltd 1979 (3) SA 1136
(W) 1141F-G).

[20] In considering the special plea of prescription, the postulation is, of
course, that the allegations underpinning the Government’s claim had in fact
been established. Broadly stated, it must therefore be accepted for the
prescription issue that the defendants’ occupation of their sites constitutes a
contravention of both the Decree and the common law. Departing from this
premise, the answer to the prescription defence is, in my view, to be found in the
concept which has become well-recognised in the context of prescription, namely
that of a continuous wrong. In accordance with this concept, a distinction is
drawn between a single, completed wrongful act – with or without continuing
injurious effects, such as a blow against the head – on the one hand, and a
continuous wrong in the course of being committed, on the other. While the
former gives rise to a single debt, the approach with regard to a continuous
wrong is essentially that it results in a series of debts arising from moment to
moment, as long as the wrongful conduct endures (see eg Slomowitz v
Vereeniging Town Council 1966 (3) SA 317 (A); Mbuyisa v Minister of Police,
Transkei 1995 (2) SA 362 (T); Unilever Bestfoods Robertsons (Pty) Ltd v Soomar
2007 (2) SA 347 (SCA) para 15).

[21] In Slomowitz (at 331F-G) this court accepted the description of a
continuous wrong as one which ‘is still in the course of being committed and is
not wholly past’. In applying this description, the defendants’ wrongful conduct
relied upon by the Government must, in my view, be classified as a continuous
wrong, in contrast with a single wrongful act. For their contention to the contrary,
the defendants sought to rely mainly on the decision in Radebe v Government of
the Republic of South Africa 1995 (3) SA 787 (N) 803D-804G. I believe, however,
that Radebe is distinguishable on its facts. What Radebe claimed was the setting
aside of an alleged wrongful expropriation and the consequent transfer of his
immovable property to the Government, which was the defendant in that case.
What the court held was that a deprivation of ownership based on a single act of
expropriation did not constitute a continuous wrong and that, because the single
wrongful act that Radebe relied upon had occurred more than three years ago,
his claim had become prescribed. Where the present case differs from Radebe,
as I see it, is that the Government’s claim is not for the setting aside of a single
act of deprivation of possession which happened wholly in the past, but
effectively for an order terminating wrongful conduct which is still in the course of
depriving it of the possession of its property. Thus understood, the Government’s
position is, in my view, no different from that of the plaintiff in South African
Railways & Harbours v Fisher’s Estate 1954 (1) SA 337 (A) which was succinctly
described as follows by Centlivres CJ at 342B-D:
‘The plaintiff’s case is not that the defendant wrongfully entered upon the land but that the
defendant was at the time of service of the summons (not at any time prior to that date) in
wrongful possession of land of which it is the registered owner. That is all it has to prove in order
to succeed in its action. As far as its claim is concerned, what occurred in the past is
irrelevant . . ..’

[22] A further argument raised by the defendants for the first time in this court,
was that even if their wrongful occupation of the sites must be regarded as a
continuous wrong, the same cannot be said of their building activities on the
sites. That, they argued, can only be described, with reference to every individual
structure, as a single wrongful act committed wholly in the past. In consequence,
so their argument went, even though the Government’s claim for their eviction
from the sites may still be enforceable, its further claim that they be held
responsible for the demolition and removal of all structures erected by them, had
been extinguished by prescription three years after the Government acquired

notice of these structures. I do not agree with this argument. On the
Government’s case as pleaded, the continued existence and occupation of the
structures by the defendants constituted part and parcel of their wrongful
occupation of the sites. To my way of thinking, the result is that the existence and
occupation of the structures form part of the continuous wrong perpetrated by the
defendants. It follows that, in my view, the special plea of prescription cannot be
sustained.

[23] As to the merits, the first defence raised by the defendants went to the
Government’s locus standi. Essentially it was based on the contention that the
Government had failed to establish its alleged ownership of the land on which the
sites are situated. The appropriate starting point in considering the validity of this
contention is, in my view, to be found in the unequivocal testimony of Feely, on
behalf of the Government, that the defendants’ sites indeed formed part of State
land. The defendants relied, however, on a concession by Feely in cross-
examination that he never consulted the Deeds Registry. Though this is so, Feely
seems to have been justified in his inference, shared by at least some of the
defendants, that that remote part of the Transkei Wild Coast has never been held
in private ownership. It also appears to have been common cause that the area
formed part of unsurveyed land. In the event, the legal principle to be applied is
that, since all land originally belongs to the State, land which has never been
transferred into private ownership remains State land (see eg Cape Town Town
Council v Colonial Government and Table Bay Harbour Board (1906) 23 SC 62
at 69; LAWSA (1st reissue) Vol 14 para 21). Moreover, Feely also testified, and
this was not contested, that the land in the immediate vicinity of the defendants’
sites had been administered since time immemorial as State land under the
provisions of the 1936 Proclamation. In the circumstances, I find no merit in this
defence.

[24] As to the Government’s case based on the provisions of the Decree, the
defendants raised a twofold defence. Firstly, they maintained that the sites
occupied by them were excluded from the coastal conservation area created by
s 39(1) because it formed part of municipal land. Their second defence was that
s 39(2) of the Decree never took effect because the overall development plan
contemplated in this section had never been approved by the Military Council.

[25] The defence that the sites fell within the excluded category of municipal
land was in turn based on a twofold hypothesis. Firstly, it assumed that the
expression ‘municipal land’ must, in the context of s 39(1) be understood to refer
to land falling under municipal jurisdiction as opposed to land owned by a
municipality. The second assumption was that the sites were indeed subject to
the jurisdiction of some unknown municipality. The first assumption is, in my
view, unfounded. The meaning of the expression contended for by the
defendants is clearly not the natural one. When the Decree refers to ‘State land”
it patently means land owned by the State. That much was conceded by the
defendants. Why, it may then, in my view, rightfully be asked, would the meaning
of the same expression change without warning when it refers to a municipality
instead of the State? What s 39(1) plainly sought to exclude from the ambit of its
operation – admittedly in a somewhat circuitous way – was land not owned by
the State. In the process it referred, inter alia, to ‘privately-owned land’ and
‘municipal land’. In this context the latter expression must, in my view, be
understood to mean land owned by a municipality.

[26] The assumption that the sites were indeed subject to the jurisdiction of
some or other municipality, is, in my view, equally untenable. It was based on the
supposition that when the 1996 Constitution came into operation on 4 February
1997, every nook and cranny of the national territory immediately and
automatically became subject to the jurisdiction of a municipality, albeit that the
identification of the municipality concerned might not in all instances have been
practically possible. As the basis for this rather surprising notion, the defendants
relied on s 151(1) of the Constitution 108 of 1996, which provides that:
‘The local sphere of Government consists of municipalities, which must be established for the
whole of the territory of the Republic.’

[27] I do not believe, however, that the section is capable of supporting the
notion contended for by the defendants. In fact, if that was the meaning of the
section, it would make a nonsense, for example, of the contemplation in s 155 of
the Constitution, that the establishment of municipalities and their boundaries
would take place in terms of national and provincial legislation to be promulgated
at some future date (see eg, Local Government: Municipal Demarcation Act 27 of
1998). Absent any direct evidence that the remote part of the Transkei Wild
Coast where the sites are situated became subject to the jurisdiction of some

municipality, that inference cannot, in my view, be justified. I therefore
conclude that there is no merit in the defence that the sites occupied by the
defendants were excluded from the coastal conservation area and thus from the
ambit of the provisions of the Decree.

[28] The further defence, that the Decree did not come into operation, because
the Military Council never adopted an overall development plan, is, in my view,
equally devoid of substance. The mere fact that, in the absence of an overall
plan, no permit authorising development could be issued under s 39(2), does not
mean that the prohibition pronounced by s 39(2) could simply be ignored. The
main operative part of the section was the prohibition. A permit would constitute
an exception. Quite clearly the operative part could function without any
exception. That distinguishes the present case from the facts of Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers Association of South Africa: In re Ex Parte President of the
Republic of South Africa 1999 (4) SA 788 (T) – on which the defendants sought
to rely – where the operation of the whole Act depended on subordinate
legislation not yet in existence. It may be that the applicant for a permit would
have to seek a mandamus against the Military Council – or its successor –
compelling the approval of an overall plan. Or, maybe such an applicant could
take the department on review for refusing the permit on the basis of the 1979
plan, as Feely suggested. But, since no single defendant applied for such permit,
these are not issues we have to decide.

[29] As to the Government’s alternative claim based on wrongful possession of
State land, the first defence raised by the defendants was one of consent. The
onus to prove the validity of that consent, in my view, rested on the defendants. It
follows from the statement by this court in Dreyer and another NNO v AXZS
Industries 2006 (5) SA 548 (SCA) para 4, that:
‘A party who institutes the rei vindicatio is required to allege and prove ownership of the thing.
Since one of the incidents of ownership is the right to possession of the thing, a plaintiff who
establishes ownership is not required to prove that the defendants’ possession is unlawful. In that
event, the onus to establish any right to retain possession will rest on the defendant, as long as
the plaintiff does not go beyond alleging ownership.’

[30] I do not think it unfair to say that the defendants did not even come close
to discharging this onus. On the contrary, even if the Government were to bear

the onus, it had, in my view succeeded in establishing the absence of any
valid consent. The defendants did not deny that the right to occupy uninhabited
land in the area was governed by ss 4 and 5 of Proclamation 26 of 1936. Even a
perfunctory reading of these sections reveal that the consent of the tribal
authority and the chief, relied upon by the defendants was plainly of no validity.
As to the tacit consent of the magistrate in which some of the defendants placed
their trust, it is equally clear that, in terms of s 4, the magistrate could only grant
permission to reside to persons domiciled in the district of his jurisdiction and
then only in an area reserved for residential purposes. Because the defendants
clearly failed to meet these two requirements, any consent by the magistrate, be
it tacit, express or otherwise, would be equally invalid. The proposition put
forward for the first time in this court, that when the magistrate granted his tacit
consent, he must be taken to have acted on behalf of the Minister of the Interior
under s 5, was clearly no more than an afterthought. The suggestion was never
pleaded by the defendants nor put to any of the Government witnesses in cross-
examination and, in any event, appears to be devoid of any factual basis.
Whatever the magistrate intended to do, it is clear that he never purported to
grant the formal – and conditional – permission contemplated by s 5, on behalf of
the Minister.

[31] At the stage of argument in the trial court, the defendants raised the
further defence that they were protected in their occupation by s 2(1) of the
Interim Protection of Informal Rights Act 31 of 1996. In this regard they
contended that their right to occupy the sites constituted an ‘informal right to land’
as defined in paras a(i) and (a)(ii) of s 1 of the Act. In terms of these paragraphs,
the ‘informal right to land’ protected by s 2(1) includes ‘(a) the occupation of land
in terms of (i) any tribal, customary or indigenous law or practice of a tribe; and
(ii) the custom, usage or administrative practice in a particular area or
community.’

[32] The short answer to this defence is, in my view, that, on the evidence
presented, the ‘rights’ relied upon by the defendants – whatever they were – had
never before been granted to non-residents in the area until the defendants came
on the scene. It follows, in my view, that the defendants did not even come close

to establishing the ‘custom’ or ‘practice’ on which they sought to rely. In the
result I am of the view that this defence cannot succeed.

[33] What remains to be considered is the defendants’ contention that the
Government’s claim for their ejectment, both in terms of the Decree and under
the common law, was constrained by the provisions of the Prevention of Illegal
Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998, that has long
since become better known in legal vernacular as ‘PIE’. Departing from this
premise, the defendants’ argument was that the Government had to satisfy the
provisions of s 4(7) of PIE. In terms of this section an eviction order may only be
granted if the court ‘is of the opinion that it is just and equitable to do so, after
considering all the relevant circumstances . . ..’

[34] Thus based on the presumed application of PIE, the defendants
developed an argument which eventually constituted the cornerstone of their
case, namely, that the Government had failed to establish that, in all the
circumstances, it would be just and equitable to evict them from their sites. In
fact, it was the argument, so it seems, which prompted the greater part of the
evidence presented by and on behalf of the defendants at the trial.

[35] Adverting to this evidence, the defendants advanced considerations such
as the following in support of their plea that it would be unfair and unjust to evict
them from their sites:
(a)
Their historical connections with and affinity for the Transkei Wild Coast,
coupled with the fact that they were for a long time precluded from any title to the
land, which they visited from childhood, because of the racial policies of the pre-
constitutional South Africa.
(b)
They took occupation openly and without stealth or force, of vacant State
land held in trust for local tribes who consented to and endorsed the defendants’
occupation.
(c)
It was held out to them by various officials and entities involved in the
administration of the area, that they could occupy the sites and build their
cottages.
(d)
The consideration that the impact of their occupation on the environment
was not as far reaching as suggested by the Government.

(e)
Their eviction would result in their losing the money, time and labour
invested in buildings on the sites – which varied from R30 000 to R300 000.
(f)
The benefits attained by the local inhabitants through the defendants’
occupation and the concomitant hardship the inhabitants will suffer if the
defendants are ordered to leave.
(g)
The consideration that the state of apartheid will effectively be
reintroduced if all white residents are evicted from the area.

[36] Apart from disputing the veracity of some and the weight to be attributed
to the other considerations advanced by the defendants, the Government’s
contention was that, the balancing act of deciding what is just and fair requires
that regard should also be had to countervailing factors such as the following:
(a)
The defendants are all literate and sophisticated people. The documents
that were issued to them purported to be applications for licences to conduct a
fishing business on the sites and not the permission to build holiday cottages
which they sought. Though these applications were addressed to the magistrate,
they went to the agricultural officer. The dimensions of the sites were determined
in the most cavalier fashion. Despite these glaring incongruities and despite the
inherent unlikelihood that one could acquire the right to perpetual occupation of a
site on the coast for a sum as paltry as R200, the defendants chose to make no
enquiries about the applicable legislation. The inference to be drawn from this,
the Government contended, is that the defendants deliberately closed their eyes;
that they simply did not want to know what the true position was.
(b)
The defendants built their cottages, in direct contravention of the law, in an
ecologically sensitive area. By all accounts the impact of their activities on this
virtually pristine environment was significant and will endure for a long time to
come.
(c)
The defendants did not build in an area reserved for residential purposes,
where the local residents lived, but instead created a white enclave.
(d)
The benefits derived from their occupation by the local community, the
Government contended, are overstated by the defendants; are in any event
limited to a few of these residents; and are only enjoyed during the relatively
short periods when the defendants are there on vacation.

[37] On balance, I tend to agree with the Government’s argument that
considerations of fairness and equity do not favour the defendants’ continued
stay. But, as I have said, this whole debate had been introduced by the
defendants on the basis of the expressly stated hypothesis that the provisions of
PIE has a bearing on the case. Thus the pivotal question is whether PIE does in
fact apply. It is to that question I now turn. I believe it can be accepted with
confidence that PIE only applies to the eviction of persons from their homes.
Though this is not expressly stated by the operative provisions of PIE, it is borne
out, firstly, by the use of terminology such as ‘relocation’ and ‘reside’ (in ss 4(7)
and 4(9)) and, secondly, by the wording of the preamble, which, in turn
establishes a direct link with s 26(3) of the Constitution (see eg Ndlovu v Ngcobo
2003 (1) SA 113 (SCA) para 3). The constitutional guarantee provided by s 26(3)
is that ‘no-one may be evicted from their home, or have their home demolished,
without an order of the court made after considering all the relevant
circumstances’.

[38] This leads to the next question: can the cottages on the sites that were put
up by the defendants for holiday purposes be said to be their homes, in the
context of PIE? I think not. Though the concept ‘home’ is not easy to define and
although I agree with the defendants’ argument that one can conceivably have
more than one home, the term does, in my view, require an element of regular
occupation coupled with some degree of permanence. This is in accordance, I
think, with the dictionary meanings of: ‘the dwelling in which one habitually lives;
the fixed residence of a family or household; and the seat of domestic life and
interests’ (see eg The Oxford English Dictionary 2ed Vol VII). It is also borne out,
in my view, by the following statement in Beck v Scholz [1953] 1 QB 570 (CA)
575-6:
‘The word ‘home’ itself is not easy of exact definition, but the question posed, and to be answered
by ordinary common sense standards, is whether the particular premises are in the personal
occupation of the tenant as the tenant’s home, or, if the tenant has more than one home, as one
of his homes. Occupation merely as a convenience for . . .  occasional visits . . . would not, I
think, according to the common sense of the matter, be occupation as a “home”.’

[39] Moreover, within the context of s 26(3) of the Constitution – and thus
within the context of PIE – I believe that my understanding of what is meant by a
‘home’ is supported by Sachs J, speaking for the Constitutional Court, in Port

Elizabeth Municipality v Various Occupiers 2005 (1) SA 217 (CC) para 17,
where he said:
‘Section 26(3) evinces special constitutional regard for a person’s place of abode. It
acknowledges that a home is more than just a shelter from the elements. It is a zone of personal
intimacy and family security. Often it will be the only relatively secure space of privacy and
tranquillity in what (for poor people, in particular) is a turbulent and hostile world. Forced removal
is a shock for any family, the more so for one that has established itself on a site that has become
its familiar habitat.’

[40] These sentiments cannot, in my view, apply to holiday cottages erected
for holiday purposes and visited occasionally over weekends and during
vacations, albeit on a regular basis, by persons who have their habitual dwellings
elsewhere. Thus I conclude that for purposes of PIE, the cottages concerned
cannot be said to be the defendants’ ‘homes’. Their ‘homes’ are in KwaZulu-
Natal. Consequently I hold the view that PIE finds no application. This finding
renders it unnecessary and indeed inappropriate to resolve the debate as to what
outcome would be dictated by justice and equity. Finally, the defendants sought
an extension of the four month period which the court a quo afforded them to
demolish and remove their structures from the sites. Again, however, this relief
was sought on the basis of PIE – this time under the provisions of s 4(8) of the
Act. Because of my view that PIE does not apply, I do not believe we can accede
to this request.

[41] For these reasons, the appeal is dismissed with costs, including the costs
occasioned by the employment of two counsel.

………………………..
F D J BRAND
JUDGE OF APPEAL
Concur:

HOWIE P
JAFTA JA
MAYA JA
COMBRINCK JA
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

Case number:  304/06
In the matter between

DAVID SINCLAIR BARNETT

FIRST APPELLANT
PATRICIA STEPHANIE CANHAM NO

SECOND APPELLANT
STEPHEN HUGH CHURCH

THIRD APPELLANT
PETER CLOWES

FOURTH APPELLANT
JAMES KEVIN DOVETON

FIFTH APPELLANT
PETER GOSS

SIXTH APPELLANT
HILTON LLEWELLYN LANE

SEVENTH APPELLANT
ASHTON HENRY MARTIN

EIGHTH APPELLANT
RICHARD JEREMY REEN

NINTH APPELLANT
JACOB JOHN ROTHMAN

TENTH APPELLANT
WILLIAM TURTON

ELEVENTH APPELLANT
EDWARD LAWRENCE BARRY

TWELFTH APPELLANT
MICHAEL BERESFORD

THIRTEENTH APPELLANT
BRUCE DORNLEO

FOURTEENTH APPELLANT
R JOHN PICKERING

FIFTEENTH APPELLANT
NEVILLE DANSON TAYLOR

SIXTEENTH APPELLANT
and
THE MINISTER OF LAND AFFAIRS

FIRST RESPONDENT
THE MINISTER OF WATER AFFAIRS AND
FORESTRY

SECOND RESPONDENT
THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS
AND TOURISM

THIRD RESPONDENT
THE MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS,
ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM,
EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

FOURTH RESPONDENT

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
2007-09-06
Status:
Immediate

On 6 September 2007 the SCA dismissed the appeal of Barnett and 15
others (Appellants) against the Minister of Land Affairs and 3 others (the

Government).

The matter arose from the occupation by the appellants of sites and
cottages on the Transkei Wild Coast, 13 kilometres north of Port St
Johns. The Government sought and obtained an order for their eviction
in the Mthatha High Court on the dual basis that the sites occupied by
them were situated in a nature conservation area and that it formed part
of State land. The order directed the defendants to remove all structures
built on the sites within four months of the order, failing which the
Government was authorised to have the structures demolished and
removed at the appellants’ expense.

Though various defences were raised by the appellants, they
concentrated on two of these on appeal. Firstly, they relied on the
approval of their occupation by the Chief of the local tribe and the tribal
authority having jurisdiction in the area. Secondly, they contended that
the Government had failed to establish that their eviction would be just
and equitable as envisaged by the provisions of the Prevention of Illegal
Eviction from the Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 (better
known in legal parlance as PIE). As to the first defence, the SCA
essentially found that, on a proper construction of the legislative
enactments in operation in the Transkei at the time, neither the local
chief, nor the tribal authority could validly approve the occupation and
the building of cottages in the area where the sites are situated. As to
the defence based on PIE, the SCA found that PIE only applies to the
eviction of persons from their homes and that, since the cottages on the
sites were put up and used by the appellants for holiday purposes, they
did not qualify as ‘homes’, with the result that PIE found no application at
all.