THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Reportable

Case no: 320/2020

In the matter between:

THE COMMISIONER FOR THE SOUTH
AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICE
APPELLANT

and

SPUR GROUP (PTY) LTD
RESPONDENT

Neutral Citation: The Commissioner for The South African Revenue
Service v Spur Group (Pty) Ltd (Case no 320/20) [2021] ZASCA 145
(15 October 2021)
Coram:
NAVSA ADP and MBHA, MATHOPO and GORVEN JJA
and KGOELE AJA
Heard:
17 August 2021

Delivered: This judgment was handed down electronically by circulation
to the parties’ legal representatives by email, publication on the Supreme

Court of Appeal website and release to SAFLII. The date and time for
hand-down is deemed to be have been at 12h00 on 15 October 2021.

Summary:
Tax Law – Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the ITA) – whether
there was a sufficiently close connection between the taxpayer’s
expenditure of a contribution to a trust in respect of the implementation of
an employees’ share incentive scheme and its income producing
operations so as to qualify for a deduction under s 11(a) of the ITA – the
connection between the contribution and the taxpayer’s production not
close or immediate enough to justify the deduction – SARS not precluded
from raising additional assessments in respect of the taxpayer’s 2005-2009
years of assessment by operation of the period of limitations provided in
s 99(1) of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011.

___________________________________________________________

ORDER

On appeal from: The Western Cape Division of the High Court, Cape
Town (Ndita J, Salie-Hlophe J and Sher J sitting as court of appeal):
The appeal is upheld.
The judgment and order of the court a quo is set aside in its entirety
and is substituted as follows:
‘(a) The appeal is upheld with costs, including the costs of two
Counsel;
(b) The order of the tax court is set aside and substituted as follows:
‘The appeal is dismissed and the additional income tax
assessments raised by the Commissioner in respect of Spur’s
2005 to 2012 years of assessment are confirmed.’
Spur is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal, such costs to include
those of two counsel where so employed.

___________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________

Mbha JA (Navsa ADP and Mathopo and Gorven JJA and Kgoele AJA
concurring):

[1] The central question in this appeal is whether a contribution of
R48 million made by the respondent, Spur Group (Pty) Ltd (Spur), to a
trust established in furtherance of its employee management share
incentive scheme, is sufficiently closely connected to Spur’s income

earning operations so as to qualify for a deduction under s 11(a) of the
Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the ITA), in respect of Spur’s 2005 to 2012
years of assessment. If it is found that the connection is not sufficiently
close, a further issue that must be determined is whether the statutory
periods in terms of s 99(1) of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011
(the TAA), for the respondent’s 2005 to 2009 years of assessment have
prescribed and whether the Commissioner for the South African Revenue
Service (the Commissioner) is therefore precluded from raising additional
assessments for those years (the prescription issue).

[2] On 29 November 2019, the full court of the Western Cape Division
of the High Court (Ndita J with Sher J concurring, and Salie-Hlophe J
dissenting), hearing an appeal against a decision of the Tax Court, held that
the R48 million contribution to the trust was an expense ‘in the production
of income’, and was thus deductible. In light of this finding, it was
unnecessary for the majority to make any determination in respect of the
prescription issue. The minority judgment held that the contribution did not
qualify as expenditure in the production of income for purposes of the ITA.
Furthermore, the Commissioner was not precluded from raising the
additional assessments on the basis of s 99(1) of the TAA in respect of the
taxpayers 2005 to 2009 years of assessment. This appeal, with leave of this
Court, is directed against the conclusions reached by the majority. The
background appears hereafter.

[3] Spur is the main operating entity in the Spur Group of companies. It
is a wholly owned subsidiary of Spur Corporation Limited (Spur HoldCo).
In 2004, the Spur Group including Spur and Spur HoldCo, resolved to
implement a new share incentive scheme (the scheme), in terms of which
eligible employees of Spur (the participants) were afforded the opportunity

of participating in that scheme. The purpose of the scheme was to promote
the continued growth and profitability of Spur. It is common cause that the
scheme came into being, after 18 months of planning, which included Spur
obtaining advice in respect of the tax implications of the scheme.

[4] On 30 November 2004, in order to implement and regulate the
scheme, Spur HoldCo established the Spur Management Share Trust
(the trust), a discretionary trust of which, significantly, Spur HoldCo was
the sole capital and income beneficiary. The Trust Deed was amended on
13 December 2010 to permit the participants to benefit from dividends
received by the trust. However, Spur HoldCo remained the sole capital
beneficiary.

[5] The trust, in furtherance of the scheme, incorporated Maxshell 72
Investments (Pty) Ltd (NewCo). The participants were offered the
opportunity to acquire ordinary shares in NewCo (the NewCo shares) at
par value (ie 1 cent each) in proportions determined by Spur HoldCo. The
purchase price of the NewCo shares was settled in cash by each participant
upon the issue of the NewCo shares on 15 December 2004. The participants
were not entitled to deal freely with the NewCo shares for a period of at
least seven years. Those participants who left Spur’s employment during
this period forfeited their shares, which were then re-allocated to other
participants.

[6] On 7 December 2004, Spur concluded a contribution agreement with
the trust in terms of which an amount of R48 471 714 (R48 million) was
contributed to the trust.

[7] On 20 December 2004, after NewCo’s share capital had been altered
to create NewCo preference shares, the trust subscribed for 1000 NewCo
preference shares for an amount equal to the aggregate of the market price
of Spur HoldCo shares, amounting to approximately R48 471 714 in
aggregate , to be acquired by NewCo.

[8] The ‘dividend rate’ of the NewCo preference shares was set at 75%
per annum of the prime interest rate. This was a market-related preference
dividend rate. The ‘redemption date’ for the NewCo preference shares was
set at five years following their issue.

[9] On 10 January 2005, the share incentive scheme was formally
adopted by Spur HoldCo, Spur, the trust, NewCo and Shares Buy-Back
(Pty) Ltd (SBBco). NewCo applied the aggregate of the preference share
subscription price ie R48 million from the trust, to purchase 8 274 043
ordinary Spur HoldCo shares from SBBco and another seller. NewCo then
ceded in security and pledged the ordinary Spur HoldCo shares to the trust
until NewCo had complied with all its obligations to the trust in terms of
clause 11 of the Preference Share Subscription Agreement concluded
between the trustees and NewCo (the preference share agreement).

[10] After the scheme had commenced operating, NewCo received
dividends from time to time through its holding of the Spur HoldCo shares.
NewCo retained the dividends to assist in meeting its cumulative
preference share obligations towards the trust.

[11] On 18 December 2009, the directors of NewCo passed a resolution
in terms of which the 1 000 NewCo preference shares, issued five years
previously on 18 December 2004, were redeemed in accordance with the

preference share agreement for a total consideration of R48 471 714. In
addition, the dividends that had accrued on the preference shares from the
date of issue, or as calculated in accordance with the preference share
agreement and amounting to R22 562 254, were to be distributed to the
trust .

[12] The redemption of the preference shares and the payment of the
dividends, as described above, were settled by way of NewCo distributing
to the trust a total of 6 688 698 Spur HoldCo ordinary shares. The shares
had a total agreed value equal to the redemption and preference dividends
amount of R48 471 714 and R22 562 254 respectively.

[13] In terms of the resolution, the directors of NewCo declared a
dividend of R286.27 per ordinary share totalling R28 627 000, payable on
22 December 2009 to the ordinary shareholders listed on NewCo’s share
register on 22 December 2009. These were the participants to the scheme.
In order to pay the aforesaid amount, NewCo disposed of 1 585 345
Spur HoldCo shares to SBBco at the ten-day volume weighted average
share price calculated as at close of trade on 17 December 2009. In
April 2011, a further dividend of approximately R635 000 was declared
and paid to the participants in the scheme.

[14] The share incentive scheme has since been terminated and NewCo
was deregistered on 10 December 2012. The trust remains extant and
continues to hold Spur HoldCo shares that were distributed to it by NewCo.

[15] The actual cause of the dispute in this matter occurred when Spur
claimed the contribution of R48 million it made to the trust as a deduction
against its income in terms of s 11(a) of the ITA. The claimed deduction

was spread over the period of the anticipated benefit to be derived from the
payment, from and including 2005 to 2012, in terms of s 23H1 of the ITA.
The deductions were as follows: R3 462 265 in 2005; R6 924 531 for the
years 2006 to 2011; and R3 462 265 in 2012.

[16] The Commissioner originally issued assessments allowing the
claimed deduction. However, following an audit, the Commissioner issued
additional assessments and disallowed the deductions claimed in terms of
the provisions of s 11(a) of the ITA, and brought the deductions back into
account as additional taxable income. The basis of the disallowance was
that the expenditure (i.e. R48 million contribution) was not incurred in the
production of Spur’s income as required by s 11(a) of the ITA, in that ‘. . .
there is no direct, causal link between the contribution and the production
of [Spur’s] income’.

[17] In disallowing the deductions, the Commissioner reasoned as
follows: Spur made the contribution to the trust, of which Spur HoldCo
was the sole beneficiary; Spur HoldCo was the only party to have benefited
directly from the contribution to the trust in that it would receive the
investment in the NewCo preference shares ie the contribution of
R48 million and the preference share dividends at the time when NewCo
redeemed the NewCo preference shares; and the trust distributed the
preference share capital and the preference share dividends to its
beneficiary, Spur HoldCo. The participants, the Commissioner concluded,
were thus not the beneficiaries of the contribution. The causal link referred
to at the end of the preceding paragraph was thus lacking.

1 Section 23H refers to prepaid expenses. It limits the deduction of an expense where none of the benefits
(or part of the benefits) arise in the years of assessment. The general rule is that one cannot prepay
business expenses for a future year and deduct them from the current year’s taxes.

[18] The majority in the court a quo was satisfied that Spur had
established a sufficiently close connection between the contribution and
Spur’s income earning operations. The majority found that the purpose of
the expenditure, ie the contribution of R48 million, directly served to
incentivise the participants, key managerial staff, and to promote the
continued growth of Spur. As such, it was expenditure incurred in the
production of the income of Spur.

[19] In arriving at its finding, the majority relied on the evidence by
Spur’s witnesses, namely, Mr Alan Field (Mr Field), a tax practitioner at
KPMG, and Ms Ronel van Dyk (Ms van Dyk), the chief financial officer
and a director of Spur, who testified that the object and purpose of the
scheme was to provide an incentive to the participants and promote the
growth of Spur. It found that their evidence unequivocally established that
the scheme had achieved its intended purpose. The majority in the court a
quo had regard to the submission on behalf of SARS that the purpose of
the contribution could just as easily have been to retain the money within
the Spur Group and rejected it. They held that the dominant purpose was,
as testified to by Mr Field and Ms van Dyk, in line with prevailing
authority, and that the deduction was therefore justified.

[20] Before us, the Commissioner submitted that the contribution was not
expenditure incurred in the production of Spur’s income as required by
s 11(a) of the ITA, and that there was only an indirect and insufficient link
between the expenditure and any benefit arising from the incentivisation of
Spur’s key staff. Thus, it would not be proper, natural and reasonable to
regard the expense as a justifiable deduction.

[21] On the other hand, it was submitted on Spur’s behalf, inter alia, that,
on the evidence, the dominant purpose in the establishment and
implementation of the scheme was to protect and enhance Spur’s business
and its income by motivating its management employees to be efficient,
productive and remain in Spur’s employ. That the incentive offered to and
in fact received by such employees was the financial benefits, which would
flow from the success of Spur’s business and the growth in the value of the
shares in Spur HoldCo, cannot detract from the fact that the expenditure
was incurred by Spur for the purpose of earning income. In summary,
Spur’s case was that the expenditure made in order to establish and
implement the scheme was so closely linked to the acts required to be
performed to produce Spur’s income, that it constituted part of the cost of
performing those income-producing acts.

[22] Section 11(a) of the ITA provides as follows:
‘11. General deductions allowed in determination of taxable income
For the purpose of determining the taxable income derived by any person from carrying
on any trade, there shall be allowed as deductions from the income of such person so
derived –
(a)
expenditure and losses actually incurred in the production of the income,
provided such expenditure and losses are not of a capital nature.’

[23] It was common cause that expenditure was actually incurred and that
it was not of a capital nature. The sole issue for determination by this Court
is accordingly whether the court a quo correctly held that there was a
sufficiently close causal link that existed between Spur’s expenditure of
the contribution and its income producing operations.

[24] The law governing the approach to be adopted when determining
whether an expense was incurred in the production of income, as

contemplated in s 11(a) of the ITA, is clear. In Port Elizabeth Electric
Tramway Co Ltd v Commissioner for Inland Revenue (PE Tramway),2
Watermeyer J explained the position as follows:
‘[I]ncome is produced by the performance of a series of acts, and attendant upon them
are expenses. Such expenses are deductible expenses, provided they are so closely
linked to such acts as to be regarded as part of the cost of performing them.

A little reflection will show that two questions arise (a) whether the act, to which the
expenditure is attached, is performed in the production of income, and (b) whether the
expenditure is linked to it closely enough.’ (Emphasis added.)

[25] Clearly, there must be a sufficiently close connection or link
between the expenditure and the income earning operations of a taxpayer.
The determination of whether the necessary link exists will require an
examination of all the facts of a particular case. In this regard, Corbett JA’s
dictum in Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Nemojim (Pty) Ltd,3 is
apposite:
‘It is correct . . . that in order to determine in a particular case whether moneys outlaid
by the taxpayer constitute expenditure incurred in the production of income important,
sometimes overriding factors are the purpose of the expenditure and what the
expenditure actually affects.’
Corbett JA then quoted with approval Schreiner JA’s dictum in
Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Genn and Co (Pty) Ltd,4 where he said
the following:
‘In deciding how the expenditure should properly be regarded the Court clearly has to
assess the closeness of the connection between the expenditure and the income-earning
operations, having regard both to the purpose and to what it actually effects.’

2 Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co Ltd v Commissioner for Inland Revenue (PE Tramway) 8 SATC
13 at 16.
3 Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Nemojim (Pty) Ltd 1983 (4) SA 935 (A) at 947F-H; 45 SATC 241
at 254.
4 Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Genn and Co (Pty) Ltd 1955 (3) SA 293 (A) at 299G; [1955] 3 All
SA 382 (A) at 386; see also A de Koker et al Silke on South African Income Tax vol 1 para 7.8.

[26] Importantly, Schreiner JA explained that:
‘If I am right in understanding the words “they may be regarded” as connoting that it
would be proper, natural or reasonable to regard the expenses as part of the cost of
performing the operation this passage seems to state the approach to such questions
correctly. Whether the closeness of the connection would properly, naturally or
reasonably lead to such treatment of the expenses must remain dependant on the Court’s
view of the circumstances of the case before it.’5

[27] What can be gleaned from the authorities referred to above is that
the deductibility of expenditure in terms of s 11(a) of the ITA is dependent
upon two criteria that must be considered on the particular facts of the case.
First, the purpose of the taxpayer in incurring the expenditure in question,
and whether the purpose was to produce an income. Second, whether a
sufficiently close nexus or link exists between the expenditure and the
ultimate production of income. These criteria clearly establish that a mere
existence of a nexus or link between the expenditure and the earning of
income is not, on its own, sufficient to justify a deduction under s 11(a) of
the ITA. A taxpayer must show an adequate closeness between the
expenditure and the production of income.

[28] It was submitted that the contribution by Spur to the trust effected
this purpose by providing the necessary funds to the trustees. In the result,
there was a sufficiently close causal link therefore existed between Spur’s
expenditure of the contribution and its income producing operations.

5 Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Genn and Co (Pty) Ltd fn 4 above at 299C-D1. To rank as a
deduction, the expenditure must not only have been incurred for the purpose of earning income as
defined, but there must be a sufficiently distinct and direct relationship or link between the expenditure
incurred and the actual earning of the income. These restrictive tests result in the disallowance of a vast
number of business expenses that are necessarily incurred in carrying on business but fail to satisfy a
requirement that they be laid out for purposes of earning income.

[29] Finally, it was submitted that although Spur foresaw that Spur
HoldCo would potentially also benefit from the redemption of the NewCo
preference shares, this did not negate Spur’s purpose and intention. Such
purpose and intention, so it was submitted further, was actually effected by
the scheme insofar as the value of NewCo shares increased significantly
and this benefit, together with the dividends declared by NewCo on the
remaining Spur HoldCo shares following the redemption of the preference
shares, actually accrued to the participants.

[30] The detail of how the scheme was established and implemented is
set out above. Clearly the contribution of R48 million by Spur to the trust
was central to the scheme. However, the participants did not benefit
directly, and even indirectly for that matter, from the making of the
contribution. Ms van Dyk, testifying for Spur, confirmed as much. She
went further in confirming that as at the date of hearing in the court below,
that ‘[t]he 48 million in the form of now Spur Corporation shares is still
sitting in the trust so directly they [the participants] have not benefited
from the 48 million’. (Emphasis added.)

[31] The contribution of R48 million was used, wholly, to subscribe for
preference shares in NewCo. Only the trust held the NewCo preference
shares, and only it was entitled to the return of the R48 million
contribution, plus the preference dividend on those shares. The participants
had no right to any part of the contribution, nor to the preference dividends
that flowed from the investment thereof. Ms van Dyk testified that the fact
that the scheme did not permit the participants to share in the R48 million
contribution made by Spur to the trust, was known to her as a participant.

[32] Importantly, in terms of the trust Deed, only Spur HoldCo would, as
capital beneficiary, have any right to the ultimate delivery of the
R48 million contribution and any yield therefrom. The participants were
neither capital nor income beneficiaries of the trust at that stage. It must be
noted, however, that they might have become entitled to dividends
accruing to the trust from 2010 onwards, following upon an amendment to
the trust deed to this effect. However, this latter fact is irrelevant as the
concern must obviously be in relation to what was done when the
contribution of R48 million was made in 2004.

[33] The indisputable factual position therefore is that the participants
benefitted directly from their separate investment, at par value in ordinary
shares in NewCo. Mr Field confirmed that ‘. . . [t]he participants benefited
through NewCo. There was no ways they could directly benefit from the
trust. There had to be funding that flowed through to NewCo, and they
would then benefit in their participation in NewCo.’

[34] There was a potential benefit to the participants which lay in the
possibility of growth in the value of the NewCo ordinary shares. That
would in turn arise to the extent that the value of NewCo’s assets, namely,
the Spur HoldCo shares in which NewCo invested, increased above what
was required by NewCo to meet its redemption and preference dividend
obligations to the trust. Furthermore, the participants were not exposed to
the risk of a decrease in the price of Spur HoldCo shares. NewCo bore this
risk. The participants, who had only invested nominal amounts for their
shares, could not lose anything more than the nominal amounts.

[35] However, as was confirmed by Mr Field in his testimony, the
contribution by Spur was in effect a funding mechanism for the scheme,

which was to remain in place for most of the duration of the scheme. The
purpose was always for the R48 million to remain within the Spur Group
and not to transfer it to the benefit of the participants. As shown above, that
is ultimately what the contribution achieved, ie the R48 million was
returned to the trust where it still resides, in the form of shares, with Spur
HoldCo as the sole capital beneficiary.

[36] In my view the majority erred in finding that the expenditure directly
served the purpose of incentivising the participants, and that a sufficiently
close nexus existed between the expenditure and the production of income
by Spur. As demonstrated earlier, the R48 million contribution did not
itself serve to incentivise the participants. It was an amount that would
never accrue to the participants. Instead, it ultimately became available for
the benefit of Spur HoldCo as the capital beneficiaries of the trust.

[37] In Solaglass Finance Co (Pty) Ltd v Commissioner for Inland
Revenue,6 this Court made it clear that the deduction of expenditure in
relation to monies spent for the purposes of advancing the interests of the
group of companies to which the taxpayer belongs is precluded.

[38] Applying PE Tramway, I find that the purpose of Spur in incurring
the expenditure was not to produce income, as required by s 11(a) of the
ITA, but to provide funding for the scheme, for the ultimate benefit of Spur
HoldCo. There was only an indirect and insufficient link between the
expenditure and any benefit arising from the incentivisation of the
participants. The contribution was therefore not sufficiently closely

6 Solaglass Finance Co (Pty) Ltd v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1991 (2) SA 257 (A); [1991] 1 All
SA 339 (A); See also Warner Lambert SA (Pty) Ltd v Commissioner, South African Revenue Service
2003 (5) SA 344 (SCA) para 11.

connected to the business operations of Spur such that it would be proper,
natural and reasonable to regard the expense as part of Spur’s costs in
performing such operations.

[39] It now becomes necessary to deal with the prescription issue. This
relates to additional assessments that the Commissioner made on 28 July
2015 in respect of Spur’s 2005-2009 years of assessment. The original
assessments were raised on 31 May 2007 (2005), 7 August 2007 (2006),
12 May 2009 (2007), 24 February 2010 (2008) and 16 January 2010
(2009).

[40] Spur contended that the Commissioner was precluded from issuing
the additional assessments in respect of the 2005-2009 years of assessment
by virtue of the provisions of s 99(1) of the TAA. The complaint is that the
additional assessments were raised after the period of three years from the
date of the original assessments.

[41] Section 99(1) of the TAA provides that the Commissioner may not
make an assessment three years after the date of the original assessment by
SARS. However, s 99 (2)(a) of the TAA, provides that the Commissioner
is not bound by the three-year period of limitation where ‘in the case of
assessment by SARS, the fact that the full amount of tax chargeable was
not assessed, was due to –
(i) fraud;
(ii) misrepresentation; or
(iii) non-disclosure of material facts.’

[42] The Commissioner avers that the amount of tax chargeable in terms
of the additional assessments were not so assessed by SARS in the

2005- 2009 years of assessments due to misrepresentation and non-
disclosure of material facts by Spur. This claim was specifically formulated
as follows in SARS’ finalisation of audit letter (i.e. the letter of assessment)
dated 28 December 2015:
‘As a result of the misrepresentation and non-disclosure in the tax returns the
Commissioner was unable to make a full and proper consideration of the tax
consequences of the Contribution and the share incentive scheme. These
misrepresentations and non-disclosures therefore caused SARS to assess the Taxpayer
on a different basis to what it would have assessed had the facts been properly disclosed
in the tax years.’

[43] It is common cause that Spur, in submitting its 2005 income tax
return, (IT14), answered ‘no’ to the following questions:
‘Were any deductions limited in terms of s 23H?;
. . .
Did the company make a contribution to a trust?

. . .
Was the company party to the formation of a trust during the
year?’

[44] In the 2006 income tax return, Spur answered ‘no’ to the question:
‘Were any deductions limited in terms of s 23H?’

[45] Lastly, in each of the 2005-2008 income tax returns, the amount of
deductions claimed in respect of the contribution, which were limited by
s 23H of the ITA, were disclosed by Spur under the category ‘other
deductible items’ and not under the line item ‘prepaid expenditure (as
limited by s 23H)’.

[46] Spur’s defence to the allegation of misrepresentation and
non- disclosure of material facts was that the aforesaid statements were
negligently and inadvertently made. Spur also asserted that the
Commissioner failed to establish the requisite causal nexus, in that it is
unclear how Spur’s inadvertent and incorrect disclosures would have
altered the basis of the Commissioner’s assessment in the affected years.
Spur submitted that as the onus to establish a causal nexus to displace the
statutory immunity conferred by the TAA has not been met, the additional
assessments issued in respect of Spur’s 2005-2009 years of assessment
were unlawful, invalid and cannot be confirmed.

[47] With regard to SARS auditing system, in terms of which a taxpayer’s
return is initially accepted at face value and an assessment is issued
accordingly, whereafter during the ensuing three years the return and
assessment must be reconciled, Spur submitted as follows: No SARS
official applied his or her mind to the assessments issued for the 2005-2009
tax years and no audit was performed within three years after the aforesaid
assessments had been raised. Had SARS done so, it would have become
aware of the contribution made in respect of the scheme and the deduction.
Furthermore, it was not the errors made in response to the questions raised
in the tax return forms which caused SARS to assess Spur on a different
basis and to allow the deductions claimed, but rather the decision by SARS
not to consider the tax returns and supporting documents filed, namely,
Spur’s annual financial statements, and not performing an audit despite
answers to the other questions in the tax returns raising red flags.

[48] Spur’s assertion that the wrong entries in the tax returns were
negligent and inadvertent is patently false. Central to this entire dispute is
the contribution of R48 million that Spur made to the trust in 2005. The

answer ‘no’ to the question whether any contribution was made to a trust
or whether the company was party to the formation of a trust, is, in my
view, plainly false and a misrepresentation. These were questions
pertinently, and for tax purposes, seriously raised. It required specific
attention and an honest answer. Strikingly, the answers were repeated.

[49] In each of the 2005 to 2009 years of assessments, deductions claimed
by Spur were in fact limited in terms of s 23H of the ITA. It simply boggles
the mind that Spur answered ‘no’ to the relevant question for each and
every subsequent year from 2005 to 2009. Moreover, Spur’s failure to
include the said amounts in a separate line item which specifically required
a disclosure of deductions limited by s 23H, and their inclusion in a general
line item, amounts in my view, to a deliberate misrepresentation and a
non- disclosure of material facts. It simply could not, by any stretch of
imagination, be ascribed to any inadvertent error.

[50] Similarly, Spur’s answer ‘no’ to the question whether a trust had
been formed, was also plainly false and a misrepresentation. Spur was
intimately involved in the conceptualisation of the share incentive scheme.
In its letter of objection, under the heading ‘Background information’, on
its version it stated that ‘[t]he Spur Group (which, for the purposes of this
objection, includes [Spur]) . . . resolved, in 2004, to implement the Spur
management incentive share scheme . . .’. It follows that it cannot be said
that Spur was not involved in the formation of the trust.

[51] Spur’s attempt to put the blame for the so-called errors in the entries
on a new accountant, Ms Novos, who had recently taken over the role, on
the basis that she was not fully appraised of the details of the scheme,
cannot succeed. First, Ms Novos was never called to testify in the court a

quo on this aspect. Second, Ms van Dyk, as Spur’s public officer, signed
off the relevant tax returns as being correct.

[52] Spur’s further argument that the Commissioner had all the relevant
and correct facts at his or her disposal because Spur’s annual financial
statements were submitted together with the tax returns, and that the correct
information could be distilled from them, is unhelpful. The mere fact that
an astute auditor or assessor could have been able to ascertain from
supporting documentation the fact that the return contains a
misrepresentation, cannot mean that there is no misrepresentation in the
first place.

[53] It is trite that SARS bears the onus to show that the non-assessment
within the requisite three-year period was the result of the aforesaid
misrepresentation and non-disclosure referred to earlier. In addressing this
issue, it is apposite to consider SARS’ relevant internal processes in the
years in question pertaining to the making of original and additional
assessments.

[54] SARS led the evidence of Mr Venai Singh (Mr Singh), a senior
manager in its Large Business Centre. Mr Singh testified that until 2009,
returns were completed and filed manually which were then captured into
SARS computer system by a data-capturer. An original assessment would
then be issued on the basis of the captured information. From 2009
onwards, the SARS e-filing system was introduced and returns are now
filed electronically. The system now assesses the returns electronically,
without any human intervention.

[55] It is clear from Mr Singh’s testimony that the making of the original
assessment is not the outcome of anything more than the capturing and
processing of the information provided by the taxpayer in its return. The
process was one of SARS accepting such return at ‘face value’, and issuing
an original assessment (IT34). I pause to mention at this stage that it must
be kept in mind that the basic legal requirement is that taxpayers must
submit an annual return of income in terms of s 25(1) of the TAA, which
return is required by s 25(2) of the TAA to be ‘full and true’. Furthermore,
the return itself requires the public officer to make a declaration, inter alia,
that the information and particulars furnished in the return are true and
correct. In this regard, Spur’s returns for the 2005 to 2009 years of
assessment, contain a statement just after the signature of the public officer,
that ‘it is a serious offence to make a false declaration or fail to render a
return within the prescribed period’.

[56] The issue of face value assessments was recognised in
Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Mutual Unit Trust Management
Company Ltd,7 in the context of a defence of a ‘practice generally
prevailing’. The court accepted that the return can thereafter be
reconsidered more thoroughly in the three-year period following the
original assessment.

[57] Mr Singh testified that only the tax return, and not any supporting
documents or schedules, is taken into account for purposes of issuing an
original assessment. Clearly, the integrity of the SARS assessment process
depends largely on the correctness of the information provided in the

7 Commissioner for Inland Revenue v SA Mutual Unit Trust Management Company Ltd 1990 (4) SA 529
(A); 52 SATC 205.

return, and on SARS’ ability to conduct audits of returns in the ensuing
three-year period to ensure a proper tax treatment.

[58] Mr Singh further testified that typically in a day, over one hundred
thousand returns would be received at SARS. As such, it was not possible
for the auditors to perform a manual check of every return to ensure that it
did not contain any errors. Instead, the tax return contains various
rand value fields and specific questions which were inserted deliberately.
These questions were so called triggers, depending on the manner in which
the questions were answered by the taxpayers. Mr Singh explained how
these triggers were activated and how risks were assessed.

[59] According to Mr Singh, should a trigger arise when a particular code
is activated, further steps would then be taken and the matter could either
be resolved at that stage or could proceed to an audit. Thus, the ‘yes’ or
‘no’ questions included for the purposes of identifying a specific risk
relative to the question asked.

[60] The Commissioner submitted that in the present case a ‘yes’ answer
to the s 23H question, and to the question whether a contribution was made
to a trust, are risk factors which, according to Mr Singh’s testimony, would
have triggered a risk alert for SARS at the time when the returns were
submitted for the relevant year of assessment. Mr Singh’s evidence makes
perfect sense. I am satisfied that a ‘no’ answer to these questions would
not, accordingly, have triggered a risk alert for SARS.

[61] SARS was thus not alerted to the existence of the 2004 and 2005
share scheme transactions and particularly the contribution of R48 million.
This persisted until the true position was picked up in the course of an audit,

which was only in respect of the 2011 tax year, but was extended to the
2010 and 2012 tax years, and later to the 2005 to 2009 tax years. The audit
gave rise to the additional assessments, which are the subject of this appeal.

[62] Spur accepted that false statements were contained in the returns.
Against that, it contended that scrutiny of the financial statements and a
more alert auditing process would and should have ensured a proper
assessment within the prescribed period. It overlooked the face value
assessment process understandably undertaken by SARS. Audits are
implemented because of triggers caused by specific answers in tax returns.
If the questions that would give rise to the triggers are wrongly answered,
as happened in this case, the matter may not come before an auditor within
the three-year period, and the clarification questions will therefore never
be asked.

[63] I should also add that as a matter of policy, a court would be loath to
come to the assistance of a taxpayer that has made improper or untruthful
disclosures in a return. Clearly, this would offend against the statutory
imperative of having to make a full and proper disclosure in a tax return.

[64] In light of what I have stated above, I therefore find that the
misrepresentations and non-disclosures by Spur caused the Commissioner
not to assess Spur correctly within the three-year period after the original
statements. I accordingly make the following order:
The appeal is upheld.
The judgment and order of the court a quo is set aside in its entirety
and is substituted as follows:
‘(a) The appeal is upheld with costs, including the costs of two
Counsel;

(b) The order of the tax court is set aside and substituted as follows:
‘The appeal is dismissed and the additional income tax
assessments raised by the Commissioner in respect of Spur’s
2005 to 2012 years of assessment are confirmed.’
Spur is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal, such costs to include
those of two counsel where so employed.

_________________
B H Mbha
Judge of Appeal

APPEARANCES:

For appellant:

M W Janisch SC (with H Cassim)
Instructed by:

The State Attorney, Cape Town

The State Attorney, Bloemfontein

For respondent:

N D G Maritz SC
Instructed by:

MacRobert Inc, Cape Town

Claude Reid Attorneys, Bloemfontein.
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
MEDIA SUMMARY OF JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF
APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:

15 October 2021
Status:
Immediate
The following summary is for the benefit of the media in the reporting of this case and does not
form part of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Appeal
The Commissioner for The South African Revenue Service v Spur Group (Pty) Ltd (Case no 320/20)
[2021] ZASCA 145 (15 October 2021)
Today the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) handed down judgment upholding the Commissioner’s
appeal against the order of the Western Cape Division of the High Court, Cape Town (the high court).
The issue for determination by the SCA was whether the high court correctly held that there was a
sufficiently close causal link that existed between the respondent’s expenditure of a contribution of
R48 million and its income producing operations so as to qualify for a deduction under s 11(a) of the
Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the ITA), in respect of the respondent’s 2005 to 2012 years of assessment.
A further issue for determination, if it was found that the connection was not sufficiently close, was
whether the statutory periods in terms of s 99(1) of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (the TAA), for
the respondent’s 2005 to 2009 years of assessment, had prescribed and whether the Commissioner
was therefore precluded from raising additional assessments for those years.
The respondent, the main operating entity in the Spur Group of companies, is a wholly owned subsidiary
of Spur Corporation Limited (Spur HoldCo). In 2004, the Spur Group including the respondent and
Spur HoldCo, implemented a share incentive scheme (the scheme), in terms of which the respondent’s
eligible employees (the participants) would be afforded the opportunity of participating in that scheme.
The purpose of the scheme was to promote the continued growth and profitability of the respondent. A
discretionary trust was then established to implement and regulate the scheme. Spur HoldCo was the
sole capital and income beneficiary. In furtherance of the scheme, the trust incorporated Maxshell 72
Investments (Pty) Ltd (NewCo). The participants were then offered the opportunity to acquire ordinary
shares in NewCo in proportions determined by Spur HoldCo. The Trust Deed was amended, at a later
stage, to permit the participants to benefit from dividends received by the trust. However, Spur HoldCo
remained the sole capital beneficiary. In December 2004 the respondent contributed R48 million to the
trust. In that same month, the trust subscribed for NewCo preference shares, amounting to
approximately R48 million in aggregate, to be acquired by NewCo. The respondent then claimed the
contribution of R48 million it made to the trust as a deduction against its income in terms of s 11(a) of
Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the ITA).
Initially, the respondent allowed the claimed deduction. However, following an audit, the respondent
disallowed the deductions, and brought the deductions back into account as additional taxable income.
Before the SCA, the Commissioner submitted that the contribution was not expenditure incurred in the
production of the respondent’s income as required by s 11(a) of the ITA, and that there was only an
indirect and insufficient link between the expenditure and any benefit arising from the incentivisation of
the respondent’s key staff.

The SCA found that the participants neither benefitted directly or indirectly from the making of the
contribution. The chief financial officer and director of the respondent had testified that the fact that the
scheme did not permit the participants to share in the R48 million contribution, was known to her as a
participant. Furthermore, the respondent’s tax practitioner confirmed that the purpose was always for
the R48 million to remain within the Spur Group and not to transfer it to the participants. As a result, the
SCA held that the contribution was not sufficiently closely connected to the business operations of the
respondent such that it would be proper, natural and reasonable to regard the expense as part of the
respondent’s costs in performing such operations.
With regard to the issue of whether the Commissioner was precluded from raising additional
assessments due to prescription, the SCA found that the respondent had not made truthful disclosures
in its return for the 2005 to 2009 years of assessment. As a result, the Commissioner was not alerted
to the existence of the contribution of R48 million. This persisted until the true position was picked up
in the course of an audit, which was only in respect of the 2011 tax year, which then resulted in the
additional assessments. The SCA held that the misrepresentations and non-disclosures by the
respondent caused the Commissioner not to assess the respondent correctly within the three-year
period after the original assessments. The SCA therefore made an order upholding the Commissioner’s
appeal with costs, including those of two counsel, and confirmed the Commissioner’s assessments
against the respondent in respect of the 2005 to 2012 years of assessment.

~~~~ends~~~~