THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

REPORTABLE
CASE NO: 343/07

In the matter between:

THEMBALETHU SAM

APPELLANT

and

THE STATE

RESPONDENT

__________________________________________________________________________

CORAM:

MTHIYANE JA, MALAN AJA and KGOMO AJA

Date of hearing:

01 NOVEMBER 2007

Date of delivery:

20 MARCH 2008

Summary:
Accused
charged
with
unlawful
possession
of
a
firearm
in
contravention of s 2 of Act 75 of 1969 - Section 51(2) of the Criminal Law Amendment
Act 105 of 1997 read with Part II of Schedule 2 is applicable to the unlawful possession
of a semi-automatic pistol – The Act does not create new offences but defines a form
of specified offences to which enhanced penalty jurisdiction applies.

Neutral citation:
Thembalethu Sam v The State (343/2007) [2008]
ZASCA 9 (20 March 2008)
__________________________________________________________________________

KGOMO AJA

[1] The appellant was convicted in the regional court sitting in Adelaide,
Eastern Cape, on four counts. On count 1, robbery with aggravating
circumstances, he was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment; on count 2, the
unlawful possession of an unlicensed semi-automatic firearm, he was
sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment; on count 3, the unlawful possession of
ammunition, he was sentenced to nine months’, and, on count 4, attempted
murder, to six years’ imprisonment.  Whilst the total sentence imposed was 36
years and nine months the court ordered that some of the sentences run
concurrently, with the result that the effective sentence that appellant stood to
serve was 25 years’ imprisonment. In particular, it was ordered that the
sentence on count 3 and 11 years of the sentence on count 2 run concurrently
with the sentence on count 1 so that some four years’ imprisonment will
effectively be served on count 2.

[2] The appellant appealed to the Eastern Cape High Court against the
sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment imposed for the unlawful possession of
the firearm.  On 27 March 2001 the Eastern Cape High Court (Leach J, with
Horn AJ concurring) dismissed the appellant’s appeal.  He now appeals to this
court with the leave of the court below.

[3] It was common cause that the appellant was in possession of a semi-
automatic pistol when he and others robbed the Adelaide branch of Standard
Bank of R64 700.  The appellant made a formal admission in the regional
court that the firearm was indeed a semi-automatic weapon.  I may add that
this firearm was also used by him when he shot at the complainant referred to
in the attempted murder count, as the latter tried to apprehend him when he
fled the scene of the robbery. To this can be added the fact that in his
evidence he testified that it was demonstrated to him how to handle this
particular firearm. In those circumstances there can be no question but that
the appellant was aware that he was in possession of a semi-automatic
firearm.

[4] The appellant challenges the sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment in
respect of the possession of the unlicensed semi-automatic firearm on the

basis that the provisions of s 51(2)(a) read with Part II of Schedule 2 of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 are inapplicable.  For this
argument counsel for the appellant relied on S v Sukwazi 2002 (1) SACR 619
(N) and a long line of similar decisions of the high courts (S v Khonye 2002 (2)
SACR 621 (T); S v Mooleele 2003 (2) SACR 255 (T); S v Radebe 2006 (2)
SACR 604 (O)).

[5] Section 51(2) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act provides:

‘Notwithstanding any other law but subject to subsections (3) and (6) a regional court or a
High Court, including a High Court to which a matter has been referred under section 52 (1)
for sentence, shall in respect of a person who has been convicted of an offence referred to in

(a)
Part II of Schedule 2 sentence the person, in the case of –
(i) a first offender, to imprisonment for a period not less than 15 years.’

Part II of Schedule 2 in turn provides:

‘Any offence relating to –
(a) the dealing in or smuggling of ammunition, firearms, explosives or armament; or

(b) the possession of an automatic or semi-automatic firearm, explosives or
armaments.’

[6] In my view properly construed the above provisions mean that a court
convicting an accused person of any offence referred to therein is obliged to
impose a sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment unless such court finds that
substantial and compelling circumstances justifying the imposition of a lesser
sentence than the prescribed one are present.  The prescribed minimum
sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment applies to first offenders only.  The
phrase ‘Notwithstanding any other law’ in the section (ie s 51(2)) clearly
indicates that the provisions supersede all other laws on sentence and apply
to all offences listed in Part II of Schedule 2.  That list includes an offence
referred to as of the possession of ‘a semi-automatic firearm’.  The section’s
wording is couched in unambiguous and peremptory terms (‘shall’), and the
offences to which it applies are stipulated.

[7] In my view once it is proved in a trial that an accused is guilty of an
offence in terms of which he or she unlawfully possessed a  firearm, in this
case in contravention of s 2 read with ss 1, 39 and 40 of the now repealed
Arms and Ammunition Act 75 of 1969, and it is proved or admitted that the
firearm was ‘semi-automatic’ the application of its provisions relating to
sentencing is triggered. The charge sheet in the present case makes no
reference to the provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act but it is clear
from the record that the appellant’s legal representative was aware of its
provisions (see S v Legoa 2003 (1) SACR 13 (SCA) paras 20-21 and S v
Petersen 2006 (1) SACR (C) 28b-e). I disagree, with respect, with the
interpretation of the provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of
1997 by PC Combrinck J in Sukwazi.  In that case the learned Judge referred
to previous decisions of the same court and concluded by stating (at 623f –
624d):
‘In a Full Bench decision (unreported) in Bivela v The State (Case No AR297/010 Niles-Dunér
J (concurred in by Levinsohn J) also concluded that it could not have been the intention of the
Legislature that possession of a pistol, solely because it had a semi-automatic firing
mechanism, should attract a minimum sentence of 15 years whilst possession of any other
hand gun such as a .38 special would not fall within the ambit of the section.

I am in agreement with the views expressed . . . .  Indeed the evidence in the present case
demonstrates the absurdity of imposing a sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment for possession
of a .22 pistol whereas a person in possession of [a .357] Magnum revolver or a pump-action
shotgun will receive a maximum of three years.

The piece of legislation is ill-conceived and badly drafted.  It refers to automatic and semi-
automatic firearms when there is no definition and no reference in the Arms and Ammunition
Act to such weapons.  The Act refers to machine guns and machine rifles, which after the
decision of S v Makunga and Others 1977 (1) SA 685 (A), caused the Legislature to insert the
definition of such weapons as including any firearm capable of delivering a continuous fire for
so long as pressure is applied to the trigger (introduced by s 1 of Act 16 of 1978).  There is no
reference anywhere in the aforesaid Act to a semi-automatic firearm.  Similarly in ss (a) of
Part II of [Schedule] 2, the Legislature speaks of any offence relating to…”the dealing in or
smuggling of ammunition, firearms, explosives or armaments”.  Nowhere in the Arms and
Ammunition Act is there a reference to smuggling of these items.  The import, export and
dealing in ammunition, firearms, etc are prohibited.  One can only conclude that the drafters
had no regard to the provisions of the Arms and Ammunition Act when drafting this legislation.

I am of the view that the reference in the Criminal Law Amendment Act to a non-existent
offence of possession of a semi-automatic firearm amounts to an absurdity and the provisions
of the Act should not have been applied by the magistrate in the present case.  Alternatively,
to give the words their ordinary grammatical meaning, would lead to the absurd result that, as
described above, unlawful possession of powerful weapons such as high calibre revolvers
and shotguns would attract a far lesser sentence than small calibre semi-automatic pistols.
When such an absurdity results, the Court is obliged to seek the true intention of the
legislature and give effect to such intention.  In my view, particularly having regard to the
grouping of the arms and explosives in which semi-automatic firearms was included, the
intention was to include a “… similar armament” to a machine gun or machine rifle (as
referred to in s 32 of the Arms and Ammunition Act) which excludes a pistol.  It follows that I
consider that it is not competent for courts to apply the provisions of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act where an accused has been convicted of the unlawful possession of a semi-
automatic pistol’.

[8] The starting point in the interpretation of a statutory provision remains
an endeavour to ascertain the intention of the Legislature from the words used
in the enactment. Those words must be accorded their ordinary, literal,
grammatical meaning and a court may depart from that meaning only where
to do so ‘would lead to an absurdity so glaring that it could never have been
contemplated by the legislature, or where it would lead to a result contrary to
the intention of the legislature, as shown by the context or by such other
considerations as the Court is justified in taking into account …’ (Venter v Rex
1907 TS 910 915 and see Randburg Town Council v Kerksay Investments
(Pty) Ltd 1998 (1) SA 98 (SCA) at 107B-G).

[9] The ratio in Sukwazi is in conflict with the subsequent decision of this
court in S v Legoa where it was pointed out that the Act does not create new
offences but refers to specific forms of existing offences for which harsh
punishment is decreed. (See also S v Nziyane 2000 (1) SACR 605 (T) 609e)).
What is important is the manner or form in which those specified offences are
committed which would bring them within the ambit of the Act’s enhanced
penalty jurisdiction. Cameron JA stated in para 18:

‘It is correct that, in specifying an enhanced penal jurisdiction for particular forms of an
existing offence, the Legislature does not create a new type of offence.  Thus, ‘robbery with
aggravating circumstances’ is not a new offence.  The offences scheduled in the minimum

sentencing legislation are likewise not new offences.  They are but specific forms of existing
offences, and when their commission is proved in the form specified in the Schedule, the
sentencing court acquires an enhanced penalty jurisdiction.  It acquires that jurisdiction,
however, only if the evidence regarding all the elements of the form of the scheduled offence
is led before verdict on guilt or innocence, and the trial court finds that all the elements
specified in the Schedule are present.’

[10]  In S v Dodo 2001 SACR 594 (CC) the Constitutional Court in para 22
reiterated that no judicial punishment can take place unless the person to be
punished has been convicted of an offence which either under common law or
statute carries with it a punishment and that it is pre-eminently the function of
the Legislature to determine what conduct should be criminalised and
punished.  In  Dodo  para 26 the court went on to say:

‘[26] The legislature's powers are decidedly not unlimited. Legislation is by its nature general.
It cannot provide for each individually determined case. Accordingly such power ought not, on
general constitutional principles, wholly to exclude the important function and power of a court
to apply and adapt a general principle to the individual case. This power must be
appropriately balanced with that of the judiciary. What an appropriate balance ought to be is
incapable of comprehensive abstract formulation, but must be decided as  specific challenges
arise. In the field of sentencing, however, it can be stated as a matter of principle, that the
legislature ought not to oblige the judiciary to impose a punishment which is wholly lacking in
proportionality to the crime. This would be inimical to the rule of law and the constitutional
state. It would a fortiori be so if the legislature obliged the judiciary to pass a sentence which
was inconsistent with the Constitution and in particular with the Bill of Rights.’

[11] In Sukwazi the learned judge described the Act as ill-conceived and
opined that the facts of that case revealed that the imposition of the
mandatory sentence was absurd. The draftsmanship may not be a specimen
of clarity but there is no warrant for rendering the provisions in issue nugatory.
It may well be so that one of the consequences of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act is that the unlawful possession of, for example, a pump-
action shotgun may entail a more lenient sentence than the unlawful
possession of a semi-automatic firearm this does not result in an absurdity.
The singling out of semi-automatic firearms may well have been the result of
the frequency with which these firearms have been used in violent crimes.
Moreover, the fact that there was no offence under the Arms and Ammunition

Act such as the ‘unlawful possession of a semi-automatic firearm’ does not
compel one to conclude that the words of the Criminal Law Amendment Act
cannot be properly construed. As was pointed out, the appellant was charged
with a contravention of s 2 read with ss 1, 39 and 40 of the Arms and
Ammunition Act. This Act did not refer to a ‘semi-automatic firearm’ but used
the term ‘arm’ which is then comprehensively defined but without any
reference to a ‘semi-automatic’ arm or firearm. Part II of Schedule 2 of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act on the other hand refers to ‘[a]ny offence
relating to - … (b) the possession of an automatic or semi-automatic firearm,
explosives or armaments’. Part II of Schedule 2 lists a number of offences and
also indicates the circumstances under which the minimum sentence would
be applicable. Reference is made to murder, robbery, offences under the
Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992, any offence relating to exchange
control, extortion, fraud, forgery, uttering, theft and certain other offences. In
addition, Part II of Schedule 2 indicates the circumstances under which the
enhanced penalty jurisdiction may be exercised. ‘Robbery’, for example, is
qualified by the words ‘(a) when there are aggravating circumstances’ or ‘(b)
involving the taking of a motor vehicle’. The offences under the Drugs and
Drug Trafficking Act are qualified with a reference to, for example, the value of
the drugs. As far as firearms, however, are concerned the reference is to ‘any
offence relating to – … (b) the possession of an automatic or semi-automatic
firearm … ‘. Properly construed these words concern existing offences
relating to the possession of ‘arms’. The enhanced penalty jurisdiction is
acquired where it is shown that the particular ’arm’ is a firearm that is
automatic or semi-automatic or that it functions in that manner. In other words,
the offences of possession referred to concern then-existing offences of which
a contravention of s 2 of the Arms and Ammunition Act was one. Where it is
proved that the ‘arm’ is a ‘firearm’ which is automatic or semi-automatic, the
court acquires the enhanced penalty or sentencing jurisdiction. It was not
disputed that a ‘firearm’ is an ‘arm’ as defined in the Arms and Ammunition
Act. The minimum sentencing legislation applies as s 51(2) provides
‘[n]otwithstanding any other law’.

[12] In S v Petersen the full court (Davis J, with Cleaver J and Van der
Westhuizen AJ concurring) found that the failure by the State to draw the
attention of the accused before conviction to the fact that being convicted of
an offence relating to the possession of a ‘semi-automatic’ firearm might
attract the prescribed minimum sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment was
highly prejudicial to him. The court set aside the conviction and remitted the
case to the trial magistrate for a reconsideration of sentence. There was no
reference in the charge-sheet to a semi-automatic firearm or to the provisions
of the Criminal Law Amendment Act. However, before the State closed its
case the accused’s legal representative informed the court that the defence
conceded that a firearm was found in the accused’s possession and that it
was indeed ‘die vuurwapen soos aangekla, ‘n kort kaliber Bersin Model 83
semi-automatiese pistool.’ At 27c-g the court said:

‘[O]ther than an inference to be drawn from an admission that the Bersin Model 83 pistol was
a semi-automatic pistol, no evidence was tendered which proved that the accused was aware
that he was in possession of a semi-automatic weapon. The importance of the State having to
prove that the intention of the accused was not merely to possess a firearm but a semi-
automatic one is illustrated in S v Adams 1986 (4) SA 882 (A) where the accused was
charged in terms of s 2(1) of the Dangerous Weapons Act 71 of 1968 as being in possession
of ‘any dangerous weapon’. In dealing with the concept of possession in this case, Corbett JA
(as he then was) said:

‘(U)nder s 2(1) the onus is clearly on the State to prove that the accused person was in
possession of a dangerous weapon, and this onus would include the burden of establishing
beyond a reasonable doubt the existence at the relevant time of this mental element.’

(At 891H.) See also Nicholas AJA at 897B-D.
In my view, this approach is of equal application to the present case. Given the consequences
which follow from a conviction of an offence relating to possession of a semi-automatic
firearm, the State is obliged to prove the existence of the necessary mental element of the
crime of such possession.’

[13] It is not necessary in this case to decide whether an accused should
have had knowledge of the ‘semi-automatic’ nature of the firearm, the
possession of which forms the basis of the charge against him, before the
enhanced sentencing jurisdiction can apply. As I have already indicated, on

the facts of the case, it is clear that the appellant was well aware of the
mechanism and functioning of the firearm he was in possession of.

[14] In the case at hand the prosecutor was in the process of presenting
evidence to prove that the weapon in question was a semi-automatic firearm
when the defence made the following formal admission:

‘Mr Gobe: Yes, as the court pleases, Your Worship, we are prepared to admit that the firearm
is a semi-automatic arm.

Court: That is now the arm found by sgt Van Heerden, is that right?

Mr Gobe: Yes. Wherever he found it.

Hof: Mnr die Aanklaer, in daardie geval is dit dan nodig vir u 212 verklarings of nie?

Aanklaer: Dis nie rêrig nodig nie Edelagbare.’

[15] Leach J, in the court a quo, dealing with this aspect during the appeal,
observed:
‘The offences of which [the appellant] made himself guilty were extremely serious. Indeed, in
terms of the provisions of section 51 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1997,
the legislature has prescribed a minimum sentence of 15 years imprisonment for both the
robbery with aggravating circumstances count as well as the count of unlawful possession of
a firearm (it having been common cause in respect of the latter offence that the weapon used
by the appellant in carrying out the robbery was a “semi-automatic firearm”). Accordingly,
unless there were substantial and compelling circumstances justifying the imposition of a
lesser sentence it was therefore mandatory to impose those minimum sentences on the
appellant. The magistrate ruled that there were no such circumstances and it was not
suggested on appeal that he had erred in any way in this regard. Indeed, Mr Butler, who
appeared on behalf of the appellant, conceded that the sentences which had been imposed in
respect of the individual counts could not be attacked. It was his submission, however, that
the cumulative effect of the individual sentences, albeit directed to run in such a way that an
effective 25 years imprisonment has to be served, is disturbingly inappropriate.’

Leach J concluded:

‘Bearing all material considerations in mind, an effective sentence of 25 years imprisonment
does not engender in me any sense of shock. The magistrate gave careful and detailed
consideration to all the various material factors relevant to the assessment of sentence and
does not appear to have misdirected himself in any way. I certainly have not been persuaded
that the sentence which he imposed is not an appropriate one. In my view there is no merit in
the appeal.’

I agree with the above comments and conclusion.

[16] For these reasons the views expressed in Sukwazi pertaining to the
interpretation of s 51 (2) were inapposite. It follows that the decisions and
cases with similar dicta must be regarded as having been wrongly decided.

[17] It must be emphasised that the Criminal Law Amendment Act
prescribes minimum sentences from which a court may depart where
‘substantial and compelling circumstances’ are present (S v Malgas 2001 (1)
SACR 469 (SCA)). The learned magistrate found no such circumstances but
ordered that 11 years of the 15 year sentence imposed in respect of count 2
should run concurrently with the sentence on the count of robbery thereby
tempering that which would otherwise have been a very harsh sentence. This
is a sound approach. It also avoids the disproportion referred to in Sukwazi
that would otherwise occur in relation to different calibre weapons, some
equipped with semi-automatic or automatic mechanisms and others not.

[18]. In the result the following order is made:

The appeal is dismissed.

________________________

F D KGOMO

ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

CONCUR:
)
MTHIYANE JA

)
MALAN AJA
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

Date:

20 March 2008

Status: Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the media and does not form part of the
judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal.

THEMBALETHU SAM v THE STATE

[1] The Supreme Court of Appeal today dismissed the appeal by Mr Thembalethu Sam who was
sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment for being in possession of a semi-automatic pistol.   The evidence led
at the trial was that he had used the firearm during the robbery of a bank in Adelaide, Eastern Cape.

[2] In the appeal before the SCA Sam argued that there was no offence for ‘possession of a semi-
automatic firearm’ and that, the provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, commonly referred to as ‘the
minimum sentence provisions’ were not applicable.  Sam argued further that the regional court was
consequently wrong to have sentenced him to 15 years’ imprisonment instead of no more than 3 years’
imprisonment as provided for in the now repealed Arms and Ammunition Act 75 of 1969.  The firearm
concerned has also featured on a charge of attempted murder, arising out of the shooting of a bystander as
Sam tried to make good his escape after the robbery.

[3] The Supreme Court of Appeal rejected that argument, and held that in providing for increased penal
jurisdiction for the possession of a semi-automatic firearm the Legislature had not created a new offence.  It
merely enhanced the penal jurisdiction of the court in respect of an existing offence, which was considered to
fall in a certain category specified in the Schedule.  Offences relating to the possession of a semi-automatic
or automatic firearm were offences in respect of which the court acquired an enhanced penal jurisdiction.

[4] Having found no substantial and compelling circumstances justifying a departure from the minimum
sentence laid down in the Criminal Law Amendment Act to be present, the Supreme Court of Appeal
concluded that the regional magistrate had not misdirected himself and upheld the sentence of 15 years’
imprisonment of which 11 years were to run concurrently with the sentence of 15 years on the count of
robbery.