Uterine inversion
Uterine inversion is when the uterus turns inside out, usually following childbirth. Symptoms include postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, a mass in the vagina, and low blood pressure. Rarely inversion may occur not in association with pregnancy.Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached. Other risk factors include uterine atony, placenta previa, and connective tissue disorders. Diagnosis is by seeing the inside of the uterus either in or coming out of the vagina.Treatment involves standard resuscitation together with replacing the uterus as rapidly as possible. If efforts at manual replacement are not successful surgery is required. After the uterus is replaced oxytocin and antibiotics are typically recommended. The placenta can then be removed if it is still attached.Uterine inversion occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries. Rates are higher in the developing world. The risk of death of the mother is about 15% while historically it has been as high as 80%. The condition has been described since at least 300 BC by Hippocrates.

Signs and symptoms
Uterine inversion is often associated with significant postpartum bleeding. Traditionally it was thought that it presented with haemodynamic shock "out of proportion" with blood loss, however blood loss has often been underestimated. The parasympathetic effect of traction on the uterine ligaments may cause bradycardia.

Causes
The most common cause is the mismanagement of 3rd stage of labor, such as:

Fundal pressure
Excess cord traction during the 3rd stage of laborOther natural causes can be:

Uterine weakness, congenital or not
Precipitate delivery
Short umbilical cordIt is more common in multiple gestation than in singleton pregnancies.

Associations
Placenta praevia
Fundal Placental Implantation
Use of Magnesium Sulfate
Vigorous fundal pressure
Repeated cord traction
short umbilical cord

Types
One: Complete. Visible outside the cervix.
Two: Incomplete. Visible only at the cervix.

Treatment
Treatment involves standard resuscitation together with replacing the uterus as rapidly as possible. If efforts at manual replacement are not successful surgery is required. After the uterus is replaced oxytocin and antibiotics are typically recommended. The placenta can then be removed if it is still attached.

Epidemiology
Uterine inversion occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries. Rates are higher in the developing world.


== References ==