Miconazole
Miconazole, sold under the brand name Monistat among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat ring worm, pityriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin or vagina. It is used for ring worm of the body, groin (jock itch), and feet (athletes foot). It is applied to the skin or vagina as a cream or ointment.Common side effects include itchiness or irritation of the area in which it was applied. Use in pregnancy is believed to be safe for the baby. Miconazole is in the imidazole family of medications. It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to make ergosterol, an important part of their cell membrane.Miconazole was patented in 1968 and approved for medical use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses
Miconazole is mainly used externally for the treatment of ringworm including jock itch and athletes foot.  Internal application is used for oral or vaginal thrush (yeast infection). This oral gel may also be used for the lip disorder angular cheilitis and other associated systems.
In the UK, miconazole may be used to treat neonatal oral thrush, while the alternative nystatin is only licensed for patients over the age of one month, but drug interactions are possible.

Side effects
Miconazole is generally well tolerated. The oral gel can cause dry mouth, nausea and an unpleasant taste in about 1–10% of people. Anaphylactic reactions are rare. The drug prolongs the QT interval.

Interactions
The substance is partly absorbed in the intestinal tract when used orally, as with the oral gel, and possibly when used vaginally. This can lead to increased concentrations of drugs that are metabolized by the liver enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, because miconazole inhibits these enzymes. Such interactions occur for example with anticoagulants of the warfarin type, phenytoin, some newer atypical antipsychotics, ciclosporin, and most statins used to treat hypercholesterolemia.These interactions are not relevant for miconazole that is applied to the skin.

Contraindications
Miconazole is contraindicated for people who use certain drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4, for the reasons mentioned above:
drugs that also prolong the QT interval because of potential problems with the heart rhythm
ergot alkaloids
statins
triazolam and oral midazolam
sulfonamides with a potential to cause hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)

Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Miconazole inhibits the fungal enzyme 14α-sterol demethylase, resulting in a reduced production of ergosterol. In addition to its antifungal actions, miconazole, similarly to ketoconazole, is known to act as an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor.

Pharmacokinetics
After application to the skin, miconazole can be measured in the skin for up to four days, but less than 1% is absorbed into the bloodstream. When applied to the oral mucosa (and possibly also for vaginal use), it is significantly absorbed. In the bloodstream, 88.2% are bound to plasma proteins and 10.6% to blood cells. The substance is partly metabolized via the liver enzyme CYP3A4 and mainly eliminated via the faeces.

Chemistry
The solubilities of miconazole nitrate powder are 0.03% in water, 0.76% in ethanol and up to 4% in acetic acid. Miconazole crystallises as colourless prisms in the monoclinic space group P21/c.

Other uses
Miconazole is also used in Ektachrome film developing in the final rinse of the Kodak E-6 process and similar Fuji CR-56 process, replacing formaldehyde. Fuji Hunt also includes miconazole as a final rinse additive in their formulation of the C-41RA rapid access color negative developing process.

Brands and formulations
Oral treatment: (brand names Daktarin in UK, Fungimin Oral Gel in Bangladesh):

Oral gel 24 mg/ml (20 mg/g)
Oravig 50 mg once daily buccal tablet:In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Oravig (miconazole) buccal tablets once daily for the local treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, more commonly known as thrush, in adults and children age 16 and older. Oravig is the only local, oral prescription formulation of miconazole approved for this use in the U.S.External skin treatment (brand names Desenex and Zeasorb in US and Canada, Micatin, Monistat-Derm, Daktarin in India, UK, Australia, Belgium and the Philippines, Daktar in Norway, Fungidal in Bangladesh, Decocort in Malaysia)

Topical cream: 2-5%
Combination: hydrocortisone/miconazole cream with 1% and 2%, respectively (Daktacort in UK, Daktodor in Greece)
Dusting powder: 2% powder with chlorhexidine hydrochloride (mycoDust)Vaginal treatment (brand names Miconazex, Monistat, Femizol or Gyno-Daktarin in UK):

Pessaries: 200 or 100 mg
Vaginal cream: 2% (7-day treatment), 4% (3-day treatment)
Combination:  2% cream with either 100 or 200 mg

References
External links
Kodak process E6 Ektachrome (color transparency) processing manual Z-119
Kodak process E6 Q-LAB processing manual Z-6 (more details than processing manual Z119 above)
"Miconazole". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.