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Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1.
Why do changes in water balance result in alterations in the [Na+] of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
2.
How is the secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) controlled by changes in the osmolality of body fluids and in blood volume and pressure?
3.
What are the cellular events associated with the action of AVP on the collecting duct, and how do they lead to an increase in the water permeability of this segment of the nephron?
4.
What is the role of Henle’s loop in the production of both dilute and concentrated urine?
5.
What is the composition of the medullary interstitial fluid, and how does it participate in the process of producing concentrated urine?
6.
What are the roles of the vasa recta in the process of diluting and concentrating urine?
7.
How is the diluting and concentrating ability of the kidneys quantitated?
8.
Why do changes in Na+ balance alter the volume of extracellular fluid?
9.