Antimicrobial drugs As mentioned in Chap. 41, isoniazid (INH)-induced polyneuropathy was a common occurrence in the early 1950s when this drug was first used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Symptoms of neuropathy appeared between 3 and 35 weeks after treatment was begun and affected approximately 10 percent of patients receiving therapeutic doses in the upper range (10 mg/kg daily). The initial symptoms are symmetrical numbness and tingling of the toes and feet spreading, if the drug is continued, to the knees and occasionally to the hands. Aching and burning pain in these parts then becomes prominent. In addition to sensory loss, examination usually discloses a loss of tendon reflexes and weakness in the distal muscles of the legs. Severe degrees of weakness and loss of deep sensation are observed only rarely.
Isoniazid produces its effects on the peripheral nerves by interfering with pyridoxine metabolism, perhaps by inhibiting the phosphorylation of pyridoxine (the collective name for the B6 group of vitamins) and decreasing the tissue levels of its active form, pyridoxal phosphate. The administration of 150 to 450 mg of pyridoxine daily in conjunction with the isoniazid completely prevents the neuropathy. The same mechanism is probably operative in the neuropathies that occasionally complicate the administration of the isoniazid-related substances such as ethionamide, used sometimes in the treatment of tuberculosis and the now little-used antihypertensive agent hydralazine. Paradoxically, the taking of extremely high doses of pyridoxine over a prolonged period may actually cause a disabling, predominantly sensory ganglionopathy (Schaumburg et al, 1983).
A relatively mild sensory neuropathy (acral paresthesia) associated with optic neuropathy occasionally complicates chloramphenicol therapy. The chronic administration of metronidazole may have the same effect (and can produce lesions in the deep cerebellum). The newer antimicrobial, linezolid, has been associated with a fairly severe sensory neuropathy in a few cases after prolonged use. A predominantly motor neuropathy has been reported with the chronic administration of dapsone, a sulfone used to treat leprosy and certain dermatologic conditions. Stilbamidine, used in the treatment of kala azar, may also induce a purely sensory neuropathy with a propensity to affect the trigeminal nerves.
The introduction, in 1952, of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of bladder infections was soon followed by reports of neurotoxicity attributable to the drug. The earliest symptoms are pain and tingling paresthesias of the toes and feet, followed shortly by similar sensations in the fingers. If the drug is not discontinued, the disorder progresses to a severe, symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Patients with chronic renal failure are particularly prone to neurotoxicity from nitrofurantoin because of diminished drug excretion resulting in high tissue levels. To make matters more complex, the uremic state itself may be responsible for a polyneuropathy so that the distinction between uremic and nitrofurantoin neuropathy may be impossible. The neuropathologic studies of Lhermitte and colleagues disclosed an axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves and sensory roots.