Blood FOR MATION OF B LOOD CE LLS (H E MOPOI ESIS) TABLE Hemopoietic Cytokines, Their Sources, and Target Cells 10.4 CytokineaSymbol Source Target Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts CMP, ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP, all granulocytes, erythrocytes Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF Endothelial cells, monocytes ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP Monocyte colony-stimulating factor M-CSF Monocytes, macrophages, endothelial and adventitial cells GMP, MoP, monocytes, macrophages, osteoclasts Erythropoietin EPO Kidney, liver CMP, MEP, ErP Thrombopoietin TPO Bone marrow MKP, megakaryocytes Interferon-IFN-CD4T cells, NK cells B cells, T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes Interleukin 1 IL-1 Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells CD4T cells, B cells Interleukin 2 IL-2 CD4T cells T cells, B cells, NK cells Interleukin 3 IL-3 CD4T cells CMP, ErP, GMP, EoP, BaP, MKP, all granulocytes, erythroid cells Interleukin 4 IL-4 CD4T cells, mast cells B cells, T cells, mast cells Interleukin 5 IL-5 CD4T cells EoP, eosinophils, B cells Interleukin 6 IL-6 Endothelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells CMP, ErP, GMP, B cells, T cells, macrophages, hepatocytes Interleukin 7 IL-7 Adventitial cells of bone marrow Early pre-B, pre-T cells Interleukin 8 IL-8 Macrophages, endothelial cells T cells, neutrophils Interleukin 9 IL-9 CD4T cells CD4T cells, CMP, ErP Interleukin 10 IL-10 Macrophages, T cells T cells, B cells, NK cells Interleukin 11 IL-11 Macrophages CMP, ErP, GMP, T cells, B cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes aHemopoietic cytokines include colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), interleukins, and inhibitory factors. They are almost all glycoproteins with a basic polypeptide chain of about 20 kilodaltons. Nearly all of them act on progenitor stem cells, lineage-restricted progenitor cells, committed cells, and maturing and mature cells. Therefore, the targets listed above are target lines rather than individual target cells.
The isolation, characterization, manufacture, and clinical testing of cytokines (proteins and peptides that are signaling compounds) in the treatment of human disease is a major activity of the rapidly growing biotechnology industry. Several hemopoietic and lymphopoietic cytokines have been manufactured by recombinant DNA technology and are already used in clinical settings. These include recombinant erythropoietin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-3; others are under active development. GM-CSF (sargramostim, Leukine) is used clinically to stimulate production of WBCs following chemotherapy and to accelerate WBC recovery following bone marrow transplantation.
Development of Monocytes
The multipotential CMP stem cell also gives rise to the cells that develop along the monocyte–macrophage pathway.