F. Toxoplasma 11.9 Fill-in-the-Blanks: During an immune response to a pathogen, activated T cells express ______, a high-affinity IL-2 receptor component, and lose expression of ________, an IL-7 receptor component. The activated cells also generate different isoforms of _________, a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by all hematopoietic cells. Effector and central memory cells develop, and these can be distinguished by high expression of ___________________ in the former and ________ in the latter. The survival of both CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells is dependent on _________, although the survival of CD8+ memory T cells is additionally dependent on _________.
Section references.
11-1 The course of an infection can be divided into several distinct phases.
Mandell, G., Bennett, J., and Dolin, R. (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5th ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
Zhang, S.Y., Jouanguy, E., Sancho-Shimizu, V., von Bernuth, H., Yang, K., Abel, L., Picard, C., Puel, A., and Casanova, J.L.: Human Toll-like receptor-dependent induction of interferons in protective immunity to viruses. Immunol. Rev. 2007, 220:225–236.
11-2 The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent.
Bernink, J., Mjösberg, J., and Spits, H.: Th1and Th2-like subsets of innate lymphoid cells. Immunol. Rev. 2013, 252:133–138.
Fearon, D.T., and Locksley, R.M.: The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 1996, 272:50–53.
Gasteiger, G., and Rudensky, A.Y.: Interactions between innate and adaptive lymphocytes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2014, 14:631–639.
Janeway, C.A., Jr: The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self. Immunol. Today 1992, 13:11–16.
McKenzie, A.N.J., Spits, H., and Eberl, G.: Innate lymphoid cells in inflammation and immunity. Immunity 2014, 41:366–374.
Neill, D.R., Wong, S.H., Bellosi, A., Flynn, R.J., Daly, M., Langford, T.K., Bucks, C., Kane, C.M., Fallon, P.G., Pannell, R., et al.: Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 2010, 464:1367–1370.
Oliphant, C.J., Hwang, Y.Y., Walker, J.A., Salimi, M., Wong, S.H., Brewer, J.M., Englezakis, A., Barlow, J.L., Hams, E., Scanlon, S.T., et al.: MHCII-mediated dialog between group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ T cells potentiates type 2 immunity and promotes parasitic helminth expulsion. Immunity 2014, 41:283–295.
11.10 True or False: CD27 is a marker of naive B cells as well as memory T cells.
11.11 Short Answer: How is inflammasome activation able to help induce type 1 and type 3 responses while blunting type 2 responses?
11.12 Matching: Match the cytokine to the downstream STAT.