Carotid body tumor This is a generally benign but potentially malignant tumor originating in a small aggregate of paraganglioma cells of neuroectodermal type. The normal carotid body is small (4 mm in greatest diameter and 10 mg in weight) and is located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The cells are of uniform size, have an abundant cytoplasm, are rich in substance P, and are sensitive to changes in Po2, Pco2, and pH (i.e., they are chemoreceptors, not to be confused with baroreceptors). The tumors that arise from these cells are identical in appearance to tumors of other chemoreceptor organs such as the glomus jugulare neoplasm described in the preceding section (paragangliomas). Interestingly, they are many times more frequent in individuals living at high altitudes.
The usual presentation is of a painless mass at the side of the neck below the angle of the jaw; thus it must be differentiated from the branchial cleft cyst, mixed tumor of the salivary gland, and carcinomas and aneurysms in this region. As the tumor grows (at an estimated rate of 2.0 cm in diameter every 5 years) it may implicate the sympathetic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves (syndrome of the retroparotid space; see Chap. 47). Hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo are present in some cases. Tumors of the carotid body have been a source of transient ischemic attacks in 5 to 15 percent of the 600 or more reported cases. One of the most interesting presentations has been with sleep apnea, particularly with bilateral tumors (see later); respiratory depression as well as lability of blood pressure are common postoperative problems. Malignant transformation occurs in 5 percent of cases.
A similar paraganglioma of the vagus nerve has been reported; it occurs typically in the jugular or nodose ganglion but may arise anywhere along the course of the nerve. These tumors may also undergo malignant transformation in about 5 percent of cases, metastasize, or invade the base of the skull.
Carotid body tumor has been seen in combination with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Familial cases are known, especially with bilateral carotid body tumors (about 5 percent of these tumors are bilateral). The treatment is surgical excision with or without prior intravascular embolization; radiation therapy has not been advised.
Pituitary Adenoma (See Also “Pituitary Insufficiency” in Chap. 26)
Tumors arising in the anterior pituitary are of considerable interest to neurologists because they often cause visual and other symptoms related to involvement of structures bordering upon the sella turcica, before an endocrine disorder becomes apparent. Pituitary tumors are age-linked; they become increasingly numerous with each decade. By the eightieth year, small adenomas are found in more than 20 percent of pituitary glands. In some cases, an apparent stimulus to adenoma formation is endocrine end-organ failure, as occurs, for example, with ovarian atrophy that induces a basophilic adenoma. Only a small proportion (6 to 8 percent) enlarge the sella, that is, most are “microadenomas,” as discussed below.