Immediately thereafter, a loading dose (20 mg/kg) of phenytoin is administered by vein at a rate of less than 50 mg/min. More rapid administration risks hypotension and heart block; consequently, it is recommended that the blood pressure and electrocardiogram be monitored during the infusion. Phenytoin must be given through a freely running line with normal saline (it precipitates in other fluids) and should not be injected intramuscularly. A study by Treiman and colleagues has demonstrated the superiority of using lorazepam instead of phenytoin as the first drug to control status, but this is not surprising considering the longer latency of onset of phenytoin. Recently intravenous valproate 40 mg/kg or levetiracetam 60 mg/kg have been used as alternatives to phenytoin.
In the field, emergency medical technicians can administer lorazepam drug or midazolam. Attesting to the benefit of rapidly treating seizures, Silbergleit and colleagues have shown that intramuscular administration is slightly superior to the intravenous route simply because of the delay in inserting an intravenous line. Alldredge and colleagues showed that diazepines can be administered by paramedical workers in nursing homes with good effect in status epilepticus, terminating the seizures in about half of cases.
Nonetheless, a long-acting antiepileptic such as phenytoin must be given immediately after a diazepine has controlled the initial seizures. An alternative is the water-soluble drug fosphenytoin, which is administered in the same dose equivalents as phenytoin but can be injected at twice the maximum rate. Moreover, it can be given intramuscularly in cases where venous access is difficult. However, the delay in hepatic conversion of fosphenytoin to active phenytoin makes the latency of clinical effect approximately the same for both drugs.
In an epileptic patient known to be taking seizure medications chronically but in whom the serum level of drug is unknown, it is probably best to administer the full-recommended dose of phenytoin. If it can be established that the serum phenytoin is above 10 mg/mL, a lower loading dose may be advisable. If seizures continue, an additional 5 mg/kg is indicated. If this fails to suppress the seizures and status has persisted for 20 to 30 min, an endotracheal tube should be inserted and O2 administered.
Having emphasized the dangers of this syndrome, at each stage of treatment it is worthwhile considering if a refractory convulsive episode is of psychogenic, nonepileptic nature. The reader is referred to the previous section on this subject.
Several approaches have been suggested to control status epilepticus that persists after these efforts. At this stage we have resorted to the approach suggested by Kumar and Bleck of giving high doses of midazolam (0.2 mg/kg loading dose followed by an infusion of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/h as determined by clinical and EEG monitoring). If seizures continue, the dose can be raised as blood pressure permits. We have used in excess of 20 mg/h because of a diminishing effect over days. This regimen of midazolam and phenytoin may be maintained for several days without major ill effect in previously healthy patients. Propofol given in a bolus of 2 mg/kg and then as an intravenous drip of 2 to 8 mg/kg/h is an effective alternative to midazolam, but after 24 h the drug behaves like a high dose of barbiturate and there may be hypotension. Prolonged use of propofol may precipitate hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis or a fatal shock and acidosis (propofol syndrome).