Table 6.4 Muscles of the medial compartment of thigh (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.5 Muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.6 Superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment of leg (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.7 Deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of leg (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.8 Muscles of the lateral compartment of leg (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.9 Muscles of the anterior compartment of leg (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.10 Muscles of the dorsal aspect of the foot (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.11 First layer of muscles in the sole of the foot (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.12 Second layer of muscles in the sole of the foot (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.13 Third layer of muscles in the sole of the foot (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
Table 6.14 Fourth layer of muscles in the sole of the foot (spinal segments in bold are the major segments innervating the muscle)
In the clinic
The pelvic bones, sacrum, and associated joints form a bony ring surrounding the pelvic cavity. Soft tissue and visceral organ damage must be suspected when the pelvis is fractured. Patients with multiple injuries and evidence of chest, abdominal, and lower limb trauma should also be investigated for pelvic trauma.
Pelvic fractures can be associated with appreciable blood loss (concealed exsanguination) and blood transfusion is often required. In addition, this bleeding tends to form a significant pelvic hematoma, which can compress nerves, press on organs, and inhibit pelvic visceral function (Fig. 6.25).
There are many ways of classifying pelvic fractures, which enable the surgeon to determine the appropriate treatment and the patient’s prognosis. Pelvic fractures are generally of four types.
Type 1 injuries occur without disruption of the bony pelvic ring (e.g., a fracture of the iliac crest). These types of injuries are unlikely to represent significant trauma, though in the case of a fracture of the iliac crest, blood loss needs to be assessed.
Type 2 injuries occur with a single break in the bony pelvic ring. An example of this would be a single fracture with diastasis (separation) of the symphysis pubis. Again, these injuries are relatively benign in nature, but it may be appropriate to assess for blood loss.
Type 3 injuries occur with double breaks in the bony pelvic ring. These include bilateral fractures of the pubic rami, which may produce urethral damage.
Type 4 injuries occur at and around the acetabulum.
Other types of pelvic ring injuries include fractures of the pubic rami and disruption of the sacro-iliac joint with or without dislocation. This may involve significant visceral pelvic trauma and hemorrhage.
Other general pelvic injuries include stress fractures and insufficiency fractures, as seen in athletes and elderly patients with osteoporosis, respectively.
In the clinic