Within a few days, flushed facies, anorexia, tachycardia, and tremor characteristic of the mild withdrawal syndrome subside to a large extent, but overalertness, tendency to startle easily, and jerkiness of movement may persist for a week or longer. Feelings of uneasiness may not leave the patient completely for 10 to 14 days. According to Porjesz and Begleiter, certain electrophysiologic abnormalities (diminished amplitudes of sensory evoked potentials and prolonged latencies and conduction velocities of auditory brainstem potentials) remain altered long after the clinical abnormalities have subsided.
Symptoms of disordered perception occur in about one-quarter of withdrawing hospitalized tremulous patients. The patient may complain of “bad dreams”—nightmarish episodes associated with disturbed sleep—which he finds difficult to separate from real experience. Sounds and shadows may be misinterpreted, or familiar objects may be distorted and assume unreal forms (illusions). There may also be more overt hallucinations, which are purely visual in type, mixed visual and auditory, tactile, or olfactory, in this order of frequency. There is little evidence to support the popular belief that certain visual hallucinations (bugs, pink elephants) are specific to alcoholism. Actually, the hallucinations comprise the full range of visual experience. They are more often animate than inanimate; persons or animals may appear singly or in panoramas, shrunken or enlarged, natural and pleasant, or distorted, hideous, and frightening. The hallucinosis may be an isolated phenomenon lasting for a few hours, and it may later be attended by other withdrawal signs.
A special type of alcoholic psychosis consisting of a more or less pure auditory hallucinosis has been recognized for many years. Kraepelin referred to it as the “hallucinatory insanity of drunkards,” or “alcoholic mania.” A report of 75 such cases was made by Victor and Hope. The central feature of the illness, in the beginning, is the occurrence of auditory hallucinations despite an otherwise clear sensorium during the withdrawal period; that is, the patients are not disoriented or obtunded, and they have an intact memory. The hallucinations may take the form of unstructured sounds such as buzzing, ringing, gunshots, or clicking (the elementary hallucinations of Bleuler), or they may have a musical quality, like a low-pitched hum or chant. The most common hallucinations, however, are human voices. When the voices can be identified, they are often attributed to the patient’s family, friends, or neighbors—rarely to God, radio, or television. The voices may be addressed directly to the patient, but more frequently, they discuss him in the third person. In the majority of cases, the voices are maligning, reproachful, or threatening in nature and are disturbing to the patient; a significant proportion, however, are not unpleasant and leave the patient undisturbed. To the patient, the voices are clearly audible and intensely real, and they tend to be exteriorized; that is, they come from behind a radiator or door, from the corridor, or through a wall, window, or floor. Another feature of auditory hallucinosis is that the patient’s response is more or less understandable in light of the hallucinatory content. The patient may call on the police for protection or erect a barricade against invaders; he may even attempt suicide to avoid what the voices threaten. The hallucinations are most prominent during the night, and their duration varies greatly: they may be momentary, or they may recur intermittently for days on end and, in exceptional instances, for weeks or months.
While hallucinating, most patients have no appreciation of the unreality of their hallucinations. With improvement, the patient begins to question the inauthenticity and may be reluctant to talk about them and may even question his own sanity. Full recovery is characterized by the realization that the voices were imaginary and by the ability to recall, sometimes with remarkable clarity, some of the abnormal thought content of the psychotic episode.