Fetal MR imaging provides a complement to sonography (LaiferNarin, 2007; Sandrasegaran, 2006). According to Zaretsky and associates (2003a), MR imaging can be used to image almost all elements of the standard fetal anatomical survey. The most frequent fetal indications for MR imaging are evaluation of complex abnormalities of the brain, chest, and genitourinary system (Williams, 2017). Reichel (2003), Twickler (2002), and others have validated its use for fetal central nervous system anomalies and biometry (Fig. 46-6). Caire and coworkers (2003) reported its merits for fetal genitourinary anomalies. Hawkins and colleagues (2008) described MR imaging in 21 fetuses with renal anomalies and oligohydramnios. Zaretsky and associates (2003b) noted that fetal-weight estimation was more accurate using MR imaging than with sonography. Fetal movement is less problematic with faster acquisitions. Morphology is primarily assessed with fast T2-weighted sequences such as HASTE-Half-Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo, or SSFSE-Single hot Fast Spin Echo. Fetal indications and indings of MR imaging are discussed more extensively in Chapter 10 (p. 217) and throughout this book.
he American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2017 a) has reviewed the efects of radiographic, sonographic, and magnetic-resonance exposure during pregnancy. Its suggested guidelines are shown in Table 46-9.
Adelstein 5J: Administered radionuclides in pregnancy. Teratology 59:236, 1999
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Committee Opinion No. 723, October 2017a
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. Committee Opinion No. 696, April 2017b
American College of Radiology: ACR manual on contrast media. Version 10.1, 20t15
Amis E5 Jr, Butler PF, Applegate E, et al: American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. J Am Coll Radiol 4(5):272, 2007
Asizare M, 2015; A1ipour M, Taghavi M, et al: Bilateraltlaparoscopic adrenalectomy in a pregnant women with Cushing's syndrome. Urol J II(5): 191t1, 2014
Azevedo JL, Azevedo Oe, Miyahira SA, et al: Injuries caused by Veress needle insertion for creation of pneumoperitoneum: a systematic literature review. Surg Endosc 23(7):1428,t2009
Bailey M, Twickler OM: Perioperative imaging. In Yeomans ER, Hofman BL, Gilstrap LC III, et al (eds): Cunningham and Gilstrap's Operative Obstetrics, 3rd ed, New York, McGraw-Hill Education, 2017
Baldwin A, Borowski KS, Brost Be, et al: Antepartum nonobstetrical surgery at :23 weeks' gestation and risk for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 212:232.e1,t2015
Barnard JM, Chain 0, Droste 5, et al: Fetal response to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in the pregnant ewe. Obstet Gynecol 85:669, 1995