The cerebellar hemangioblastoma typically develops in the fourth decade and causes symptoms of ataxia and headache. On imaging studies, the lesions have a striking appearance of a cyst with a nodule contained in its wall, and angiography demonstrates the highly vascular nature of the nodule, which represents the actual neoplasm (see Fig. 30-13). The other identifying features of the disease, retinal hemangiomas, are smaller but indistinguishable histologically from the craniospinal ones. They are multiple and bilateral, usually appearing earlier than the cerebellar lesions but remaining asymptomatic until they become extensive (retinal detachment is one feature). Their diagnosis is made by funduscopy, by which a large feeding vessel leading to an irregularly shaped ovoid tumor in the retina can usually be appreciated. Imaging studies of the cranium that use dye enhancement will reveal them as well.
Inheritance is autosomal dominant with variable but high penetrance by older age. The causative mutation is in the VHL gene located on chromosome 3. This is a tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated by the mutation and may induce oncogenesis by increasing the expression of vascular mitogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) but the precise mechanisms are not known. Renal cell cancer is a serious component of the disease, occurring in up to 60 percent of cases, but the tumors, although multiple, tend initially to be small and of low grade. Nonetheless, renal cancer accounts for one-third of deaths from the disease, the remainder being largely the result of complications of the cerebellar neoplasm. An extensive review of the subject was written by Losner and colleagues.
Mentioned here is the cerebellar gangliocytoma of Lhermitte-Duclos disease. There are no cutaneous malformations but small vascular anomalies in the brain and elsewhere may accompany the cerebellar tumor as discussed in Chap. 30 (see Fig. 30-15).
This disease, also referred to as the Louis-Bar syndrome, was first described by Sylaba and Henner in 1926, before Louis-Bar’s report in 1941. It combines a progressive ataxia with humoral immune deficiency and telangiectasias. Like xeroderma pigmentosum and the Cockayne syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia has been attributed to defective repair of DNA. The inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive and the clinical presentation is somewhat heterogeneous, with certain features predominating in a particular child and his siblings, as summarized by Boder and Sedgwick. An adult form may show few of the characteristic telangiectasias.
The disorder first presents as an ataxic-dyskinetic syndrome in children who appear to have been normal in the first few years of life. The onset of the disease coincides more or less with the acquisition of walking, which is awkward and unsteady. Later, by the age of 4 to 5 years, the limbs become ataxic, and choreoathetosis, grimacing, and dysarthric speech are added. The eye movements become jerky, with slow and long-latency saccades, and there is also apraxia for voluntary gaze (the patient turns the head but not the eyes on attempting to look to the side). This movement of the head and eyes in tandem is the most specific feature of the process. Optokinetic nystagmus is lost and reading becomes all but impossible. Severe cognitive developmental delay is infrequent, affecting perhaps 10 percent of children but in those affected, it is apparent by the age of 9 to 10 years; slight intellectual limitation is more common. Signs of mild polyneuropathy are evident at this age as well, appearing similarly the Charcot-Marie-Tooth phenotype. Seizures are not part of the syndrome.