Fig. 1.17 Image of the hip joints demonstrating loss of height of the right femoral head with juxta-articular bony sclerosis and subchondral cyst formation secondary to avascular necrosis. There is also significant wasting of the muscles supporting the hip, which is secondary to disuse and pain.
Normal left hipBladderAvascular necrosisWasting of gluteal muscle
Fig. 1.18 Joints. A. Synovial joint. B. Solid joint.
Fig. 1.19 Synovial joints. A. Major features of a synovial joint. B. Accessory structures associated with synovial joints.
Fig. 1.20 Various types of synovial joints. A. Condylar (wrist). B. Gliding (radio-ulnar). C. Hinge (elbow). D. Ball and socket (hip). E. Saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb). F. Pivot (atlanto-axial).
Fig. 1.21 Solid joints.
Fig. 1.22 This operative photograph demonstrates the focal areas of cartilage loss in the patella and femoral condyles throughout the knee joint.
Fig. 1.23 This radiograph demonstrates the loss of joint space in the medial compartment and presence of small spiky osteophytic regions at the medial lateral aspect of the joint.
OsteophytesLoss of joint space
Fig. 1.24 After knee replacement. This radiograph shows the position of the prosthesis.
Fig. 1.25 This is a radiograph, anteroposterior view, of the pelvis after a right total hip replacement. There are additional significant degenerative changes in the left hip joint, which will also need to be replaced.
Fig. 1.26 Axial inversion recovery MR imaging series, which suppresses fat and soft tissue and leaves high signal intensity where fluid is seen. A muscle tear in the right adductor longus with edema in and around the muscle is shown.
Fig. 1.27 Photograph demonstrating varicose veins.
Fig. 1.28 Lymphatic vessels mainly collect fluid lost from vascular capillary beds during nutrient exchange processes and deliver it back to the venous side of the vascular system.
Fig. 1.29 Regions associated with clusters or a particular abundance of lymph nodes.
Cervical nodes(along courseof internaljugular vein)Axillary nodes(in axilla)Deep nodes(related to aortaand celiac trunkand superior andinferior mesentericarteries)Pericranial ring(base of head)Tracheal nodes(nodes related totrachea and bronchi)Inguinal nodes(along course ofinguinal ligament)Femoral nodes(along femoral vein)
Fig. 1.30 Major lymphatic vessels that drain into large veins in the neck.
Fig. 1.31 A. This computed tomogram with contrast, in the axial plane, demonstrates the normal common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins with numerous other nonenhancing nodules that represent lymph nodes in a patient with lymphoma. B. This computed tomogram with contrast, in the axial plane, demonstrates a large anterior soft tissue mediastinal mass that represents a lymphoma.
Fig. 1.32 CNS and PNS.
Fig. 1.33 Arrangement of meninges in the cranial cavity.
Fig. 1.34 Differentiation of somites in a “tubular” embryo.
Fig. 1.35 Somatic sensory and motor neurons. Blue lines indicate motor nerves and red lines indicate sensory nerves.
Somatic sensory neurondeveloping from neural crest cellsEpaxial (back) musclesHypaxial musclesAxon of motor neuronprojects to muscle developingfrom dermatomyotomeSomatic motor neuroncell body in anterior regionof neural tube
Fig. 1.36 Dermatomes.