Fazio in 1892, and Londe in 1893, described the development of a progressive bulbar palsy in children, adolescents, and young adults. There is progressive paralysis of the facial, lingual, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and sometimes ocular muscles. The illness usually presents with stridor and respiratory symptoms, followed by facial diplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, and dysphonia. These features become increasingly pronounced until the time of death some years later. In a few patients there is a late development of corticospinal signs and sometimes ocular palsies. Occasionally, jaw and oculomotor paresis appears, and in one case, there was progressive deafness. The disease is rare, only several dozen well-described examples had been recorded in the medical literature by 1992 (McShane et al). Inheritance may be autosomal dominant, as in Fazio’s original case, and rarely X-linked, but it is more likely to be autosomal recessive. Pathologic examination has shown a loss of motor neurons in the hypoglossal, ambiguus, facial, and trigeminal motor nuclei. In a few cases, the nerve cells in the ocular motor nuclei also were diminished. This disease, the 2 times we have encountered it, had to be differentiated from myasthenia gravis, a pontomedullary glioma, and brainstem multiple sclerosis.
The cause of the disease is interesting in that it results from mutations in SLC52A3, a riboflavin transporter, and some beneficial effect is derived from the administration of riboflavin (vitamin B2). The disease is allelic with Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, another motor neuron degeneration, which includes deafness.
Hereditary Forms of Spastic Paraplegia
This disease was described by Seeligmuller in 1874 and later by Strümpell in Germany and Lorrain in France; it has now been identified in nearly every part of the world. The pattern of inheritance is usually autosomal dominant, less often recessive (one family has shown X-linked inheritance), and the onset may be at any age from childhood to the senium. Harding (1993) divided the disease into 2 groups, the more common one beginning before age 35 with a very protracted course and the other with a late onset (40 to 60 years). The latter type often shows sensory loss, urinary symptoms, and action tremor.
The clinical picture is that of a gradual development of spastic weakness of the legs with increasing difficulty in walking. The tendon reflexes are hyperactive and the plantar reflexes extensor. In the pure form of the disease, sensory and other nervous functions are entirely intact. If the onset is in childhood, as many cases are, the foot arches become exaggerated, the feet are shortened, and there is a tightening (pseudocontracture) of calf muscles, forcing the child or adolescent to “toe-walk.” This is a common orthopedic problem and may require surgical correction. In children, the legs appear to be underdeveloped, and in both children and adults they may become quite thin. Sometimes the knees are slightly flexed; at other times the legs are fully extended or hyperextended (genu recurvatum) and adducted. Weakness is variable and difficult to estimate. Sphincteric function is usually retained. Subtle sensory loss in the feet has been reported. The arms are variably involved. In some patients, the arms appear to be spared even though the tendon reflexes are lively. In others, the hands are stiff, movements are clumsy, and speech is mildly dysarthric. Conjoined findings such as nystagmus, ocular palsies, optic atrophy, pigmentary macular degeneration, ataxia (both cerebellar and sensory), sensorimotor polyneuropathy, ichthyosis, patchy skin pigmentation, epilepsy, and dementia have all been described in isolated families (see further on).