dendritic cells. 366 9-14 Cell-adhesion molecules mediate the initial interaction of naive T cells with antigen- presenting cells. 367 the clonal expansion and differentiation of naive
T cells. 368 9-16 CD28-dependent co-stimulation of activated T cells induces expression of interleukin-2 and the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. 368 9-17 Additional co-stimulatory pathways are involved in
T-cell activation. 369 9-18 Proliferating T cells differentiate into effector T cells that do not require co-stimulation to act. 370 9-19 CD8 T cells can be activated in different ways to become cytotoxic effector cells. 372 9-20 CD4 T cells differentiate into several subsets of functionally different effector cells. 372 9-21 Cytokines induce the differentiation of naive CD4
T cells down distinct effector pathways. 375 9-22 CD4 T-cell subsets can cross-regulate each other’s differentiation through the cytokines they produce. 377 9-23 Regulatory CD4 T cells are involved in controlling adaptive immune responses. 379
Summary. 380
General properties of effector T cells and  their cytokines. 380 9-24 Effector T-cell interactions with target cells are molecules. 381
T cells and their targets to regulate signaling and to direct the release of effector molecules. 381 9-26 The effector functions of T cells are determined by the array of effector molecules that they produce. 383 9-27 Cytokines can act locally or at a distance. 383 9-28 T cells express several TNF-family cytokines as trimeric proteins that are usually associated with the cell surface. 386
Summary. 386
T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. 387 9-29 Cytotoxic T cells induce target cells to undergo pathways of apoptosis. 387 9-30 The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is mediated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. 389 9-31 Cytotoxic effector proteins that trigger apoptosis are contained in the granules of CD8 cytotoxic T cells. 390 9-32 Cytotoxic T cells are selective serial killers of targets expressing a specific antigen.
9-33 Cytotoxic T cells also act by releasing cytokines. 392
Summary. 392
Summary to Chapter 9.
Questions. 393
References. 395
B-cell activation by antigen and helper T cells.
10-1 Activation of B cells by antigen involves signals from the B-cell receptor and either TFH cells or microbial antigens. 400 10-2 Linked recognition of antigen by T cells and B cells  promotes robust antibody responses. 402 the boundaries between B-cell and T-cell areas in secondary lymphoid tissues. 403 activate B cells, which in turn promote TFH-cell development. 406 10-5 Activated B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. 406 10-6 The second phase of a primary B-cell immune follicles and proliferate to form germinal centers. 408 hypermutation, and cells with mutations that improve affinity for antigen are selected. 410 10-8 Positive selection of germinal center B cells involves contact with TFH cells and CD40 signaling. 412 in B cells. 413 contribute to somatic hypermutation following initiation by AID. 414 10-11 AID initiates class switching to allow the same assembled VH exon to be associated with different