Fig. 7.63, cont’d
Fig. 7.66, cont’d
Regional Anatomy • Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
Regional Anatomy • Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
Fig. 7.94, cont’d
Surface Anatomy • Visualizing the Axilla and Locating Contents and Related Structures
Surface Anatomy • Identifying Tendons and Locating Major Vessels and Nerves in the Distal Forearm
Surface Anatomy • Motor Function of the Median and Ulnar Nerves in the Hand
Arrangement of meninges and spaces  865
Anterior triangle of the neck  995
Posterior triangle of the neck  1012
Root of the neck  1019
Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them  1035
Cavity of the larynx  1048
Function of the larynx  1053
Walls, floor, and roof  1065
Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity  1077
Walls: the cheeks  1080
Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks  1110
Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels  1111
How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck  1112
How to locate the cricothyroid ligament  1113
How to find the thyroid gland  1114
Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery  1114
Major features of the face  1115
The eye and lacrimal apparatus  1116
The head and neck are anatomically complex areas of the body.
The head is composed of a series of compartments, which are formed by bone and soft tissues. They are: the cranial cavity, two ears, two orbits, two nasal cavities, and an oral cavity (Fig. 8.1).
The cranial cavity is the largest compartment and contains the brain and associated membranes (meninges).
Most of the ear apparatus on each side is contained within one of the bones forming the floor of the cranial cavity. The external parts of the ears extend laterally from these regions.
The two orbits contain the eyes. They are cone-shaped chambers immediately inferior to the anterior aspect of the cranial cavity, and the apex of each cone is directed posteromedially. The walls of the orbits are bone, whereas the base of each conical chamber can be opened and closed by the eyelids.
The nasal cavities are the upper parts of the respiratory tract and are between the orbits. They have walls, floors, and ceilings, which are predominantly composed of bone and cartilage. The anterior openings to the nasal cavities are nares (nostrils), and the posterior openings are choanae (posterior nasal apertures).
Continuous with the nasal cavities are air-filled extensions (paranasal sinuses), which project laterally, superiorly, and posteriorly into surrounding bones.
The largest, the maxillary sinuses, are inferior to the orbits.
The oral cavity is inferior to the nasal cavities, and separated from them by the hard and soft palates. The floor of the oral cavity is formed entirely of soft tissues.
The anterior opening to the oral cavity is the oral fissure (mouth), and the posterior opening is the oropharyngeal isthmus. Unlike the nares and choanae, which are continuously open, both the oral fissure and oropharyngeal isthmus can be opened and closed by surrounding soft tissues.