Figure 37-13. Ocular appearance of ataxia-telangiectasia. (Reproduced by permission from Lyon G, Kolodny EH, Pastores GM: Neurology of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of Children, 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2006.)
Figure 37-14. Ultrasonograph demonstration of subependymal matrix hemorrhage in a premature infant (arrow).
Figure 37-15. MRI of an adult with congenital hemiplegia. There is severe cystic encephalomalacia mainly in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery, though the entire left hemisphere is abnormally small, as is the overlying calvarium.
Figure 37-16. Axial CT from a developmentally delayed adult with healed congenital toxoplasmosis. There is hydrocephalus and multiple calcifications in the white matter. Contrast this image with
Fig. 37-7, which shows the periventricular calcifications of tuberous sclerosis.
Chapter  37    Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
The adjective degenerative has no great appeal to the modern neurologist. It implies an inexplicable decline from a previous level of normalcy to a lower level of function—an ambiguous conceptualization of disease that satisfies neither a clinician nor a scientist. Moreover, it gives no hint as to the fundamental causation of a process and in all likelihood combines a number of mechanisms under one nondescript term. It would be tempting to attribute all progressive diseases of the nervous system that are of unknown cause to degeneration. The problem is that many degenerative diseases are caused in a proportion of cases by germ line genetic changes. All are currently called degenerative, but this nosology is a transitional method of holding a place while awaiting more refined understanding.
The principle behind what is currently called degenerative disease of the nervous system is a pattern of progressive neuronal loss in functionally related cells such as those of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, or cerebral cortex, and so on. These diseases can be identified clinically by a more or less smoothly progressive loss of neurologic function referable to the affected system, for example, parkinsonian features, ataxia, or dementia. Many of these diseases are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal deposition of proteins. What is lacking at the moment is a precise subcellular mechanism for cellular loss; knowledge that a protein aggregates within or between cells is not equivalent to understanding the cause of an illness. Degeneration is nonetheless used as a clinical and pathologic term that refers to a process of neuronal, myelin, or tissue breakdown, the degradative products of which evoke a reaction of phagocytosis and cellular astrogliosis but usually, with minimal or no inflammation.
Gowers in 1902 suggested the term abiotrophy to encompass the degenerative diseases, by which he meant a lack of “vital endurance” of the affected neurons, resulting in their premature death. This concept embodies an unproven hypothesis—that aging and degenerative changes of cells are based on the same process. Understandably, contemporary neuropathologists are reluctant to attribute to simple aging the diverse processes of cellular diseases that are constantly being revealed by ultrastructural and molecular genetic techniques. It is increasingly evident that many of the diseases included in this category depend on genetic factors. Some appear in more than 1 member of the same family. Even more diseases, not differing in any fundamental way from the degenerative ones, occur sporadically, that is as isolated instances but still, genetic factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations are often involved in pathogenesis, even if only as predispositions to the disease.