Occasionally, the authors have encountered families in which several members developed a spastic paraparesis and a gradual failure of intellectual function during the middle adult years. The patient’s mental horizon narrowed gradually, and the capacity for high-level thinking diminished; in addition, the examination showed exaggerated tendon reflexes, clonus, and Babinski signs. In one such family, the illness had occurred in 2 generations; in another, 3 brothers in a single generation were afflicted. Skre described 2 recessive types of hereditary spastic paraplegia in Norway, 1 with onset in childhood, the other with onset in adult life. In contrast to the dominant form (see further on), the recessive types displayed evidence of more widespread involvement of the nervous system, including dementia, cerebellar ataxia, and epilepsy. Also, Cross and McKusick have observed a recessive type of paraplegia accompanied by dementia beginning in adolescence. They named it the Mast syndrome, after the afflicted family.
Worster-Drought and others reported the pathologic findings in 2 cases of this type. In addition to plaques and neurofibrillary changes, there was demyelination of the subcortical white matter and corpus callosum and a “patchy but gross swelling of the arterioles,” which gave the staining reactions for amyloid (“Scholz’s perivascular plaques”). van Bogaert and associates published an account of similar cases that showed the characteristic pathologic features of Alzheimer disease.
Another interesting association of familial spastic paraplegia is with progressive cerebellar ataxia. Fully one-third of the cases that we have seen with such a spastic weakness were also ataxic and would fall into the category of spinocerebellar degenerations. Yet another variant of this group of diseases has been described by Farmer and colleagues; the inheritance in their cases was autosomal dominant, and the main clinical features were deafness and dizziness, ataxia, chorea, seizures, and dementia, evolving in that order. Postmortem examinations of 2 patients disclosed calcification in the globus pallidus, neuronal loss in the dentate nuclei, and destruction of myelinated fibers in the centrum semiovale.
Under this title, Robitaille and colleagues have described a progressive neurologic disease in adults characterized clinically by spasticity, chorea, dementia, and a predominantly sensory polyneuropathy that is reviewed in more detail in Chap. 39. Structures that closely resembled Lafora bodies and corpora amylacea were found in large numbers in both central and peripheral neural processes (mainly in axons) and also in astrocytes. These basophilic PAS-positive structures were composed of glucose polymers (polyglucosans) and were readily demonstrated in sural nerve biopsies and therefore probably best termed polyglucosan bodies. Some of these structures were also found in the heart and liver.