Leroi AM, Dorival MP, Lecouturier MF, et al. Pudendal neuropathy and severity of incontinence but not presence of an anal sphincter defect may determine the response to biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:762– 769.
105.
Rieger NA, Wattchow DA, Sarre RG, et al. Prospective trial of pelvic ﬂoor retraining in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:821–826.
106.
van Tets WF, Juijpers JH, Bleijenberg G. Biofeedback treatment is ineffective in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:992–994.
107.
Hosker G, Cody JD, Norton CC. Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;3:CD001310 108.
Madoff RD, Williams JG, Caushaj PF. Fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1002–1007.
109.
Fitzpatrick M, Behan M, O’Connell PR, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing primary overlap with approximation repair of third-degree obstetric tears. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1220– 1224.
110.
Williams A, Adams EJ, Tincello DG, et al. How to repair an anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery: results of a randomized controlled trial. BJOG 2006;113:201–207.
111.
Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Kettle C, et al. Repair techniques for obstetrical anal sphincter injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1261–1268.
112.
Farrell SA, Gilmour D, Turnbull GK, et al. Overlapping compared with end-to-end repair of third-and fourth-degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:16–24.
113.
Fernando R, Sultan AH, Kettle C, et al. Methods of repair of obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD002866 114.
Tjandra JJ, Han WR, Goh J, et al. Direct repair vs. overlapping sphincter repair: a randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:937–942.
115.
Madoff RD. Surgical treatment options for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2004;126:S48–S54.
116.
Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, et al. Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet 2000;355:260–265.
117.
Halverson AL, Hull TL. Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:345–348.
118.
Bravo Gutierrez A, Madoff RD, Lowry AC, et al. Long-term results of anterior sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:727– 731.
119.