Although the evidence that an autoimmune mechanism is responsible for the functional disorder of muscle in myasthenia gravis is incontrovertible, the source of the autoimmune response has not been established. Because most patients with myasthenia have thymic abnormalities and a salutary response to thymectomy, it is logical to implicate the lymphoid reaction in this gland in the pathogenesis of the disease. Both T and B cells from the myasthenic thymus are particularly responsive to the AChR, more so than analogous cells from peripheral blood. Moreover, the thymus contains “myoid” cells (resembling striated muscle) that bear surface AChR. It is not known with certainty that thymic myoid cells are the source of immunologic stimulation in myasthenia gravis. The most obvious objection is that such cells are even more abundant in the normal than in the myasthenic thymus (according to Schluep et al). Another suggested pathogenesis, yet unconfirmed, is that a virus with a tropism for thymic cells might alter such cells and induce antibody formation. A viral infection might at the same time have a potential for oncogenesis, accounting for thymic tumors, but this is all speculative. Scadding and associates have suggested a different mode of thymic involvement; they have shown that thymic lymphocytes from patients with myasthenia gravis can synthesize anti-AChR antibody, both in culture and spontaneously.
In patients who present with a changeable, specifically fatigable, diplopia or ptosis and the typical myasthenic facies—unequally drooping eyelids, relatively immobile mouth turned down at the corners, a smile that looks more like a snarl, a hanging jaw supported by the hand—the diagnosis can hardly be overlooked. However, only a few patients display this fully developed syndrome. Ptosis, diplopia, difficulty in speaking or swallowing, or weakness of the limbs is at first mild and inconstant and may be mistaken for a cerebrovascular disease. However, the finding that sustained activity of small cranial muscles results in weakness (e.g., increasing droop of eyelids while looking at the ceiling or diplopia when fixating in lateral or vertical gaze or reading for 2 to 3 min) and that contraction improves after a brief rest is virtually diagnostic, even in the early stages of the disease. Any other affected group of muscles may be tested in similar fashion. The characteristic ocular signs have already been described. For confirmation, the measurement of specific antibody (anti-AChR), electromyography, and certain pharmacologic tests described below are necessary. Several special clinical problems and associated conditions are summarized further on.
Electrophysiologic testing Characteristic of myasthenia is a rapid reduction in the amplitude of compound muscle action potentials during a series of repetitive stimulations of a peripheral nerve at a rate of 3 per second (decrementing response as shown in Fig. 2-15A). Reversal of this response by neostigmine or edrophonium has been a reliable confirmatory finding in most cases. A decremental response to stimulation can usually be obtained most often from the proximal limb muscles followed by the facial and, to a lesser extent, the hand muscles, which may or may not be clinically weak. During a progressive phase of the disease or during corticosteroid therapy, a slight initial incrementing response may be obtained, not to be confused with the marked incrementing response after voluntary contraction that characterizes the Lambert-Eaton syndrome (see further on).