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NOMENCLATUREe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
FIRST-TRIMESTER SPONTANEOUS ABORTION .e.e.e347
SPONTANEOUS ABORTION CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION .e348
RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE ..e......... ....e.. ..e352
MIDTRIMESTER ABORTIONe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY ..e..e..... . .... ....... 354
INDUCED ABORTION .e.. ....e.e...e..e...e...e...e. 357
FIRST-TRIMESTER ABORTION METHODS ..........e. 358
SECOND-TRIMESTER ABORTION METHODS .. .... . 362
In the eary months of pregnancy spontaneous expulsion of the ovum is neary always preceded by the death of the oetus. For this reason the consideration of the aetioloy of abortion practicaly resolves itsef into determining the cause of oetal death. In the later months, on the other han, the oetus is frequenty born alive, and other actors must be looked or to explain its expulsion.
-J. Whitridge Williams (1903)
In early pregnancy, miscarriage is a common event. Most early losses stem from genetic abnormalities or yet unidentified reasons. Thus, the opportunity for prevention is currently small. Women with later miscarriage or with recurrent miscarriage more likely have a repetitive cause that may be modiied. In contrast to these spontaneous losses, pregnancy termination may be elected. For both induced abortion and miscarriage, management has evolved to include surgical or medical options, and providers should have an understanding of these techniques and their potential complications.