16.5 Multiple Choice: Which of the following treatments against cancer is a checkpoint blockade therapy? (One or more may apply.)
A. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody)
B. Trastuzumab (anti-HER-2/neu antibody)
C. Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody)
D. Pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody)
E. Sipuleucel-T (patient’s dendritic cells cultured with prostatic acid phosphatase tumor antigen and GM-CSF and reinfused into patient) 16.6 True or False: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can recognize other target molecules besides peptide:MHC complexes.
16.7 Matching: Classify the currently used vaccines of the following organisms as live-attenuated (A), toxin-based (T), killed (K), or conjugate polysaccharide (P).
A. ___ Corynebacterium diphtheriae
B. ___ H. influenzae type B
C. ___ Measles/mumps/rubella (MMR)
D. ___ Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG)
E. ___ Influenza A virus
F. ___ Sabin polio vaccine 16.8 Fill-in-the-Blanks: Vaccines have exhibited many phenomena that are beneficial and can be exploited. For example, when an antibody response against a bacterial polysaccharide is desired, it is conjugated to a protein to exploit the phenomenon of ____________________, thus ensuring T-dependent antibody responses. In addition, vaccines may protect against different subtypes of virus, as in the case of influenza, a phenomenon called _____________ immunity. When enough people in a population are vaccinated, ______ immunity is achieved, where even unvaccinated individuals are indirectly protected from infection.
16.9 Short Answer: Explain the three main drawbacks of peptide-based vaccines.
16.10 True or False: All routes of vaccination successfully elicit virtually identical immune responses.
16.11 Matching: Match the adjuvant to the immune receptor it stimulates.
A. Alum i. TLR-9
B. Freund’s complete adjuvant ii. TLR-4
C. Lipopolysaccharide iii. NLRP3
D. DNA iv. NOD2
E. Imiquimod v. TLR-7/8
General references.
Maus, M.V., Fraietta, J.A., Levine, B.L., Kalos, M., Zhao, Y., and June, C.H.: Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer or viruses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014, 32:189–225.
Feldmann, M.: Translating molecular insights in autoimmunity into effective therapy. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2009, 27:1–27.
Kappe, S.H., Vaughan, A.M., Boddey, J.A., and Cowman, A.F.: That was then but this is now: malaria research in the time of an eradication agenda. Science 2010, 328:862–866.
Kaufmann, S.H.: Future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: thinking outside the box. Immunity 2010, 33:567–577.
Korman, A.J., Peggs, K.S., and Allison, J.P.: Checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Immunol. 2006, 90:297–339.
Section references.
16-1 Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that alter the transcription of many genes.