Gambling disorder is associated with poor general health. In addition, some specific med— ical diagnoses, such as tachycardia and angina, are more common among individuals with gambling disorder than in the general population, even when other substance use disor- ders, including tobacco use disorder, are controlled for. Individuals with gambling disor- der have high rates of comorbidity with other mental disorders, such as substance use disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. In some in- dividuals, other mental disorders may precede gambling disorder and be either absent or present during the manifestation of gambling disorder. Gambling disorder may also occur prior to the onset of other mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders and substance use disorders.
The neurocog nitive d isorders (NCDs) (referred to in DSM-IV as ”Dementia,
Delirium, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders”) begin with delirium, followed by the syndromes of major NCD, mild NCD, and their etiological subtypes. The major or mild NCD subtypes are NCD due to Alzheimer’s disease; vascular NCD; NCD with Lewy bodies; NCD due to Parkinson’s disease; frontotemporal NCD; NCD due to traumatic brain injury; NCD due to HIV infection; substance/medication—induced NCD; NCD due to Huntington’s disease; NCD due to prion disease; NCD due to another medical condi- tion; NCD due to multiple etiologies; and unspecified NCD. The NCD category encom- passes the group of disorders in which the primary clinical deficit is in cognitive function, and that are acquired rather than developmental. Although cognitive deficits are present in many if not all mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorders), only disorders whose core features are cognitive are included in the NCD category. The NCDs are those in which impaired cognition has not been present since birth or very early life, and thus represents a decline from a previously attained level of functioning.
The NCDs are unique among DSM—S categories in that these are syndromes for which the underlying pathology, and frequently the etiology as well, can potentially be deter- mined. The various underlying disease entities have all been the subject of extensive re- search, clinical experience, and expert consensus on diagnostic criteria. The DSM-S criteria for these disorders have been developed in close consultation with the expert groups for each of the disease entities and align as closely as possible with the current consensus cri- teria for each of them. The potential utility of biomarkers is also discussed in relation to diagnosis. Dementia is subsumed under the newly named entity major neurocognitive dis- order, although the term dementia is not precluded from use in the etiological subtypes in which that term is standard. Furthermore, DSM—5 recognizes a less severe level of cogni- tive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, which can also be a focus of care, and which in DSM-IV was subsumed under ”Cognitive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.” Diagnos- tic criteria are provided for both these syndromic entities, followed by diagnostic criteria for the different etiological subtypes. Several of the NCDs frequently coexist with one an- other, and their relationships may be multiply characterized under different chapter sub- headings, including ”Differential Diagnosis” (e.g., NCD due to Alzheimer’s disease vs.
vascular NCD), ”Risk and Prognostic Factors” (e.g., vascular pathology increasing the clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease), and / or ”Comorbidity” (e.g., mixed Alzhei- mer’s disease—vascular pathology).