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INTRAUTERINE DEVICES ..n........................ 681
PROGESTIN IMPLANTS .n..............n............. 685
PROGESTIN-ONLY CONTRACEPTIVES .............n. 689
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
BARRIER METHODS ............................. 693
FERTILITY AWARENESS-BASED METHODS .......... 695
SPERMICIDES ....n........n...........n.........n....... 695
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
PUERPERAL CONTRACEPTION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
From the evidence available, it appears to be toleraby satiactoriy demonstrated that in women who copulate at requent intervals the tube must be regarded as a species of receptaculum seminis, in which spermatozoa are always present and waiting or the ovum, and that ertilization usualy occurs in the tubes and ony rarey in the uterus.
-J. Whitridge Williams (1903)
Nearly half of all pregnancies each year in the United States are unintended (Finer, 2016). hese may follow contraceptive method failure or stem from lack of contraceptive use. In 2011 to 2013, 7 percent of sexually active fertile women in the United States not pursuing pregnancy did not use any birth control method (Daniels, 2015).
TABLE 38-1. Contraceptive Failure Rates During the First Year of Method Use in Women in the United States
Top Tier: Most Effective
Intrauterine devices:
Levonorgestrel system 0.2 0.2
T 380A copper 0.6 0.8
Levonorgestrel implants 0.05 0.05