Whyte RK: Neonatal management and safe discharge of late and moderate preterm infants. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 17(3):153,t2012
World Health Organization: Postnatal care of the mother and newborn, 2013.
Geneva, WHO, 2014
Wyckof MH, Aziz K, Escobedo MB, et al: Part 13: neonatal resuscitation: 20t15 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Pediatrics 136 Suppl 2:5196,t2015
Yeh P, Emary K, Impey L: The relationship between umbilical cord arterial pH and serious adverse neonatal outcome: analysis of 51,519 consecutive validated samples. B]OG 119(7):824,t2012
Zuppa A, D'Andrea V, Catenazzi P, et al: Ophthalmia neonatorum: what time of prophylaxis? ] Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24(6):769, 2011
Diseases and Injuries of the Term Newborn
In a small number of cases tactures of the skul are met with. his accident usualy olows violent attempts at delivey, though occasionaly it may occur spontaneousy.
-]. Whitridge Williams (1903)
In the irst edition of this book, Williams wrote very little of the disorders of the term newborn. That said, it is well known that these neonates are susceptible to a wide variey of illnesses and injuries. In many instances, clinical manifestations of these disorders are extensions of pathological efects already incurred by the fetus. A common example is the newborn who is depressed and acidotic because of intrapartum septicemia. Because many of these disorders manifest diferently, those more common in term newborns are considered here. hose more frequent in preterm neonates are discussed in Chapter 34. Speciic disorders that are the direct consequence of maternal diseases are discussed in pertinent chapters.
At the time of delivery, the newborn must convert rapidly to air breathing as described in Chapter 32 (p. 606). With inspiration, there is alveolar expansion, fluid clearance, and surfactant secretion by type II pneumocytes to prevent alveolar collapse. Interference with these functions can create respiratory insuiciency with hypoxemia and compensatory tachypnea, nasal flaring, retractions, and grunting (Reuter, 2014). In preterm infants, this is caused by lung immaturity and insuicient surfactantrespiratory distress syndrome (DS}-and variants may be seen in severely ill older children and adults (Chap. 47, p. 918). All of these have some element of surfactant deiciency because the inciting agent damages alveolar epithelium. As fetuses approach term, surfactant deiciency as a cause of respiratory distress diminishes. he leading causes in term newborns are transient tachypnea of the newborn, RDS, meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia, persistent pulmonaY hypertension, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (Lin, 2015).