Lund, J.M., Alexopoulou, L., Sato,A., Karow, M., Adams, N.C., Gale, N.W., Iwasaki, A., and Flavell, R.A.: Recognition of single‑stranded RNA viruses by Toll‑like receptor 7. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:5598–5603.
Lund, J., Sato, A., Akira, S., Medzhitov, R., and Iwasaki, A.: Toll‑like receptor 9‑mediated recognition of herpes simplex virus‑2 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 2003, 198:513–520.
Schulz, O., Diebold, S.S., Chen, M., Näslund, T.I., Nolte, M.A., Alexopoulou, L., Azuma, Y.T., Flavell, R.A., Liljestr, P., and Reis e Sousa, C.: Toll‑like receptor 3 promotes cross‑priming to virus‑infected cells. Nature 2005, 433:887–892.
Tanji, H., Ohto, U., Shibata, T., Miyake, K., and Shimizu, T.: Structural reorganization of the Toll‑like receptor 8 dimer induced by agonistic ligands. Science 2013, 339:1426–1429.
Yarovinsky, F., Zhang, D., Andersen, J.F., Bannenberg, G.L., Serhan, C.N., Hayden, M.S., Hieny, S., Sutterwala, F.S., Flavell, R.A., Ghosh, S., et al.: TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin‑like protein. Science 2005, 308:1626–1629.
3‑6 TLR‑4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD‑2 and CD14.
Beutler, B.: Endotoxin, Toll‑like receptor 4, and the afferent limb of innate immunity. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2000, 3:23–28.
Beutler, B., and Rietschel, E.T.: Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3:169–176.
Kim, H.M., Park, B.S., Kim, J.I., Kim, S.E., Lee, J., Oh, S.C., Enkhbayar, P., Matsushima, N., Lee, H., Yoo, O.J., et al.: Crystal structure of the TLR4–MD‑2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran. Cell 2007, 130:906–917.
Park, B.S., Song, D.H., Kim, H.M., Choi, B.S., Lee, H., and Lee, J.O.: The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4–MD‑2 complex. Nature 2009, 458:1191–1195.
3‑7 TLRs activate NFαB, AP‑1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons.
Fitzgerald, K.A., McWhirter, S.M., Faia, K.L., Rowe, D.C., Latz, E., Golenbock, D.T., Coyle, A.J., Liao, S.M., and Maniatis, T.: IKKεand TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 2003, 4:491–496.