The early symptoms may be difficult to appreciate and are often overlooked by family members because they evolve slowly and tend to be attributed to the natural changes of aging. Speech becomes soft, monotonous, and cluttered. For a long time the patient may not be conscious of the inroads of the disease. At first the only complaints may be of aching of the back, neck, shoulders, or hips and of vague weakness. Slight stiffness and slowness of movement or a reduction in the natural swing of one arm during walking are ignored until one day it occurs to the physician or to a member of the family that the patient has the overall cast of Parkinson disease. Infrequency of blinking, as originally pointed out by Pierre Marie, is an early sign. The usual blink rate (12 to 20/min) is reduced in the parkinsonian patient to 5 to 10/min, and with it there is a slight widening of the palpebral fissures, creating a stare. A reduction in movements of the small facial muscles imparts the characteristic expressionless “masked” appearance (hypomimia). When seated, the patient makes fewer small shifts and adjustments of position than the normal person (the above mentioned hypokinesia), and the fingers straighten and assume a flexed and adducted posture at the metacarpophalangeal joints.
The characteristic tremor, which usually involves a hand, is often listed as the initial sign; but in at least half the cases observant family members will already have remarked on the patient’s relative slowness of movement. In about one-quarter of cases the tremor is mild and intermittent, or evident in only 1 finger or 1 hand. The tremor of the fully developed case takes several forms, as was remarked in Chap. 4. The approximately 4-per-second “pill-rolling” tremor of the thumb and fingers, although most characteristic, is seen in only about half the patients. It is typically present when the hand is motionless, that is not used in voluntary movement (hence the commonly used term resting tremor). Complete relaxation, however, reduces or abolishes the tremor, so that the term tremor in repose is a more accurate description. Volitional movement dampens it momentarily. The rhythmic beat coincides with an alternating burst of activity in agonist and antagonist muscles in the electromyogram (EMG) and sometimes palpable by the examiner; hence, the description alternating tremor is applied. The arm, jaw, tongue, eyelids, and foot are less often involved. Even the least degree of tremor is felt during passive movement of a rigid part (cogwheel phenomenon, or Negro sign, or at least this is the ostensible explanation for cogwheeling but there has been a dissociation of these two signs in many of our patients). The tremor shows surprising fluctuations in severity and is aggravated by walking and excitement, but its frequency remains constant (Hunker and Abbs). It bears repetition that one side of the body is typically involved before the other with tremor and rigidity, and the tremor in particular remains asymmetrical as the illness advances.
Lance and associates called attention to the high incidence of a second, essential type of tremor in
Parkinson disease—a fine, 7to 8-per-second, slightly irregular, action tremor of the outstretched fingers and hands. This tremor, unlike the slower one, persists throughout voluntary movement, is not evident with the limb in a resting position, and is more easily suppressed by relaxation. Electromyographically, it lacks the alternating bursts of action potentials seen in the typical tremor and resembles, if not equates with, essential tremor (see
Table 4-1). It is subject to modulation by different medications than those used for the alternating Parkinson tremor. The patient may have either type of tremor or both.