Foramen ovale:• [V3] Mandibular division   of [V] (trigeminal nerve)Jugular foramen:• [IX] Glossopharyngeal nerve• [X] Vagus nerve• [XI] Accessory nerve• Internal jugular veinForamen magnum:• Spinal cord• Vertebral arteries      Roots of accessory nerve [XI] pass from      upper region of spinal cord through the foramen      magnum into the cranial cavity and then leave       the cranial cavity through the jugular foramenForamen spinosum:• Middle meningeal arteryStylomastoid foramen:• [VII] Facial nerveCarotid canal:• Internal carotid arteryHypoglossal canal:• [XII] Hypoglossal nerveCribriform plate: (anterior cranial fossa/nasal cavity)• [I] Olfactory nerves Optic canal:(middle cranial fossa/orbit)• [II] Optic nerve• Ophthalmic arterySuperior orbital fissure:(middle cranial fossa/orbit)• [V1] Ophthalmic division   of [V] (trigeminal nerve)• [III] Oculomotor nerve• [IV] Trochlear nerve• [VI] Abducent nerve• Superior ophthalmic veinForamen rotundum:(middle cranial fossa/pterygopalatine fossa)• [V2] Maxillary division   of [V] (trigeminal nerve)Foramen ovale:(middle cranial fossa/infratemporal fossa)• [V3] Mandibular division   of [V] (trigeminal nerve)Foramen lacerum(filled with cartilage in life)Jugular foramen:(posterior cranial fossa/neck)• [IX] Glossopharyngeal nerve• [X] Vagus nerve• [XI] Accessory nerve• Internal jugular veinABForamen magnum:(posterior cranial fossa/neck)• Spinal cord• Vertebral arteries      Roots of accessory nerve [XI] pass from      upper region of spinal cord through the foramen      magnum into the cranial cavity and then leave       the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen Foramen spinosum:(middle cranial fossa/infratemporal fossa)• Middle meningeal arteryCarotid canal:(middle cranial fossa/neck)• Internal carotid arteryHypoglossal canal:(posterior cranial fossa/neck)• [XII] Hypoglossal nerveInternal acoustic meatus:(posterior cranial fossa/ear, and neckvia stylomastoid foramen)• [VII] Facial nerve• [VIII] Vestibulocochlear nerve       Labyrnthine artery and vein
Fig. 8.29 Skull fracture seen on a skull radiograph (patient in supine position).
Fig. 8.30 Ultrasound scans. A. Normal carotid bifurcation. B. Internal carotid artery stenosis.
Fig. 8.31 Cranial meninges. A. Superior coronal view. B. Continuity with the spinal meninges.
Intracranial venous structure(superior sagittal sinus)Outer periosteal layer of dura materInner meningeal layer of dura materArachnoid materPia materDural partition (falx cerebri)SkullDura materSubarachnoid spaceABMeningeal layer of dura materForamen magnumPeriosteal layer of dura materSkullPeriosteumSpinal dura materSpinal extradural spaceVertebra CI
Fig. 8.32 Dural partitions. A. Diagram. B. Dissection.
Fig. 8.33 Dural arterial supply.