Neuroimaging has disclosed the frequent occurrence of many smaller putaminal hemorrhages, which in former years would have been misdiagnosed as embolic or thrombotic strokes. With hemorrhages confined to the anterior segment of the putamen, the hemiplegia and hyperreflexia tend to be less severe and to clear more rapidly according to Caplan (1993). There is also prominent abulia, motor impersistence, temporary unilateral neglect, and with left-sided lesions, nonfluent aphasia, and dysgraphia. With small posterior lesions, weakness is also mild and is attended by sensory loss, hemianopia, impaired visual pursuit to the opposite side, Wernicke-type aphasia (left-sided lesions), and anosognosia (right-sided lesions).
The effects of relatively pure caudate hematoma have been difficult to define. Those extending laterally and posteriorly into the internal capsule behave much like large putaminal hemorrhages. Those extending medially into the lateral ventricle give rise to drowsiness, stupor, and either confusion and underactivity or restlessness and agitation.
The central feature here is severe sensory loss on the entire contralateral body. If large or moderate in size, thalamic hemorrhage also produces a hemiplegia or hemiparesis by compression or destruction of the adjacent internal capsule (see Fig. 33-24B). The sensory deficit involves all of the opposite side including the trunk and may exceed the motor weakness. A fluent aphasia or anemia may be present with lesions of the dominant side and contralateral neglect, with lesions of the nondominant side. A homonymous field defect, if present, usually clears in a few days.
Thalamic hemorrhage, by virtue of its extension into the subthalamus and high midbrain, may also cause a series of ocular disturbances—pseudoabducens palsies with one or both eyes turned asymmetrically inward and slightly downward, palsies of vertical and lateral gaze, forced deviation of the eyes downward, inequality of pupils with absence of light reaction, skew deviation with the eye ipsilateral to the hemorrhage assuming a higher position than the contralateral eye, ipsilateral ptosis and miosis (Horner syndrome), absence of convergence, retraction nystagmus, and tucking in (retraction) of the upper eyelids. Extension of the neck may be observed. Compression of the adjacent third ventricle leads to enlargement of the lateral ventricles that may require temporary drainage. Small and moderate-sized hemorrhages that rupture into the third ventricle have been associated with fewer neurologic deficits and better outcomes, but early hydrocephalus is common.
Hemorrhage into the pons is almost invariably associated with deep coma within a few minutes; the remainder of the clinical picture is dominated by total paralysis with bilateral Babinski signs, decerebrate rigidity, and small (1 mm) pupils that react to light. Lateral eye movements, evoked by head turning or caloric testing, are impaired or absent. Death usually occurs within a few hours, but there are exceptions in which consciousness is retained and the clinical manifestations indicate a smaller lesion in the tegmentum of the pons (disturbances of lateral ocular movements, crossed sensory or motor disturbances, small pupils, and cranial-nerve palsies) in addition to signs of bilateral corticospinal tract involvement. A number of our patients with limited tegmental hemorrhages and blood in the CSF have survived with good functional recovery. In a series of 60 patients with pontine hemorrhage reviewed by Nakajima, 19 survived (8 of whom had remained alert). Similarly, Wijdicks and St. Louis reported that 21 percent made a good recovery—mostly those who were awake on admission. Figure 33-24C depicts a typical pontine hemorrhage.