Laboratory findings suggest certain organisms as the cause of aseptic meningitis. Most cases of infectious mononucleosis can be identified by the blood smear and specific serologic tests (heterophil or others). LCM should be suspected if there is an intense lymphocytic pleocytosis. Counts above 1,000 cells/mm3 in the spinal fluid, particularly if the cells are all lymphocytes, are most often due to LCM but may occur occasionally with mumps or echovirus 9. In the last of these agents, neutrophils may predominate in the CSF for a week or longer. Slightly depressed glucose in the spinal fluid is consistent with mumps meningitis and with the viruses mentioned earlier, but it is more often indicative of bacterial or fungal infection.
Liver function tests are abnormal in many patients with EBV infection and leptospiral infections; the hepatitis viruses are not known to produce meningitis. In the majority of patients with M. pneumoniae infections, cold agglutinins appear in the serum toward the end of the first week of the illness.
Panels of serologic tests for the main viruses that cause aseptic meningitis are available; most use complement fixation or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques; an infection is demonstrated by a fourfold increase in titer from acute to convalescent serum drawn at least 10 days apart, but these, of course, do no more than confirm the diagnosis after the illness has mostly passed. In some instances, elevation of specific IgM antibody directed at an infectious agent is useful. Serologic reactions of CSF for syphilis should be interpreted with caution, because inflammation of many types, including infectious mononucleosis, can produce a false-positive reaction. In the last few years, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied to the diagnosis of viral infections of the nervous system, among them being CMV and HSV. The test is most sensitive during the active stage of viral replication, in contrast to serologic tests, which are more accurate later in the course of the infection. There are numerous false-negative and fewer false-positive PCR tests for CMV, but they are nonetheless useful in some circumstances, such as the early diagnosis of fulminant CMV infection in HIV patients (see later in this chapter). Even more recently, sequencing of DNA from spinal fluid allows comparison to reference sources for a wide variety infectious organisms and the identification of obscure infections in a matter of days or less (see Wilson and Tyler); the findings can then be confirmed by PCR. For the most part, neither serologic nor PCR testing is required in clinical practice.
Chronic and recurrent meningitides always pose diagnostic problems. Such patients may have a low-grade fever, headache of varying severity, stiff neck, and a predominantly mononuclear pleocytosis, sometimes with slightly raised CSF pressure. There may be limited focal neurologic signs such a slight pronator drift or Babinski sign. A viral or some other type of infective inflammation is always suspected, but a search by culture methods and serology usually yields negative results. Herpesvirus has been demonstrated to be the cause of a few cases, as in the recurrent Mollaret type of meningitis discussed later. The process often improves without identification of the cause over a period of months or a year or more; in other cases, the cause is eventually found. Only a few end fatally.