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Figure 12-1. A. Conventional Snellen chart and B. Jaeger card for the estimation of visual acuity. The Snellen chart is placed 20 ft from the subject. The Jaeger card is used at 16 in from the subject’s eyes and approximates Snellen acuity if convergence and accommodation are normal.
Figure 12-2. Diagram showing the effects on the fields of vision produced by lesions at various points along the optic pathway. A. Complete blindness in left eye from an optic nerve lesion. B. A left “junctional scotoma” with vision loss in the left eye coupled with a superotemporal defect in the right eye. C. Chiasmatic lesion causing bitemporal hemianopia. D. Right homonymous hemianopia from optic tract lesion. E and F. Right superior and inferior quadrant hemianopia from interruption of visual radiations. G. Right homonymous hemianopia caused by lesion of occipital striate cortex. H. Hemianopia with macular sparing, typically from posterior cerebral artery infarction.