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Figure 20-1. Schematic definitions of memory systems (see text). (From Budson and Price with permission.)
Figure 20-2. MRI showing a tiny area of restricted diffusion in the left hippocampus, 36 hours after an episode of transient global amnesia.
Figure 20-3. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). (Copyright Z. Nasreddine, MD. Reproduced by permission. Copies available at www.mocatest.org.)
Chapter  20    Dementia, the Amnesic Syndrome, and the Neurology of Intelligence and Memory
MemoryImplicitExplicitLong termClassicalconditioningProcedural (physicaland similar skills)Episodic(autobiographical)Semantic(factual)Short term, intermediate(working memory) in Specific Parts of the Cerebrum
The long-standing controversy about cerebral functions, whether they are diffusely represented in the cerebrum with all parts roughly equivalent, or localized to certain lobes or regions, has been resolved to the satisfaction of most neurologists. Clinicians have demonstrated beyond doubt that particular functions are assignable to certain cortical regions. For example, the preand postrolandic zones control motor and sensory activities, respectively, the striate occipital zones control visual perception, the superior temporal gyri are auditory, and so on. Beyond these broad correlations, however, there is a notable lack of precision in the cortical localization of most of the behavioral and mental operations described in Chaps. 19 and 20. In particular, of the higher order functions, such as attention, vigilance, apperception, and analytic and synthetic thinking, none has a precise and predictable anatomy; or, more accurately, the neural systems on which they depend are widely distributed among several regions.