Ronco P, Debiec H: Pathophysiological advances in membranous nephropathy: time for a shift in patient’s care, Lancet 385:1983, 2015. [An excellent summary of the novel developments in the field of membranous glomerulonephritis.]
Schrier RW, Wang W, Poole B, et al: Acute renal failure: definitions, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy, J Clin Invest 114:5, 2004. [An insightful review covering all aspects of acute renal failure.]
Sethi S, Haas M, Markowitz GS, et al: Mayo Clinic/Renal Pathology Society Consensus Report on Pathologic Classification, Diagnosis, and Reporting of GN, J Am Soc Nephrol 27:1278, 2016. [An excellent summary of the consensus classification of glomerulonephritides.]
Tryggvason K, Patrakka J, Wartiovaava J: Hereditary proteinuria syndromes and mechanisms of proteinuria, N Engl J Med 354:1387, 2006. [An excellent review of the pathophysiology of defects in glomerular permeability.]
Worcester EM, Coe FL: Calcium kidney stones, N Engl J Med 363:954, 2010. [A comprehensive review of the pathophysiology and management of the most common types of kidney stones.] http://ebooksmedicine.net studentconsult.com
Esophageal Lacerations, Mucosal Injury, and Infections
The gastrointestinal tract is a hollow tube consisting of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus. Each region has unique, complementary, and highly integrated functions that together serve to regulate the intake, processing, and absorption of ingested nutrients and the disposal of waste products. The intestines also are the principal site at which the immune system interfaces with a diverse array of antigens present in food and gut microbes. Thus, it is not surprising that the small intestine and colon frequently are involved by infectious and inflammatory processes. Finally, the colon is the most common site of gastrointestinal neoplasia in Western populations. In this chapter, we discuss the diseases that affect each section of the gastrointestinal tract. Disorders that typically involve more than one segment, such as Crohn disease, are considered with the most frequently involved region. We begin our discussion with diseases of the oral cavity, since that is where the journey of food begins.
Pathologic conditions of the oral cavity can be broadly Odontogenic cysts and tumors (benign and malignant), divided into diseases affecting teeth their support struc-which are derived from the epithelial and/or mesenchytures, oral mucosa, salivary glands, and jaws. Discussed mal tissues associated with tooth development, are also next are the more common conditions affecting these sites. discussed briefly.
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Dental caries results from focal demineralization of tooth structure (enamel and dentin) caused by acids generated during the fermentation of sugars by bacteria. Worldwide, caries is the main cause of tooth loss before 35 years of age. The prevalence of caries used to be very high in developed countries where there is ready access to processed and refined foods containing large amounts of carbohydrates. However, the rate of caries has dropped markedly in countries such as the United States, where oral hygiene has improved and fluoridation of the drinking water is widespread. Fluoride is incorporated into the crystalline structure of enamel, forming fluoroapatite, which is resistant to degradation by bacterial acids. In contrast, with the globalization of the world’s economy, processed foods are being increasingly consumed in developing nations; as a result, the rate of caries is increasing in these regions of the world.