Because of the inconsistent location and size of the nervous system lesions there is no uniform clinical syndrome, but intravascular lymphoma should be suspected in patients with a subacute encephalopathy and indications of focal brain and spinal cord or nerve root lesions. Headache is a prominent early component in some cases. One of our patients had intermittent seizures 3 months before confusion and progressive encephalopathy. The variety of clinical presentations is emphasized in the reviews of cases by Beristain and Azzarelli and the article by Glass and associates (1993). All had focal cerebral signs, 7 had dementia, 5 had seizures, and 2 had myelopathy. Some of our own patients, as mentioned above, have also had a flaccid paraplegia as a result of infiltration of the cauda roots; this peripheral involvement has been commented on by other authors. Only a few patients will have nodular or multiple infiltrative pulmonary lesions, skin lesions, or adenopathy; almost all of our cases were restricted to the brain and spinal cord, but other reports suggest systemic disease in a high proportion, including infiltration of the adrenal glands.
MRI shows multiple nodular or variegated abnormalities on T2-weighted images throughout the white matter of the brain; most lesions are enhanced by gadolinium, and some demonstrate restricted diffusion resulting from microvascular occlusion and infarction. In one of the cases we studied there were numerous hemorrhagic lesions. Definitive diagnosis is possible through a biopsy of involved lung, skin, kidney, or nervous tissue that contains an adequate number of intrinsic blood vessels. A feature may be the presence of antibodies to nuclear cytoplasmic antigens (c-ANCA), in some cases, as they are in a number of other vasculitic and granulomatous processes. We are uncertain of the frequency of this finding. A small number of our patients have also had adrenal or renal enlargement, as mentioned earlier, presumably because of infiltration of the vessels of these organs by the neoplasm. The spinal fluid has a variable lymphocytic pleocytosis and protein elevation, but malignant cells are not found. The sedimentation rate and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are reported to be elevated in most patients, but this has not been consistently so in our experience.
Similar to demyelinating and lymphomatous lesions, these abnormalities in the brain may recede temporarily on imaging in response to treatment with corticosteroids and there is corresponding clinical improvement. Furthermore, some lesions may follow the temporal course expected of small strokes. The course tends to be fluctuating over months, although one of our patients died within weeks despite treatment. In a few cases, whole-brain irradiation has been successful in prolonging survival, but the outlook in most instances is poor.
An uncertain number of these patients have AIDS, although we have not encountered this combination. The illness must be distinguished from multiple sclerosis, primary CNS lymphoma, gliomatosis cerebri, and a process that simulates it closely, sarcoidosis (which produces brain and lung lesions) as well as from the cerebral vasculitides and Beh¸et disease, but intravascular lymphoma is more rapidly progressive than most of these conditions.
Sarcomas of the Cranium and Brain
These tumors are composed of cells derived from connective tissue elements (fibroblasts, rhabdomyocytes, lipocytes, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells). They take their names from their histogenetic derivation—namely, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma—and sometimes from the tissue of which the cells are a part, such as adventitial sarcomas and hemangiopericytoma.