Affirmation of a clinical sensory syndromes is often possible by the application of electrophysiologic testing. Slowing and reduced amplitude of sensory nerve conduction is found with lesions of nerve, but only if the lesion lies distal to (or within) the sensory ganglion. Severe sensory loss in a neuropathic pattern with preserved sensory nerve action potentials therefore indicates a radiculopathy. Loss or slowing of the H reflex and F responses corroborates the presence of lesions in proximal parts of nerves, plexuses, and roots. By the use of somatosensory evoked potentials, it is possible to demonstrate slowing of conduction in the peripheral nerves or roots, in the pathways from spinal cord to a point in the lower medulla, in the medial lemniscus to the thalamus, and in the pathway from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. In the context of regional sensory loss, evoked potentials find their greatest utility in demonstrating root disease when sensory nerve conduction studies are normal; otherwise, they are used most frequently to support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, in which case there may or may not be corresponding sensory features. (See Chap. 2 for discussion of evoked potential testing.)
In practice, it is seldom necessary to examine all modalities of sensation and perception. With single peripheral nerve lesions, touch and pinprick testing are the most informative. With spinal cord disease, pinprick and thermal stimuli are most revealing of lateral column lesions; testing the senses of vibration, position, and movement, and particularly the sense of direction of a dermal stimulus, reliably indicates posterior column lesions. Touch is the least useful. In diseases of the sensory ganglia all modes of sensation, including touch, may be affected throughout the body, and this applies in general to thalamic lesions, but of course, only on the side opposite the lesion. Thus, one is guided in the selection of tests by the suspected locale of the disease.
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