A negative test with an anticholinesterase agent does not entirely exclude myasthenia gravis but is a strong point against the diagnosis. In a small number of patients with periodic and purely ocular symptoms who later prove to have myasthenia gravis, the edrophonium and neostigmine tests (and electrophysiologic studies and AChR antibody measurements) may be entirely normal during the first or even after several acute episodes. Only later, for inexplicable reasons, do these tests become positive. Finally, the anticholinesterase-inhibiting drugs carry a small risk of inducing ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest so that testing should be carried out where emergency support is accessible.
Measurement of receptor antibodies in blood The detection of anti-AChR antibodies provides a reasonably sensitive and highly specific test for the diagnosis of myasthenia. The radioimmunoassay method of detection is accurate and widely used. Serum antibodies are found in 80 to 90 percent of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and in approximately 60 percent of those whose symptoms are restricted to the ocular muscles (Vincent and Newsom-Davis). For the most part, adults with myasthenia whose sera are persistently negative for AChR antibodies do not differ clinically or electromyographically from those with antibodies with the exception noted below. Persistently negative AChR antibody tests are more frequently found in patients with ocular myasthenia than in patients with generalized weakness. Patients with a thymoma and severe generalized myasthenia are practically always seropositive. Interestingly, the antibody titers usually remain elevated during clinical remissions.
Instances of “seronegative” disease are sometimes due to antibody production against unusual muscle epitopes that are located on or near the acetylcholine receptor; their detection requires a special panel of tests. However, the majority of such cases have been ascribed to IgG antibodies directed against an intracellular muscle-specific kinase (MuSK). This enzyme plays a role in supporting the normal structure of the postsynaptic membrane and in the arrangement of AChR but its main function may be in developmental synaptic differentiation. The illness is possibly acquired late in life because of the high rate or turnover of the neuromuscular junction, with newly formed junctions being physiologically inadequate. The associated clinical syndrome differs from typical myasthenia and was discussed earlier. Also of interest, but not currently used in routine diagnosis, is the presence of antibodies directed against striated muscle in almost half of myasthenic patients and an even higher incidence (stated to be 85 percent) in patients who also have a thymoma. Rare instances of seronegative myasthenia with antibodies directed to cortactin, a protein in the pathway of MuSK has been described (Cortes-Vicente et al).
Each of the commonly used diagnostic tests, electrophysiology, edrophonium, and antibodies, proves to be about equally reliable. Kelly and coworkers obtained positive results with single-muscle-fiber recording in 79 percent, with the antireceptor antibody test in 71 percent, and with the edrophonium test in 81 percent. Combined, they confirmed the diagnosis in 95 percent of clinically suspected cases. Presumably, had the anti-MuSK receptor antibody test been available, the sensitivity of serologic diagnosis would have been higher.
In keeping with the observation of some myasthenic patients that their weakness improves in the cold, a test has been devised in which an ice pack is placed over a ptotic eyelid for 2 min or to the limit of the patient’s tolerance. Sethi and colleagues found that ptosis was diminished in 8 of 10 patients. In our patients, this effect has not been as consistently evident, but it may be a useful adjunctive test.