Fig. 1.22 The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). Genes that confer stem cell properties are introduced into a patient’s differentiated cells, giving rise to stem cells that can be induced to differentiate into various lineages. (Modified from Hochedlinger K, Jaenisch R: Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells, and the potential for cell therapy, N Engl J Med 349:275–286, 2003.)
This survey of selected topics in cell biology serves as a basis for our later discussions of pathology, and we will refer back to it throughout the book. Students should, however, remember that this summary is intentionally brief, and more information about some of the fascinating topics reviewed here can be readily found in textbooks devoted to cell and molecular biology.
Batista PJ, Chang HY: Long noncoding RNAs: cellular address codes in development and disease, Cell 152:1298, 2013. [Good review regarding lncRNA biology.]
Cech TR, Steitz JA: The noncoding RNA revolution trashing old rules to forge new ones, Cell 157:77, 2014. [An excellent review of the roles played by noncoding RNAs.]
Hübner MR, Eckersley-Maslin MA, Spector DL: Chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation, Curr Opin Genet Dev 23:89, 2013. [A nice discussion of genome organization and chromatin structure– function relationships that regulate cell type–specific nuclear transcription.]
Jarovcevski M, Akbarian S: Epigenetic mechanisms in neurologic disease, Nat Med 18:1194, 2012. [A well-written overview of genomic organization and transcriptional regulation, with a specific focus on neurologic disease.]
Meller VH, Joshi SS, Deshpande N: Modulation of chromatin by non-coding RNA, Annu Rev Genet 49:673, 2015. [An excellent overview of the roles played by noncoding RNAs in nuclear organization.]
Minarovits J, Banati F, Szenthe K, et al: Epigenetic regulation, Adv Exp Med Biol 879:1, 2016. [A brief primer on the pathways that regulate chromatin structure and accessibility.]
Rowley MJ, Corces VG: The three-dimensional genome: principles and roles of long-distance interactions, Curr Opin Cell Biol 40:8, 2016. [An interesting discussion regarding the mechanisms by which three-dimensional conformations can influence nuclear transcription.]
Teperino R, Lempradl A, Pospisilik JA: Bridging epigenomics and complex disease: the basics, Cell Mol Life Sci 70:1609, 2013. [An introductory review of the epigenetic basis for human disease.]
Andersson ER: The role of endocytosis in activating and regulating signal transduction, Cell Mol Life Sci 69:1755, 2011. [Overview of endocytosis with specific emphasis on its role in modulating intracellular signaling.]
Choi AM, Ryter SW, Levine B: Autophagy in human health and disease, N Engl J Med 368:651, 2013. [A superb review concerning the physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of autophagy.]
English AR, Zurek N, Voeltz GK: Peripheral ER structure and function, Curr Opin Cell Biol 21:596, 2009. [An overview of the structural and functional organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and its relationship to other cellular organelles.]