Fig. 2.36 Ligamenta flava.
Fig. 2.37 Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae.
Fig. 2.38 Interspinous ligaments.
Fig. 2.39 Axial slice MRI through the lumbar spine demonstrating bilateral hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum.
Fig. 2.40 Radiograph of lumbar region of vertebral column, oblique view (“Scottie dog”). A. Normal radiograph of lumbar region of vertebral column, oblique view. In this view, the transverse process (nose), pedicle (eye), superior articular process (ear), inferior articular process (front leg), and pars interarticularis (neck) resemble a dog. A fracture of the pars interarticularis is visible as a break in the neck of the dog, or the appearance of a collar. B. Fracture of pars interarticularis. C. CT of lumbar spine shows fracture of the LV pars interarticularis.
Fig. 2.41 A. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). B. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).
Fig. 2.42 Superficial group of back muscles—trapezius and latissimus dorsi.
Spinous process of CVIIAcromionSpine of scapulaIliac crestGreater occipital nerve(posterior ramus of C2)Third occipital nerve(posterior ramus of C3)Medial branches of posterior ramiLateral branches of posterior ramiTrapeziusLatissimus dorsiThoracolumbar fascia
Fig. 2.43 Superficial group of back muscles—trapezius and latissimus dorsi, with rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae located deep to trapezius in the superior part of the back.
Fig. 2.44 Innervation and blood supply of trapezius.
TrapeziusLatissimus dorsiRhomboid minorRhomboid majorLevator scapulaeAccessory nerve [XI]Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
Fig. 2.45 Rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae.
Fig. 2.46 Innervation and blood supply of the rhomboid muscles.
Dorsal scapular nerveTrapeziusLatissimus dorsiRhomboid minorRhomboid majorLevator scapulaeSuperficial branch of transverse cervical arteryDeep branch of transverse cervical artery
Fig. 2.47 Intermediate group of back muscles—serratus posterior muscles.
Fig. 2.48 Thoracolumbar fascia and the deep back muscles (transverse section).
Fig. 2.49 Deep group of back muscles—spinotransversales muscles (splenius capitis and splenius cervicis).
Fig. 2.50 Deep group of back muscles—erector spinae muscles.
Spinous process of CVIIIliac crestSplenius capitisLongissimus capitis Ligamentum nuchaeLongissimus thoracisLongissimus cervicisSpinalis thoracisSpinalisIliocostalis lumborum Iliocostalis thoracisIliocostalis cervicisIliocostalisLongissimus
Fig. 2.51 Deep group of back muscles—transversospinales and segmental muscles.
Spinous process of CVIIObliquus capitis inferiorObliquus capitis superiorRectus capitis posterior minorRectus capitis posterior majorSemispinalis thoracisIntertransversariusErector spinaeRotatores thoracis(short, long)Levatores costarum(short, long)Semispinalis capitisMultifidus
Fig. 2.52 Deep group of back muscles—suboccipital muscles. This also shows the borders of the suboccipital triangle.