Both the fetus and the mother may be at greater risk of infection from internal monitoring (Faro, 1990). Scalp wounds from the electrode may become infected, and subsequent cranial osteomyelitis has been reported (Brook, 2005; Eggink, 2004; McGregor, 1989). The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2017) have recommended that certain maternal infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis Biand C virus, are relative contraindications to internal fetal monitoring.
Adamsons K, Myers E: Late decelerations and brain tolerance of the fetal monkey to intrapartum asphyxia. Am J Obstet Gyneco1o128:893, 197
Ahn MO, Korst L, Phelan JP: Intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns in 209 brain damaged infants. Am J Obstet GynecoIo174:492, 1996
Alfirevic Z, Devane 0, Gyte GM, et al: Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD006066, 2017
Ambia M1, Yule SS, Wells E: Does fetal bradycardia during eclamptic seizure necessitate cesarean delivery? Unpublished data, 20o17
Amer-Wihlin I, Arulkumaran S, Hagberg H, et al: Fetal electrocardiogram:
ST waveform analysis in intrapartum surveillance. BJOG 114: 1191,2007
Amer-Wahlin 1, Hellsten C, Noren H, et al: Cardiotocography only versus cardiotocography plus ST analysis of fetal electrocardiogram for intrapartum fetal monitoring: a Swedish randomized controlled trial. Lancet 358:534, 200o1
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Guidelines for Perinatal Care, 8th ed. Elk Grove Village, AAP, 2017
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Amnioinfusion does not prevent meconium aspiration syndrome. Committee Opinion No. 346, October 2006, Reairmed 2016
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: nomenclature, interpretation, and general management principles. Practice Bulletin No. 106, July 2009, Reairmed 2017 a
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Management of intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings. Practice Bulletin No. 116, November 2010, Reairmed 2017b
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Summary: delivery of a newborn with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Committee Opinion No. 689, March 2017c
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics: Neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome. Washington, ACOG,o2014
Ananth CV, Chauhan SP, Chen HY, et al: Electronic fetal monitoring in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 121(5):927,o2013
Anderson BL, Scerbo MW, Belfore A, et al: Time and number of displays impact critical signal detection in fetal heart rate tracings. Am J Perinatol 28(6):435,o2011