B. Six or more of the following seven pathological personality traits: 1. Manipulativeness (an aspect of Antagonism): Frequent use of subterfuge to in- fluence or control others; use at seduction, charm, glibness, or ingratiation to achieve one’s ends.
2. Callousness (an aspect of Antagonism): Lack of concern for feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one's ac- tions on others; aggression; sadism.
3. Deceitfulness (an aspect of Antagonism): Dishonesty and fraudulence; misrepre- sentation of self; embellishment or fabrication when relating events.
4. Hostility (an aspect of Antagonism): Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behavior.
5. Risk taking (an aspect of Disinhibition): Engagement in dangerous, risky. and poten- tially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard for consequences; boredom proneness and thoughtless initiation of activities to counter boredom; lack of concern for one’s limitations and denial of the reality of personal danger.
6. Impulsivity (an aspect of Disinhibition): Acting on the spur of the moment in re- sponse to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consid- eration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans.
7. irresponsibility (an aspect of Disinhibition): Disregard for—and failure to honor— tinancial and other obligations or commitments; lack of respect for—and lack of toi-
Iow-through on—agreements and promises.
Note. The individual is at least 18 years of age.
Specify it:
With psychopathic features.
Specifiers. A distinct variant often termed psychopathy (or ”primary” psychopathy) is marked by a lack of anxiety or fear and by a bold interpersonal style that may mask mal- adaptive behaviors (e.g., fraudulence). This psychopathic variant is characterized by low levels of anxiousness (Negative Affectivity domain) and withdrawal (Detachment do- main) and high levels of attention seeking (Antagonism domain). High attention seeking and low withdrawal capture the social potency (assertive/dominant) component of psy- chopathy, whereas low anxiousness captures the stress immunity (emotional stability/re- silience) component.
In addition to psychopathic features, trait and personality functioning specifiers may be used to record other personality features that may be present in antisocial personality dis- order but are not required for the diagnosis. For example, traits of Negative Affectivity (e.g., anxiousness), are not diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder (see Criterion B) but can be specified when appropriate. Furthermore, although moderate or greater impair- ment in personality functioning is required for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disor- der (Criterion A), the level of personality functioning can also be specified.
Typical features of avoidant personality disorder are avoidance of social situations and in— hibition in interpersonal relationships related to feelings of ineptitude and inadequacy, anxious preoccupation with negative evaluation and rejection, and fears of ridicule or em- barrassment. Characteristic difficulties are apparent in identity, self—direction, empathy, and/ or intimacy, as described below, along with specific maladaptive traits in the do- mains of Negative Affectivity and Detachment.
A. Moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning, manifest by characteristic difficulties in two or more of the following tour areas: 1. Identity: Low self—esteem associated with seIf-appraisal as socially inept. person- ally unappealing, or interior; excessive feelings of shame.
2. Selt-direction: Unrealistic standards for behavior associated with reluctance to pursue goals, take personal risks, or engage in new activities involving interper- sonal contact.