As already mentioned, Crowe and coworkers expressed the view that 80 percent of patients with von Recklinghausen disease can be diagnosed by the presence of more than 6 café-au-lait spots. Of the remaining 20 percent, those older than 21 years of age will be found to have multiple cutaneous tumors, axillary freckling, and a few pigmented spots; in those younger than 21 years of age with no dermal tumors and only a few café-au-lait patches, a positive family history and radiographic demonstration of bone cysts will be helpful in some instances. Café-au-lait spots and cutaneous tumors should always be sought, for they may help the neurologist diagnose an otherwise obscure progressive spinal syndrome, a cerebellopontine angle syndrome, bilateral deafness, progressive blindness, and an occasional case of precocious puberty, hydrocephalus, or developmental delay.
Because of the many potentially dangerous conditions that accompany classic NF, the initial clinical evaluation should be supplemented by a number of ancillary examinations that may include measurement of IQ, EEG, slit-lamp examination of irides, visual and auditory evoked responses, and CT or MRI of the cranium and, sometimes, of the spine and mediastinum. In the series reported by Duffner and colleagues, 74 percent of cases had abnormal signals in T2-weighted images of the basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum. The EEG was abnormal in 25 percent. If there is suspicion of a pheochromocytoma, 24-h urine should be tested for metabolites of epinephrine. Each of these tests not only is an aid to diagnosis but also is essential to the effective management of the illness.
The skin tumors should not be excised unless they are cosmetically objectionable or show an increase in size, suggesting malignant change. The effects of radiotherapy on these lesions are so insignificant that they do not justify the risk of exposure. Plexiform neuromas about the face pose especially difficult problems. Here one must resort to plastic surgery, but the results are not always satisfactory because the growths may encompass distal branches of cranial nerves (with risk of greater paralysis after surgical excision) or alter the underlying bone, the latter being either eroded from pressure or hypertrophied from increased blood supply. Cranial and spinal neurofibromas are amenable to excision, and the gliomas and meningiomas usually demand surgical measures as well. Here the differentiation of hamartomas from gliomas of structures such as the optic nerves, hypothalamus, or pons may be difficult. Bilateral optic nerve gliomas are usually treated with radiation; unilateral ones are excised. Peripheral nerve tumors that have undergone malignant (sarcomatous) degeneration pose special surgical problems.
Affected individuals should be referred for genetic counseling. Fertility, especially in males, seems to be reduced by the disease. Prognosis varies with the grade of severity, being most favorable in those with only a few lesions. But the disease is always progressive, and the patient should remain under surveillance.
Other Cutaneous Angiomatoses With Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System