Persistent aminoaciduria, reflecting a renal tubular abnormality, is present in most but not all patients. Liver function tests are usually abnormal; some patients are jaundiced and other signs of liver failure may appear late in the illness. In these patients, the serum ammonia may be elevated and the symptomatology may worsen with increases in dietary protein. The cirrhosis is not always evident in a liver biopsy (some regenerative nodules are large, and the biopsy may be taken from one of them). On the other hand, the diagnosis in children may be revealed when a liver biopsy is taken for the evaluation of cirrhosis.
It has been established that copper deposition in the liver is the initial disturbance; over time it leads to cirrhosis, so that, as already mentioned, the hepatic stage of the disease precedes neurologic involvement. Cranial CT is abnormal even in the hepatic stage and are invariably so when the neurologic disorder supervenes. The lateral ventricles and often the third ventricle are slightly enlarged, the cerebral and cerebellar sulci are widened, the brainstem appears shrunken, and the posterior parts of the lenticular nuclei, red nuclei, and dentate nuclei become hypodense (Ropper et al). With treatment, these radiologic changes become less marked (Williams and Walshe). MRI is an even more sensitive means of visualizing the structural changes, particularly those in the subcortical white matter, midbrain, pons, and cerebellum (Starosta-Rubinstein et al). In the MRI survey by Saatci and colleagues, the putamen was involved most frequently (although not invariably), showing a symmetrical T2 signal change in a laminar pattern; there was also an increase in T1 signal throughout the basal ganglia, particularly in the pallidum. Signal changes are almost universally found in the claustrum and also in the midbrain (pars compacta of the substantia nigra), dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, pons, and thalami. We have been impressed with a glassy diffuse and confluent signal abnormality on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images in the hemispheral white matter in some cases—findings that were mistaken for multiple sclerosis.
Neuropathologic changes These vary with the rate of progress of the disease. Exceptionally, in the rapidly advancing and fatal form, there is frank cavitation in the lenticular (putaminal and pallidal) nuclei, as observed in Wilson’s original cases. In the more chronic form, there is only shrinkage and a light-brown discoloration of these structures. Nerve cell loss and some degree of degeneration of myelinated fibers in lenticular nuclei, substantia nigra, and dentate nuclei are usually apparent. Subcortical myelin degeneration is found in some cases. More striking, however, is a marked hyperplasia of protoplasmic astrocytes (Alzheimer type II cells) in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem nuclei, and cerebellum, almost certainly a reaction to liver failure and hyperammonemia.