Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, et al: Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15:135, 2014. [A current review of various forms of programmed non-apoptotic pathways of cell death.] http://ebooksmedicine.net studentconsult.com
Overview of Inflammation: Definitions and General Features
Causes of Inflammation
Recognition of Microbes and Damaged Cells
Reactions of Blood Vessels in Acute Inflammation
Leukocyte Recruitment to Sites of Inflammation
Phagocytosis and Clearance of the Offending Agent
Other Functional Responses of Activated Leukocytes
Termination of the Acute Inflammatory Response
Mediators of Inflammation
Vasoactive Amines: Histamine and Serotonin
Other Mediators of Inflammation
Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation
Purulent (Suppurative) Inflammation, Abscess
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
Causes of Chronic Inflammation
Cells and Mediators of Chronic
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
Overview of Tissue Repair
Clinical Examples of Abnormal Wound Healing
OVERVIEW OF INFLAMMATION: DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL FEATURES
Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents.
Although in common medical and lay parlance, inflammation suggests a harmful reaction, it is actually a protective response that is essential for survival. It serves to rid the host of both the initial cause of cell injury (e.g., microbes, toxins) and the consequences of such injury (e.g., necrotic cells and tissues). The mediators of defense include phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins (
Fig.
3.1 ). Most of these normally circulate in the blood, where they are sequestered so they cannot damage normal tissues but can be rapidly recruited to any site in the body. Some of the cells involved in inflammatory responses also reside in tissues, where they function as sentinels on the lookout for threats. The process of inflammation delivers leukocytes and proteins to foreign invaders, such as microbes, and to damaged or necrotic tissues, and it activates the recruited cells and molecules, which then function to eliminate the harmful or unwanted substances. Without inflammation, infections would go unchecked, wounds would never heal, and injured tissues might remain permanent festering sores.
The typical inflammatory reaction develops through a series of sequential steps:
The offending agent, which is located in extravascular tissues, is recognized by host cells and molecules.
Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the circulation to the site where the offending agent is located.
The leukocytes and proteins are activated and work together to destroy and eliminate the offending substance.
The reaction is controlled and terminated.
The damaged tissue is repaired.
Inflammation may be of two types, acute and chronic (
Table 3.1 ). The initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage is called acute inflammation. It typically develops within minutes or hours and is of short duration, lasting for several hours or a few days. Its main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes). When acute inflammation achieves its desired goal of eliminating the offenders, the reaction subsides and residual injury is repaired. But if the initial response fails to clear the stimulus, the reaction progresses to a protracted type http://ebooksmedicine.net
INFLUX OF LEUKOCYTES, PRODUCTION STIMULUSPLASMA PROTEINS OF MEDIATORS