14.8 Fill-in-the-Blanks: There are two phases to a cutaneous allergic response: ______ and ______. The first phase is characterized by activation of T cells by skin antigen-presenting cells called _________, while the second phase invokes release of chemokines and cytokines by __________ upon subsequent antigen exposure.
14.9 Matching: Match each allergic reaction with the corresponding immune process.
___ A. Arthus reaction i. Formation of local immune complexes caused by IgG antibodies acting against an antigen in previously sensitized  individuals ___ B. Poison ivy rash ii. Systemic reaction to injection of large quantities of foreign antigen, primarily IgG-mediated 14.10 Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a false statement?
A. The tuberculin test illustrates the prototypic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction.
B. TH1 cells are not directly involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
General references.
Fahy, J.V.: Type 2 inflammation in asthma – present in most, absent in many. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2015, 15:57–65.
Holgate, S.T.: Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma. Nat. Med. 2012, 18:673–683.
Johansson, S.G., Bieber, T., Dahl, R., Friedmann, P.S., Lanier, B.Q., Lockey, R.F., Motala, C., Ortega Martell, J.A., Platts-Mills, T.A., Ring, J., et al.: Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004, 113:832–836.
Kay, A.B.: Allergy and allergic diseases. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344:30–37.
Kay, A.B.: Allergy and allergic diseases. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344:109–113.
Valenta, R., Hochwallner, H., Linhart, B., and Pahr, S.: Food Allergies: the basics. Gastroenterology 2015, 148:1120-1131.
Section references.
14-1 Sensitization involves class switching to IgE production on first contact with an allergen.
Akuthota, P., Wang, H., and Weller, P.F.: Eosinophils as antigen-presenting cells in allergic upper airway disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 10:14–19.
Berkowska, M.A., Heeringa, J.J., Hajdarbegovic, E., van der Burg, M., Thio, H.B., van Gahen, P.M., Boon, L., Orfao, A., van Dongen, J.J.M, and van Zelm, M.C.: Human IgE+B cells are derived from T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014, 134:688–697.
Bieber T: The pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of human antigen-presenting cells expressing the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). Immunobiology 2007, 212:499–503.