This is a condition of persistent and intense spasms, particularly of the proximal lower limbs and lumbar paraspinal muscles. It was originally described by Moersch and Woltman in 1956 as stiff man syndrome. Since then, many examples have been reported all over the world and the term stiff person syndrome has been used to indicate its occurrence in both women and men. For lack of a better place in the book to discuss it, it is included here with other processes that cause muscular spasms and cramps.
The onset is insidious, usually in middle life. No genetic predisposition is known. At first the stiffness and spasms are intermittent, then gradually they become more or less continuously active in the proximal leg and axial trunk muscles and increasingly painful. The spasms impart a robotic appearance to walking and an exaggerated lumbar lordosis. Attempts to move an affected part passively yield an almost rock-like immobility, perceptibly different from spasticity, paratonia, or extrapyramidal rigidity. Muscles of respiration and swallowing and those of the face may be involved in advanced cases, but trismus, a common feature of tetanus, does not occur. We have observed brief periods of cyanosis and respiratory arrest during episodes of intense spasm, and one of our patients died during such an episode. The eye muscles are rarely affected.
As the illness progresses, any noise or other sensory stimulus or attempted passive or voluntary movement may precipitate painful spasms of all the involved musculature. The tendon reflexes are normal if they can be tested. The affected muscles, particularly the lumbar paraspinals and glutei, are extremely taut when palpated and eventually they become hypertrophied. It is this axial spasm that is most characteristic of the disease and gives rise to a characteristic lumbar lordosis. We have experience with one unusual instance of this disease that caused the obverse, namely, flexion spasm of the abdominal musculature with a bent-over camptocormia.
A similar stiffness of one limb (“stiff limb” syndrome) has been differentiated from the generalized variety by Barker and colleagues and others (see Saiz et al; Brown et al), but most of the localized cases have antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, as described below. The limited form of the condition begins in 1 leg and spreads to its opposite, but remains isolated to the lower extremities, similar to localized tetanus.
A central origin of the muscle spasms is indicated by their disappearance during sleep, during general anesthesia, and with proximal nerve block. The electrophysiologic features differ from those of myokymia and continuous muscle fiber activity syndrome in that the EMG in stiff man syndrome consists entirely of activated but normally configured motor units, with no evidence of distal motor nerve disturbance.
Of interest is the finding that about two-thirds of the cases of stiff man syndrome display circulating autoantibodies that are reactive with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA; Solimena et al). On several occasions the test for this antibody has become positive after samples taken over 2 years were negative. An antibody to the glycine receptor (GlyR) has been identified in a subset of patients with stiff man syndrome with anti-GAD antibodies (McKeon and colleagues), rare cases of which have included a fatal encephalopathy and myoclonus (Turner et al) and a few patients with a special cervical pattern of stiffness have had anti-ampiphysin antibodies (Murinson and Guarnaccia). In all these rare cases, anti-GAD antibody is usually also present and paraneoplastic versions of each syndrome are known, as commented below.