Ellery PE, Adams MJ: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: then and now, Semin Thromb Hemost 40:881, 2014. [Advances in understanding the role of tissue factor in coagulation.]
Esmon CT, Esmon NL: The link between vascular features and thrombosis, Annu Rev Physiol 2011. [An excellent review of the interactions of endothelium, blood flow, and hemostasis/thrombosis.]
Greinacher A: Heparin induced thrombocytopenia, N Engl J Med 373:3, 2015. [A nice review on this common and enigmatic condition.]
Osinbowale O, Ali L, Chi YW: Venous thromboembolism: a clinical review, Postgrad Med 122:54, 2010. [Good review at a medical student/ house officer level.]
Rao LVM, Esom CT, Pendurthi UR: Endothelial cell protein C receptor: a multiliganded and multifunctional receptor, Blood 124:1553, 2014. [A discussion of this novel receptor in limiting coagulation.]
Renne T, Schmaier AH, Nickel KF, et al: In vivo roles of factor XII, Blood 120:4296–4303, 2012. [A review summarizing new insights into the still-uncertain in vivo functions of factor XII in thrombosis and vascular biology.]
Versteeg HH, Heemskerk JWM, Levi M, et al: New fundamentals in hemostasis, Physiol Rev 93:327, 2013. [An update in several issues in hemostasis.] http://ebooksmedicine.net studentconsult.com
Diseases of the Immune System
Capture and Display of Antigens
Cell-Mediated Immunity: Activation of
T Lymphocytes and Elimination of Intracellular
Humoral Immunity: Activation of B Lymphocytes and Elimination of Extracellular Microbes
Decline of Immune Responses and Immunologic
Hypersensitivity:ImmunologicallyMediatedTissueInjury
Causes of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity: General
Recognition and Rejection of Allografts
Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Properties of HIV
Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS
Natural History and Course of HIV
Clinical Features of AIDS
Pathogenesis of Amyloid Deposition
Classification of Amyloidosis and Mechanisms of Amyloid Formation
Immunity refers to protection against infections. The immune system is the collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending the body against the countless pathogens that individuals encounter. Defects in the immune system render individuals easy prey to infections and are the cause of immunodeficiency diseases. But the immune system is itself capable of causing tissue injury and disease, which are often referred to as hypersensitivity disorders.
This chapter is devoted to diseases caused by too little immunity or too much immunologic reactivity. We also consider amyloidosis, a disease in which an abnormal protein, usually derived from fragments of antibodies or produced during chronic inflammatory disorders, is deposited in tissues. First, we review some important features of normal immune responses, to provide a foundation for understanding the abnormalities that give rise to immunologic diseases.
Defense against pathogens consists of two types of reactions (
Fig. 5.1 ). Innate immunity (also called natural, or native, immunity) is mediated by cells and proteins that are always present (hence the term innate), poised to react against infectious pathogens. These mechanisms are called into action immediately in response to infection, and thus provide the first line of defense. Some of these mechanisms also are involved in clearing damaged cells and tissues. A major reaction of innate immunity is inflammation (Chapter 3).