In acute hepatitis, confusional, delirious, and comatose states also occur but their mechanisms are still unknown. Blood NH3 may be elevated but usually not to a degree that would be expected to cause encephalopathy. Severe acute hepatic failure may cause hypoglycemia, which contributes to the encephalopathy and often presages a fatal outcome but the levels of glucose typically detected do not provide an explanation for the encephalopathy.
Cerebral edema is a prominent finding in cases of fulminant hepatic failure and is the main cause of death in patients awaiting liver transplantation. The cerebral edema in these circumstances appears to be related to the rapidity of rise of blood ammonia, but it probably depends as well on additional metabolic derangements that complicate acute liver failure including glial cell failure with consequent incompetence of the blood–brain barrier. The combination of rapidly evolving hepatic failure and massive cerebral edema is similar to that observed in the Reye syndrome, described below.
CT and MRI are effective means of detecting cerebral edema in patients with fulminant hepatic failure, and according to Wijdicks and colleagues, the degree of cerebral swelling is roughly proportional to the severity of encephalopathy. Because patients with fulminant hepatic failure can survive liver transplantation with few or no neurologic deficits, it is important to recognize cerebral edema before the stage of stupor and increased intracranial pressure has been established. Short of transplantation, death in these cases may sometimes be prevented by monitoring the intracranial pressure (as outlined by Lidofsky et al) and administering osmotic diuretics and hyperventilation, as detailed in Chaps. 29 and 34 for the treatment of intracranial hypertension. Some survivors are nonetheless left with cerebral damage from raised intracranial pressure.
An additional issue that arises in assessing cerebral dysfunction in patients with liver disease is the possibility of adverse effects of medications. Individuals with hepatitis C who had in the past been treated with interferon-alpha may have developed a spectrum of problems ranging from subtle cognitive impairment to a subacutely worsening headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and focal neurologic findings. The milder syndromes are associated with no or few MRI-visible lesions but the severe ones are usually accompanied by signal changes in the white matter of the occipital lobes and elsewhere (posterior leukoencephalopathy).
This is a special type of nonicteric hepatic encephalopathy occurring in children and adolescents and characterized by acute brain swelling in association with fatty infiltration of the viscera, particularly the liver. Although individual cases of this disorder had been described for many years, its recognition as a clinical-pathologic entity dates from 1963, when a large series was reported from Australia by Reye and colleagues and from the United States by
Johnson and coworkers. The disorder tended to occur in outbreaks (286 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control during a 4-month period in 1974). Mainly, these outbreaks were observed in association with influenza B virus and varicella infections, but a variety of other viral infections were implicated (influenza A, echovirus, reovirus, rubella, rubeola, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr virus). Later it became apparent that the toxic or adjuvant effects of aspirin given during these infections played an important role in producing the disease. Today, only occasional instances of Reye syndrome are observed now that the association with aspirin administration has become widely known and its use in children with viral infections has been interdicted.