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15-12 Both antibody and effector T cells can cause tissue damage in autoimmune disease.
Naparstek, Y., and Plotz, P.H.: The role of autoantibodies in autoimmune disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1993, 11:79–104.
Vlahakos, D., Foster, M.H., Ucci, A.A., Barrett, K.J., Datta, S.K., and Madaio, M.P.: Murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies penetrate cells, bind to nuclei, and induce glomerular proliferation and proteinuria in vivo. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1992, 2:1345–1354.
15-13 Autoantibodies against blood cells promote their destruction.
Beardsley, D.S., and Ertem, M.: Platelet autoantibodies in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Transfus. Sci. 1998, 19:237–244.
Clynes, R., and Ravetch, J.V.: Cytotoxic antibodies trigger inflammation through Fc receptors. Immunity 1995, 3:21–26.
Domen, R.E.: An overview of immune hemolytic anemias. Cleveland Clin. J. Med. 1998, 65:89–99.
15-14 The fixation of sublytic doses of complement to cells in tissues stimulates a powerful inflammatory response.
Brandt, J., Pippin, J., Schulze, M., Hansch, G.M., Alpers, C.E., Johnson, R.J., Gordon, K., and Couser, W.G.: Role of the complement membrane attack complex (C5b-9) in mediating experimental mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 1996, 49:335–343.
Hansch, G.M.: The complement attack phase: control of lysis and non-lethal effects of C5b-9. Immunopharmacology 1992, 24:107–117.
15-15 Autoantibodies against receptors cause disease by stimulating or blocking receptor function.
Bahn, R.S., and Heufelder, A.E.: Pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329:1468–1475.
Drachman, D.B.: Myasthenia gravis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330:1797–1810.
Vincent, A., Lily, O., and Palace, J.: Pathogenic autoantibodies to neuronal proteins in neurological disorders. J. Neuroimmunol. 1999, 100:169–180.
15-16 Autoantibodies against extracellular antigens cause inflammatory injury.
Casciola-Rosen, L.A., Anhalt, G., and Rosen, A.: Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1994, 179:1317–1330.
Clynes, R., Dumitru, C., and Ravetch, J.V.: Uncoupling of immune complex formation and kidney damage in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Science 1998, 279:1052–1054.