A. C1INH 1. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
B. Factor H & factor I 2. Hereditary angioedema
C. DAF 3. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 2.8 Multiple Choice: Diseases such as cryoglobulinemia and systemic lupus erythematosus usually present with low C3 and C4 levels in blood due to the activation of the classical complement pathway. In contrast, diseases such as dense deposit disease or C3 glomerulonephritis generally have low C3 due to activation of the alternative complement pathway. What would be the expected levels of C2 and C4 in a patient suffering from dense deposit disease or C3 glomerulonephritis?
A. Normal
B. High
C. Low
D. High C4 and low C3 2.9 True or False: Mucins secreted at a mucosal surface exhibit direct microbicidal activities.
2.10 Short Answer: Neisseria meningitidis and Staphylococcus aureus each prevent complement activation in different ways. Explain how each does so.
2.11 True or False: Both neutrophils and Paneth cells of the gut secrete antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, only upon stimulation.
2.12 Short Answer: What are two products of the C3 convertase? Name three downstream events that can result from the formation of these products and lead to clearance of the microbe.
2.13 True or False: CD21 (CR1) is a complement receptor expressed on B cells that binds C3dg (a C3b breakdown product) and serves as a co-receptor to augment signaling and trigger a stronger antibody response.
References.
Section references.
2-1 Infectious diseases are caused by diverse living agents that replicate in their hosts.
Kauffmann, S.H.E., Sher, A., and Ahmed, R.: Immunology of Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2002.
Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E., and Dolin, R. (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
2-2 Epithelial surfaces of the body provide the first line of defense against infection.
Gallo, R.L., and Hooper, L.V.: Epithelial antimicrobial defense of the skin and intestine. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2012, 12:503–516.
2-3 Infectious agents must overcome innate host defenses to establish a focus of infection.
Gorbach, S.L., Bartlett, J.G., and Blacklow, N.R. (eds): Infectious Diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.
Hornef, M.W., Wick, M.J., Rhen, M., and Normark, S.: Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive immune responses. Nat. Immunol. 2002, 3:1033–1040.
2-4 Epithelial cells and phagocytes produce several kinds of antimicrobial proteins.
Cash, H.L., Whitham, C.V., Behrendt, C.L., and Hooper, L.H.: Symbiotic bacteria direct expression of an intestinal bactericidal lectin. Science 2006, 313:1126–1130.
De Smet, K., and Contreras, R.: Human antimicrobial peptides: defensins, cathelicidins and histatins. Biotechnol. Lett. 2005, 27:1337–1347.
Ganz, T.: Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3:710–720.