A-17 Isolation of lymphocytes from tissues other than protection while being safe and inexpensive. 732 blood. 766 16-23 Live-attenuated viral vaccines are usually more
A-18 Flow cytometry and FACS analysis. 767 by the use of recombinant DNA technology. 732 magnetic beads. 770
A-20 Isolation of homogeneous T-cell lines. 770
A-21 Limiting-dilution culture. 771 creating genetically attenuated parasites (GAPs). 734
A-22 ELISPOT assay. 773 16-25 The route of vaccination is an important
A-23 Identification of functional subsets of T cells based determinant of success. 735 on cytokine production or transcription factor 16-26 Bordetella pertussis vaccination illustrates the expression. 773 importance of the perceived safety of a vaccine. 736
A-24 Identification of T-cell receptor specificity using peptide:MHC 16-27 Conjugate vaccines have been developed as a tetramers. 776 result of linked recognition between T and B cells. 737
A-25 Biosensor assays for measuring the rates of association and dissociation of antigen receptors immunity, but they require adjuvants and must for their ligands. 777 be targeted to the appropriate cells and cell
A-26 Assays of lymphocyte proliferation. 778 compartment to be effective. 738
A-27 Measurements of apoptosis. 779 16-29 Adjuvants are important for enhancing the  immunogenicity of vaccines, but few are approved
A-28 Assays for cytotoxic T cells. 780 for use in humans. 739
A-29 Assays for CD4 T cells. 782
A-30 Transfer of protective immunity. 782 vaccination. 740
A-31 Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. 783
A-32 Hematopoietic stem-cell transfers. 784 useful in controlling existing chronic infections. 741
A-33 In vivo administration of antibodies. 785
Summary. 742
A-34 Transgenic mice. 786
Summary to Chapter 16. 742
A-35 Gene knockout by targeted disruption. 786
Questions. 743
A-36 Knockdown of gene expression by
References. 744
RNA interference (RNAi). 790
Appendix I The Immunologist's Toolbox 749
A-1. Immunization. 749
A-2 Antibody responses. 752
A-3 Affinity chromatography. 753
A-4 Radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and competitive inhibition assay. 753
A-5 Hemagglutination and blood typing. 755
A-6 Coombs tests and the detection of rhesus incompatibility. 756
A-7 Monoclonal antibodies. 757
A-8 Phage display libraries for antibody V-region  production. 758
A-9 Generation of human monoclonal antibodies from vaccinated individuals. 759
A-10 Microscopy and imaging using fluorescent dyes. 760
A-11 Immunoelectron microscopy. 761
A-12 Immunohistochemistry. 762
A-13 Immunoprecipitation and co-immunoprecipitation. 762