3.1 Matching: Match the Toll-like receptor (TLR) to its ligand:
A. TLR-2:TLR-1 or i. ssRNA TLR-2:TLR-6
B. TLR-3 ii. Lipopolysaccharide
C. TLR-4 iii. Lipoteichoic acid and di-/triacyl lipoproteins
D. TLR-5 iv. dsRNA
E. TLR-7 v. Flagellin
F. TLR-9 vi. Unmethylated CpG DNA 3.2 Matching: Match the hereditary disorder to the gene affected:
A. Chronic granulomatous i. NOD2 disease
B. X-linked hypohidrotic ii. IKKγ (NEMO) ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency
C. Crohn’s disease iii. Jak3
D. X-linked SCID iv. NAPDH oxidase
E. SCID (not X-linked) v. NLRP3
F. Familial cold vi. γc inflammatory syndrome 3.3 Multiple Choice: Which of the following does not occur during an inflammatory response?
A. Local blood clotting
B. Tissue injury repair
C. Endothelial cell activation
D. Decreased vascular permeability
E. Extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissue 3.4 Short Answer: What is the difference between conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)?
3.5 Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a G-proteincoupled receptor?
A. fMLF receptor B. TLR-4 C. IL-1R D. CD14
E. STING F. B7.1 (CD80) 3.6 True or False: All forms of ubiquitination lead to proteasomal degradation.
3.7 Fill-in-the-Blanks:
A. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a cytoplasmic signaling domain called TIR that is also shared with __________.
B. Cytokine receptors of the hematopoietin family activate tyrosine kinases of the _____ family, in order to signal these recruit SH2-domain-containing transcriptions factors called __________.
C. Out of all the different TLRs, the only one that uses both MyD88/MAL and TRIF/TRAM adaptor pairs is __________.
3.8 True or False: Cytosolic DNA is sensed by cGAS, which signals through STING, while cytosolic ssRNA and dsRNA are sensed by RIG-I and MDA-5, respectively, which interact with the downstream adaptor protein MAVS.
3.9 Multiple Choice: Which of the following is not true?
A. CCL2 attracts macrophages through CCR2.
B. IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF are a subgroup of class I cytokine receptors that share a common β chain.
C. IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 share a common γc.
D. The inflammasome is a large oligomer composed of the sensor NLRP3, the adaptor ASC, and caspase 8.
E. CXCL8 attracts neutrophils through CXCR2.
F. ILC1s secrete IFN-γ, ILC2s secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and ILC3s secrete IL-17 and IL-22.
Section references.
3‑1 After entering tissues, many microbes are recognized, ingested, and killed by phagocytes.
Aderem, A., and Underhill, D.M.: Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1999, 17:593–623.