Cause and pathogenesis The hereditary nature of NF has been appreciated for a century. More recently, it has been established that NF comprises two distinct disorders, the genes for which are located on different chromosomes. Both are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with a high degree of penetrance, but half the cases are a result of spontaneous mutations. The classic form of the disease with multiple neurofibromas, described below, is caused by a mutation located near the centromere on chromosome 17 in a gene called neurofibromin (Barker et al). The second type, in which the main feature is bilateral acoustic nerve neuromas, described further on, is caused by a mutation in the merlin gene (also called schwannomin). These two forms of NF have been loosely referred to as peripheral and central, respectively, but the terms neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) are less confusing (Martuza and Eldridge) and are used in the following discussion.
The large size of the NF1 gene (60 exons) and the widely scattered mutations has made genetic testing complex but such testing is available. Virtually all families manifest different mutations and there have been no clear associations between specific mutations and phenotypic characteristics except that the rare complete deletion leads to early onset multiple neurofibromas, developmental delay, and facial dysmorphism.
The pathogenesis is less obscure now that the genes implicated in both diseases have been identified. Both involve tumor suppression. As with tuberous sclerosis, there is a suggestion of a disorder that allows low-grade ectodermal cell proliferation without tumor transformation. Cellular elements derived from the neural crest (i.e., Schwann cells, melanocytes, and endoneurial fibroblasts, the natural components of skin and nerves) proliferate excessively in multiple foci, and the melanocytes function abnormally. The hormones and growth factors involved in this proliferative process and the mechanism by which it occurs are as obscure as they are in tuberous sclerosis. It is known, however, that most of the numerous mutations in the NF1 gene lead to premature termination of protein synthesis and a consequent “loss of function.” This is in keeping with the tumor suppressor characteristics of the gene and the emergence of neoplasms in the presence of homozygous mutations.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Classic, or Peripheral, NF) (Table 37-6)
In the majority of patients, spots of hyperpigmentation (café-au-lait lesions) and cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromatous tumors are the basis of clinical diagnosis. Pigmentary changes in the skin are nearly always present at birth, but neurofibromas are infrequent at that age. Both lesions increase in number and size during late childhood and adolescence. There may be a spurt of new lesions at puberty or during pregnancy. Exceptionally, a neurofibroma of a cranial nerve or a spinal root (sometimes with compression of the cord), disclosed during imaging of the spine or a neurosurgical intervention, may be the initial manifestation of the disease. In a large series of patients with neurofibromatosis (Crowe et al), approximately one-third were found to have only the cutaneous manifestations that were noted while being examined for symptoms of some other disease; that is to say, the NF was asymptomatic. Usually these are the patients with the slightest degree of cutaneous abnormality. Of the remaining two-thirds, most consulted a physician because of the disfigurement produced by the skin tumors or because some of the neurofibromas were producing neurologic symptoms.