Walking becomes reduced to a shuffle; the patient frequently loses balance, and in walking forward or backward seems to be “chasing” the body’s center of gravity with a series of increasingly rapid short steps in order to avoid falling (festination). Defense and righting reactions are faulty. Falls do occur, but surprisingly infrequently given the degree of postural instability. Gait is improved by sensory guidance, as by holding the patient at the elbow. Obstacles such as door thresholds have the opposite effect, at times causing the patient to “freeze” in place. Getting in and out of a car or elevator or walking into a room or in a hall becomes particularly difficult. Difficulty in turning over in bed is a similarly characteristic feature as the illness advances, but the patient rarely volunteers this information. Several of our patients have fallen out of bed at a frequency that suggests a connection to their reduced mobility combined with slowed corrective or defensive postural movements or with REM sleep behavior disorder. Shaving or applying lipstick becomes difficult, as the facial muscles become more immobile and rigid.
Persistent extension or clawing of the toes, jaw clenching, and other fragments of dystonia, often quite painful, may enter the picture and are sometimes early findings. A special problem of camptocormia occurs in some Parkinson patients wherein an extreme forward flexion of the spine and correspondingly severe stooping occur. It appears to be a type of axial dystonia when it occurs with Parkinson disease. The deformity resolves when the patient is supine or pushes upward on the handles of a walker. This symptom is associated with a variety of other diseases, some of them not dystonic but instead, due to axial posterior muscular wasting or weakness. We have not been impressed that this very troubling symptom is ameliorated by l-dopa. Why some patients with Parkinson disease are extremely bent over and others are not at all is unknown.
As noted above, these various motor impediments and tremors characteristically begin in one limb (more often the left) and spread to one side and later to both sides until the patient is quite helpless. Yet in the excitement of some unusual circumstance (e.g., as escaping from a fire), the patient with all but the most advanced disease is capable of brief but remarkably effective movement (kinesis paradoxica).
Regarding other elicitable neurologic signs, there is an inability to inhibit blinking in response to a tap over the bridge of the nose or glabella (Myerson sign) but grasp and suck reflexes are not present unless dementia supervenes and buccal and jaw jerks are rarely enhanced. Commonly there is an impairment of upward gaze and convergence; if prominent or noted early in the disease, this sign suggests more the possibility of progressive supranuclear palsy. Bradykinesia may extend to eye movements, in that there is a delay in the initiation of gaze to one side, slowing of conjugate movements (decreased maximal saccadic velocity), hypometric saccades, and breakdown of pursuit movements into small saccades.