In choosing to perform a biopsy in any of these clinical situations, the paramount issue is the likelihood of establishing a definitive diagnosis—one that would permit successful treatment or otherwise enhance the management of the disease.
Ali SZ and Cibas ES. Serous Cavity Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytopathology. New York, Springer, 2012.
Altenmüller EO, Münte TF, Gerloff C: Neurocognitive function and the EEG. In: Niedermeyer E, Lopes DaSilva F (eds):
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 5th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005, pp 661–682.
American Electroencephalographic Society: Guidelines in electroencephalography, evoked potentials, and polysomnography. J Clin Neurophysiol 11:1, 1994.
Avery RA, Shah SS, Licht DJ, et al: Reference range for cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure in children. N Engl J Med 363:891, 2010.
Barrows LJ, Hunter FT, Banker BQ: The nature and clinical significance of pigments in the cerebrospinal fluid. Brain 78:59, 1955.
Bigner SH: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology: Current status and diagnostic applications. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51:235, 1992.
Blume WT, Kaibaro, M: Atlas of Pediatric Electroencephalography, 2nd ed. New York, Raven Press, 1999.
Cros D, Chiappa KH: Clinical applications of motor evoked potentials. Adv Neurol 63:179,1993.
Chiappa KH, Ropper AH: Evoked potentials in clinical medicine. N Engl J Med 306:1140, 1205, 1982.
Dawson GD: A summation technique for the detection of small evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 6:65, 1954.
Den Hartog-Jager WA: Color Atlas of CSF Cytopathology. New York, Elsevier-North Holland, 1980.
DeWeerd AW: Atlas of EEG in the First Months of Life. New York, Elsevier, 1995.
Ebersole JA, Husain AM, Nordi DR (eds): Current Practice of Clinical EEG, 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
Filler AG, Kliot M, Howe FA, et al: Application of magnetic resonance in the evaluation of patients with peripheral nerve pathology. J Neurosurg 85:299, 1996.
Fishman RA: Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1992.
Fishman RA, Ransahoff J, Osserman E: Factors influencing the concentration gradient of protein in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Invest 37:1419, 1958.
Goldenshohn ES, Wolf S, Koszer S, Legatt A (eds): EEG Interpretation, 2nd ed. New York, Futura, 1999.
Hahn JS, Tharp BR: Neonatal and pediatric electroencephalography. In: Aminoff MJ (ed): Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology, 4th ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1999, pp 81–128.
Horowitz AL: MRI Physics for Radiologists, 2nd ed. New York, Springer, 1992.
Hughes JR: EEG in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed. Woburn, MA,
Butterworth, 1994.