repellant containing ,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). This is infections initially reported to the West Nile Virus Pregnancy considered safe for use among pregnant women (Wylie, 2016). Registry, there were four miscarriages, two elective abortions, Avoiding outdoor activity and stagnant water and wearing proand 72 live births, 6 percent of which were preterm (O'Leary, tective clothing are also recommended. 2006). Three of these 72 newborns were shown to have West
Adverse efects of West Nile viremia on pregnancy are Nile infection, and it could not be established conclusively that unclear. Animal data suggest that embryos are susceptible, and infection was acquired congenitally. Of three major malformaa case report of human fetal infection at 27 weeks' gestation tions possiby associated with viral infection, none was deinidescribed chorioretinitis and severe temporal and occipital lobe tively conirmed. Similar conclusions were reached by Pridjian leukomalacia (Alpert, 2003; Julander, 2006). In 77 maternal and colleagues (2016), who analyzed data from the CDC West Nile Virus Registry. Transmission of West Nile virus through breastfeeding is rare .
hese are single-stranded RNA viruses that are prevalent world wide. In 2002, an especially virulent strain of coronavirus
China. It rapidly spread throughout Asia, Europe, and North and South America. he case-fatality rate approached 10 percent in the nonpregnant population and was as high as 25 percent in pregnant women (Lam, 2004; Wong, 2004). Although no addi tional cases have been conirmed since 2004, the CDC (2013b) now lists SARS-Co V as a "select agent" that has the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety.
Another novel regional coronavirus with a high case-fatality coronavirus eMERS-Co ) (Arabi, 2017). Although experience with MERS-Co V is sparse in pregnancy, infection has been reported to cause maternal and perinatal deaths (Assiri, 2016).
A member of the RNA Filoviridae family, the Ebola virus is transmitted by direct person-to-person contact (Kuhn, 2015).
Infection produces a severe hemorrhagic fever with pronounced thy. Treatment is supportive, and the mortality rate approaches 50 percent.
Data are few concerning Ebola viral infection in pregnancy (Beigi, 2017; Money, 2015; Oduyebo, 2015). The CDC concludes that pregnant women are at increased risk for severe illness and death a amieson, 2014). hat said, no evidence suggests that pregnant women are more susceptible to Ebola virus infection. One report described trophoblast infection (Muehlenbachs, 2017).
This RNA virus of the Flavivirdae family has recently been recognized as the first major mosquito-borne teratogen (Rasmussen, 2016). Although Zika virus is primaril) transmitted by mosquito bite, sexual transmission is also possible, and the virus may be detected in body fluids for months following acute infection (Hills, 2016; Joguet, 2017; Paz-Bailey, 2017).