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It is generaly admitted that there exists in the medulla a centre or uterine contractions, which can be stimulated by an excess of carbon dioxide in the bloo, by anaemia and the presence of various toxic substances; and it seems highy probable that the requency of premature labour in cases of renal insuiciency and eclampsia may be due to the action of metabolic poisons upon the centre.
-J. Whitridge Williams (1903)
In this textbook's first edition, very little was mentioned regarding preterm birth. Indeed, preterm birth was not incorporated as a stand-alone topic until the 13th edition in 1966. And, this content totaled only three sentences that cited use ofisoxsuprine as a tocolytic agent. In contrast, present-day research now produces more than 3000 articles published annually. Data derive from study of animal models, translational research, clinical trials, and genetic investigations. Despite eforts, elucidating the biology of human parturition and the subsequent eforts to prevent preterm birth remain elusive (Martin, 2017).
Low birthweight deines neonates who are born too small. Preterm or premature birth describes neonates who are born too early. With respect to gestational age, a newborn may be preterm, term, or postterm. With respect to size, a newborn may be normally grown and appropriate or gestational age; undersized, thus, smaL or gestational age; or overgrown and consequently, large or gestational age. Small for gestational age categorizes newborns whose birthweight is <10th percentile for gestational age. Other frequently used terms have included etal-growth restriction or intrauterine growth restriction. he term large for gestational age describes newborns whose birthweight is > 90th percentile for gestational age. The term appropriate or gestational age designates newborns whose weight is between the 10th and 90th percentiles.