Customarily, motor system disease is subdivided into several subtypes on the basis of the grouping of symptoms and signs. The most frequent form, in which amyotrophy and hyperreflexia are combined, is ALS (amyotrophy is the term applied to denervation atrophy and weakness of muscles). Less frequent are cases in which weakness and atrophy occur alone, without evidence of corticospinal tract dysfunction; for these the term progressive muscular atrophy is used. When the weakness and wasting predominate in muscles innervated by the motor nuclei of the lower brainstem (i.e., muscles of the jaw, face, tongue, pharynx, and larynx), it is customary to speak of progressive bulbar palsy. In a small proportion of patients, the clinical state is dominated by spastic weakness, hyperreflexia, and Babinski signs, with lower motor neuron aspects becoming apparent only at a later stage of the illness, or not at all. This is designated primary lateral sclerosis, an infrequent form of motor system disease in which the degenerative process remains confined to the corticospinal pathways, sparing the anterior horn cells (Pringle et al); it’s relation to ALS has always been a matter of uncertainty. The pure spastic paraplegias without amyotrophy may represent a special class of disease hence they are described separately. There are also relatively common familial forms of spastic paraplegia in which the disease is confined to the corticospinal tracts or, in some cases, combined with posterior column or other neurologic signs.
Furthermore, an important group of special spinal muscular atrophies occurs in infancy and childhood and are the leading cause of heritable infant mortality and, after cystic fibrosis, the most frequent form of serious childhood autosomal recessive disease (Pearn). The best known is the Werdnig-Hoffmann type of infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I); but there are other forms beginning in later childhood, adolescence, or early adult life (SMA types II and III, or the Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander type). Despite the clinical heterogeneity of the heritable childhood spinal muscular atrophies, they all derive from mutations in the SMN gene (see below; see Gilliam et al; Brzustowicz et al). This group of early-onset spinal muscular atrophies is separate genetically from a familial form of ALS.
History Credit for the original delineation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is appropriately given to Charcot. With Joffroy in 1869 and Gombault in 1871, he studied the pathologic aspects of the disease. In a series of lectures given from 1872 to 1874, he provided a lucid account of the clinical and pathologic findings. Although called Charcot disease in France, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (the term recommended by Charcot) has been preferred in the English-speaking world. Duchenne had earlier (1858) described labioglossolaryngeal paralysis, a term that Wachsmuth in 1864 changed to progressive bulbar palsy. In 1869, Charcot called attention to the nuclear origin of progressive bulbar palsy, and in 1882 Dejerine established its relationship to ALS. Most authors credit Aran and Duchenne with the earliest descriptions of progressive spinal muscular atrophy, which they believed to be of myogenic origin. This interpretation was, of course, incorrect; Cruveilhier, a few years later, noted the slender anterior roots, and soon thereafter the disease was brought into line with ALS as a spinal muscular atrophy. The genetic discovery in relation to this disease that opened a new chapter in understanding the disease was the discovery of the mutation in the superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene in familial cases of motor neuron disease. Several other sporadic mutations followed in succession and together are considered to explain a number of what were classified as sporadic cases.