A. IL-12 and IL-18 production by macrophages and dendritic cells induces IFN-γ secretion by ILC1 to induce heightened killing of intracellular pathogens.
B. ILC3s are activated by thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which activates STAT5 and induces IL-17 production.
C. Molecular patterns common to helminths activate IL-33 and IL-25 production, which in turn activates ILC2s to induce mucus production by goblet cells and mucosal smooth muscle contraction.
D. ILC3-derived IL-22 acts on epithelial cells to induce production of antimicrobial peptides and promotes an enhanced barrier integrity.
11.3 Matching: Match the following proteins with their effect on T-cell migration.
A. CXCR5 _______ i. Interacts with Pand E-selectin, expressed at activated endothelial cells
B. PSGL-1 _______ ii. CXCL13 binding attracts TFH cells to the B-cell follicle
C. FucT-VII _______ iii. Interacts with VCAM-1 to initiate extravasation of the effector T cells
D. VLA-4 _______ iv. Necessary for the production of Pand E-selectin 11.4 Fill-in-the-Blanks: Expression of selective adhesion molecules among effector T cells helps compartmentalize their distribution. For example, T cells that are primed in the GALT induce the expression of the __________ integrin, which binds to ___________, which is constitutively expressed by the gut mucosal endothelial cells. These T cells also express the chemokine receptor ______, which attracts T cells to the lamina propria subjacent to the small intestine epithelium via a _________ gradient. This compartmentalization capacity is not unique to the gut and can be observed in other organs such as the skin. For example, expression of a glycosylated form of PSGL-1, ______, binds ________ on cutaneous vascular endothelium.
11.5 Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements incorrectly describes TH1 macrophage activation?
A. CD40 ligand sensitizes the macrophage to respond to IFN-γ
B. LT-α can substitute for CD40 ligand in macrophage activation
C. TNFR-I activation is antagonized by activated TH1 cells
D. Macrophages are sensitized to IFN-γ by small amounts of bacterial LPS 11.6 Short Answer: How do M2 macrophages stimulate collagen production in order to promote tissue repair?
11.7 Multiple Choice: Which of the following is not true concerning type 3 responses?
A. The primary innate effector cells are neutrophils, which are recruited by CXCL8 and CXCL2 and have an increased output due to G-CSF and GM-CSF
B. At homeostasis, TH17 cells are present almost exclusively in the intestinal mucosa
C. IL-17 is the central cytokine D. IL-22 is produced to induce antimicrobial peptide production and epithelial cell proliferation and shedding of natural killer cells
E. IL-23 initiates the commitment of naive CD4+ T cells to the TH17 fate 11.8 Multiple Choice: Which of the following pathogens is able to induce a robust CD8+ T-cell response independent of CD4+ T-cell help?
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
C. Listeria monocytogenes
D. Staphylococcus aureus
E. Salmonella