Noris M, Mescia F, Remuzzi G: STEC-HUS, atypical HUS and TTP are all diseases of complement activation, Nat Rev Nephrol 8:622, 2013. [An article focused on the possible role of excessive activation of the alternative complement pathway in HUS and TTP.]
Pawlinski R, Mackman N: Cellular sources of tissue factor in endotoxemia and sepsis, Thromb Res 125(S1):S70, 2010. [An overview of the role of cellular procoagulants in DIC associated with bacterial infection.]
Zhou Z, Nguyen TC, Guchhait P, et al: Von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS-13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, Semin Thromb Hemost 36:71, 2010. [A review focused on the role of vWF deregulation and ADAMTS 13 deficiency in TTP.]
Disorders That Affect the Spleen and Thymus
Choi SS, Kim KD, Chung KY: Prognostic and clinical relevance of the World Health Organization schema for the classification of thymic epithelial tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 108 patients and literature review, Chest 127:755, 2005. [A large clinicopathologic series that shows that stage is the best predictor of outcome in thymoma.] http://ebooksmedicine.net studentconsult.com
ChronicInterstitial(Restrictive,Infiltrative)LungDiseases
Pulmonary Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Pulmonary Embolism, Hemorrhage, and Virus Infection
Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonias
Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised
The major function of the lung is to replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from blood. Developmentally, the respiratory system is an outgrowth from the ventral wall of the foregut. The midline trachea develops two lateral outpouchings, the lung buds. The right lung bud eventually divides into three main bronchi, and the left into two main bronchi, thus giving rise to three lobes on the right and two on the left. The main bronchi branch dichotomously, giving rise to progressively smaller airways, termed bronchioles, which are distinguished from bronchi by the lack of cartilage and submucosal glands within their walls. Additional branching of bronchioles leads to terminal bronchioles; the part of the lung distal to the terminal bronchiole is called an acinus. Pulmonary acini are composed of respiratory bronchioles (emanating from the terminal bronchiole) that proceed into alveolar ducts, which immediately branch into alveolar sacs, the blind ends of the respiratory passages, whose walls are formed entirely of alveoli, the ultimate site of gas exchange. The alveolar walls (or alveolar septa) consist of the following components, proceeding from blood to air (
Fig. 13.1
The capillary endothelium and basement membrane.
The pulmonary interstitium, composed of fine elastic fibers, small bundles of collagen, a few fibroblast-like cells, smooth muscle cells, mast cells, and rare mononuclear cells.
• Alveolar epithelium, consisting of a continuous layer of two principal cell types: flattened, plate-like type I pneumocytes covering 95% of the alveolar surface; and rounded type II pneumocytes. The latter synthesize pulmonary surfactant and are the main cell type involved in repair of alveolar epithelium after damage to type I pneumocytes.
A few alveolar macrophages usually lie free within the alveolar space. In the city dwellers, these macrophages often contain phagocytosed carbon particles.