Pituitary adenomas come to medical attention because of endocrine or visual abnormalities. Headaches are reported by nearly half of patients with macroadenomas but are not clearly part of the syndrome. The visual disorder usually proves to be a complete or partial bitemporal hemianopia, which has developed gradually and may not be evident to the patient (see the description of the chiasmatic syndromes in “Neurologic Causes of Reduced Vision” in Chap. 12). Early on, the upper parts of the visual fields may be affected predominantly, since those fibers run along the inferior optic nerve and chiasm. A small number of patients will be almost blind in one eye and have a temporal hemianopia in the other. Bitemporal central hemianopic scotomata are a less-frequent finding. A postfixed (situated relatively posteriorly) chiasm may be compressed in such a way that there is an interruption of some of the nasal retinal fibers, which, as they decussate, project into the base of the opposite optic nerve (Wilbrand knee); the controversy regarding the validity of this projection in humans is mentioned in Chap. 12. This results in a central scotoma on one or both sides (junctional syndrome) in addition to the classic temporal field defect (see Fig. 12-3).
If the visual disorder is longstanding, the optic nerve heads are atrophic. In 5 to 10 percent of cases, the pituitary adenoma extends into the cavernous sinus, causing some combination of ocular motor palsies as well as potential compression of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. Other neurologic abnormalities, rare to be sure, are seizures from indentation of the medial temporal lobe, CSF rhinorrhea from erosion of the sella, and diabetes insipidus, hypothermia, and somnolence from hypothalamic compression.
With regard to differential diagnosis, bitemporal hemianopia with a normal-size sella indicates that the causative lesion is probably a saccular aneurysm of the circle of Willis or a meningioma of the tuberculum sellae; multiple sclerosis may simulate this pattern and eventration of a greatly hydrocephalic third ventricle is an uncertain cause (see Chap. 12). The idiopathic syndrome of an “empty sella” also can cause bitemporal hemianopia and is discussed further on.
The major endocrine syndromes associated with pituitary adenomas are described briefly in the following pages. Their functional classification can be found in the monograph edited by Kovacs and Asa. A detailed discussion of the diagnosis and management of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas is given in the reviews of Klibanski and Zervas and of Pappas and colleagues; recommended also is an article that details the neurologic features of pituitary tumors by Anderson and colleagues. Worthy of emphasis is the catastrophic syndrome of pituitary apoplexy discussed further on.
Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome As a rule, this syndrome becomes manifest during the childbearing years. The history usually discloses that menarche had occurred at the appropriate age; primary amenorrhea is rare. A common history is that the patient took birth control pills, only to find, when she stopped, that the menstrual cycle did not reestablish itself. On examination, there may be no abnormalities other than galactorrhea. Serum prolactin concentrations are increased (usually in excess of 100 ng/mL). In general, the longer the duration of amenorrhea and the higher the serum prolactin level, the larger the tumor (prolactinoma). The elevated prolactin levels distinguish this disorder from idiopathic galactorrhea, in which the serum prolactin concentration is normal.