Herrington CS: Recent advances in molecular gynaecological pathology, Histopathology 55:243, 2009. [A review of molecular genetics of cervical, ovarian, and endometrial neoplasia.]
Kathleen RC: Ovarian cancer, Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 4:287, 2009. [A good review on the subject with discussion of molecular genetics.]
Moody CA: Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: pathways to transformation, Nat Rev Cancer 10:550, 2010. [A review of current opinion on cervical carcinogenesis.]
Morice P, Leary A, Creutzberg C, et al: Endometrial cancer, Lancet 387:1094, 2016. [A comprehensive review of the subject.]
Rich TA, Woodson AH, Litton J, et al: Hereditary breast cancer syndromes and genetic testing, J Surg Oncol 111:6–80, 2015. [Soon many individuals will know their entire DNA sequence. This review discusses the complexities of detecting lowand moderate-penetrance susceptibility genes.]
Seckl MJ, Sebire NJ, Berkowitz RS: Gestational trophoblastic disease, Lancet 376:717, 2010. [A review of gestation trophoblastic including discussion regarding management.]
Sonnenblick A, Fumagalli D, Sotiriou C, et al: Is the differentiation into molecular subtypes of breast cancer important for staging, local and systemic therapy, and follow up? Cancer Treat Rev 40:1089– 1095, 2014. [The translation of the biologic types of cancer into clinical practice is discussed.] http://ebooksmedicine.net studentconsult.com
Pituitary Adenomas: General Features
Other Forms of Thyroiditis
Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Monogenic Forms of Diabetes
Other Subtypes of Diabetes
Acute Metabolic Complications of
Chronic Complications of Diabetes
AdrenocorticalHyperfunction:Hyperadrenalism
Hypercortisolism: Cushing Syndrome
Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency: Addison Disease
The endocrine system is conprised of a widely distributed group of organs that work together to maintain the body’s metabolic equilibrium, or homeostasis. The cells of the endocrine system achieve this by secreting molecules, which are frequently called hormones, that act on target cells distant from their site of synthesis. A hormone typically is carried by the blood from the endocrine gland to its target tissues. Most hormones are secreted in response to other, so-called trophic, hormones, which are produced in response to particular metabolic needs. Production of a hormone often downregulates the activity of the gland that secretes the stimulating trophic hormone, a process known as feedback inhibition.
Hormones can be classified into several broad categories, based on the nature of their receptors: • Hormones that act by binding to cell surface receptors: This large class of compounds is composed of two groups: (1) peptide hormones, such as growth hormone and insulin, and (2) small molecules, such as epinephrine. Binding of these hormones to cell surface receptors leads to an increase in intracellular second messengers, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), and ionized calcium. Elevated levels of one or more of these compounds can activate intracellular signaling pathways that may stimulate cell growth or differentiation, or alter cell function.