Jacobsen, K., Kravitz, J., Kincade, P.W., and Osmond, D.G.: Adhesion receptors on bone-marrow stromal cells—in vivo expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by reticular cells and sinusoidal endothelium in normal and γ-irradiated mice. Blood 1996, 87:73–82.
8.14 Multiple Choice: Which of the following would not lead to a defect in CD8+ T-cell development in the thymus?
A. Genetic deletion of cathepsin.
B. An inactivating mutation in the gene for the transcription factor Runx3.
C. Overexpression of the transcription factor ThPOK.
D. Genetic deletion of MHC class I genes.
E. Genetic deletion of the proteasomal subunit β5T.
8.15 Multiple Choice: Which of the following best explains MHC restriction of mature T cells?
A. TCRα and TCRβ CDR1 and CDR2 regions exhibit a germline-encoded bias to recognize MHC.
B. Apoptosis is induced in thymocytes when they receive a strong T-cell receptor signal.
C. CD4 and CD8 bind up all almost all of intracellular Lck.
D. Medullary thymic epithelial cells express AIRE, which promotes the expression of tissue-specific proteins.
E. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages are much more effective at mediating negative selection of thymocytes than thymic epithelial cells and thymocytes themselves.
8.16 Short Answer: What is the affinity hypothesis for thymocyte development?
Kiel, M.J., and Morrison, S.J.: Uncertainty in the niches that maintain haematopoietic stem cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 8:290–301.
8-2 B-cell development begins by rearrangement of the heavy-chain locus.
Allman, D., Li, J., and Hardy, R.R.: Commitment to the B lymphoid lineage occurs before DH-JH recombination. J. Exp. Med. 1999, 189:735–740.
Allman, D., Lindsley, R.C., DeMuth, W., Rudd, K., Shinton, S.A., and Hardy, R.R.: Resolution of three nonproliferative immature splenic B cell subsets reveals multiple selection points during peripheral B cell maturation. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:6834–6840.
Hardy, R.R., Carmack, C.E., Shinton, S.A., Kemp, J.D., and Hayakawa, K.: Resolution and characterization of pro-B and pre-pro-B cell stages in normal mouse bone marrow. J. Exp. Med. 1991, 173:1213–1225.
Osmond, D.G., Rolink, A., and Melchers, F.: Murine B lymphopoiesis: towards a unified model. Immunol. Today 1998, 19:65–68.
Welinder, E., Ahsberg, J., and Sigvardsson, M.: B-lymphocyte commitment: identifying the point of no return. Semin. Immunol. 2011, 23:335–340.
8-3 The pre-B-cell receptor tests for successful production of a complete heavy chain and signals for the transition from the pro-B cell to the pre-B cell stage.
Bankovich, A.J., Raunser, S., Juo, Z.S., Walz, T., Davis, M.M., and Garcia, K.C.: Structural insight into pre-B cell receptor function. Science 2007, 316:291–294.