The palmaris brevis, a small intrinsic muscle of the hand, is a quadrangular-shaped subcutaneous muscle that overlies the hypothenar muscles, ulnar artery, and superficial branch of the ulnar nerve at the medial side of the palm (Fig. 7.99). It originates from the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the dermis of the skin on the medial margin of the hand.
The palmaris brevis deepens the cup of the palm by pulling on skin over the hypothenar eminence and forming a distinct ridge. This may improve grip.
The palmaris brevis is innervated by the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve.
The “anatomical snuffbox” is a term given to the triangular depression formed on the posterolateral side of the wrist and metacarpal I by the extensor tendons passing into the thumb (Fig. 7.100). Historically, ground tobacco (snuff) was placed in this depression before being inhaled into the nose. The base of the triangle is at the wrist and the apex is directed into the thumb. The impression is most apparent when the thumb is extended:
The lateral border is formed by the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.
The medial border is formed by the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus.
The floor of the impression is formed by the scaphoid and trapezium, and the distal ends of the tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis.
The radial artery passes obliquely through the anatomical snuffbox, deep to the extensor tendons of the thumb and lies adjacent to the scaphoid and trapezium.
Terminal parts of the superficial branch of the radial nerve pass subcutaneously over the snuffbox as does the origin of the cephalic vein from the dorsal venous arch of the hand.
After exiting the carpal tunnel, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles cross the palm and enter fibrous sheaths on the palmar aspect of the digits (Fig. 7.101). These fibrous sheaths: begin proximally, anterior to the metacarpophalangeal joints, and extend to the distal phalanges; are formed by fibrous arches and cruciate (cross-shaped) ligaments, which are attached posteriorly to the margins of the phalanges and to the palmar ligaments associated with the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints; and hold the tendons to the bony plane and prevent the tendons from bowing when the digits are flexed.
Within each tunnel, the tendons are surrounded by a synovial sheath. The synovial sheaths of the thumb and little finger are continuous with the sheaths associated with the tendons in the carpal tunnel (Fig. 7.101).
The tendons of the extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus muscles pass onto the dorsal aspect of the digits and expand over the proximal phalanges to form complex “extensor hoods” or “dorsal digital expansions” (Fig. 7.103A). The tendons of the extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis, and extensor pollicis brevis muscles join these hoods.
Each extensor hood is triangular, with: the apex attached to the distal phalanx, the central region attached to the middle phalanx (index, middle, ring, and little fingers) or proximal phalanx (thumb), and each corner of the base wrapped around the sides of the metacarpophalangeal joint—in the index, middle, ring, and little fingers, the corners of the hoods attach mainly to the deep transverse metacarpal ligaments; in the thumb, the hood is attached on each side to muscles.