Purulent collections within the substance of the cord was first described by Hart in 1830 and, although it is rare, 73 cases had been reported by 1994 (Candon and Frerebeau). In some instances, the patient was known to have had systemic bacterial infection, septicemia, or endocarditis; in others, there was a contiguous abscess in the skin or subcutaneous tissues with a fistula to the spinal cord through an intervertebral foramen. Spinal cord abscess is a rare complication of spinal dysraphism or of a developmentally open dorsal fistulous tract. The symptoms are indistinguishable from those of epidural abscess, namely, spinal and radicular pain followed by sensory and motor paralysis; the CSF findings are also the same. Woltman and Adson described a patient in whom surgical drainage of an encapsulated intramedullary abscess led to recovery, and Morrison and associates reported a similar case caused by Listeria monocytogenes, which was successfully drained and the meningeal infection suppressed by ampicillin and chloramphenicol. There was no way to be certain of the diagnosis prior to the availability of MRI.
Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the spine with kyphosis (Pott disease) is well known in regions of endemic tuberculosis. Children and young adults are most often affected. The osteomyelitis is the result of reactivation of tuberculosis at a site previously established by hematogenous spread. An infectious endarteritis causes bone necrosis and collapse of a thoracic or upper lumbar (less often cervical) vertebral body resulting in a characteristic angulated kyphotic deformity (Fig. 42-3); any degree of additional rotary instability allows the emergence of a gibbus deformity. Most patients have some active tuberculous infection as evidenced by fever, night sweats, and other constitutional symptoms; the sedimentation rate is invariably elevated but the degree may be slight. A compressive myelopathy occurs in some cases as a result of the spinal deformity, but it is infrequent and an epidural tuberculous abscess is a more common cause of cord compression (see below). What is surprising to us about Pott disease is the excellent result that may be obtained by external stabilization of the spine and long-term antituberculous medication. A recent young patient of ours was saved from an operation by the intercession by telephone of his father, a physician from India. Although there is some controversy regarding spinal surgery, it is certainly required in the presence of severe deformities or a compressive myelopathy as noted in Chap. 31.
Solitary tuberculoma of the spinal cord as part of a generalized infection is a rarity. More often, pus or caseous granulation tissue extrudes from an infected vertebra and gives rise to an epidural compression of the cord (Pott paraplegia, as distinct from Pott disease). Occasionally tuberculous meningitis may result in pial arteritis and spinal cord infarction. The paraplegia may appear before the tuberculous meningitis is diagnosed. All these forms of tuberculosis are infrequent in the United States and Western Europe, but we see a new case every several years in a patient who had spent his earlier life in India or Africa. Additional comments can be found in Chap. 31.