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Figure 21-1. Photograph of the lateral surface of the human brain. (Reproduced by permission from Carpenter MB, Sutin J: Human
Neuroanatomy, 8th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1982.)
Figure 21-2. Cytoarchitectural zones of the human cerebral cortex according to Brodmann. A. Lateral surface. B. Medial surface. C. Basal inferior surface. The functional zones of the cortex are illustrated in Fig. 21-3.
Figure 21-3. A and B. Approximate distribution of functional zones on lateral (A) and medial (B) aspects of the cerebral cortex. Abbreviations: A1, primary auditory cortex; AA, auditory association cortex; AG, angular gyrus; CG, cingulate cortex; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; IT, inferior temporal gyrus; M1, primary motor area; MA, motor association cortex; MPO, medial parietooccipital area; MT, middle temporal gyrus; OF, orbitofrontal region; PC, prefrontal cortex; PH, parahippocampal region; PO, parolfactory area; PS, peristriate cortex; RS, retrosplenial area; S1, primary somatosensory area; SA, somatosensory association cortex; SG, supramarginal gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobule; ST, superior temporal gyrus; TP, temporopolar cortex; V1, primary visual cortex; VA, visual association cortex. (Redrawn by permission from M-M Mesulam.)
Figure 21-4. The basic cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex, adapted from Brodmann. The six basic cell layers are indicated on the left, and the fiber layers on the right (see text).
Figure 21-5. Four fundamental types of cerebral cortex and their distribution in the cerebrum. The primary visual cortex has a preponderance of small neurons; hence, it was historically called “granular.” The primary motor cortex, by contrast, has relatively fewer small neurons and was described as “agranular.” (Reproduced with permission from Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM:
Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed.
New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000.)
Figure 21-6. Connections involved in naming a seen object and in reading. The visual pattern is transferred from the visual cortex and association areas to the angular gyrus, which arouses the auditory pattern in the Wernicke area. The auditory pattern is transmitted to the Broca area through the arcuate fasciculus, where the articulatory form is aroused and transferred to the contiguous face area of the motor cortex. With destruction of the left visual cortex and splenium (or intervening white matter), the words perceived in the right visual cortex cannot cross over to the language areas and the patient cannot read.
Chapter  21    Neurologic Disorders Caused by Lesions in Specific Parts of the Cerebrum
Disorders of Speech and Language
Speech and language functions are of fundamental human significance, both in social interaction and in private intellectual life. When they are disturbed as a consequence of brain disease, the functional loss exceeds in many ways all others in gravity—even blindness, deafness, and paralysis. The neurologist is concerned with all derangements of speech and language, including those of reading and writing because they are almost invariably manifestations of disease of the brain.