 Ethereum ‘Verge’ upgrade to enable nodes on phones and smartwatches 
2024-10-24

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has shared his perspective and detailed plans for the network’s next upgrade called “The Verge.”
This update is designed to make Ethereum more secure and accessible, allowing Ethereum nodes to run on devices as small as a “phone or smart watch.”
The Verge aims to reduce hardware requirements using “stateless verification,” which will allow nodes to verify blockchain blocks without storing large amounts of data.
Stateless verification
One of Ethereum’s growing challenges is the increasing data size required to operate a node, which currently requires “hundreds of gigabytes of state data,” according to research from Paradigm. 
The Verge introduces stateless verification, which Buterin said will “make fully-verifying the chain so computationally affordable that every mobile wallet, browser wallet, and even smart watch is doing it by default.”
The shift to stateless verification would mean that Ethereum nodes no longer have to store the entire blockchain, decreasing the technical barriers for users, including solo stakers.
Verkle trees vs. STARKs
In his blog post, Buterin explained that The Verge initially focused on implementing Verkle trees, a cryptographic structure designed to reduce proof sizes and enable stateless validation.
Buterin acknowledged concerns about Verkle tree vulnerability to quantum computing, stating:
Developers are considering Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (STARK)-based binary hash trees, which provide an improved long-term outlook for security and scalability when resisting quantum threats.
Multidimensional gas and solo staking
The Verge also includes proposed changes to the network’s gas cost system under Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP)-4762 in preparation for stateless verification.
The proposed change would adjust gas fees for resource-heavy cryptographic operations to ensure network scalability and security while incorporating what Buterin calls “multidimensional gas.”
This new idea separates gas costs for calldata, computation and state accesses to offer improved management of Ethereum’s resources amid the upgrade’s focus on hardware requirement reduction.
By enabling node operation on smaller devices with these new proposed changes, Buterin aims to make solo staking more viable and accessible.