'Hyper-' means high, so hypertonic solution is one in which the overall concentration of solutes is higher than it is in the cytosol. In a hypertonic solution, water flows out of the cell to try to even out the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. This makes cells shrink or shrivel up.
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Transcytosis, the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other, is a strategy used by multicellular organisms to selectively move material between two environments without altering the unique compositions of those environments.
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Water moves across cell membranes by osmosis to try to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. In this lesson, learn how osmosis works and examine some examples of its importance in biology.
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When the overall concentration of solutes is lower on the outside of a cell than in the cytosol, we say that the cell is in a hypotonic solution ('hypo-' means low). In hypotonic solutions, water flows into the cell by osmosis to try to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane.
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Physiol Rev 83: 871–932, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00001.2003.—Transcytosis, the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other, is a strategy used by multicellular organisms to selectively move material between two environments without altering the unique compositions of those environments.
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/83/3/871
Carrier-mediated transport enables molecules with low lipid solubility to traverse the blood-brain barrier. Glucose from blood enters the brain by a transport protein. Glucose is the primary energy substrate of the brain.
http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter11.html
Table 1 documents that transcytosis is widespread. As expected, epithelial cells forming barriers between the outside world and the interstitium or between the internal world (circulation) and the interstitium are the major cells participating in transcytosis. However, the question of whether transcytosis occurs in all adult epithelia (e.g., kidney and skin) is open.
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/83/3/871
In hypotonic solutions, where the concentration of solutes is lower outside than inside the cell, water flows into cells and makes them swell. In hypertonic solutions, on the other hand, osmosis makes water flow out of cells, which shrivels them up.
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Other segments of the nephron, e.g., the collecting tubule, are more difficult to assess. Transcytosis certainly occurs in the most obvious fetal organs, the yolk sac and placenta, and it probably operates elsewhere in the developing fetus.
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/83/3/871
We then review in more depth the two best-studied transcytosis systems, transendothelial transport of circulating macromolecules and transcytosis of IgA in polarized epithelial cells, focusing on the similarities and differences of their pathways and carriers.
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/83/3/871
what solutes use transcytosis
The solutes use Transcytosis is Macromolecules. A macromolecule is a solute that uses transcytosis.