Metal forging is a metal forming process that involves applying compressive forces to a work piece to deform it, and create a desired geometric change to the material. The forging process is very important in industrial metal manufacture, particularly in the extensive iron and steel manufacturing industry.
http://thelibraryofmanufacturing.com/forging.html
Impression die forging manufacture involves compression of a work piece by the use of impression die, (a mold), that contain cavities that act to restrict the flow of metal within the die during the deformation of the work.
http://thelibraryofmanufacturing.com/forging.html
Hot-die forging: a process in which dies are heated close to the forging temperature of the alloy being forged/ used for difficult-to-forge alloys. Hot forging: same as hot working - plastically deforming an alloy at a temperature above its recrystallization point, i.e., high enough to avoid strain hardening.
https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/defin3.html
One of many open die forging options, hollow forging starts with a punched or pierced disc on a tapered draw bar. Progressive reduction of the outside diameter increases the overall length of the sleeve, while the inside diameter remains constant. Open die forging of rings starts with a preform on saddle/mandrel.
https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/defin3.html
In this series, we will examine the concepts and features of forging grain flow. This article will cover the basics of grain flow that occur during metalworking processes. It will also discuss how grain flow can be observed in a forged part.
http://www.forgemag.com/articles/84265-grain-flow-in-forgings---the-basics
Metal forging processes can be classified by the degree to which the flow of material is constrained during the process. There are three major classifications in metal forging manufacture. First, open die forging, in which the work is compressed between two die that do not constrain the metal during the process. Secondly, impression die forging, in which cavities within the die restrict metal flow during the compression of the part, causing the material to deform into a desired geometric shape. Some material in impression die forging is not constrained by the cavities and flows outward from the die, this metal is called flash.
http://thelibraryofmanufacturing.com/forging.html
Flow lines: patterns that reveal how the grain structure follows the direction of working in a forging. Forgeability: relative ability of a material to deform without rupture. Forging reduction: ratio of the cross-sectional area before and after forging; sometimes refers to percentage reduction in thickness.
https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/defin3.html
Forging is the process by which metal is heated and is shaped by plastic deformation by suitably applying compressive force. Usually the compressive force is in the form of hammer blows using a power hammer or a press. Forging refines the grain structure and improves physical properties of the metal. With proper design, the grain flow can be oriented in the direction of principal stresses encountered in actual use. Grain flow is the direction of the pattern that the crystals take during plastic deformation. Physical properties (such as strength, ductility and toughness) are much better in a forging than in the base metal, which has, crystals randomly oriented.
https://www.efunda.com/processes/metal_processing/forging.cfm
This page discusses Flow lines, Forgeability, Forging reduction, Forging stock, Free-machining-steel forgings, Grain flow, Hammer forging, Hand forging, Heat treatment, High-energy-rate forging, Hog-out, Hollow forging, Hot-die forging, Hot forging, Hub, Impact extrusion, Impression die forging, and Isothermal forging, from Queen City Forging.
https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/defin3.html
High-energy-rate forging: forgings made on equipment that utilizes very high ram velocities. Hog-out: product machined from bar, plate, slab, etc. Hollow forging: a cylindrical open die forging, e.g., thick-walled tubes or rings.
https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/deformiranje/defin3.html
what are forging flow lines
Forging flow lines are patterns that reveal how the grain structure follows the direction of working in a forging.