During translation, ribosomes move along an mRNA strand, and with the help of proteins called initiation factors, elongation factors, and release factors, they assemble the sequence of amino acids indicated by the mRNA, thereby forming a protein.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/The-Information-in-DNA-Determines-Cellular-Function-6523228
Within the ribosome, the rRNA molecules direct the catalytic steps of protein synthesis — the stitching together of amino acids to make a protein molecule. In fact, rRNA is sometimes called a ribozyme or catalytic RNA to reflect this function.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660
(2) Next, tRNA molecules attached to amino acids (spheres) dock at the corresponding triplet codon sequence on the mRNA molecule. (3, 4, and 5) This process repeats over and over, with multiple tRNAs docking and connecting successive amino acids into a growing chain that elongates out of the top of the ribosome.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660
Figure 6: Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence. Figure Detail. Figure 7: Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/The-Information-in-DNA-Determines-Cellular-Function-6523228
This means that ribosomes are the sites at which the genetic code is actually read by a cell. Ribosomes are themselves composed of a complex of proteins and specialized RNA molecules called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) . Figure 3: A tRNA molecule combines an anticodon sequence with an amino acid.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/The-Information-in-DNA-Determines-Cellular-Function-6523228
Consequently, methionine is the first amino acid to dock in the ribosome during the synthesis of proteins. Tryptophan is unique because it is the only amino acid specified by a single codon. The remaining 19 amino acids are specified by between two and six codons each.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/The-Information-in-DNA-Determines-Cellular-Function-6523228
A ribosome is composed of two subunits: large and small. During translation, ribosomal subunits assemble together like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, where they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles).
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660
To manufacture protein molecules, a cell must first transfer information from DNA to mRNA through the process of transcription. Then, a process called translation uses this mRNA as a template for protein assembly.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/The-Information-in-DNA-Determines-Cellular-Function-6523228
During translation, these tRNAs carry amino acids to the ribosome and join with their complementary codons. Then, the assembled amino acids are joined together as the ribosome, with its resident rRNAs, moves along the mRNA molecule in a ratchet-like motion.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660
After the transcription of DNA to mRNA is complete, translation — or the reading of these mRNAs to make proteins — begins. Recall that mRNA molecules are single stranded, and the order of their bases — A, U, C, and G — is complementary to that in specific portions of the cell's DNA.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660
what molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome
MRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome. Messenger Ribonucleic Acid molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome.