component, amongst many, that could account for some of the adverse health effects of PM (2, Published in IVIS with the permission of the WEAS Close window to return to IVIS. Proceedings of Second World Equine Airways Symposium, Scotland 2001. Copyright© WEAS 2001.
http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/weas/2001/Donaldson.pdf
Upon exposure of the lung epithelium to oxidants, a protective mechanism, inflammation, is triggered in the lungs in an attempt to eliminate the toxins.32 As will be discussed next, the inflammatory process can induce genetic mutations through oxidative stress, resulting in lung cancer.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124052055000039
Ultrafine Particles in the Air and the Lungs: Many toxicological studies over the last 10 years have confirmed that particles in the ultrafine. size range - <100nm – pose special problems to the lungs (reviewed in (5, 6, 7).
http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/weas/2001/Donaldson.pdf
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major worldwide health problem that has an increasing prevalence and mortality (1, 2). Oxidative stress, which can be defined as an increased exposure to oxidants and/or decreased antioxidant capacities, is widely recognized as a central feature of many diseases (3, 4). Considerable evidence now links COPD with increased oxidative stress (5, 6).
http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9611013
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world. In 2008, there were an estimated 1.2 million new cases (12.7% of new cancers) and 1.3 million cancer deaths (18.2% of cancer deaths). Lung cancer is uncommon in young adults, with the average age of occurrence being more than 60.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124052055000039
The lung is the organ that is most exposed to ambient air, with the exception of the skin. It is therefore easily affected by inhaled toxins, gases, pollutants, pathogens, and oxidants and is susceptible to exogenous oxidative injury. Additionally, endogenous oxidants made via pathophysiological processes in the lung and elsewhere also add to the oxidative burden.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124052055000039
Lung cancer risk increases with both the number of cigarettes smoked by the smoking partner and the duration of exposure to second-hand smoke. When confounding factors such as active smoking and diet have been taken into account, the increased risk of lung cancer is in the order of 20 to 25%.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124052055000039
For some particles the inflammation could results from release of transition metals from the large. surface area and transition metals like iron are considered to play an important role in causing. inflammation via oxidative stress with some particle types.
http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/weas/2001/Donaldson.pdf
The respirable fraction, which penetrates to the unciliated. regions of the lung, is approximated by an analogous PM. 2.5 convention, which is now being. considered in the USA as the standard measurement for reasons discussed below.
http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/weas/2001/Donaldson.pdf
Why a large number of particles or a large surface. area leads to inflammation is not known but surface seems to be the metric that drives. inflammation caused by low toxicity particles (Figure 2). The particle surface may be a source. of oxidative stress by mechanisms that are not well understood.
http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/weas/2001/Donaldson.pdf
effect of oxidative stress on lungs
Oxidative stress on lungs resulting in lung cancer. Oxidative stress on lungs results in lung cancer.