Permeate from the first-pass test was then collected and used as feed for the same membranes, creating a second-pass simulation. Two tests were conducted; the first at the natural pH of the permeate, and the second at a pH of 8.0 to 8.5. The latter pH was achieved by addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH caustic).
http://www.megaheart.com/osmosis.htm
Home > Library & Downloads > Technical Papers > Valves and Pumps : Reverse Osmosis for WFI and PW. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. (USP) has proposed new specifications for Water for Injection (WFI) and Purified Water (PW). These specifications will include quantitative conductivity, and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements will replace 100-year-old qualitative wet chemistry tests.
http://www.megaheart.com/osmosis.htm
(1) In. a packed-plunger pump, the process fluid is in direct contact with the plunger. (2) In a. diaphragm pump, the process fluid is isolated from the plunger by means of a. hydraulically actuated flat or shaped diaphragm.
http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/ess/PROJECT_STANDARDS_AND_SPECIFICATIONS_caustic_and_chemical_injection_systems_Rev01.pdf
Spent caustic. Spent caustic is a waste industrial caustic solution that has become exhausted and is no longer useful (or spent). Spent caustics are made of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, water, and contaminants.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_caustic
Wherever explosion or fire hazard exist, proper plant layout and adequate spacing. between hazards are essential to loss prevention and control. Layout relates to the. relative position of equipment or units within a given site. Spacing pertains to minimum. distances between unit or equipment.
http://www.klmtechgroup.com/PDF/ess/PROJECT_STANDARDS_AND_SPECIFICATIONS_caustic_and_chemical_injection_systems_Rev01.pdf
 Remote telemetry package available with control panel for. system control and monitoring with any internet connection.  Pre-treatment filters available to protect equipment.  Metering pumps with adjustable flow output for advanced. control of chemical injection.  Membrane filters to control levels of oxygen and carbon. dioxide.  Features Walchem, LMI, and Milton-Roy metering pumps.  Caustic tank and liquid supply available.
http://www.h2ktech.com/pdf_downloads/Chemical-Injection-Systems.pdf
The contaminants have consumed the majority of the sodium (or potassium) hydroxide and thus the caustic liquor is spent, for example, in one common application H2S (gas) is scrubbed by the NaOH (aqueous) to form NaHS (aq) and H2O (l), thus consuming the caustic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_caustic
Refinery Caustic Injection Systems: Design, Operation, And Case Studies. ABSTRACT. Caustic injection is used to reduce refinery crude-column-overhead hydrochloric acid corrosion. Such injection systems are considered to be critical equipment because failures can potentially have catastrophic results. Accordingly, it is necessary to rigorously design caustic injection systems to assure correctness and reliable performance.
https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-08551
Shell said an inspection found a leak that developed was due to caustic cracking in stainless steel piping. Higher levels of caustic soda than expected were discovered in the heat-integrated crude unit feed system. As the unit approached normal operating temperatures during start up, caustic cracking occurred. “The source of the excess caustic relates to the first unit shutdown in early June 2012.
http://blogs.platts.com/2013/09/16/motiva-woes/
Sodium Hydroxide. Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) Sodium hydroxide is utilized to raise the pH of water in a variety of applications. The chemical leaves no residual color, is a high-strength product, and is available at concentrations of 2-50%.
http://www.beckart.com/chemistry/aa/sohydrox.php
caustic injection system
Caustic injection is an injection that is used to reduce refinery crude column overhead hydrochloric acid corrosion. Caustic injection is used to reduce refinery crude-column-overhead hydrochloric acid corrosion.