Exercise-induced benefits are well known to prevent harmful effects of proinflammatory adipokines through skeletal muscle-secreted proteins. 4 A recent study by Pedersen et al. 7 demonstrated the endocrine effects of muscle fiber-derived cytokines or peptides produced and secreted during skeletal muscle contraction.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422014000705
Many studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise in preventing all-cause mortality, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and cancer. Exercise reduces the risk of death by preventing metabolic diseases and protects against chronic diseases.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422014000705
Chronic treatment with TNF-α is decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle [14]. Interestingly, while IL-6 activates AMPK activity, evidence exists that TNF-α a blocks AMPK signaling [19]. Studies examining the direct effect of TNF-α on intact skeletal muscle have yielded negative results [47].
http://www.medicinescience.org/pdfs/journals/vol1/no3/Skeletal-Muscle-Myokines-and-Health.pdf
Although hundreds of myokines have recently been described in proteomic studies, we currently have a rather limited knowledge of the specific role these myokines play in the prevention of insulin resistance, inflammation and associated metabolic dysfunction.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-014-3224-x
A few researchers suggested that myokines such as IL-6 is likely to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and inhibit low-level TNF-α production. Thereby, TNF-α-induced insulin resistance and thus be an important player in mediating the beneficial health effects of exercise.
http://www.medicinescience.org/pdfs/journals/vol1/no3/Skeletal-Muscle-Myokines-and-Health.pdf
This review summarizes the current understanding of the positive effects of exercise-induced myokines, such as interleukin-15, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, on metabolic diseases.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422014000705
Abstract. Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an active endocrine organ releasing a host of so-called myokines. These myokines are part of a complex network that mediates communication between muscle, the liver, adipose tissue, the brain and other organs.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-014-3224-x
Skeletal muscle has been emerging as a research field since the past 2 decades. Contraction of a muscle, which acts as a secretory organ, stimulates production, secretion, and expression of cytokines or other muscle fiber-derived peptides, i.e., myokines. Exercise-induced myokines influence crosstalk between different organs in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422014000705
Myokines such as IL-6 is likely to show the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and inhibit low-level TNF- α production. By this ways, TNF- α -induced insulin resistance reveals an important role in mediating the beneficial health effects of exercise.
http://www.medicinescience.org/pdfs/journals/vol1/no3/Skeletal-Muscle-Myokines-and-Health.pdf
The muscle produces IL-6 to aid in maintaining metabolic homeostasis during muscular exercise of long duration. Regarding the pig adipocyte, IL-6 is more highly expressed under basal conditions than is TNF-α [13]. There are data demonstrating that IL-6 can impair increases in TNF-α [17].
http://www.medicinescience.org/pdfs/journals/vol1/no3/Skeletal-Muscle-Myokines-and-Health.pdf
effects of myokines on muscle
The effects of myokines on muscle are inhibiting low-level TNF-α production.