Philosophical anthropology after World War II has been generally characterized by a complex interaction with existentialism, pragmatism, depth psychology, and structuralism.
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(1) In the broad sense of the term, the study of the nature, or essence, of man. (2) In the narrow sense, a trend in Western European and primarily German philosophy in the first half of the 20th century.
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The Philosophy of Anthropology. The Philosophy of Anthropology refers to the central philosophical perspectives which underpin, or have underpinned, the dominant schools in anthropological thinking. It is distinct from Philosophical Anthropology which attempts to define and understand what it means to be human.
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The liberation of man from the pressure of his instincts is based on the gap between stimulus and action; man, according to Gehlen, is a “culturable” creature. The concept of cultural anthropology proposed by E. Rothacker comes close to Gehlen’s ideas.
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For Gehlen, the source of human activity is man’s biological “inadequacy”—that is, his imperfect organs as compared to the animals’ highly specialized ones, his reduced instinctual capacity, and the general lack of specificity in his makeup, which conditions human adaptability.
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In terms of philosophy, some aspects of nineteenth century racial anthropology might be seen to reflect the theories of progress that developed in the nineteenth century, such as those of G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831) (see below).
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The birth of the philosophical school of anthropology is associated with the publication of M. Scheler’s The Place of Man in the Universe (1928) and H. Plessner’s Stages of the Organic and Man (1928); the central concern of these works is the difference between the human and the animal mode of existence.
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The Nordic Network for Philosophical Anthropology will establish a constructive dialogue among different and supplementary research environments from the Nordic countries, encompassing not only philosophers and anthropologists, but also sociologists, linguists, historians, and psychologists from various traditions.
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The naturalism section looks at the philosophy underpinning the development of ethnography-focused anthropology, including cultural determinism, cultural relativism, fieldwork ethics and the many criticisms which this kind of anthropology has provoked.
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Philosophical Anthropology in this sense comprises: 1  Philosophy of the human; i.e. critical reflection upon questions concerning the human being as such. 2  Philosophy of anthropology; i.e. critical reflection upon methods and theories within anthropology and anthropological research.
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what is philosophical anthropology
Philosophical anthropology refers to the central philosophical perspectives which underpin, or have underpinned, the dominant schools in anthropological thinking.