1987 Pacific hurricane season

The 1987 Pacific hurricane season was the last year in which the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center was the primary warning center for tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The season officially started May 15, 1987, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1987, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1987. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when the vast majority of tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being 20 named systems, five above the average, only four storms directly affected land. Hurricane Eugene was the first Pacific hurricane to make landfall in Mexico in July since the 1954 season and caused three deaths and \$142.12 million damage. Tropical Storm Pilar and Hurricane Norma also came close to land, with the former producing record rain in Baja California Sur. The remnants of Hurricanes Ramon and Norma caused rain in the Continental United States, with the former responsible for five traffic-related deaths. Elsewhere, Peke was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the International Date Line and became a typhoon of the 1987 Pacific typhoon season.

## Seasonal summary

Overall, the season continued the general trend in the 1980s of well above-average seasons in the East Pacific. In 1987, there were 20 tropical storms, 10 hurricanes, and four major hurricanes, all were well above average, save the number of major hurricanes which was only slightly above normal. The former made 1987 the fifth most active season on record at that time. Today, 1987 is tied with the 1994 Pacific hurricane season and the 2009 Pacific hurricane season as the sixth most active on record. In the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, one storm peaked at hurricane strength (Peke) and one peaked as a tropical storm (Oka). Two tropical storms entered this area of responsibility from the east by crossing 140°W.

The season lasted a total 171 days beginning with the formation of Adrian and early June and the dissipation of Tropical Depression Twenty on November 25. There was a total of 924 storms hours and 631 hurricane hours. By comparison, the long-term averages at that time were 161 season days, 875 tropical storm hours, and 664 hurricane hours. A total of 397 advisories were issued, which was below the 1977–1987 average of 428. The hurricane hunters did not fly into any of the storms in 1987. This was also the first year where tropical storm watches and warnings were issued instead of gale watches and warnings for tropical cyclones. 1987 was the last season that the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center in Redwood City was responsible for forecasting in this basin, a task it had performed since circa 1972. The EPHC was folded into the National Hurricane Center, which took responsibility for the basin starting in the spring of 1988.

Only one tropical storm developed in June. In July, six named storms formed. Out of these storms, Hilary was the only storm to reach major hurricane status. The month of August had a total of five named storms, four of which became hurricanes. However, August did not feature any major hurricanes, though Hurricane Jova came close, peaking as a moderate Category 2. The month of September held the same number of named storms as August, with five named storms. The month also was the carrier of the strongest hurricane on record at that time (that had its intensity estimated from satellite imagery), Hurricane Max, a strong Category 4 hurricane. Hurricane Norma was a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale, which dissipated to the south of the Baja California Peninsula. The month of October featured only two tropical cyclones. The first system, Ramon, was a Category 4 hurricane.

Very few cyclones this season impacted land. The only landfalling hurricane of the year, Hurricane Eugene was responsible for significantly damaging about 15 sq. mi of fruit crop, where damage estimated were at \$2.6 million (1987 USD) In all, damage totaled to about \$142 million. Tropical Storm Irwin, paralleled the coast of Mexico, causing flooding near Acapulco. Damage there was totaled at \$2.1 million (1987 USD). The remnants of Norma and Pilar produced rain over Baja California Sur. The remnants of Ramon brought extremely heavy rains to the Western United States.

A moderate El Niño was present throughout the season, with water temperatures across the equatorial Central Pacific being 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) above normal. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was in a warm phase during this time period, with estimates placing the PDO at +0.81 °C (33.46 °F).

## Systems

### Tropical Storm Adrian

On June 7, a tropical depression formed 400 mi (645 km) southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. It strengthened into a tropical storm immediately thereafter. After peaking with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) on June 8, Adrian slowly weakened. It fell to tropical depression status on June 9 and dissipated later that day. During its life, Adrian paralleled the Mexican shoreline far offshore before looping counter-clockwise over its path when it was a depression.

### Tropical Storm Beatriz

On July 3, a tropical depression formed 970 mi (1,560 km) south of Cabo San Lucas. It strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. Beatriz slowly strengthened and moved generally northwest as it stayed far offshore. On July 5, Beatriz reached its peak wind speed of 50 mph (80 km/h). It weakened thereafter, falling to a depression on July 6 and dissipating the next day.

### Tropical Storm Calvin

A tropical depression formed 310 mi (500 km) south of Mexico on July 5 and immediately strengthened into a tropical storm the next day. Calvin headed generally east. On July 8, as a strong tropical storm. It then gradually weakened, falling to a depression on July 9 and dissipated the next day while located 440 mi (710 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas.

### Tropical Storm Dora

A tropical depression that had organized on July 15 while located 710 mi (1,140 km) south of Cabo San Lucas. The depression strengthened into a tropical storm that same day while located around 215 mi (345 km) west of Acapulco. Dora headed west-northwest and slowly strengthened. It reached its peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) on July 17. It then steadily weakened, becoming a depression two days later. Dora dissipated on July 20 while located 500 mi (805 km) west of Cabo San Lucas.

### Hurricane Eugene

A tropical disturbance developed into a tropical depression on July 22 near the coast of Mexico. It initially headed westward and strengthened into a tropical storm the same day it formed. It strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the season, on July 24 as an upper-level cyclone pulled the system north. After peaking as a low-end Category 2 hurricane on July 25, land interaction weakened the hurricane to Category 1 as it made landfall west of Manzanillo. The rough topography weakened Eugene, and the hurricane was only a depression when it emerged into the Gulf of California. It promptly dissipated on July 26.

When the storm first posed a threat to Mexico on July 24, the port of Zinuhuatenjo was closed for small craft. Operation classes were suspended in Acapulco. In Manzanillo, the port was officially closed down. The Mexican navy was put on alert for a total distance of 945 mi (1,520 km). The weather service issued navigation warnings for three coastal states and ships were urged to maintain contact with officials. Hurricane Eugene caused extremely heavy rain in coastal parts of Mexico. The highest rain was 20.68 inches at Aquila, Michoacán. The system was responsible for the highest tropical cyclone caused rainfall in five Mexican states. Over 5,000 people were displaced. In Manzanillo alone, at least 60 people were rendered homeless. Most of the damage was the scattering of debris and mud. Six people were injured, and a man in Venustiano Carrazano was killed when a palm tree was blown over. In all, three fatalities were reported. The hurricane destroyed about 15 sq. mi (39 km2) of fruit crop in the country, amounting to more than \$2.6 million in damage (1987 USD). Additionally, damage to eight beach houses totaled to \$120,000. Total crop damage reached \$142 million (1987 USD); In the aftermath of the storm, the navy and army and local government devised a cleanup plan. They worked quickly to restore water and power service, and within a few days the services had been restored for most of the impacted area.

### Tropical Storm Fernanda

At a location more westerly than typical for eastern Pacific hurricanes, Tropical Depression Nine-E formed on July 24. Heading west, the cyclone reached tropical storm intensity on July 25. Fernanda strengthened and reached its peak strength near hurricane status on July 26, the same day it crossed 140°W and entered the central north Pacific. Fernanda headed in the general direction of the Hawaiian Islands as a trough approached. The trough caused wind shear, which weakened the cyclone into a tropical depression on July 28. Fernanda dissipated three days later.

### Hurricane Greg

A tropical wave left the coast of Panama on July 26. It organized into Tropical Depression Ten on July 28 while located 800 mi (1,300 km) and it strengthened into a tropical storm the day after the system formed. Over 84 °F (29 °C) water, the cyclone steadily intensified as it roughly paralleled the Mexican coast while remaining far offshore. Greg became a hurricane on 1800 UTC July 31 and peaked with wind speeds of 80 mph (130 kmh) on August 1. It then weakened as it moved over cooler water, falling to tropical storm intensity later on August 1. At this time, Greg was located 570 mi (915 km) away from Baja California. It then weakened into depression intensity on August 2, and completely dissipated the next day. Greg affected Mexico a few weeks after Eugene did, resulting in additional flooding. Due to both storms, the region registered rainfall amounts for times the average.

### Hurricane Hilary

A tropical wave moved through Central America on July 30 and July 31. Steered by a large deep-layer ridge that extended as far southwest as Hawaii and as far northeast as Oklahoma, the wave moved steadily west-northwest. Thunderstorm activity increased considerably after 00:00 UTC on July 31. A tropical depression formed at 18:00 UTC on July 31 while located 775 mi (1,245 km) south of Cabo San Lucas. The cyclone strengthened at a steady pace and reached hurricane intensity on August 1. Hilary continued strengthening, and became a hurricane on August 2. On August 3, the cyclone reached Category 3 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale, making it the first major hurricane of the season. At its peak strength, which it reached on August 4, Hilary attained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). It then weakened, and had fallen to Category 1 intensity on August 5. The hurricane then restrengthened, maintaining Category 2 intensity until August 6. The system then began a terminal weakening trend. By August 7 it was only a tropical storm. After falling to depression strength, Hilary dissipated on August 9 over 21 °C (70 °F) waters. In Southern California, officials hoped that Hilary would produce a major increase in waves in time for a surfing tournament finals, though only a small increase in wave action was expected.

### Tropical Storm Irwin

A tropical depression formed on August 3 over 1,000 mi (1,610 km) south of Manzanillo. The depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm. Irwin fluctuated in strength as it closely paralleled the coast of Mexico. On August 6, Irwin reached its maximum winds of 65 mph (105 km/h); it maintained that velocity for over two days. During August 8, Irwin turned nearly due west and headed out to sea. Irwin weakened to a tropical depression on August 9 and immediately dissipated. Forecasters at one point in time noted the possibility of the storm impacting California. In addition, the storm produced heavy rainfall in Mexico, causing \$2.1 million in damage. Although many businesses and homes received damage, no deaths were reported.

### Hurricane Jova

A tropical depression formed on August 13, while located 1,095 mi (1,760 km) south-southeast from Baja California Sur. The cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Jova the next day. The depression initially moved to the west-southwest due to a ridge north of the system. It slowly strengthened and reached hurricane intensity on 1800 UTC August 16. The intensifying hurricane then turned west-northwest. When it peaked on August 17, Jova was a moderate Category 2 hurricane. After peaking, Jova slowly weakened as it turned westbound. It was in a moderately declining state when it crossed 140°W and entered the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility. Jova continued to weaken, and was a depression by August 20. Jova dissipated two days later while due south of the Big Island of Hawaii over 70 °F (21 °C) water, although it remnants were still visible south of Johnston Atoll until at least August 24. Jova generated heavy surf for a few days in Southern California.

### Tropical Storm Oka

A disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone organized into Tropical Depression One-C on August 26. Twelve hours later, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and named Oka, which is Hawaiian for Oscar. Oka slowly moved west-northwest and reached its peak wind speed of 60 mph (95 kmh) on August 27. The next day, a nearby trough caused wind shear, which weakened Oka to a depression on August 29 and subsequently destroyed it.

### Tropical Storm Knut

On August 28, a tropical depression formed 1,165 mi (1,875 km) west Manzanillo, Mexico. Twelve hours later, it strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Knut. Never attaining winds stronger than 40 mph (65 kmh), Knut stayed a tropical storm for one day. It weakened to a tropical depression on August 30 and dissipated later that day. The cyclone stayed out at sea for its entire life, and never threatened land.

Knut had no impact on land. However, its name was retired in 1992 for unknown reasons and was replaced by Kenneth.

### Hurricane Lidia

Lidia originated from a disturbance that entered the basin on August 28. It remained south of the Mexican coast in an area of warm sea surface temperatures, and at 1800 UTC August 29, Tropical Depression Fifteen formed. It intensified into a tropical storm six hours after development about 860 mi (1,385 km) away from Baja California Sur. Lidia moved northwest, paralleling the Mexican coast. It edged in a more westerly direction for a day before resuming its northwesterly path, and reached hurricane intensity on 0600 UTC September 1. At its strongest on September 1 based on intensity estimates via Dvorak classifications, Hurricane Lidia had a wind speed of 85 mph (135 km/h). Shortly thereafter, Lidia began weakening and lost hurricane intensity on September 2. Lidia weakened very rapidly over cold water. Early the next day, Lidia weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over 76 °F (24 °C) waters on 1200 UTC September 3. The remnants of the storm; however, brought showers to California. One woman was injured by a lightning strike.

### Hurricane Max

A tropical disturbance left Central America on September 8. At 1200 UTC on September 9, a tropical depression formed over the warm waters south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. While located 935 mi (1,505 km) from Cabo San Lucas, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Max. Tracking west-northwest, Max rapidly intensified and became a hurricane on September 11, over a day after it was named. Turning northwest, Max continued to intensify. By September 10, the cyclone reached Category 2 intensity, and became a major hurricane several hours later. On September 12, Hurricane Max reached Category 4 intensity. The cyclone reached its maximum windspeed of 155 mph (250 km/h) on September 13. Meanwhile, a then-record was set for the highest satellite estimates for a Pacific hurricane. At that time, Dvorak classifications, which measure a tropical cyclones intensity, were at T7.0/160 mph (255 km/h), which was then the highest ever recorded in the basin, though this was later matched by hurricanes Hernan and Trudy of the 1990 Pacific hurricane season.

Max maintained its intensity for 24 hours. However, the storm crossed the 78 °F (26 °C) isotherm and began to weaken rapidly. The hurricane's track then shifted north for a time, before turning to the west on September 15. That same day, the weakened to a tropical storm. The tropical cyclone dissipated at 1200 UTC September 16 while located 865 mi (1,390 km) north-northeast of Cabo San Lucas. The hurricane was predicted to send 8 ft (2.4 m) waves to Southern California, though Max was well past its peak at that time.

### Hurricane Norma

A tropical disturbance developed on September 13 while located 340 mi (550 km) southwest of Acapulco. Moving northwest, a depression formed on September 14 far from land. It took over 24 hours to reach tropical storm strength. Norma paralleled the coast far offshore. The storm steadily intensified over 84 °F (29 °C) sea surface temperatures. On September 17, Norma turned to the north, and became a minimal hurricane for 12 hours as an eye became visible on infrared imagery. Norma turned northbound toward land. However, Norma remained offshore due weak southwesterly flow from a cutoff low located west of Baja California Sur. The cyclone stalled and then edged slightly east when it weakened back into a depression on September 19. Tropical Depression Norma dissipated a mere 95 mi (155 km) south of the Baja California Peninsula; it never made landfall.

Prior to the remains of Hurricane Norma's arrival in the Southwestern United States, forecasters were anticipating cloudy skies over San Diego. Over the deserts and mountains near the area, there was also a possibility of heavy rainfall. The remnants ultimately caused rainfall and thunderstorms in California on September 22 and September 23. The rainfall totaled to .70 in (18 mm) at Lindbergh Field, and .97 in (25 mm) at Lemon Grove. There were numerous power outages, small fires, some road flooding, and some property damage. In San Diego and southern Orange County, 200,000 homes and business lost power, but the power was quickly restored. However, there are no reports of damage or flooding in Baja California from the storm; the area the tropical cyclone struck was sparsely populated.

### Hurricane Otis

Otis originated from the a tropical disturbance embedded in the monsoon trough. It moved over the warm waters south of the Mexican Riviera from September 17 to September 19. At 0000 UTC September 20, the disturbance was upgraded into Tropical Depression Nineteen-E while moving to the northwest. It strengthened into a tropical storm later that day while located 950 mi (1,530 km) southwest of La Paz. Eighteen hours later on September 21, Otis intensified into a hurricane. It also began to turn back to the west and began to undergo a period of rapid deepening. On September 22, Otis reached its peak windspeed of 115 mph (185 km/h). It would oscillate irregularly between that strength and Category 2 intensity until September 24. That day, it began accelerating to the west as it lost strength due to increased wind shear and decreasing ocean temperature. Otis fell to tropical storm strength on September 25 and a depression on September 26, and dissipated shortly after that.

### Hurricane Peke

An area of disturbed weather southwest of Hawaii gathered enough convection and a closed circulation to become Tropical Depression Two-C on September 21. It immediately strengthened into a storm and was named Peke. Peke continued to strengthen as it tracked north just east of the International Date Line. Peke intensified into a hurricane on September 23 and reached Category 2 intensity the next day. Peke continued heading north and shortly after weakening into a Category 1 hurricane, it turned to the northwest and crossed the dateline. It re-intensified, and peaked as a 115 mph (185 km/h) typhoon on September 23. It accelerated to the northwest and began to take in drier air, which caused weakening. On October 2, Peke re-curved to the southeast. The last advisory on this tropical cyclone was issued on October 3 as it dissipated. Peke's remnants continued drifting erratically for over three days, first heading east, then northwest, and then southeast, at which time they were finally unidentifiable.

Hurricane/Typhoon Peke caused no damages or deaths. However, was also the first tropical cyclone of hurricane strength to cross the dateline since Hurricane Sarah (1967) to cross the dateline at that strength. In addition, Peke was the third tropical cyclone in three years to exist on both sides of the dateline, after 1985's Typhoon Skip and 1986's Typhoon Georgette.

### Tropical Storm Pilar

A tropical depression formed on September 30 while located 330 mi (530 km) south of the Baja California Peninsula. It headed north and peaked as a minimal tropical storm on October 1. After being a tropical storm for a mere six hours, Pilar weakened to a depression and dissipated that same day. It never made landfall, dissipating just south of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. It was a tropical cyclone for a total of 24 hours. The system caused no known damage on land, but Pilar dropped heavy precipitation on Baja California Sur from 1200 UTC on September 30 until 0000 UTC October 2. An observer station reported 7.15 in (182 mm) of rainfall. This was the most rainfall the weather station had ever recorded since its founding in 1969.

### Hurricane Ramon

On October 3–4 an area of disturbed weather moved into the Pacific Ocean south of a high-pressure area over Central Mexico. The storm became better organized over 84 °F (29 °C) waters. By October 5, a tropical storm had developed 490 mi (790 km) southwest of Manzanillo, bypassing the tropical depression stage. It moved generally to the west-northwest. Ramon intensified into a hurricane on October 7 and reached major hurricane status on October 8. At its most intense on October 9 and October 10, Hurricane Ramon had winds of 140 mph (225 km/h). After peaking, Ramon turned to the northwest due to interaction with subtropical jetstream winds and rapidly weakened over cooler sea surface temperatures. It became a tropical storm on October 11 and a depression on October 12. It dissipated shortly thereafter.

Torrential rains deluged Southern California, resulting in street flooding. Two people perished in separate traffic accidents. In Los Angeles, three more people perished in separate traffic incidents. Heavy rains extended west and was also reported in Hemet in Riverside County, where three people were also injured during a car accident. The rains helped dissolve a week-long forest fire 16,000 acre (65,000,000 m2) on Mt. Palomar. The Spring Creek River overflowed its banks. The tropical moisture also helped end a 37-day dry spell at Salt Lake City, marking the longest time the city went without rain since 1964. Nationwide, Ramon killed five people, all due to road-related incidents.

### Tropical Storm Selma

On October 27, a tropical depression formed and headed northwest, gradually re-curving north. It intensified into a 40 mph (65 km/h) tropical storm on October 28. Selma maintained that strength until the next day, when it weakened to a depression. Selma's re-curving continued, and on October 29, it again intensified into a 40 mph (65 km/h) tropical storm. Without further strengthening, it weakened into a tropical depression, headed north northeast, and dissipated on October 31 about 880 mi (1,415 km) east of the southern tip of Baja California.

### Tropical depressions

On June 10, a weak tropical depression, the second of the season, developed. It moved very little and did not affect land. It dissipated on 1200 UTC June 12. The season's next tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression Three formed six days after the previous one dissipated. Moving west-northwest, it peaked at 35 mph (55 km/h). On June 20, it dissipated.

Tropical Depression Six developed on July 13 about 900 mi (1,400 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas. The depression had same peak intensity as Three and had dissipated on July 17. According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, on July 18 a tropical depression formed east of the International Date Line, and two days later it exited CPHC's area of responsibility; however, this storm was not included into CPHC database. As it entered into western Pacific, it strengthened as a tropical storm and received the name Wynne. The final tropical cyclone developed at 1800 UTC November 24 around 1,000 mi (1,600 km) southwest of Baja California Sur. A very weak cyclone, the depression dissipated on November 25, ending the above-average season.

## Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1987. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1993 season. This is the same list used for the 1981 season. However, the names Xina, York, and Zelda were added to name lists for odd-numbered years sometime after 1985 due to that year's season threatening to exhaust the list. Storms were named Pilar and Ramon for the first time in 1987, as the name Selma had been used on the older lists.

Two names from the Central Pacific list were used – Oka and Peke. This was the first usage for both names.

### Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired one Eastern Pacific name in the spring of 1992: Knut. It was replaced in the 1993 season by Kenneth.

## See also

- List of Pacific hurricanes
- Pacific hurricane season
- 1987 Atlantic hurricane season
- 1987 Pacific typhoon season
- 1987 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons: 1986–87, 1987–88

Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

Articles which contain graphical timelines


Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy

The presidential transition of John F. Kennedy began when he won the 1960 United States presidential election, becoming the president-elect of the United States, and ended when Kennedy was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 1961.

Kennedy placed Clark Clifford in charge of the transition effort. Outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower and his administration cooperated with President-elect Kennedy and his team on a number of aspects of the transition to facilitate the peaceful transfer of power. Ahead of the election, Clifford had been studying presidential transitions both independently on behalf of Kennedy and as part of a study being undertaken by the Brookings Institution.

At the time, United States presidential transitions were far less elaborate than they have since developed to be in subsequent decades. Kennedy's transition was a volunteer-run operation. Preparations for the transition started in advance of the election, with Clark Clifford working on behalf of Kennedy to studying past presidential transitions and Richard Neustadt doing the same on behalf of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). After the election, Clifford led the transition and Neustadt continued as an advisor. Top officials of Kennedy's transition were largely individuals that had also been part of his presidential campaign, including Robert F. Kennedy, Larry O'Brien, Kenneth O'Donnell, Pierre Salinger, Sargent Shriver, Stephen Edward Smith, and Ted Sorensen, and Dick Donahue. The transition was largely funded by the DNC.

While Eisenhower and Kennedy each thought negatively of the other at the time of the transition, the two intended to avoid a rough, tension-filled transition akin to the previous one between President Truman and Eisenhower. Ahead of the election, Kennedy's campaign and the administration of term-limited outgoing president Eisenhower had taken some actions to study past transitions and prepare for the 1960–61 presidential transition. Shortly after the election, Kennedy began receiving extensive daily briefings from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as briefings from the Department of State. Eisenhower named White House Chief of Staff Wilton Persons as his administration's representative to the transition. Particularly during the later part of the transition, Kennedy's transition head Clifford and Persons both spoke on the phone and met in person with each other frequently.

## Pre-election actions

A presidential transition was scheduled to occur after the 1960 United States presidential election, as incumbent president Dwight D. Eisenhower was term-limited. In anticipation of this, shortly after the 1960 presidential nominating conventions, Eisenhower created an advisory committee to study presidential transitions, headed by Robert Daniel Murphy.

Planning for a prospective presidential transition by John F. Kennedy began in advance of the election. Clark Clifford and Richard Neustadt were placed in charge of these preparations. The two largely acted independently of one another in researching presidential transitions and advising Kennedy on his potential transition. Clifford worked directly for Kennedy, while Neustadt worked for the Democratic National Committee (DNC).

Kennedy first began to talk with Clifford about his prospective presidential transition soon after winning the Democratic nomination at the 1960 Democratic National Convention. The Brookings Institution discreetly established an advisory group to review past presidential transitions and to help plan for a smooth transition into the next presidency. Involved in this review of transitions was also Laurin L. Henry, who had been writing a book on the subject of presidential transitions (Presidential Transitions), which would be published that November. The Brookings Institution review was funded with a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. David W. Kendall, incumbent president Dwight D. Eisenhower's White House counsel, was key in establishing this project and bringing both major party candidates into the fold. Shortly after Kennedy received the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, he met with former Frankin Delano Roosevelt administration official James H. Rowe with the goal of discussing how he might prospectively deal with post-election matters. Rowe was a member of the team conducting the Brookings Institution Review of presidential transitions, and their discussion resulted in Kennedy appointing Clark Clifford to participate in the review, advise Kennedy on how he would run a post-election transition, and prepare a memorandum for Kennedy on how to run a transition. The Eisenhower administration had Secretary to the Cabinet Brad Patterson serve as its liaison attend these discussions, while the team of Kennedy's opponent, Richard Nixon, sent Robert E. Cushman Jr. as their liaison.

Neustadt had first been asked by Chairman of the Democratic National Committee Henry M. Jackson to write a memo on presidential transitions, which Jackson received on September 15. On September 18, 1960, days after Jackson received the memo, he held a meeting with Kennedy and Neustadt at Kennedy's house in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. where Kennedy read the memo and asked Neustadt various questions. Kennedy then tasked Neustadt with elaborating on his memo by creating a report assessing post-election problems for presidents-elect, particularly those regarding organizing a White House staff.

In mid-1960, Kennedy also announced the creation of a special defense and foreign policy committee led by Paul Nitze.

## Organization of the transition

United States presidential transitions were far smaller and more informal at the time Kennedy was elected than they have since become. Kennedy based his transition operations largely out of his personal residence in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. He additionally held transition planning meetings at his home and other locations in Washington, including his U.S. Senate office, the Democratic National Committee offices, his former campaign headquarters in the Esso Building, Clark Clifford's law offices, and conference rooms at the Brookings Institution. Serving the function of Kennedy's personal offices during the campaign was his Georgetown residence, his family's Palm Beach, Florida residence, and the penthouse of the Carlyle Hotel.

The post-election transition was headed by Clark Clifford, who worked with a handful of close associates of Kennedy. None of the transition workers received financial compensation. The transition relied on volunteer staffers. The transition's top officials were individuals who had been part of Kennedy's presidential campaign. These individuals happened to largely be relatively young, but were also experienced in Washington, D.C. politics. Many were even more so experienced than their counterparts in previous presidential transitions. On November 10, during a meeting in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts with his top advisors, Kennedy assigned them their roles for the transition. Clifford and Neustadt were named the formal transition advisors, tasked with planning the transition. Clifford was additionally named the transition's liaison to the Eisenhower administration. During the transition, Kennedy had Neustadt compile and send him further papers providing specific in-depth analysis of specific positions and jobs in a presidential administration. Pierre Salinger was assigned to be the head of the transition's press team (the press secretary). Kenneth O'Donnell was put in charge of administration and appointments. Sargent Shriver (Kennedy's brother-in-law) was put in charge of the selection process for high-level appointees and Larry O'Brien was put in charge of patronage appointments. Dick Donahue was also tasked with assisting in the process of selecting planned presidential appointees as well as managing communications between the transition team and Vice President-elect Lyndon B. Johnson. Ted Sorensen was put in charge of creating the policy agenda and the writing of statements and speeches. Robert F. Kennedy (Kennedy's brother) was a general advisor to the transition. Stephen Edward Smith (Kennedy's brother-in-law) was in charge of the transition's finances. Additionally advising the transition on certain matters were Kennedy's brother Ted Kennedy and father, Joseph P. Kennedy.

As part of the transition, Paul Samuelson headed an economic task force. Harris Wofford was charged with leading the transition in laying-out policy related to civil rights, as well as selecting civil rights-related personnel. Others who played a role in the transition included James E. Webb. There had been tensions during the campaign between individuals aligned with Sorensen and individuals aligned with O'Donnell. To diffuse any similar tensions if they arose, Fred Dutton was brought into the transition in an initially unclear role to act as a sort of neutral figure.

Kennedy's transition effort had to request funding from the Democratic National Committee in order to pay its expenses. Ultimately, the DNC provided most of the funding for the transition.

## Start of the transition

Kennedy, arguably, did not become president-elect of the United States until November 9, 1960, the day after the election. While The New York Times (among the first outlets to project Kennedy to be the victor) had projected Kennedy's victory shortly before midnight EST on election night, many other prominent media outlets, such as NBC, waited until the morning of November 9 to project Kennedy as the victor.

After Nixon conceded the election on November 9, President Eisenhower sent President-elect Kennedy two telegrams. One of the telegrams was sent to briefly congratulate the president-elect, and the second one saw Eisenhower both promise to cooperate on an orderly transfer of power and give proposals on how to proceed with one. In Eisenhower's second telegram, he offered to meet with Kennedy, "to consider problems of continuity of government and orderly transfer of Executive responsibility on January 20th from my administration to yours". He also named his White House chief of staff, Wilton Persons, as his administration's representative for the transition. He stated that Persons would be prepared to make arrangements by which representatives appointed by Kennedy could meet with heads of executive branch departments. He also suggested that Kennedy's representatives meet with the White House budget office hold meetings to discuss government administration and budget matters and that Kennedy's representatives also meet with the secretary of state in order to receive foreign policy updates.

Kennedy held his first post-election press conference on November 9, where he discussed the transition and announced, for the first time, the names of several individuals that he had selected for his administration. That same day, Kennedy received the memorandum that Clark Clifford had created for him. The following day, Kennedy and his team held a staff meeting in which they went over the three separate memos created by Clifford, Neustadt, and the Brookings Institution.

On November 14, Clifford met with Wilton Persons at the White House for their first face-to-face meeting to discuss the transition. During the meeting, Persons agreed to Clifford's request to have the Kennedy team send an office manager to examine the organizational structure of Eisenhower's White House. It was also at this meeting that the two scheduled the December 6 meeting between the president-elect and the outgoing president. After their meeting, they provided a general summary of the two-hour meeting to deputy White House press secretary Anne Williams Wheaton, who then provided a briefing on it to the press. After this meeting, further transition activities by Clifford and Persons would be done closed doors, with the two receding from the public eye for the rest of the transition. By December 1, the two had held five in-person meetings. As the transition progressed, Clifford and Person would meet twice or thrice weekly with Persons. Clifford was often accompanied at these meetings by Ted Sorenson, and Persons was often accompanied by individuals such as White House counsel Dave Kendall and White House executive clerk William J. Hopkins. They would also have daily telephone conversations. Per instructions issued by Eisenhower several days after the two men's November 14 meeting, Persons kept a detailed written record of his activities in the transition.

## Intelligence briefings for the president-elect

At the November 14 meeting between Clifford and Persons, arrangements were made for Kennedy to receive briefings. Kennedy afterwards received extensive daily briefings from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), including some delivered directly from Richard M. Bissell Jr. and Allen Dulles (Director of Central Intelligence). Kennedy also received briefings from the State Department. Among the subjects that the CIA briefed on Kennedy were covert plans against Fidel Castro of Cuba, as the CIA was planning what would ultimately become the Bay of Pigs Invasion. In response to tensions with Cuba, in March 1960, the Eisenhower administration approved the training of a group Cuban exiles to lead an overthrow of Castro's government. These exiles would later unsuccessfully undertake the Bay of Pigs Invasion. In 1987, historian Carl M. Brauer would fault the fiasco of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on Kennedy and his team having been too trusting of the bureaucratic experts in the government during the transition.

Kennedy was given forewarning on certain Eisenhower administration actions during the transition. For instance, when Eisenhower decided on December 5 to put a pause on the nuclear arm negotiations that were taking place with the Soviet Union in Geneva, Secretary of State Christian Herter decided to inform Kennedy before informing the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.

## Eisenhower's role in transition and his relations with Kennedy

The presidential transition marked a generational change in the presidency with the youngest person to win a United States presidential election succeeding Eisenhower, who at the time was the oldest man to have served as president of the United States. Going into the transition, Kennedy and Eisenhower had both thought ill of one another, in large part due to conceptions of each other that were shaped by this generation gap. However, Eisenhower, who had failed to run a smooth transition when he was president-elect, understood the costs of a poorly managed transition, and sought overall to help to make Kennedy's transition run smoothly. Moreover, Kennedy also desired to avoid the sort of open antagonism that had been displayed between Eisenhower and Truman during Eisenhower's presidential transition. Kennedy understood that the despite his own harsh judgements of him, Eisenhower was still a popular figure in the opinion of the American public. Eisenhower sent Kennedy a congratulatory message after the birth of the president-elect's son John F. Kennedy Jr. (born November 25, 1960), helping to break the ice between the two of them.

During the transition, outgoing President Eisenhower held two meetings with Kennedy; one on December 6 and another on January 19. The December 6 meeting was the first time the two men had ever had a one-on-one meeting. Outside of large gatherings Kennedy and Eisenhower had both attended during Eisenhower's presidency, their only previous meeting had been a brief interaction Kennedy had with then-commanding general Eisenhower when accompanying Navy secretary James Forrestal to the warfront in 1945. During their post-election meetings they discussed, among other things, nuclear codes and foreign policy topics such as Berlin (tensions between East Germany and West Germany), Guatemala, the Far East, conflict in Asia, Cuba, Pentagon reform, and the operations of the National Security Council. Eisenhower also shared insight into foreign leaders such as Charles de Gaulle, Harold Macmillan, and Konrad Adenauer. Their first meeting, on December 6, saw the two men meet alone for two hours in the White House's Oval Office, before joining several members of the outgoing Cabinet (Secretary of the Treasury Robert B. Anderson, Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates Jr., Secretary of State Christian Herter) for a second meeting in the Roosevelt Room. Clark Clifford and Wilton Persons also attended the group meeting in the Roosevelt Room, and White House Press Secretary James Hagerty and Kennedy advisor Pierre Salinger both joined to help write a joint statement to be released by the president and president-elect after the meeting. Their second meeting had been requested by Kennedy, as he particularly hoped to further discuss the Laotian Civil War.

Eisenhower thought that the Kennedy administration would blame him for its failures and take credit for Eisenhower's successes. He worried that any holdovers from his administration would be used as foils by the new administration. Eisenhower discouraged senior members of his own administration from accepting jobs in Kennedy's. For example, when he discovered that C. Douglas Dillon, under secretary of state in the Eisenhower administration, was under consideration to be Kennedy's secretary of the treasury, Eisenhower urged Dillon not to accept the position, warning him that he would become a scapegoat to the "radicals" in Kennedy's administration. Eisenhower was angered when Dillon disregarded his advice and accepted the position. Other Republicans were worried that Dillon holding this role would limit their ability to attack Kennedy on the economy.

Eisenhower's White House executive clerk William J. Hopkins provided the Kennedy transition team with detailed briefing books on the incumbent White House staff, as well as maps illustrating the layout of the West Wing of the White House and the Old Executive Office Building. During the transition, Eisenhower's administration also prepared their documents for transfer to the future Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library.

Per later recounting by some officials involved, in the waning days of his presidency, Eisenhower invited Kennedy to play a role in decision-making on significant issues, but Kennedy declined the offer. Kennedy advisor Ted Sorensen would later write that Kennedy, "thought it was inappropriate, unwise, until he had full responsibility and information to participate in, commit himself to, or even comment or be consulted upon these actions being taken by the outgoing administration between election and inauguration – including a mission to western Europe to improve the payments balance and ending of all diplomatic relations with Cuba." Incidentally, during Eisenhower's own presidential transition from President Truman there were reports that Truman had extended a similar offer which Eisenhower had also declined.

On January 3, with just more than two weeks left in his presidency, the lame duck Eisenhower made a major international relations decision and ended diplomatic relations with Cuba and closed the United States Embassy in Cuba. On January 17, Eisenhower delivered his farewell address. This was considered a significant speech of Eisenhower's presidency, being regarded as the closing "bookend" to his tenure as president.

## Kennedy and Johnson's resignations from the U.S. Senate

On December 22, Kennedy formally resigned his seat in the United States Senate. On January 3, immediately after taking an oath for the new Senate term to which he had been elected in the November 1960 Senate election (which coincided with the presidential election), Vice President-elect Johnson resigned from his Senate seat. That day, at the urging of president-elect Kennedy, Mike Mansfield successfully ran to be senate majority leader at the meeting of the Senate Democratic caucus held at the Dirksen Senate Office Building. After Mansfield was elected to the position, Johnson asked Mansfield to allow him to have office S-211 (which Johnson been using as his office while senate majority leader) and several other rooms as his vice presidential office at the Capitol. He also wanted the Senate Democrats to keep Bobby Baker as party secretary. These two requests were granted. Johnson, as a third request, asked that, as president of the United States Senate (a role which the vice president formally holds), he be made permanent presiding officer of the Senate Democratic caucus, making the (false) claim that Alben Barkley had done the same when he was vice president. The Democratic caucus was shocked when Johnson brought this proposal to them. After made his proposal, Senator Albert Gore Sr. rose and voiced a long litany of concerns about it. Mansfield threatened to resign as majority leader if the caucus did not approve it. While they approved it, the 63 Democratic senators voted only 46 to 17 to approve it, which was seen as a humiliating total for Johnson. After this, Johnson abandoned the idea of serving as the Senate's "super leader", thereby surrendering his position of dominance in the Senate.

## Other activities of Kennedy

Early into the transition, Kennedy had a long vacation at a home owned by his father, Joseph P. Kennedy, in Palm Beach, Florida. His wife, Jacqueline, due to give birth in three weeks (to their son John F. Kennedy Jr.), did not join him, as she had been advised by her doctors against traveling to Florida.

On November 11, Kennedy spoke by telephone with former president Herbert Hoover. On November 14, Kennedy traveled from Palm Beach to Key Biscayne, Florida to meet with Richard Nixon, who was both his presidential election opponent and the outgoing vice president. This meeting had been arranged with the assistance of Kennedy's father Joseph P. Kennedy and former president Hoover. On November 16, Kennedy flew to Texas to meet with Vice President-elect Johnson at the LBJ Ranch. This was the first time that the two had met with one another since the election.

On December 11, Kennedy avoided an assassination effort. That day, Richard Paul Pavlick delayed his planned assassination attempt and was apprehended by authorities four days later, before he could carry one out.

On January 19, after his meeting with Eisenhower, Kennedy and his secretary of labor designee Arthur Goldberg met at the home of Kennedy's friend, William Walton. Kennedy and Goldberg then held a meeting with the AFL–CIO Executive Council, as well as other trade union leaders, at the Carlton Hotel. Also, Kennedy held a meeting at the Sheraton-Park Hotel with the governors of 38 states.

## Meeting of the presidential spouses

On December 9, Kennedy's wife Jacqueline received a tour of the White House from Eisenhower's wife Mamie. This was marked by an unfriendly moment in the transition. Mamie Eisenhower was apparently unhappy with having her husband be succeeded by a Democrat, and herself being succeeded by a woman she held in low regard. Despite Mrs. Kennedy having given birth to her son via caesarean section only two weeks earlier, Mrs. Eisenhower did not inform Kennedy that there was a wheelchair available for her to use on the tour. Sensing Mrs. Eisenhower's displeasure during the tour, Mrs. Kennedy kept her composure while in Mrs. Eisenhower's presence, finally collapsing in private once she returned home. When Mamie Eisenhower was later questioned as to why she did not inform Mrs. Kennedy of the wheelchair available for her use, she simply stated, "Because she never asked."

## Selection of appointees

Kennedy spent the eight weeks following his election choosing his Cabinet and other top officials. Kennedy's top priority after becoming president-elect was to craft his national security team. Kennedy believed that the establishment figures of the United States military were largely too obsessed with nuclear weapons, and too willing to utilize them. Kennedy would, ultimately, craft an administration that saw military decisions placed in the hands of a greater number of civilian figures than had been the case in Eisenhower's administration. On November 9, in announcing his first choices for his administration, Kennedy also announced that he had asked J. Edgar Hoover to remain as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Allen Dulles to remain as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and that both had accepted his requests to remain.

Some individuals declined positions in Kennedy's administration. Kennedy offered Robert A. Lovett a position in his Cabinet, but Lovett declined. Additionally, Kennedy had originally offered the position of postmaster general to Congressman William L. Dawson, who also declined. Had he accepted this offer and been confirmed to the position, Dawson would have been first black Cabinet secretary in United States history. To avoid creating a conflict of interest regarding their roles in the transition, both Clifford and Neustadt attempted to remove themselves from consideration for positions in Kennedy's administration. However, before the end of the transition Neustadt ultimately would be designated to serve as the Kennedy White House's consultant on government organization.

Ahead of the election, many correspondences were sent to Kennedy and the Democratic National Committee requesting appointments to government positions. Larry O'Brien was tasked with handling the management of such correspondence. In addition, Vice President-elect Johnson and his staff sent requests of their own for individuals they wanted to see appointed. Requests coming from Johnson and his office were forwarded to Dick Donahue.

On December 17, Kennedy announced the last of his ten Cabinet designees, J. Edward Day for postmaster general. John D. Morris of The New York Times News Service noted of Kennedy's Cabinet,

> It is the first to include two Jews and the first to include a brother of the President and the first in which a member lists his occupation as "foundation executive". Its average age is 47, making it the youngest of the twenieth century but six years older than the first Cabinet of the first President, George Washington.

The age of many members of the designated Cabinet was young. The youngest designee was Robert F. Kennedy, at the age of 35. Robert F. Kennedy was to be the second-youngest United States attorney general, after only Richard Rush, who had been 33 when he assumed the office. Despite concerns about nepotism, Kennedy's father successfully demanded that Robert F. Kennedy be chosen for this position. Two of Kennedy's designees for his Cabinet would be the youngest holders of their designated Cabinet positions: Secretary of Agriculture-designate Orville Freeman (age 42) and Secretary of Defense-designate Robert McNamara (age 44). Morris noted that Eisenhower's initial Cabinet had averaged a decade older in age than Kennedy's designated Cabinet.

Kennedy, a Democrat, designated some Republicans for roles in his administration, including McGeorge Bundy, Douglas Dillon, and Robert McNamara. Dillon, a business-oriented Republican that had served as Eisenhower's undersecretary of state, was to be Kennedy's secretary of the treasury. Kennedy balanced this appointment of a conservative figure by choosing liberal Democrats for two other important economic advisory posts, choosing David E. Bell for the director of the Bureau of the Budget and Walter Heller as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. Robert McNamara, who was selected for secretary of defense, was well known as one of Ford Motor Company's "Whiz Kids".

Kennedy rejected liberal pressure to select Adlai Stevenson II as secretary of state, instead choosing Dean Rusk, a restrained former Truman-administration official. Stevenson accepted the non-policy position of United States ambassador to the United Nations.

In his White House staff, Kennedy did not choose a formal White House chief of staff. He instead preferred the idea of effectively acting as his own chief of staff.

During his presidency, Eisenhower had created the first White House Office of Congressional Relations to oversee liaison between the White House and the legislature. Clark Clifford's memo had advised Kennedy not to carry this over into his White House, as he believed the vice president would serve as an effective-enough liaison between the president and the Congress. He also believed that the chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Democratic National Committee staff would be able to sufficiently sort out demands related to patronage coming from congressional Democrats, making such a liaison unnecessary for that concern. In a November meeting between Kennedy and Richard Neustadt, the matter of congressional liaison had been discussed. In a December 7, 1960, follow-up paper that Neustadt had written recalled their discussion on this. This paper makes it evident that Kennedy had rejected the advice from Clifford to have the Democratic National Committee handle patronage concerns, and instead opted to have a senior aide do so in the function of a congressional liaison, making this one of the concerns that Larry O'Brien would be assigned to deal this in his position.

### Defense and foreign policy

- Robert McNamara, secretary of defense (announced December 13, 1960)
- Dean Rusk, secretary of state (announced December 12, 1960)
- Adlai Stevenson II, United States ambassador to the United Nations (announced December 12, 1960)
- Eugene M. Zuckert, secretary of the Air Force (announced December 28, 1960)
- Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr. secretary of the Army
- John Connally, secretary of the Navy (announced December 28, 1960)
- Allen Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency (announced November 9, 1960) incumbent officeholder
- J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (announced November 9, 1960) incumbent officeholder
- McGeorge Bundy, national security advisor (announced December 31, 1960)
- Roswell Gilpatric, deputy secretary of defense
- Chester B. Bowles, under secretary of state
- George Ball, under secretary of state for economic affairs
- Joseph V. Charyk, under secretary of the Air Force incumbent officeholder
- G. Mennen Williams, assistant secretary of state for African affairs
- Roger W. Jones, deputy under secretary of state for administration
- Angier Biddle Duke, chief of protocol
- Lyle S. Garlock, assistant secretary of the Air Force for financial management incumbent officeholder
- James H. Wakelin Jr., assistant secretary of the Navy for research and development incumbent officeholder
- Walt Whitman Rostow, deputy national security advisor
- Charles E. Bohlen, special advisor on Soviet affairs
- W. Averell Harriman, special ambassador at large
- John Kenneth Galbraith, United States ambassador to India
- David K. E. Bruce, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom
- Herschel C. Loveless, member of the Federal Renegotiation Board
- John J. McCloy, chief of the U.S. Disarmament Administration
- George McGovern, director of Food for Peace

### Domestic policy

- Robert F. Kennedy, attorney general (announced December 16, 1960)
- J. Edward Day, postmaster general (announced December 16, 1960)
- Orville Freeman, secretary of agriculture (announced December 15, 1960)
- Luther H. Hodges, secretary of commerce (announced December 8, 1960)
- Abraham Ribicoff, secretary of health, education, and welfare (announced December 1, 1960)
- Stewart Udall, secretary of the interior (announced December 7, 1960)
- Arthur Goldberg, secretary of labor (announced December 15, 1960)
- Luther Terry, surgeon general (announced January 16, 1961)
- Byron White, deputy attorney general (announced December 16, 1960)
- W. Willard Wirtz, undersecretary of labor (announced January 8, 1961)
- H. H. Brawley, deputy postmaster general
- James K. Carr, under secretary of the interior (announced January 12, 1961)
- Edward Gudeman, under secretary of commerce
- Archibald Cox, solicitor general of the United States (announced December 28, 1960)
- Robert C. Weaver, administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency (announced December 31, 1960)
- Newton N. Minow, chairman of the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
- Rex Marion Whitton, administrator of the Federal Highway Administration
- Harry J. Anslinger, commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (announced December 16, 1960) incumbent officeholder
- Floyd Dominy, commissioner of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (announced January 12, 1961) incumbent officeholder
- John S. Gleason Jr., administrator of Veterans Affairs
- Robert J. Burkhardt, assistant postmaster general for facilities
- Ralph W. Nicholson, assistant postmaster general for finance
- Frederick C. Belen, assistant postmaster general for postal operations
- James M. Quigley, assistant secretary of health, education and welfare for federal and state matters (announced January 16, 1961)
- Wilbur J. Cohen, assistant secretary of health, education, and welfare for legislative matters (announced January 16, 1961)
- Boisfeuillet Jones, assistant secretary of health, education and welfare for health and medical affairs (announced December 31, 1960)
- Kenneth Holum, assistant secretary of the interior for water and power (announced January 12, 1961)
- John A. Carver Jr., assistant secretary of the interior for public lands management (announced January 12, 1961)
- Jerry R. Holleman, assistant secretary of labor
- James J. Reynolds, assistant secretary of labor (announced January 8, 1961)
- George C. Lodge, assistant secretary of labor for international affairs incumbent officeholder
- George Leon-Paul Weaver, special assistant to the secretary of labor (announced January 8, 1961)
- Frank Barry, Department of the Interior solicitor general (announced January 12, 1961)
- Charles Donahue, Department of Labor solicitor (announced January 8, 1961)
- Alan Willcox, general counsel of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
- Glenn T. Seaborg, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (announced January 16, 1961)
- Michael Monroney, United States Postal Service executive assistant for White House and congressional liaison

### Economic policy

- C. Douglas Dillon, secretary of the treasury (announced December 16, 1960)
- David E. Bell, director of the Bureau of the Budget
- Elizabeth Rudel Smith, treasurer of the United States (announced December 18, 1960)
- Harry J. Anslinger, commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics incumbent officeholder
- John M. Leddy, assistant secretary of the treasury for international affairs (announced January 16, 1961)
- David E. Bell, director of the Bureau of the Budget
- Walter Heller, chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
- John E. Horne, administrator of the Small Business Administration
- Henry H. Fowler, under secretary of the treasury
- Robert Roosa, under secretary of the treasury for monetary affairs
- Elmer B. Staats, deputy director of the Bureau of the Budget incumbent officeholder
- Esther Peterson, director of the United States Women's Bureau and assistant to the Secretary of Labor (announced January 8, 1961)
- Kermit Gordon, member of the Council of Economic Advisers
- James Tobin, member of the Council of Economic Advisers
- George Docking, director of the Export-Import Bank

### White House staff

- Pierre Salinger, White House press secretary (announced November 9, 1960)
- Andrew Hatcher, associate White House press secretary (announced November 9, 1960)
- Ted Sorensen, White House counsel (announced November 9, 1960)
- Kenneth O'Donnell, secretary to the president (announced November 9, 1960)
- Fred Dutton, White House Cabinet secretary
- Ralph A. Dungan, White House staff secretary
- Larry O'Brien, assistant to the president for Congressional relations
- David Powers, special assistant to the president
- James M. Landis, special assistant to the president
- Timothy Reardon, administrative assistant to the president
- Richard Neustadt, consultant on government organization

### Other

- John Moore, administrator of the General Services Administration
- Bernard L. Boutin, deputy administrator of the General Services Administration
- John Macy, chairman of the Civil Service Commission

## Impact on Kennedy's presidency

As his transition had, Kennedy's presidential administration would come to often consult Brookings Institute briefing papers. In 1987, historian Carl M. Brauer would fault Kennedy's authorization of the failed the Bay of Pigs Invasion on Kennedy and his team having been too trusting of the bureaucratic experts in the government during his presidential transition.

Transfer of U.S. presidential power

December 1960 events in the United States

January 1961 events in the United States

November 1960 events in the United States


2013 Paris–Nice

The 2013 Paris–Nice was the 71st running of the Paris–Nice cycling stage race, often known as the Race to the Sun. It started on 3 March in Houilles and ended on 10 March in Nice and consisted of eight stages, including a race-commencing prologue and a race-concluding mountain individual time trial. It was the second race of the 2013 UCI World Tour season.

The race was won by Australia's Richie Porte of , who took the lead after winning the race's queen stage – the fifth stage – to La Montagne de Lure, and also won the final time trial at Col d'Èze, to become the first Australian rider to win the race. Porte won the general classification by 55 seconds over runner-up Andrew Talansky (), who was winner of the race's third stage. Talansky also won the white jersey for the young rider classification, as he was the highest placed rider born in 1988 or later. 's Jean-Christophe Péraud completed the podium, 26 seconds behind Talansky and 81 seconds down on Porte.

In the race's other classifications, 's Sylvain Chavanel was the winner of the green jersey for the points classification, amassing the highest number of points during stages at intermediate sprints and stage finishes, and Johann Tschopp was the winner of the mountains classification for the team, who were making their World Tour début at the race. were the winners of the teams classification on their World Tour return, having missed the Tour Down Under after temporarily losing their World Tour status before successfully appealing the decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

## Teams

As Paris–Nice was a UCI World Tour event, all UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to send a squad. Originally, eighteen ProTeams were invited to the race, with four other squads given wildcard places, and as such, would have formed the event's 22-team peloton. subsequently regained their ProTour status after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. With not originally invited to the race, race organisers announced their inclusion to the race, bringing the total number of teams competing to twenty-three.

The 23 teams that competed in the race were:

Among the 184-rider start list was only one previous race winner; Andreas Klöden, who triumphed in 2000, competed for the team.

## Stages

### Prologue

3 March 2013 — Houilles, 2.9 km (1.8 mi) individual time trial (ITT)

The opening stage of the 2013 Paris–Nice was a short, flat, yet technical individual time trial stage in and around the Yvelines commune of Houilles, around 15 km (9.3 mi) outside Paris. Packed into just under 3 km (1.9 mi) of racing were numerous 90-degree bends, requiring riders to make short, sharp bursts of acceleration. As such, the stage itself was not suited towards any kind of time trial specialists; instead, riders who had a track background, rouleurs or certain sprinters who had sufficient pace to complete the course in a favourable time. Weather was not expected to be a major factor in the stage proceedings, unlike previous race-opening time trial stages. Marco Bandiera was the first rider to start the stage, on the World Tour début for his team, .

Bandiera recorded a time of 3' 55" for the course, but was almost immediately bettered by 's Yuri Trofimov and rider Stijn Vandenbergh. Vandenbergh's time of 3' 50" was marginally beaten by Sébastien Minard of , setting the tone for most of the stage with numerous placings set to be settled by tenths of a second. sprinter Nacer Bouhanni, riding a road bike for the course, was the first rider to go beneath 3' 50", as he set a time of 3' 47". However, his stay at the top was also short-lived as 's Maarten Tjallingii went three seconds quicker to move to the top of the timesheets. sprinter Borut Božič was the next rider to assume the stage lead, as he set a time of 3' 40"; his time was ultimately good enough for a final placing of eighth. Božič's time provided a stiff test for the majority of the field, as his time held on at the top for over half an hour, but Peter Velits () ultimately went quicker by less than a second to take the lead.

Another sprinter, and former French under-23 time trial champion, Geoffrey Soupe was the first rider to go underneath 3' 40", but he would ultimately lose out on white jersey honours – for young rider classification leader – to Tjallingii's teammate Wilco Kelderman, who completed the course marginally quicker. French national champion Sylvain Chavanel was next to assume the lead for , going a second faster than Kelderman, but immediately after, Damien Gaudin – a former team pursuitist on the track for France – knocked another second off the benchmark for . Gaudin's time of 3' 37" held until the end of the stage, and gave him his first victory as a professional, a performance he later described as "mad". Besides Chavanel, Lieuwe Westra recorded the best time of the overall contenders for , finishing less than a second off Gaudin's stage-winning time, in third position. Both riders were satisfied with their performances post-stage.

### Stage 1

4 March 2013 — Saint-Germain-en-Laye to Nemours, 195 km (121.2 mi)

The first mass-start stage of the race was set up ideally for the sprinters, with very little on the course to threaten the peloton. Over the course of the 195 km (121.2 mi) parcours, there was very little fluctuation of altitude, even with only one categorised climb en route. The fourth-category Côte de Buthiers ascent offered the first points towards the mountains classification of the race, but at 500 m (1,600 ft) long and a gradient of 4.2%, was not going to test the riders too much. Intermediate sprints at Malesherbes and La Madeleine-sur-Loing offered bonus seconds towards the general classification, the latter coming on a 47 km (29.2 mi) loop around Nemours, before the stage finish.

A trio of riders – 's Bert-Jan Lindeman, rider Romain Sicard and Yannick Talabardon of  – made the early breakaway from the field, and managed to extend their advantage to the peloton to almost seven-and-a-half minutes at one point during the stage, before eventually stabilising at the five-minute mark for the majority of the stage. Lindeman took maximum points on offer during the stage; he crossed each of the two intermediate sprint lines in first position, ahead of Talabardon and Sicard on both occasions, while it was the same order at the Côte de Buthiers, where Lindeman secured the polka-dot jersey for the day. After the climb, there was a crash in the peloton, which forced Rui Costa () to withdraw from the race, with a wrist injury, bruising and stitches.

As the leaders were brought back towards the main field, an increase of pace in the peloton caused it to separate, and caught out several of the expected stage challengers, such as 's Marcel Kittel and 's Tom Boonen, who won the first mass-start stage in the 2012 edition of the race. Both riders would eventually finish in a group that finished just under two minutes behind the lead group. The lead trio were eventually caught with around 23 km (14.3 mi) remaining, with the sprinters' teams moving towards the front of the peloton from there on, before the finish in Nemours. tried to set it up for Leigh Howard but their sprint train was overhauled by Boonen's teammate Sylvain Chavanel, who launched his sprint first. French national champion Nacer Bouhanni () launched his sprint off Chavanel's wheel, and went side-by-side with Alessandro Petacchi of , with Bouhanni just prevailing ahead of Petacchi and 's Elia Viviani. With ten bonus seconds on the finish line, Bouhanni took the leader's yellow jersey from 's Damien Gaudin, who finished in the main field.

### Stage 2

5 March 2013 — Vimory to Cérilly, 200.5 km (124.6 mi)

The second stage was run predominantly in a north-to-south direction, starting in Vimory in the Loiret department and finishing in the Allier commune of Cérilly, via a finishing loop of 18 km (11.2 mi) in length, and two intermediate sprint points – one in Les Choux, while the other came on the first passage of the finish line in Cérilly – respectively. Although there were no categorised climbs during the stage, the final kilometre of the stage – at the end of a 4 km (2.5 mi) long stretch of road – was uphill, reaching a gradient of 4% in certain places. However, the stage was still designed to suit the sprinters, with the uphill finish also aiding the chances for the puncheurs.

Strong headwinds were prominent during the stage, although this did not stop three riders attacking in the opening kilometre; Kris Boeckmans of was joined by 's Mads Christensen and 's Gatis Smukulis, and the trio remained together until Les Choux, when Boeckmans elected to return to the main field after winning the intermediate sprint. Smukulis and Christensen soldiered on with a lead of around four minutes, but the peloton were back together by the 43 km (26.7 mi) mark, as established the pace of the group, to keep the overall leader Nacer Bouhanni out of danger. After around 20 km (12.4 mi) of stasis within the field, two of Boeckmans' teammates – Thomas De Gendt and Juan Antonio Flecha – attacked, along with rider Mikel Astarloza and Maxime Bouet of , and their advantage reached a similar mark to that achieved by the first breakaway, at around four minutes. continued to set the pace on the front, bringing the lead gap to around a minute with 60 km (37.3 mi) remaining.

However, Bouhanni hit the ground heavily while negotiating a left-hand bend, falling face first. He had to abandon the race with two broken teeth, and required eight stitches for a burst lip. The peloton was neutralised as Bouhanni was receiving treatment by the roadside, but the pace lifted once again, after confirmation of Bouhanni's abandonment had been received by his teammates. The breakaway was negated with 45 km (28.0 mi) left to cover of the stage, when the sprinters' teams started to make early headway towards the front of the peloton. , and moved forward ahead of the second intermediate sprint, where Elia Viviani took maximum points for , ahead of Sylvain Chavanel () and the rest of the field. Several solo attacks were neutralised on the loop around Cérilly, which set up a sprint finish. tried to launch Alessandro Petacchi first, but Marcel Kittel () finished strongest down the right-hand side of the road and achieved his second win of the season by three bike lengths. Finishing just behind was Viviani, who became the race's third leader in successive days, as well as taking the lead of both the points and young rider classifications.

### Stage 3

6 March 2013 — Châtel-Guyon to Brioude, 170.5 km (105.9 mi)

Following the sprinter-friendly stages of the previous two days, the third stage was more undulating and included three categorised climbs during its 170.5 km (105.9 mi) itinerary. In between the two intermediate sprint points – coming in the communes of Joze, and in Brioude itself – were two third-category climbs of the Col de Potey and the Côte de la Forêt de la Comté, but neither averaged more than 5% in gradient over the duration of their ascents. After reaching Brioude, the peloton completed a finishing loop of around 28 km (17.4 mi) in length; halfway around the loop was the day's final climb, the second-category Côte de Mauvagnat ascent, a 2.7 km (1.7 mi) long climb with a listed average gradient of 6.7%. The climb itself was seen as the pivotal point of the day's action, whether the sprinters could stay with the main field before the descent back into Brioude.

Heavy rain made riding conditions slightly treacherous, but the day's breakaway formed in the opening kilometres as normal. For the second day running, 's Mads Christensen made it into an attacking move, where he was joined by rider Martijn Keizer, Sébastien Minard () and Alexis Vuillermoz of the team. The quartet slowly built up their advantage over the peloton, being led by the team – protecting the race leader Elia Viviani – to a maximum advantage of around four minutes. Keizer led the group over the top of the two third-category climbs, and as a result, took the polka-dot jersey for mountains classification leader away from his teammate Bert-Jan Lindeman. The quartet were slowly brought back, and with added impetus from , and , the peloton had caught them prior to the Côte de Mauvagnat, with 23 km (14.3 mi) remaining. After several foiled attacks from his teammate Maxim Iglinsky, Andriy Hrivko attacked towards the top of the Côte de Mauvagnat, and managed to build a small advantage before 's Vasil Kiryienka bridged the gap on the descent from the climb.

Kiryienka crashed on the wet roads several kilometres later, which delayed Hrivko enough for him to be caught by a group of four riders – Kiryienka's teammate David López, Gorka Izagirre of , 's Davide Malacarne and hometown rider Romain Bardet () – which later became seven riders in total as another rider joined the lead group, with Richie Porte linking up with 's Andrew Talansky. and tried to lead the chase for the respective overall contenders Tejay van Garderen and Sylvain Chavanel, but the lead group managed to survive off the front by seconds. Malacarne tried a solo attack at the flamme rouge, but was chased down not long after, gesturing at his fellow escapees as they did so. Porte tried a long stint on the front of the group, but Bardet accelerated past him only to fade shortly after, and it was Talansky that prevailed by a bike length over Malacarne and Izagirre. With Viviani distanced on the final climb, Talansky became the race's fourth different leader, taking the young rider lead from Viviani as well.

### Stage 4

7 March 2013 — Brioude to Saint-Vallier, 199.5 km (124.0 mi)

Starting in the previous day's finishing commune of Brioude, the fourth stage was packed full of climbs, with a total of seven over the course of the 199.5 km (124.0 mi) parcours. The last two climbs – both coming inside the final 25 km (15.5 mi) of racing – were both second-category ascents of the Côte de Talencieux and the Côte de la Sizeranne, with gradients of 8.1% and 6.6% respectively. The Côte de la Sizeranne, which was situated 8.5 km (5.3 mi) from the finish in Saint-Vallier, had most recently featured during the first stage of the 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné; the climb had been a catalyst to a late-stage attack from Cadel Evans, Jérôme Coppel and Andrey Kashechkin, with the trio managing to hold off the advancing peloton by just four seconds. Along with the seven climbs, there were two intermediate sprint points at La Chaise-Dieu and Saint-Romain-d'Ay.

After an initial solo move from 's Michael Mørkøv was chased down, Gianni Meersman () along with Johann Tschopp of and Javier Moreno of the went clear on the day's first climb, the Côte de Lachaud. Moreno elected not to continue with the breakaway, but the group remained as a trio, as 's Thomas Voeckler moved up on them. After a near-40 km (24.9 mi) chase, Mørkøv and three other riders – rider Warren Barguil, Hubert Dupont of and 's Romain Sicard – were able to join the lead trio and eventually formed a breakaway of seven. The group's maximum advantage was around four minutes, with setting the pace for race leader Andrew Talansky. Numerous teams had stints on the front of the peloton, as they steadily brought back the lead group, as Tschopp accumulated enough points to take the polka-dot jersey as mountains classification leader.

With 25 km (15.5 mi) remaining, Voeckler made a move off the front of the lead group, with only Dupont able to follow in the original instance. Tschopp and Meersman both later rejoined in the crosswinds, while behind the peloton was splitting into several groups; the front group of the main field eventually recaptured the four leaders with around 15 km (9.3 mi) remaining. With the group back together, several riders attempted to create solo moves on the final climb, the Côte de la Sizeranne, and on its descent. 's Sylvain Chavanel was prominent in several moves on the climb; with assistance from teammate Kevin De Weert, Chavanel chased down a move by Maxime Monfort, but was not allowed to gain sufficient ground due to his placing in the general classification. Coppel tried to repeat his Dauphiné move in the closing stages, but it was left to a group sprint of around forty riders. Maxim Iglinsky was first to launch his sprint for , but Michael Albasini finished the strongest to take the victory for . Iglinsky managed to hold on to second ahead of Chavanel's teammate Peter Velits, while Talansky maintained the race lead with a sixth-place finish.

### Stage 5

8 March 2013 — Châteauneuf-du-Pape to La Montagne de Lure, 176 km (109.4 mi)

The queen stage of the 2013 Paris–Nice, the fifth stage included the only summit finish of the race, finishing 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level at La Montagne de Lure after a near-14 km (8.7 mi) climb at an average gradient of 6.6% and reaching 8.5% in places. The climb itself was the last of six categorised climbs during the stage, although the other climbs en route – mainly second- and third-category climbs compared to the first-category finishing climb – were less steep and challenging to the field as a whole. Also as part of the parcours were two intermediate sprint points at Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt and Forcalquier. La Montagne de Lure, described as the "little sister of Mont Ventoux", had previously featured in the race in 2009, when Alberto Contador soloed to victory during that year's sixth stage, beating closest rivals Fränk Schleck and Luis León Sánchez by almost a minute, and taking the race lead in the process.

's Jens Voigt – who finished in the top ten on the stage in 2009 – initiated the day's breakaway after 14 km (8.7 mi) of racing, and was later joined by rider Cyril Lemoine, Paolo Longo Borghini of and Thierry Hupond of the team. The quartet steadily built up a lead over the peloton, eventually reaching a maximum advantage of around six-and-a-half minutes, but still causing no threat overall as Hupond was the best placed of the riders, some nine minutes behind the overnight leader 's Andrew Talansky. For most of the stage, the advantage remained between four and five minutes, with Talansky's squad maintaining their presence at the front of the peloton. Heading towards the final climb at La Montagne de Lure, the leaders still held a lead of approaching two minutes but was quickly being dwindled, with moving their riders towards the front.

At the foot of the climb, Voigt attacked on his own for the second time during the stage, as the peloton began to shrink with the pace mainly being set by Kanstantsin Sivtsov and David López, with the squad's leader Richie Porte just behind them. Voigt's fellow breakaway companions were caught with around 10 km (6.2 mi) remaining, while Voigt remained a further minute up the road. He was caught 3 km (1.9 mi) later, which set up a spate of attacks in the following few kilometres. Michele Scarponi was able to gain a slight advantage for , to which Talansky and Porte later closed down, while Nairo Quintana () also latched onto the group. Talansky tried a second move, but Quintana led the rest of the ever-decreasing group up to him. Denis Menchov attacked just before 2 km (1.2 mi) to go, and was initially given freedom to build a gap, at which point, Talansky made a third move before Porte closed him down again. Porte launched his own attack with 1.4 km (0.9 mi) left, quickly catching and passing Menchov, and soloed away to the stage victory and the yellow jersey. Menchov finished second, 26 seconds behind, while Talansky led a small group over the line in third, 33 seconds behind Porte.

### Stage 6

9 March 2013 — Manosque to Nice, 220 km (136.7 mi)

The penultimate stage of the race was also its longest of the 2013 edition, with a 220 km (136.7 mi) itinerary for the peloton as the race moved towards the coast and Nice itself. There were five categorised climbs on the route, the first of which commenced just after the 2 km (1.2 mi) point of the stage, with the third-category Côte du Bois de Rousset climb, an ascent of 4.4 km (2.7 mi) and a 4.5% average gradient. The tougher climbs came in the second half of the stage, with a pair of first-category climbs – the Côte de Cabris, 7.6 km (4.7 mi) at 5.8% and the Col du Ferrier, 4.3 km (2.7 mi) at 6.8% – but with the summit of the Col du Ferrier still being over 70 km (43.5 mi) from the finish, on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice. As a result, it was still expected to come down to a sprint finish at the end, but the severity of the climbs was certain to rule out many of the pure sprinters from the finish.

`rider Egor Silin was the catalyst of the breakaway, attacking on the Côte du Bois de Rousset, gaining maximum points on offer for the climb. He was later joined by ten other riders, with Johann Tschopp also being part of the group as he was looking to secure the mountains classification for .  only allowed the breakaway to build up a lead of around three minutes due to the fact that another member of the breakaway, Arnold Jeannesson of , was only 1' 49" behind the race leader, Richie Porte. After taking second place points behind Silin on the first climb of the day, Tschopp proceeded to take maximum points at the remaining four climbs of the day's stage, guaranteeing himself an unassailable lead in the classification. With 64 points, Tschopp held a 40-point lead over 's Thierry Hupond, with only ten points left to be taken at the finish of the following day's individual time trial at Col d'Èze, a first-category climb.`

By the time the lead group was on the descent of the Col du Ferrier, only six members of the original eleven-rider lead group remained out front, and were only a minute clear of the peloton that was being led by the , and . The breakaway was brought back by the main field prior to the day's second and final intermediate sprint point at Tourrettes-sur-Loup, with 34.5 km (21.4 mi) remaining of the stage. 's Andriy Hrivko as well as pairing Peter Velits and Sylvain Chavanel attacked prior to the sprint, to gain vital bonus seconds towards the general classification. The trio returned to the peloton after the sprint, and ultimately manned the front of the main group towards the finish in Nice, to set up the bunch sprint of around sixty riders. and the moved towards the front for Samuel Dumoulin and Philippe Gilbert respectively, but Chavanel surprised both riders to take the sprint on the line. His result, a third stage win at Paris–Nice, gave him the lead in the points classification as well as moving him into third place overall, with ten bonus seconds.

### Stage 7

10 March 2013 — Nice to Col d'Èze, 9.6 km (6.0 mi) individual time trial (ITT)

For the second year in succession, the race concluded at Col d'Èze on the outskirts of Nice, with a mountainous individual time trial. The 9.6 km (6.0 mi) test against the clock began in Nice, with the steepest part of the climb coming in the early stages, reaching a gradient of 8.5% – against the average for the climb of 4.7% – in the second kilometre. The intermediate timing point came at the Col des Quatre Chemins, 4 km (2.5 mi) from the finish, with the final 1.5 km (0.9 mi) towards the summit of Col d'Èze were contested on a false flat. In 2012, the stage saw Bradley Wiggins and Lieuwe Westra battle it out for the general classification, with Wiggins winning the stage by two seconds and the race by eight seconds. As was customary of time trial stages, cyclists set off in reverse order from where they were ranked in the general classification at the end of the previous stage. Thus, Rick Flens of , who, in 151st place, trailed overall leader Richie Porte () by one hour, twenty minutes and nine seconds, was the first rider to set off on the final stage.

Flens set the first benchmark with a time of 22' 35". Evaldas Šiškevičius of the team was next to hold first place, going eleven seconds quicker than Flens, before prologue winner Damien Gaudin () went fastest with a time of 22' 11". His lead was to last less than a minute as 's Jérémy Roy went comfortably quicker than his time, more than a minute faster in a time of 20' 59". Roy held the best time for the best part of an hour before 's Mattia Cattaneo knocked eight seconds off the benchmark. Javier Moreno () also went quickest for a period of time before Jérôme Coppel – fifth on the climb in 2012 – moved top for in a time of 20' 33". Ion Izagirre moved the best time nearer the 20-minute mark as he took another eleven seconds off the best time, before his time was usurped by Michele Scarponi, as the rider put in a solid performance and went top on 20' 19". The first of four sub 20-minute times was recorded by the 's Nairo Quintana, setting a time of 19' 43", holding his pace all the way up the climb.

Quintana's time held into the later moments of the stage, as the top ten overall contenders hit the course. Simon Špilak () had gone quicker to the intermediate point than Quintana, but faded in the second half of the stage, and was thus unable to match his fourth place of 2012. Quintana's time remained untouched until the final two riders to start the stage; much like 2012, the top two were to battle for victory, as Porte and Andrew Talansky of were split by 32 seconds pre-stage. Talansky set the fastest intermediate split at the time, going six seconds quicker than 's Jean-Christophe Péraud, but Porte passed the same point 21 seconds quicker than Talansky had done so. Péraud had faded to five seconds behind Quintana at the finish – despite falling at the start – and with slower times for those around in him the general classification, he sealed a place on the final podium. Talansky crossed the finish line with the fastest time, going four seconds quicker than Quintana with a time of 19' 39". However, Porte sealed victory in the race, and the stage itself, punching the air as he crossed the line in a time of 19' 16", four seconds slower than Wiggins' winning time of 2012.

## Classification leadership table

In the 2013 Paris–Nice, four different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages, the leader received a yellow jersey. This classification was considered the most important of the 2013 Paris–Nice, and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race.

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing in the top 20 in a stage. Unlike in the better known points classification in the Tour de France, the type of stage had no effect on what points were on offer – each stage had the same points available on the same scale. The win earned 25 points, second place earned 22 points, third 20, fourth 18, fifth 16, and one point fewer per place down to a single point for 20th. In addition, points could be won in intermediate sprints; three points for crossing the sprint line first, two points for second place, and one for third.

There was also a mountains classification, the leadership of which was marked by a red and white polka-dot jersey. In the mountains classification, points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists. Each climb was categorised as either first, second, or third-category, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. For first-category climbs, points were awarded on a scale of 10 points for first across the climb, second place earned 8 points, third 6, fourth 4, and one point fewer per place down to a single point for seventh. Second-category climbs awarded points on a scale of 7 points for first place, second place earned 5 points, third 3, and one point fewer per place down to a single point for fifth. Third-category climbs, and the one fourth-category climb, awarded points to the top three riders only; 4 points for first across the climb, second place earned 2 points, third place earned 1 point.

The fourth jersey represented the young rider classification, marked by a white jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders born after 1 January 1988 were eligible to be ranked in the classification.

There was also a classification for teams, in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time.