Kingdom (British TV series)

Kingdom is a British television series produced by Parallel Film and Television Productions for the ITV network. It was created by Simon Wheeler and stars Stephen Fry as Peter Kingdom, a Norfolk solicitor who is coping with family, colleagues, and the strange locals who come to him for legal assistance. The series also starred Hermione Norris, Celia Imrie, Karl Davies, Phyllida Law and Tony Slattery.

The first series of six one-hour episodes was aired in 2007 and averaged six million viewers per week. Despite a mid-series ratings dip, the executive chairman of ITV praised the programme and ordered a second series, which was filmed in 2007 and broadcast in January and February 2008. Filming on the third series ran from July to September 2008 for broadcast from 7 June 2009.

Stephen Fry announced in October 2009 that ITV was cancelling the series, a fact later confirmed by the channel, which said that given tighter budgets, more expensive productions were being cut.

## Series synopses

The series follows Peter Kingdom, a small-town solicitor whose work revolves around cases brought by the eclectic and eccentric populace of Market Shipborough. The series retains a largely episodic format, where self-contained plots play out before the hour concludes, though a continuing storyline concerns the mysterious disappearance of Simon Kingdom, Peter's half-brother. The first episode reveals that he vanished at sea six months previously and that everybody who knew him (including Peter) assumed that he committed suicide. Each week there are further indications that he did not die, culminating in episode six when it is revealed that he had a relationship with a woman who become pregnant with his child after he had supposedly died. In the first series we are also introduced to Peter's half-sister, Beatrice, who slowly becomes an integral character in the series.

Simon returns in the second series and is charged with faking his own death. He is released from custody after Lyle, the trainee solicitor in Peter's practice, decides to use Simon's own money (possibly obtained illegally by Simon) to bail him, after Simon reveals he was actually attempting suicide. Beatrice learns that she is pregnant and she leaves Market Shipborough, until the baby is born in the last episode of the series. Lyle threatens to leave Kingdom & Kingdom when his mentor Peter begins to neglect him, but he changes his mind when Peter makes him a partner. In the final episode, a torrential storm hits Market Shipborough, flooding much of the town. While searching for his brother, who drove off the previous night, Peter encounters something unseen by the audience, which is revealed to be Simon's dead body in Series 3.

Series 3 focuses more on Peter's life, Beatrice and her new baby (Petra), Lyle, and Gloria, the receptionist. Toward the end of the series Peter begins to suffer from small blackouts. He has some minor tests done to find out the cause of the problem. It is revealed in the last episode that Peter has Type 2 diabetes. When Peter asks the doctor whether he should tell Beatrice and Petra to get checked out, the doctor revealed that diabetes isn't the only thing they discovered. In the final scenes Peter reveals that he has found out that he has no blood relation to Beatrice or Simon, and that therefore "their" father was not in fact his father.

## Characters

The characters are described by Wheeler as "three families"; Peter's relations, his colleagues, and the populace of Market Shipborough.

- Peter Kingdom (played by Stephen Fry) is a Cambridge-educated solicitor and one half of Kingdom & Kingdom, a law firm he ran with his father. Peter is respected and regarded as compassionate by the local community. Fry describes him as "kind and empathetic", "on the side of the ordinary people" and as being "lonely and isolated" and not revealing his true emotions. Phyllida Law describes Peter as "into the community like one of those old French village priests".
- Beatrice Kingdom (played by Hermione Norris) is Peter's half-sister, who arrives in the first episode after leaving rehabilitation. She is described by Wheeler as intended to be the "ultimate annoying little sister". By series two, she is successfully controlling her mental illness with medication and has become more responsible and reliable. Norris's second pregnancy (with her daughter, Hero) was worked into the series storyline; Beatrice is portrayed as promiscuous in the first series and takes several pregnancy tests in the second series, which all come up positive. Beatrice goes into labour in episode five of the second series and asks Simon to be present at the birth. The identity of Petra's father is initially not known, and Simon tells Peter he "will totally flip" when he finds out. It is later revealed her father is a local philandering judge. Petra is played by twin girls in the third series. Their mother answered a casting call for young twins in a local newspaper.
- Lyle Anderson (played by Karl Davies) is a trainee solicitor at Kingdom & Kingdom during the first series. At the end of the second series, he qualifies, and is offered and accepts a partnership in the practice. Lyle is a somewhat comic character often having bad luck, whether he misses out on a potential relationship or gets hit by a golf ball. The writers created a running joke for the character, where he gets injured in almost every episode, from falling in swimming pools, landing in dikes, having his feet set in concrete by developers or simply hit by falling crucifixes or golf balls..
- Gloria Millington (played by Celia Imrie) is a legal secretary who is recovering from the death of her husband a year before the first series. She has a young son (played by Angus Imrie, the actress's son) and is "the sister he (Peter) deserved" but never had. Gloria is antagonised by Beatrice during the first series, but the two become friends after a day out together.
- Sidney Snell (played by Tony Slattery) is a smelly local and a frequent client of Peter who often finds ways to sue the local council. Slattery described Snell as an "everyman anti-hero", with Wheeler calling him an "unlikely guardian of Market Shipborough" on account of his numerous attempts to stop building work. Snell develops a close friendship with the recently widowed Gloria in the first series. To emphasise his unwashed state, the wardrobe department rotated Snell's costume only once in the first series.
- Aunt Auriel (played by Phyllida Law) is Peter's aunt and confidante. She lives in a retirement home on a large country estate.
- Nigel Pearson (played by John Thomson) is introduced in the second series as the captain of Market Shipborough's cricket team. Peter investigates Nigel after discovering he has not honoured sponsorship contracts made with several local businesses. Nigel confides in Peter that his marriage is breaking down - his wife (played by Rachel Fielding) is having an affair with Simon, and he returns the money owed. Nigel returns as a regular cast member in the third series, now working as a relationship counsellor.
- Simon Kingdom (played by Dominic Mafham) was an unseen character (with the exception of some photographs) in the first series, with the final episode revealing that he had fled to Dublin, apparently to escape large debts. In the second series, he returns to Market Shipborough and is charged with faking his own death. Simon has a reputation as a ne'er-do-well, and usually behaves in a self-centered and womanising manner. At the end of the second series, he disappears after fleeing from a Mafia-type gang during a storm. It is revealed at the start of series three that he now really is dead, with the opening scene showing Peter, Beatrice and Auriel standing at his grave.

Thomas Fisher plays Ted, a local yokel who is the landlord of the local pub and a friend of Sidney Snell. Gerard Horan plays DC Yelland, who is in charge of prosecuting the Simon Kingdom case but also sometimes appears on other matters. Both Ted and Yelland's roles are expanded in the second series. In the first series, Maryann Turner plays a recurring minor character referred to only as "Mrs Thing", whom Peter is constantly trying to avoid. Simon's pregnant partner, Honor O'Sullivan (played by Kelly Campbell), is introduced in the final episode of the first series. By the second series she has given birth to baby Daniel and is living with Beatrice and Peter, where she develops an attraction to Lyle. She leaves after Simon returns.

Guest appearances in the first series are made by Richard Wilson (as Peter's old university tutor in episode four), Robert Bathurst (as a cross-dressing husband in episode five), Lynsey De Paul as Sheila Larsen, who drowns in her own swimming pool, Joss Ackland (as an Auschwitz survivor in episode six), and Rory Bremner (as a vicar, also in episode six). Bremner, known more for satire than acting, has joked that he played the vicar "as" Michael Howard and Rowan Williams and that his character's name was "Jane", due to an error in the script. Wilson returned for the second series, which also includes roles by Lucy Benjamin and Richard Briers, and Diana Quick. Local residents appear as background extras and in crowd scenes. Guest stars confirmed for the third series include Pippa Haywood, James and Oliver Phelps, June Whitfield, Peter Sallis, Colin Baker, Sandi Toksvig, Jack Dee, Miriam Margolyes, Adrian Scarborough, Sophie Winkleman, Anna Massey and Jaye Griffiths.

## Production

Wheeler spent two years developing the idea for the series before filming began in 2006 and proposed the Peter character as "helping people more than doing the law". The series was originally to be based around a probate solicitor, with the title Where There's a Will. Stephen Fry disapproved of the title and raised the point that it would be difficult to produce six scripts featuring his character dealing with probate issues. A series of six episodes was announced in June 2006.

The series is primarily a vehicle for Fry, and was his first television drama series for ITV since the conclusion of Jeeves and Wooster in 1993. Most of the main cast had worked with Fry before: Slattery had been in Footlights with Fry, and he and Law appeared with him in Peter's Friends; Imrie appeared in Gormenghast though the two did not share any scenes. Already being acquainted allowed the cast to appear more relaxed in front of the camera. Norris had not made any appearances with the rest of the cast beyond a credit with Imrie in Hospital!, a one-off Channel 5 comedy. However, she is married to Wheeler, and he had previously written for Wire in the Blood, in which she formerly starred. She took the role as a change of pace from the "ice maiden" characters she often portrays.

Location filming is primarily based in Swaffham. Filming of the first series began on 10 July 2006 and was scheduled for 12 weeks. Shooting also took place in nearby Hunstanton, Holkham, Thetford and Dereham. Beach and harbour scenes were shot at Wells, as well as the Lifeboat station being used for that of Market Shipborough. Fry recommended Swaffham to the producers, citing market towns as "more revealing of what Britain is like than a city is." Locations used within Swaffham include Oakleigh House (as the offices of Kingdom and Kingdom) and the Greyhound pub (renamed "The Startled Duck"), among others. The producers noted that Oakleigh House was ideal for the offices as there was an "authenticity" of opening the door straight onto the market square, instead of a transition from studio to location footage.

First-series scenes featuring Fry driving an Alvis TE 21 were placed in jeopardy when the actor was caught speeding in May 2006. His counsel successfully postponed the hearing until December, allowing filming to resume unaffected (Fry was eventually banned from driving for six months). The first two episodes were directed by Robin Sheppard, the third and fourth by Metin Hüseyin and the final two by Sandy Johnson. A making-of special was filmed for the ITV3 Behind the Scenes strand and was broadcast on 27 May 2007, immediately following the end of episode six on ITV.

Filming of the second series was scheduled in two blocks: the first—directed by Andrew Grieve—ran from 2 July to 11 August and the second—directed by Edward Hall—from 20 August to 29 September. Shooting was again based in Swaffham. Norris took a break from filming in August to give birth to her daughter, returning to the set to complete her scenes in September.

Series 3 commenced filming in July 2008. Scenes were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, who have been based in nearby Watton. During September, scenes set in Stockport, Greater Manchester were filmed in King's Lynn and Halifax. Shooting concluded at the end of the month. Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes.

## Reception

In a preview, Radio Times described it as "Sunday night television at its cosiest", though called the plot of episode one "feeble". Comments by The Stage echoed this, calling the storyline a "run of the mill affair", but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole as "nice". Following the broadcast of the first episode The Guardian wrote that the series "slips down as smoothly as a pint of Adnams" and (with tongue in cheek) welcomed it as a change from "loutish" Michael Kitchen in "relentlessly vulgar" fellow Sunday-night drama Foyle's War. The Times had a negative view, awarding the episode one star out of five and criticising Stephen Fry for "playing Stephen Fry". The casting of the other characters was also criticised, though the costuming was wryly praised.

The programme received some criticism in Norfolk for its inaccurate depiction of local accents. Local journalist and broadcaster Keith Skipper told the Eastern Daily Press: "If they are going to set these dramas in a specific location with locals and extras surely they should get the accent right otherwise it is self defeating." An ITV spokesman told the paper: "We hired a professional dialect coach to help the actors achieve their Norfolk accent. The Norfolk accent is different in one area of Norfolk to another. What we are trying to achieve is something that resembles a Norfolk accent that cannot be pinned down." However, he failed to identify any area of Norfolk in which the accent contains a Mummerset "r".

ITV executive chairman Michael Grade was pleased with the series, describing it at a conference in June 2007 as having "done well for [ITV]" in the prestigious 9 p.m. slot.

Following Simon's reappearance in the second series, a writer on The Herald expressed disappointment that the air of mystery had gone from the programme; "As the sage and saintly Peter, Stephen Fry no longer has any great detective-style fraternal conundrum to unravel, or agonise over." The fifth episode of Series 2 won the 9 p.m. slot with 5.4 million viewers and a 22% audience share, beating the BAFTA coverage on BBC One. The series has been compared to Doc Martin, another ITV series featuring a professional working in a rural town.

The ratings for the first episode of Series 3 were affected by a scheduling clash with the finale of The Apprentice on BBC One; the episode had 4.95 million viewers and a 19.1% audience share.

### "The Kingdom effect"

Filming of the series in Swaffham and surrounding areas gave a boost to the local economy, dubbed "the Kingdom effect" by producer Georgina Lowe. Businesses capitalised on the popularity of the series by offering guided tours of featured locations, as well as tourist merchandise such as "Kingdom rock" and postcards. Lowe gave a lecture to Swaffham's Iceni Partnership in 2007, in which she explained that the production team used local businesses "for everything from equipment and scaffold rental to buying props, costumes, food and drink". By the end of the filming of the second series, Parallel Productions had invested approximately £2.5 million into the local economy.

## Ratings

## Series information

### Broadcast history

The first series aired on the ITV network in the UK at 9 p.m. on Sunday nights from 22 April to 27 May 2007. The second series was commissioned before the first episode was broadcast. It was filmed from July to September 2007 and broadcast from January to February 2008. The third series was commissioned in March 2008 and began broadcast on 7 June 2009. STV decided not to broadcast series 3.

International distribution rights were bought by Portman Film and Television, which sold the series to 14 international networks by February 2007. Seven regional European Hallmark Channels broadcast it, with other showings on NRK in Norway, RÚV in Iceland, YLE in Finland, Rai Tre in Italy and één in Flanders. The Australian rights were picked up by the Seven Network, although the ABC aired seasons 1 and 2 in 2011 and season 3 late in 2012, with TVNZ buying it for New Zealand. The programme aired in the United States on some PBS affiliates in early 2008. A wider syndication deal was struck with American Public Television later that year for the first two series to be available to all affiliates, and other public stations; the third season begins distribution on 1 December 2009. In Canada, the first and second series are being broadcast this year, (April–June, 2010), on the Vision TV network. The third series premièred on the Flemish channel één on 10 April 2009.

### DVD releases

The first series was released by 2 Entertain Video on 28 May 2007 and includes the ITV3 Behind the Scenes special. 2 Entertain holds the worldwide rights to the DVD release in 2007. The complete second series was released on six DVDs in The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph between 1 and 7 March 2008 and was also generally released from 15 June 2009.

### Digital release

In August 2009, the six episodes of the first season were released in the United States on Hulu, as part of Hulu's partnership with ITV. As of May 2019, all 3 seasons are available on AcornTV.

### Music

A soundtrack album featuring the original music from the series, composed and conducted by Mark Russell was released on 15 June 2009 and is only available through the iTunes Store at the moment. The album mainly contains music from the third series although some of it has been used earlier in the series.

2007 British TV series

2000s British comedy-drama television series


George V

George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.

Born during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria, George was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra), and was third in the line of succession to the British throne behind his father and his elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. From 1877 to 1892, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. George married his brother's fiancée, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, the following year, and they had six children. Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was created Prince of Wales. He became king-emperor on his father's death in 1910.

George's reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape of the British Empire, which itself reached its territorial peak by the beginning of the 1920s. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. As a result of the First World War (1914–1918), the empires of his first cousins Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany fell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. He appointed the first Labour ministry in 1924, and the 1931 Statute of Westminster recognised the Empire's dominions as separate, independent states within the British Commonwealth of Nations.

George suffered from smoking-related health problems throughout much of his later reign. On his death in January 1936, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII. Edward abdicated in December of that year and was succeeded by his younger brother Albert, who took the regnal name George VI.

## Early life and education

George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House, London. He was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.

As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father, and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy", in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.

For three years from 1879, the princes served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, and East Asia. In 1881 on a visit to Japan, George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm, and was received in an audience by the Emperor Meiji; George and his brother presented Empress Haruko with two wallabies from Australia. Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship. When they returned to Britain, the Queen complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language. After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire. During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters, then HMS Thrush on the North America and West Indies Station. His last active service was in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–1892. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary.

## Marriage

As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed in Malta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his cousin Princess Marie of Edinburgh. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but his own mother and Marie's mother opposed it. The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. The Duchess, the only daughter of Alexander II of Russia, resented the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to George's mother, the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. She married Ferdinand, the future king of Romania, in 1893.

In November 1891, George's elder brother, Albert Victor, became engaged to his second cousin once removed Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, known as "May" within the family. Her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck (a member of a morganatic, cadet branch of the House of Württemberg), and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a male-line granddaughter of George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria.

On 14 January 1892, six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia during an influenza pandemic, leaving George second in line to the throne, and likely to succeed after his father. George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself, having been confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever, the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert. Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.

A year after Albert Victor's death, George proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment.

## Duke of York

The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now second in line to the throne, after his father. George was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892, and received lessons in constitutional history from J. R. Tanner.

The Duke and Duchess of York had five sons and a daughter. Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to the Earl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time. Whether this was the case or not, his children did seem to resent his strict nature, his son Prince Henry going as far as to describe him as a "terrible father" in later years.

They lived mainly at York Cottage, a relatively small house in Sandringham, Norfolk, where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle-class family rather than royalty. George preferred a simple, almost quiet, life, in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father. His official biographer, Harold Nicolson, later despaired of George's time as Duke of York, writing: "He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king, but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill [i.e. shoot] animals and stick in stamps." George was an avid stamp collector, which Nicolson disparaged, but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items.

In October 1894, George's maternal uncle-by-marriage, Alexander III of Russia, died. At the request of his father, "out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha's memory", George joined his parents in Saint Petersburg for the funeral. He and his parents remained in Russia for the wedding a week later of the new Russian emperor, his maternal first cousin Nicholas II, to one of George's paternal first cousins, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, who had once been considered as a potential bride for George's elder brother.

## Prince of Wales

As Duke of York, George carried out a wide variety of public duties. On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901, George's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII. George inherited the title of Duke of Cornwall, and for much of the rest of that year, he was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York.

In 1901, the Duke and Duchess toured the British Empire. Their tour included Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and the Colony of Newfoundland. The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to reward the Dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899–1902. George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops. In South Africa, the royal party met civic leaders, African leaders, and Boer prisoners, and was greeted by elaborate decorations, expensive gifts, and fireworks displays. Despite this, not all residents responded favourably to the tour. Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship.

In Australia, George opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia. In New Zealand, he praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders, and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions, by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about. On his return to Britain, in a speech at Guildhall, London, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."

On 9 November 1901, George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. King Edward wished to prepare his son for his future role as king. In contrast to Edward himself, whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs, George was given wide access to state documents by his father. George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers, as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband's speeches. As Prince of Wales, he supported reforms in naval training, including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen, and receiving the same education, whatever their class and eventual assignments. The reforms were implemented by the then Second (later First) Sea Lord, Sir John Fisher.

From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May toured British India, where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country. The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to George's first cousin Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination when the driver of their coach and more than a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist, Mateu Morral. A week after returning to Britain, George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII, George's cousin and brother-in-law, and Queen Maud, George's sister.

## Reign

On 6 May 1910, Edward VII died, and George became king. He wrote in his diary,

> I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me.

George had never liked his wife's habit of signing official documents and letters as "Victoria Mary" and insisted she drop one of those names. They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria, and so she became Queen Mary. Later that year, a radical propagandist, Edward Mylius, published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man, and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous. The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893, but George had shrugged it off as a joke. In an effort to kill off rumours, Mylius was arrested, tried and found guilty of criminal libel, and was sentenced to a year in prison.

George objected to the anti-Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament. He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it was changed. As a result, the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases.

George and Mary's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911, and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London. In July, the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days; they received a warm welcome, with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer. Later in 1911, the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar, where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India on 12 December 1911. George wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony, and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi. He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. As he and Mary travelled throughout the subcontinent, George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal, shooting 21 tigers, 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days. He was a keen and expert marksman. On a later occasion, on 18 December 1913, he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours (about one bird every 20 seconds) while visiting the home of Lord Burnham. Even George had to acknowledge that "we went a little too far" that day.

### National politics

George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time. Lloyd George's People's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative and Unionist-dominated House of Lords, contrary to the normal convention that the Lords did not veto money bills. Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith had asked the previous king to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House. Edward had reluctantly agreed, provided the Lords rejected the budget after two successive general elections. After the January 1910 general election, the Conservative peers allowed the budget, for which the government now had an electoral mandate, to pass without a vote.

Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms, which were again blocked by the Upper House. A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings. Asquith and Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, asked George to grant a dissolution, leading to a second general election, and to promise to create sufficient Liberal peers if the Lords blocked the legislation again. If George refused, the Liberal government would otherwise resign, which would have given the appearance that the monarch was taking sides – with "the peers against the people" – in party politics. The King's two private secretaries, the Liberal Lord Knollys and the Unionist Lord Stamfordham, gave George conflicting advice. Knollys advised George to accept the Cabinet's demands, while Stamfordham advised George to accept the resignation. Like his father, George reluctantly agreed to the dissolution and creation of peers, although he felt his ministers had taken advantage of his inexperience to browbeat him. After the December 1910 general election, the Lords let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers. The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed – with a few exceptions – the power of the Lords to veto bills. George later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned.

The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of the Irish Nationalist Party. As desired by the Nationalists, Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule, but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it. As tempers rose over the Home Rule Bill, which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act, relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor, and he was pushed into retirement. Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists, George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement. After four days the conference ended without an agreement. Political developments in Britain and Ireland were overtaken by events in Europe, and the issue of Irish Home Rule was suspended for the duration of the war.

### First World War

On 4 August 1914, George wrote in his diary, "I held a council at 10:45 to declare war with Germany. It is a terrible catastrophe but it is not our fault. ... Please to God it may soon be over." From 1914 to 1918, Britain and its allies were at war with the Central Powers, led by the German Empire. The German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war, was the King's first cousin. George's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; consequently, the King and his children bore the German titles Prince and Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony. Queen Mary, although born in England like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg. George had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's "alien and uninspiring court", George replied: "I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien."

On 17 July 1917, George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor. He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles and adopted British-sounding surnames. George compensated his male relatives by giving them British peerages. His cousin Prince Louis of Battenberg, who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone.

In letters patent gazetted on 11 December 1917, the King restricted the style of "Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland" to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest son of a Prince of Wales. The letters patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". George's relatives who fought on the German side, such as Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Under pressure from his mother, George also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin, was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family, but worsening conditions for the British people, and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles, led George to think that the presence of the Romanovs would be seen as inappropriate. Despite the later claims of Lord Mountbatten of Burma that Prime Minister David Lloyd George was opposed to the rescue of the Russian imperial family, the letters of Lord Stamfordham suggest that it was George V who opposed the idea against the advice of the government. Advance planning for a rescue was undertaken by MI1, a branch of the British secret service, but because of the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the conduct of the war, the plan was never put into operation. Nicholas and his immediate family remained in Russia, where they were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. George wrote in his diary: "It was a foul murder. I was devoted to Nicky, who was the kindest of men and thorough gentleman: loved his country and people." The following year, Nicholas's mother, Marie Feodorovna, and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from Crimea by a British warship.

Two months after the end of the war, the King's youngest son, John, died aged 13 after a lifetime of ill health. George was informed of his death by Queen Mary, who wrote, "[John] had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much."

In May 1922, George toured Belgium and northern France, visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission. The event was described in a poem, The King's Pilgrimage by Rudyard Kipling. The tour, and one short visit to Italy in 1923, were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war.

### Post-war reign

Before the First World War, most of Europe was ruled by monarchs related to George, but during and after the war, the monarchies of Austria, Germany, Greece, and Spain, like Russia, fell to revolution and war. In March 1919, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt was dispatched on the personal authority of the King to escort the former Emperor Charles I of Austria and his family to safety in Switzerland. In 1922, a Royal Navy ship was sent to Greece to rescue his cousins Prince and Princess Andrew.

Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists fought for independence; George expressed his horror at government-sanctioned killings and reprisals to Prime Minister Lloyd George. At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921, the King appealed for conciliation in a speech part drafted by General Jan Smuts and approved by Lloyd George. A few weeks later, a truce was agreed. Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. By the end of 1922, Ireland was partitioned, the Irish Free State was established, and Lloyd George was out of office.

George and his advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement, which they mistakenly associated with republicanism. The socialists no longer believed in their anti-monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step. George adopted a more democratic, inclusive stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public and the working class—a dramatic change for the King, who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry. He cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour Party politicians and trade union officials. His abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter.

The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government. In 1924, George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three major parties. George's tact in appointing the first Labour government (which lasted less than a year) allayed the suspicions of the party's sympathisers that he would work against their interests. During the General Strike of 1926, George advised the government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action, and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were "revolutionaries" saying, "Try living on their wages before you judge them."

In 1926, George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self-governing "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another". The Statute of Westminster 1931 formalised the Dominions' legislative independence and established that the succession to the throne could not be changed unless all the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster agreed. The Statute's preamble described the monarch as "the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations", who were "united by a common allegiance".

In the wake of a world financial crisis, George encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin, and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget. He was concerned by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. In 1934, George bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world, and that there was bound to be a war within ten years if Germany went on at the present rate; he warned the British ambassador in Berlin, Eric Phipps, to be suspicious of the Nazis.

In 1932, George agreed to deliver a Royal Christmas speech on the radio, an event that became annual thereafter. He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted. By the Silver Jubilee of his reign in 1935, he had become a well-loved king, saying in response to the crowd's adulation, "I cannot understand it, after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow."

George's relationship with his eldest son and heir, Edward, deteriorated in these later years. George was disappointed in Edward's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women. In contrast, he was fond of his second son, Prince Albert (later George VI), and doted on his eldest granddaughter, Princess Elizabeth; he nicknamed her "Lilibet", and she affectionately called him "Grandpa England". In 1935, George said of his son Edward: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months", and of Albert and Elizabeth: "I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne".

## Declining health and death

The First World War took a toll on George's health: he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France, and his heavy smoking exacerbated recurring breathing problems. He suffered from chronic bronchitis. In 1925, on the instruction of his doctors, he was reluctantly sent on a recuperative private cruise in the Mediterranean; it was his third trip abroad since the war, and his last. In November 1928, he fell seriously ill with septicaemia, which localised between the base of his right lung and diaphragm in the form of an empyema that required drainage. For the next two years his son Edward took over many of his duties. In 1929, the suggestion of a further rest abroad was rejected by the King "in rather strong language". Instead, he retired for three months to Craigweil House, Aldwick, in the seaside resort of Bognor, Sussex. As a result of his stay, the town acquired the suffix Regis – Latin for "of the King". A myth later grew that his last words, upon being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town, were "Bugger Bognor!"

George never fully recovered. In his final year, he was occasionally administered oxygen. The death of his favourite sister, Victoria, in December 1935 depressed him deeply. On the evening of 15 January 1936, George took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold; he remained in the room until his death. He became gradually weaker, drifting in and out of consciousness. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin later said:

> ... each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone, some words of gratitude for kindness shown. But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him: "How is the Empire?" An unusual phrase in that form, and the secretary said: "All is well, sir, with the Empire", and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness.

By 20 January, George was close to death. His physicians, led by Lord Dawson of Penn, issued a bulletin with the words "The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close." Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that George's last words, a mumbled "God damn you!", were addressed to his nurse, Catherine Black, when she gave him a sedative that night. Dawson, who supported the "gentle growth of euthanasia", admitted in the diary that he ended the King's life:

> At about 11 o'clock it was evident that the last stage might endure for many hours, unknown to the Patient but little comporting with that dignity and serenity which he so richly merited and which demanded a brief final scene. Hours of waiting just for the mechanical end when all that is really life has departed only exhausts the onlookers & keeps them so strained that they cannot avail themselves of the solace of thought, communion or prayer. I therefore decided to determine the end and injected (myself) morphia gr.3/4 [grains] and shortly afterwards cocaine gr.1 [grains] into the distended jugular vein ... In about 1/4 an hour – breathing quieter – appearance more placid – physical struggle gone.

Dawson wrote that he acted to preserve the King's dignity, to prevent further strain on the family, and so that George's death at 11:55 pm could be announced in the morning edition of The Times newspaper rather than "less appropriate ... evening journals". Neither Queen Mary, who was intensely religious and might not have sanctioned euthanasia, nor the Prince of Wales was consulted. The royal family did not want the King to endure pain and suffering and did not want his life prolonged artificially but neither did they approve Dawson's actions. British Pathé announced the King's death the following day, in which he was described as "for each one of us, more than a King, a father of a great family".

The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik ("Mourning Music"), for viola and orchestra. It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC, with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist.

At the procession to George's lying in state in Westminster Hall, the cross surmounting the Imperial State Crown atop George's coffin fell off and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard. George's eldest son and successor, Edward VIII, saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign. As a mark of respect to their father, George's four surviving sons – Edward, Albert, Henry, and George – mounted the guard, known as the Vigil of the Princes, at the catafalque on the night before the funeral. The vigil was not repeated until the death of George's daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in 2002. George V was interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 28 January 1936. Edward abdicated before the year was out, leaving Albert to ascend the throne as George VI.

## Legacy

George V disliked sitting for portraits and despised modern art; he was so displeased by one portrait by Charles Sims that he ordered it to be burned. He did admire sculptor Bertram Mackennal, who created statues of George for display in Madras and Delhi, and William Reid Dick, whose statue of George V stands outside Westminster Abbey, London.

Although he and his wife occasionally toured the British Empire, George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting and lived a life that later biographers would consider dull because of its conventionality. He was not an intellectual: on returning from one evening at the opera he wrote, "Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was." He was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Empire. He explained, "it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire." He appeared hard-working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire, as well as "the Establishment". In the words of historian David Cannadine, King George V and Queen Mary were an "inseparably devoted couple" who upheld "character" and "family values".

George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle-class rather than upper-class lifestyles or vices. Acting within his constitutional bounds, he dealt skilfully with a succession of crises: Ireland, the First World War, and the first socialist minority government in Britain. He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes under way in British society. Nevertheless, he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation, seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker.

## Titles, honours and arms

As Duke of York, George's arms were the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony, all differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure. The anchor was removed from his coat of arms as the Prince of Wales. As King, he bore the royal arms. In 1917, he removed, by warrant, the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all male-line descendants of the Prince Consort domiciled in the United Kingdom (although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield).

## Issue

## Ancestry

## See also

- Household of George V and Mary
- Interwar Britain
- List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1930s)

King of the United Kingdom & Emperor of India from 1910 to 1936

Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

Chancellors of the University of Cape Town

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)

Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria

People associated with the University of Wales

Presidents of the Royal Philatelic Society London


2018 New York City ePrix

The 2018 New York City ePrix (formally the 2018 Qatar Airways New York City E-Prix) were a pair of Formula E electric car races held on 14 and 15 July 2018 at the Brooklyn Street Circuit in Red Hook, Brooklyn. They were the 11th and 12th rounds of the 2017–18 Formula E Championship, and it was the second annual edition of the event. The first race, contested over 43 laps on July 14, was won by Lucas di Grassi of the Audi team after starting 11th. His teammate Daniel Abt finished second, and e.Dams-Renault driver Sébastien Buemi was third. The second race on July 15 also lasted 43 laps, and was won by Techeetah's Jean-Éric Vergne from third. Di Grassi and his teammate were second and third, respectively.

Buemi took the tenth pole position of his career by posting the fastest lap in qualifying and held the lead until Abt passed him on the fifth lap. Di Grassi overtook Buemi for second 15 laps later. Abt maintained the lead through the mandatory pit stops to change into a second car. On lap 24, di Grassi passed Abt for first after his teammate made a driver error. A safety car on lap 35 closed the field up to allow marshals to clear debris after Alex Lynn of Virgin crashed The race restarted with two minutes to go, and di Grassi retained the lead to secure his second consecutive victory, and the eighth of his career.

For the second day running, but on a wet track, Buemi won the pole position with the fastest qualifying lap, the eleventh of his career, but he immediately lost the lead to Vergne at the start. The race was neutralised on lap eight because the Dragon car of José María López needed to be moved after his suspension failed, and for a three car accident on the straight linking turns ten and eleven. Racing resumed four laps later with Vergne leading through the next 12 laps, and the switch into a second vehicle at the halfway point. In the final six laps, Vergne held off di Grassi to take his fourth victory of the season, and the fifth of his career.

The race results won Vergne his first Drivers' Championship after finishing fifth in the first race. Di Grassi's results saw him pass Sam Bird, Vergne's rival entering the event, for second. Buemi maintained fourth, and Abt finished the season in fifth. In the Teams' Championship, Audi outscored Techeetah in both races to win the title by two points. Virgin took third with 160 points. The battle for fourth position was won by Mahindra by five points over e.Dams-Renault in fifth.

## Background

The 2018 New York City ePrix double header was confirmed as part of Formula E's 2017–18 series schedule by the FIA World Motor Sport Council in September 2017. They were the 11th and 12th scheduled single-seater electric car races of the 2017–18 Championship, and it was the second annual edition of the event. The races were held at the 14-turn 1.47 mi (2.37 km) Brooklyn Street Circuit in Red Hook, Brooklyn on July 14 and 15. It was the final two races for the Spark-Renault SRT 01E car, which was replaced by the SRT05e from the 2018–19 Championship onward. Renault made its final appearance as a Formula E team and powertrain manufacturer, and were replaced by corporate partner Nissan. Organisers of the ePrix expected 40,000 people to converge to the circuit over the weekend. Formula E arranged a partnership with the New York City Economic Development Corporation to provide organizations in the Red Hook community with a 1,000 race day tickets to give away to local residents for free.

Before the race, Jean-Éric Vergne of Techeetah led the Drivers' Championship with 163 points. Virgin's Sam Bird was second with 140 points, and Audi driver Lucas di Grassi was third with 101 points. With 92 points, Sébastien Buemi of e.Dams-Renault was fourth and Mahindra driver Felix Rosenqvist was six points behind in fifth. In the Teams' Championship, Techeetah led with 219 points, 33 ahead of Audi. Virgin were third with 157 points with Mahindra (116 points) and Jaguar (105) fourth and fifth. 58 points were available for the final two races of the season, which meant Vergne could win the Drivers' Championship in the first race if he won and Bird did not earn one point for the fastest lap and three for taking the pole position.

Bird began the season by leading the championship after the 2017 Hong Kong ePrix, and losing it to Vergne after the Santiago ePrix but remained in contention by consistently finishing in the top five over the next seven races. At the preceding Zürich ePrix, Vergne's lead in the Drivers' Championship was lowered from 40 to 23 points after Bird finished second and Vergne tenth. Bird, the winner of both New York City races in 2017, was the underdog for the Drivers' Championship and believed Vergne was under pressure, saying in his situation, he would be anxious of close racing due to car-to-car contact or a driver error causing him to crash, "The thought of him having a bad Saturday must almost keep him awake at night because if that happens and I have a good Saturday he has to deliver the following day." Vergne said Techeetah would not alter its approach and had maximum preparation, "No matter how this weekend goes, we have shown that a customer team can take on the manufacturers and be successful."

The Brooklyn Street Circuit was modified for this round. The track was extended farther north and west to Summit Street and Hamilton Avenue. As opposed to the original right-hand hairpin at the end of the main straight on Bowne Street, a four-turn complex was added featuring a left-hander and three right-hand corners leading to the second straight that formed the previous track configuration. The changes increased the overall length of the circuit by 0.5 km (0.31 mi), and were made to accommodate the more powerful second generation and more downforce efficient Formula E car.. Di Grassi opined the elongated track could increase overtaking on the back straight, and create more excitement during the races. Bird however stated the alterations would hinder his team as its car was less energy efficient than others, and the flowing corners would not help him.

There was one change of driver for the weekend. Venturi driver Edoardo Mortara had a Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters commitment for Mercedes-Benz at the Circuit Zandvoort due to his championship position of second in that series. He was replaced by the team's test and reserve driver Tom Dillmann. This was the second time in the season Dillmann replaced Mortara with the first at the Berlin ePrix two months prior and had driven for Venturi seven times in the 2016–17 Championship. Venturi's request to switch competitors was granted by the stewards through bypassing a series regulation stating any changes of driver in the final three races of the season was forbidden except in unforeseen circumstances such as the suspension of an e-licence.

## Race one

### Practice and qualifying

Two practice sessions—both on Saturday morning—were held before the late afternoon race. The first session was scheduled to run for 45 minutes and the second lasted half an hour. An untimed half hour shakedown session was held late Friday afternoon to allow teams to check the reliability of their cars and electronic systems. Although no major accidents were reported during the session, Buemi crashed into the wall, but he escaped with minor damage to his car.

In the first practice session, held in warm and dusty conditions, di Grassi was fastest with a 1-minute and 13.566 seconds lap he set with 200 kW (270 hp) of power late on. Buemi was 0.350 seconds slower in second. Jaguar's Mitch Evans, Vergne, Daniel Abt of Audi, Bird, Dragon driver José María López, NIO's Oliver Turvey, Alex Lynn for Virgin and Techeetah's André Lotterer occupied positions three through ten. Nick Heidfeld for Mahindra made the track impassible after hitting the turn 11 chicane exit kerb. He went straight into the wall beside the circuit with Abt close by. The session was red flagged for three minutes while the field dispersed. Seven minutes later, López sheared his right-rear suspension over the turn 12 kerb. A second stoppage was needed when López lost the ability to drive, after stopping at pit lane entrance. The session was extended by ten minutes to allow drivers to better familiarise themselves with the track. A yellow flag was waved for Nelson Piquet Jr.'s Jaguar which stopped at the turn twelve exit, and Maro Engel lightly damaged his Venturi car in a collision with the turn two tire barrier.

In the second half hour practice session, most teams used the opportunity to simulate their qualifying laps at 200 kW (270 hp) of power, as several drivers had to scythe their way past traffic on the narrow circuit, and dust off the racing line reduced visibility. Rosenqvist recorded a benchmark time that Buemi bettered, and Stéphane Sarrazin bent the right-rear suspension on his Andretti at the wall in the turn seven left-hander. Di Grassi began his maximum power lap when he grazed the barrier at the turn two 90-degree right-hander with the right-rear of his car, and he entered the pit lane for repairs. Dragon's Jérôme d'Ambrosio led until Evans went fastest with a time of 1 minute and 13.207 seconds with two minutes remaining. D'Ambrosio, Bird, López, Buemi, Nico Prost of e.Dams-Renault, António Félix da Costa of Andretti, Turvey, and the Audis of Abt and di Grassi completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. After second practice, Turvey was transported to the trackside medical center, and then to a hospital in Brooklyn, because he fractured the fifth metacarpal bone on his left hand; he lost control of his car while on a maximum power lap, and collided with the outside barrier at the turn 14 left-hander, causing him to miss qualifying.

Saturday's afternoon qualifying session ran for an hour and was divided into four groups of five cars. Each group was determined by a lottery system and was permitted six minutes of on-track activity. All drivers were limited to two timed laps with one at maximum power. The fastest five overall competitors in the four groups participated in a "super pole" session with one driver on the track at any time going out in reverse order from fifth to first. Each of the five drivers was limited to one timed lap and the starting order was determined by the competitor's fastest times (super pole from first to fifth, and group qualifying from sixth to twentieth). The driver and team who recorded the fastest time were awarded three points towards their respective championships. In the first group, Vergne narrowly avoided a collision with Buemi, but he was the early pace setter with a provisional fastest lap of any driver in all four groups at 1 minute and 13.890 seconds. Buemi and di Grassi were provisionally second and third. Bird and Rosenqvist were group one's slowest two drivers. Lotterer was provisionally group two's fastest competitor. Abt and the Jaguar duo of Evans and Piquet were second to fourth. The absent Turvey was unclassified because of his withdrawal. At the conclusion of the second group, it was announced that the Techeetahs of Vergne and Lotterer were under investigation for a possible overuse of power. In group three, d'Ambrosio was fastest and he demoted Buemi from super pole contention. Positions two through five were made up by Engel, Heidfeld, Félix da Costa and Lynn.

During the fourth group, Vergne and his teammate Lotterer had their lap times in group qualifying nullified because they were confirmed to have overused the maximum amount of allocated power. This was related to a software glitch affecting a section of updated code that improved reliability to a control system that regulates power usage. Prost set group four's fastest lap, followed by López, Dillmann and NIO's Luca Filippi. Sarrazin was the slowest driver to set a lap time in group qualifying after he slid sideways into the barrier lining the circuit at turn eleven; race control did not halt the session because he continued driving. At the end of group qualifying, the lap times set by Abt, Evans, d'Ambrosio, Buemi and Prost progressed them to super pole. Buemi took his second pole position of the season, and the tenth of his career with a time of 1 minute and 13.911 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by Evans who was 0.554 seconds slower as a consequence of him sliding wide at turn five. Prost qualified in third place, and d'Ambrosio started from fourth after a driver error at turn six. Abt made a mistake at turn seven and he began from fifth. The rest of the grid lined up as Piquet, López, Engel, Dillmann, Heidfeld, di Grassi, Félix da Costa, Lynn, Bird, Filippi, Rosenqvist, Sarrazin, Vergne and Lotterer. After qualifying, Turvey was withdrawn on medical grounds, and he was replaced by NIO's test and reserve driver Ma Qinghua for the Sunday race through the application of force majeure.

### Race

The first 43-lap race began at 15:33 Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−05:00) on July 14. The weatherat the start were dry and clear with the air temperature between 31.6 to 32.1 °C (88.9 to 89.8 °F) and the track temperature was from 43.25 to 45 °C (109.85 to 113.00 °F). A special feature of Formula E is the "FanBoost" feature, an additional 100 kilowatts (130 hp) of power to use in the driver's second car. The three drivers who were allowed to use the boost were determined by a fan vote. For the first New York City race, Abt, Buemi and Vergne were handed the extra power. Evans moved only a few metres from his starting slot due to a broken driveshaft, as Buemi maintained the lead going into the first corner with his teammate Prost in second and Abt third. D'Ambrosio swerved to avoid striking Evans' car, and that allowed his teammate López to draw alongside him on the run to the first turn. This resulted in López removing his front wing when he hit the rear of d'Ambrosio's vehicle, knocking his teammate's rear wing off. As both Dragon drivers delayed the field, Lynn passed Félix da Costa on the inside line, while Vergne dropped to the rear so he could conserve electrical energy. Abt passed Prost for second around the inside heading towards turn six, as Bird moved into tenth with a pass on d'Ambrosio.

Coming to the conclusion of the first lap, Buemi led Abt, Prost, the fast-starting Piquet and Dillmann as López entered the pit lane for a replacement rear wing. Prost lost third and fourth to Piquet and Dillmann on the second lap, as Lynn allowed his teammate Bird through into tenth. At the conclusion of lap three, d'Ambrosio drove into the pit lane to have a new nose cone fitted to his car. On lap five, di Grassi overtook Engel around the outside for sixth going into the turn eleven chicane as the Techeetahs of Lotterer and Vergne began to move up the field. At the front of the pack, Buemi came under pressure from Abt with the latter plotting where to execute an overtaking manoeuvre. During the sixth lap, Abt steered left to the inside of Buemi at the end of the straight going into the turn eleven chicane to pass him for the lead. Elsewhere, Dillmann overtook Piquet into the same corner for third on the next lap. On the 11th lap, Rosenqvist went to the outside of Félix da Costa, and forced him wide at turn one for 12th. This allowed Vergne to pass Félix da Costa on the inside for 13th going into turn two, and out-braked Rosenqvist on the entry to turn seven for 12th.

That same lap, Lotterer overtook Bird for tenth driving into the turn eleven chicane. Lotterer then delayed Bird enough to allow Vergne to draw closer. Vergne got ahead of Lynn around the outside on the approach to the turn 11 chicane on lap 13. Di Grassi lapped faster than anybody and he overtook Dillmann on the outside for third into the same corner two laps later. Lotterer moved marginally farther away from Bird to provide his teammate Vergne with an opportunity to pass. This came on lap 16 as Vergne passed Bird on the inside into turn six for tenth. On lap 17, Lotterer passed Engel for eighth. A lap later, Heidfeld overtook Prost on the back straight to move into sixth. Di Grassi caught and passed Buemi into turn six for second on the 20th lap. Prost lost seventh to Lotterer on the next lap. In the meantime, Bird returned to the top ten by passing Engel on the main straight. At the end of lap 22, the field except for Sarrazin made their mandatory pit stops to change into a second car. Rosenqvist stopped in the pit lane's center to avoid colliding with his teammate Heidfeld; drivers scrambled for space to avoid hitting him.

After the pit stops, Abt still led but di Grassi reduced the gap due to a faster car switch. Dillmann lost fourth to Piquet but he regained the position after Piquet stopped exiting the pit lane because he inadvertently switched his car off and lost positions. On lap 24, di Grassi began to challenge his teammate Abt for first. Abt ran wide leaving turn seven, and di Grassi nudged the rear of his teammate's car. Di Grassi turned to the outside to pass Abt for first into the turn 11 chicane with an aggressive overtake that saw them make minor contact in the braking zone. He sought a way back past going into turn six on the next lap but di Grassi repelled the manoeuvre. Both Audi drivers were given the instruction Code 100, which was surmised as a potential team order to hold position. On the 29th lap, Techeetah instructed Lotterer to allow his teammate Vergne past into turn six. However, as Engel overtook Bird on the inside for tenth on lap 35, Lynn lost control of his car's rear, and struck the turn five outside wall .

Although Lynn was uninjured and clambered out of his vehicle, the full course yellow procedure, and then the safety car was deployed to close the field up, and allow marshals to clean the track clearing and repair the barriers. The race was restarted with two minutes left as it switched to a timed event. Heidfeld overtook Lotterer for sixth and challenged Vergne for fifth. Engel overtook Prost for eighth, and Bird followed through for ninth. On the final lap, Filippi enterd the pit lane to retire for unknown reasons. Abt also set the fastest lap in the top ten at 1 minute and 15.082 seconds to earn one championship point. Di Grassi crossed the finish line to take his second victory in a row after the race in Zürich a month prior, and the eighth of his career. Abt was 0.965 seconds behind in second, and Buemi completed the podium in third. Off the podium, Dillmann took a season best result of fourth. Vergne finished fifth to claim the Drivers' Championship as Bird could not catch his points total with a race to go. The final finishers were Heidfeld, Lotterer, Engel, Bird, Prost, Félix da Costa, Sarrazin, d'Ambrosio, Rosenqvist and Fillippi.

### Post-race

The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media in a later press conference. Di Grassi praised the speed of his car, his on-track battles and said having a large lead in Formula E was nonsensical because of a disruption such as the deployment of the safety car meaning a driver had wasted electrical energy in pulling away from the rest of the field. Abt stated he was unsure if there was an inter-team miscommunication over di Grassi passing him, "I'm happy for Audi – the team deserves this but of course I can't sit here and smile like crazy.” Third-placed Buemi revealed that he did not challenge di Grassi for electrical energy management purposes and focused on his own performance after brake and battery temperature issues, "In the end, I didn't have the pace and they were stronger. Still, there's one more race to go and then I have to work on next year as clearly in terms of efficiency they [Audi] were in a different league today, so I'm happy to be the best of the rest.”

On his way back to the pit lane, Vergne dedicated his first motor racing Drivers' Championship since the 2010 British Formula 3 International Series to his friend and fellow racing driver Jules Bianchi, who died nine months after sustaining severe head injuries in an accident at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix. During the celebration, Vergne said he was happy to win the championship but that he could not celebrate the achievement until the end of the second race because he needed to focus on that event. Although Bird congratulated Vergne on the title, he bemoaned his powertrain's lack of energy efficiency on a longer circuit and the extra distance covered by drivers than had been observed in 2017, "we're still very proud of what we’ve achieved and the whole team has done an amazing job to put us in this position."

Regarding Audi's inter-team battle, Abt was unhappy over the situation and spoke of his belief that di Grassi disobeyed a team order to hold position after his teammate passed him. He urged Audi to hold internal discussions about the practice, "I don't care if team orders are imposed, but if they are they need to be respected, and today they have not been respected. That's why I'm unhappy." Di Grassi insisted he had received no team orders until after the battle, "There was no call. There was no call until the end of the first third of the second stint, when we had to save energy. That was it." Allan McNish, team principal of Audi, clarified that no instructions had been given, and revealed the decision to end the inter-team battle was made because of the potential threat from the Techeetahs in the event the safety car was dispatched. He later stated that both di Grassi and Abt were allowed to race each other unless certain circumstances prompted a strategy change, "Opinions can differ of course like they did in New York a little, but we should a day later that it was water under the bridge and we got the job done. Therefore our overall strategy of allowing them to race, within reason, will remain."

The result of the ePrix meant Vergne's fifth-place finish won him his maiden Drivers' Championship with a 31-point lead over his nearest rival Bird. Di Grassi's victory enabled him to maintain the third position but he drew to within 16 points of Bird in the battle for second. Buemi was still in fourth, and Abt's second-place finish advanced him from sixth to fifth. Although the Drivers' Championship had been decided, the Teams' Championship had not. Techeetah continued to lead with 235 points, but Audi's one-two finish meant the manufacturer was now just five points adrift in second place. Virgin maintained third with 159 points. Mahindra (124 points) and e.Dams-Renault (118) contended for fifth with a round to go.

### Standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Teams' Championship standings

- Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

## Race two

### Practice and qualifying

One 45-minute practice session on Sunday morning was held before the early afternoon race. Overnight rain saturated the track, and it recommenced just before the start of the third practice session, causing several drivers to aquaplane on standing water, as they all ran on the standardised all-weather tires. Abt set the fastest lap 15 minutes in with a time of 1 minute and 18.699 seconds before weather conditions deteriorated. He was followed by Evans, Félix da Costa, Buemi, di Grassi, Sarrazin, Lotterer, Vergne, Rosenqvist, and Bird. López pirouetted through 360 degrees at turn seven but avoided hitting the wall. Bird lost traction under braking, and broke his right-rear suspension in an impact with the outside barrier at the turn eleven chicane after 15 minutes. He drove his car back to the pit lane for repairs. Rosenqvist locked his tyres, and he removed the front wing from his car in a head-on collision with the TecPro wall at the same corner as Bird in practice's final ten minutes. He extricated himself from the wall, and drove to the pit lane for a replacement nose cone.

Sunday's qualifying session was held in the morning rather than the customary time of the beginning of the afternoon. In the first group, held on a damp racing surface, Sarrazin set the early pace, ahead of Dillmann (who ran deep on the run into the first corner), Filippi, and Prost. Ma was group one's slowest competitor after he crashed into the wall at the exit of turn 14 as he began his maximum power lap, damaging the right-rear suspension. Di Grassi set the fastest overall time of any driver in group qualifying with a 1-minute and 17.867 seconds lap. Buemi was 0.272 seconds slower in second. The second group's slowest three drivers were Abt, Vergne, and Bird. As more rain fell, López was fastest in group three, followed by his teammate d'Ambrosio, Engel, and Lynn. Félix da Costa did not set a quick lap because of a battery management system failure on his car while on an out-lap. He began from the rear of the field. In group four, rain continued to fall as Lotterer went fastest, with the Jaguars of Evans and Piquet second and third after Piquet broke the steering arm of his car on the barrier leaving turn one. The Mahindras of Rosenqvist and Heidfeld were the fourth group's two slowest competitors. At the conclusion of group qualifying, di Grassi, Buemi, Lotterer, Abt and Vergne's lap times advanced them to super pole. Buemi was circumspect en route to his second consecutive pole position, and the eleventh of his career with a lap of 1 minute and 17.973 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by Lotterer, and his teammate Vergne qualified in third after he glanced the barrier on the entry to turn five, losing more time in the track's final sector. Abt lost time in the opening two sectors but a quick third sector placed him fourth. Fifth-placed di Grassi slowed to pass through standing water and oversteered into the turn two outside TecPro barrier with the right-rear of his car. After qualifying, Lynn and Félix da Costa were penalised ten places on the starting grid for changing their gearboxes. The rest of the grid lined up after penalties as Evans, Piquet, Bird, Rosenqvist, Sarrazin, López, d'Ambrosio, Heidfeld, Dillmann, Filippi, Prost, Engel, Ma, Lynn, and Félix da Costa.

### Race

The second 43-lap race commenced at 15:03 local time on July 15. A few hours beforehand, the event was temporarily suspended because of a lightning storm that was due to pass through Red Hook, and race organisers ordered a full evacuation of the track. The storm subsided an hour later, and the race began on schedule. The air temperature was between 26.7 and 27.85 °C (80.06 and 82.13 °F) and the track temperature ranged from 28.85 to 30.6 °C (83.93 to 87.08 °F). When the five red lights went out to begin the ePrix, Buemi made a slow start and turned left to block Lotterer's path. That allowed the fast-starting Vergne to go to the inside of Buemi and out-brake him for take the lead before the first corner. Abt fell to seventh when Piquet and Rosenqvist passed him into the turn 11 chicane. However, Abt returned to sixth by passing Rosenqvist, as Lynn went entered pit lane to serve a ten-second stop-and-go penalty because he did not take his full grid penalty. Buemi defended from Lotterer on the outside under braking for the turn 11 chicane at the conclusion of lap one, just as Lotterer defended from di Grassi who made minor contact with him. On the third lap, it was announced that the Techeetahs of Vergne and Lotterer were under investigation for a potential jump start.

Evans went to the inside of Rosenqvist going into turn six but Rosenqvist blocked the pass on the next lap. On lap five, Lotterer turned to the inside to overtake Buemi for second entering the turn eleven chicane, as di Grassi sustained minor front wing damage during a failed pass on Buemi. Dillmann entered the pit lane to retire with a transmission failure on the lap. On the eighth lap, a full course yellow flag was necessitated because López broke his right-rear suspension on the turn two kerb, stopping at the side of the track at turn six to retire, as his front wing almost caught fire when he hit the barrier. As the full course yellow was activated, Filippi went to the inside of Félix da Costa into the turn 11 chicane, but Félix da Costa moved towards Filippi. That caused Filippi to strike the rear of Félix da Costa's car. Filiippi drifted across the track with a broken front wing and right-front wheel bearing, collecting d'Ambrosio who was behind him in the turn's braking zone. It was during the full course yellow that the stewards imposed a ten-second stop-and-go penalty on Lotterer; Vergne was not penalised.

The full course yellow procedure was lifted on lap eleven, and racing resumed with Vergne leading at the rolling restart. Lotterer took his ten-second stop-and-go penalty in the pit lane at the start of the following lap. He emerged in fifteenth as Buemi moved into second and di Grassi took over third. That lap, di Grassi overtook Buemi around the inside to move into second at the turn 11 chicane. His teammate Abt used extra electrical energy to replicate a similar manoeuvre on Piquet for fifth. Engel retired with a sudden loss of car power on the next lap. Abt earned one championship point with the race's fastest lap at 1 minute and 15.552 seconds on lap 15. On lap 18, Félix da Costa incurred a ten-second stop-and-go penalty for the collision with Filippi and three e-licence penalty points. On the same lap, Vergne, Buemi and Abt were announced as the winners of the FanBoost vote. As di Grassi closed up to Vergne, his teammate Abt overtook Buemi on the inside for third entering the turn 11 chicane on the 19th lap. Piquet allowed his teammate Evans through on the inside for fifth but later lost sixth to Rosenqvist at the final corner on lap 21.

At the end of lap 22, the mandatory pit stops to change into a second car commenced when Abt entered the pit lane after a strategy miscommunication. The rest of the front runners made their stops at the conclusion of the following lap. After the pit stops, Vergne retained the lead with di Grassi close behind in second, Abt in third and Buemi fourth. Rosenqvist passed Evans for fifth. Buemi used his FanBoost to overtake Abt by out-braking him for third amidst a heavy defence from Abt on the approach to turn eleven on the 26th lap. This allowed Vergne to draw clear as Buemi and Abt slowed each other in the process. Three laps later, a driver error from Buemi at turn two made him vulnerable to Abt. The Audi driver had additional momentum and used it to retake third from Buemi into turn six. On lap 36, Heidfeld overtook Piquet for seventh before the turn eleven chicane, and repelled his subsequent attack into the final corner. Lotterer overtook Prost for 11th two laps later.

In the meantime, di Grassi sought to get by Vergne for the lead. Vergne used his FanBoost to mitigate di Grassi's attack though he subsequently conserved electrical energy by slowing. On lap 39, as Vergne continued to conserve electrical energy, di Grassi was caught out by him, and pushed the rear of his car heading into the final turn, knocking the rear camera out of alignment. Further down the field, Lotterer passed Sarrazin for tenth going into turn six on the next lap. He passed the electrical energy conservative Bird for ninth on the straight linking turns ten and eleven on the 41st lap. Di Grassi could not find a way past Vergne, and the latter finished the race first to take his fourth victory of the season, and the fifth of his career. Di Grassi and Abt finished in second and third to claim the Teams' Championship for Audi. Off the podium, Buemi finished fourth, ahead of Rosenqvist in fifth, and Evans sixth. Piquet, Heidfeld, Lotterer, Bird rounded out the top ten. The final finishers were Prost, Sarrazin, Ma, Lynn, and Félix da Costa. No lead changes occurred as Vergne led the race from start to finish.

### Post-race

The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media in a later press conference. Vergne congratulated Audi on claiming the Teams' Championship and Techeetah for its effort during the season and said his team did not allow any errors to be made. Di Grassi reserved praise for Vergne taking the Drivers' Championship and said he was delighted for Audi winning the Teams' Championship because of the manufacturer's commitment to Formula E and the work its staff at the team's garage put in, " Every time we say the same but I'm very proud that Audi committed to Formula E, suffering a lot, keeping their head high, recovering and in the last race winning by two points is just unbelievable.” Third-placed Abt hailed the conclusion of Audi's season and that they would be stronger for the following season.

Audi Formula E Project Leader Tristan Summerdale eulogised the team's comeback throughout the season after multiple inverter failures in its opening four rounds, and praised di Grassi and Abt for their perseverance, “I think what we achieved is pretty special and the whole team and our suppliers have to take so much credit. To consider where we were after Santiago and then to see the number of points we have been able to put on the board is mighty. It's a great comeback and shows the great resilience we have at Audi." Mark Preston, team principal of Techeetah, said that the outfit's loss of the Teams' Championship to Audi would not deduct itself from their achievements, and it provided them with additional motivation for an improved performance in the 2018–19 season, "This has been a wonderful season. Against all the odds, we have built a team that is capable of taking on the best manufacturers in the championship and compete right to the very end."

Vergne and his teammate Lotterer were fined €5,000 and incurred two penalty points on their e-licences after scrutineers found during inspection that both drivers were wearing "non-compliant underwear" during the second qualifying session, a transgression of series regulations. Regarding his jump start, Lotterer admitted he was at fault because he was no longer able to hold his grip on the clutch, and apologised for losing Techeetah the Teams' Championship, "It's hard to accept now losing the championship like this, although it's a season's result, but I was the one that messed it up. I'm gutted for the team. We win together, we lose together. They tried to cheer me up, they're a nice team, and I'm really thankful to race with these guys. It's a shame because we put in so much hard work, but we lost it like this and they really deserved it."

The final championship standings meant Vergne won the Drivers' Championship by 54 points over di Grassi whose second-place finish saw him pass Bird for second as Bird was tenth in the second race. With 120 points, Buemi finished in fourth place, and Abt was a further five points behind in the fifth position. Audi won the Teams' Championship by two points over Techeetah in second. Virgin placed third with 160 points. After both its drivers finished in the top ten, Mahindra held fourth from e.Dams-Renault in the final standings.

### Standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Teams' Championship standings

- Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

## Classification

### Qualifying one

Notes:

- — Jean-Éric Vergne and André Lotterer had all their qualifying lap times deleted for overusing power limit over 200KW.
- — Oliver Turvey was withdrawn from the weekend after fracturing his fifth metacarpal bone on his left hand in a crash during the second practice session.

### Race one

Drivers who scored championship points are denoted in bold.

Notes:

- — One point for the fastest lap was awarded to Daniel Abt as Felix Rosenqvist did not finish in the top ten.
- — Three points for pole position.

### Qualifying two

Notes:

- — Alex Lynn and António Félix da Costa were each penalised ten positions for changing their gearboxes.

### Race two

Drivers who scored championship points are denoted in bold.

Notes:

- — One point for fastest lap.
- — Three points for pole position.

July 2018 sports events in the United States