IoT key in Amazon's US warehouses
Joseph Durham of Amazon Robotics recently explained about the company's warehouses at the Internet of Things Solutions World Congress. Kiva Systems, a small startup bought by Amazon in 2012, has developed a system for office supplies retailer Staples, which uses small robots to manoeuvre items around the warehouse and aids the preparation of online requests. This system replaces the previous method of workers roaming around trying to find each particular product.



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While there is no shortage of stories about the future potential of Amazon's drone delivery program, the real magic of the Internet of Things (IoT) is already happening at Amazon's vast fulfillment warehouses in the US. Thousands of robots in these locations gather merchandise for individual orders.

Joseph Durham, manager of research and advanced development at Amazon Robotics, talked about how the division got started during a presentation at the first annual IoT Solutions World Congress, held Sept. 16-18 in Barcelona. It all began with a small startup called Kiva Systems in North Reading, Mass., which was acquired by Amazon in 2012.

Kiva Systems had devised a system for office supplies retailer Staples that applied small robots -- like the ones used to clean floors -- to move racks of merchandise around the warehouse and help prepare online orders. Staples started with 60 robots in 2006 and grew to 500 the following year. The robots at Staples' facility have been running nonstop ever since.

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The Amazon robotics warehouse system looks rudimentary compared with the huge, arm-whirling automated robots that can be seen at some storage facilities or on automaker assembly lines. But the challenge for the eCommerce supply chain is very different from one for a factory assembly line.

On an assembly line, robotics are used to repeatedly move selected pieces to build the same car over and over again. For Amazon -- like other retail fulfillment operations -- every online order is unique. Web retailers manage thousands, and sometimes millions, of different products, all with varying weights, sizes, and shapes.

Previously, to fulfill an order warehouse workers had to roam the floor scanning racks of merchandise in search of each specific product, according to an article in MIT Technology Review.

Kiva Systems developed a way to use robots to move the racks, or "pods," on which the products are stored, instead of having them search out and move the individual products themselves. Storage pods can hold hundreds of different types products, but the size and shape of each pod is exactly the same.

There are two versions of Kiva robots, the "G" drive for light pods weighing up to 750 pounds and the "S" drive for larger racks and pallets weighing up to 3,000 pounds. Both models are designed to operate on a rotating schedule of 60 minutes of work, followed by 5 minutes of charge time.

The robots are controlled by a centralized computer using a secured WiFi network for communication. They have two powered wheels that allow them to rotate in place, IR for obstacle detection, and floor cameras to read QR codes on the ground. The QR codes are used by the robots to determine their location and direction. When the robots have been working for an hour, or are running low on battery power, they go to power stations and plug in for a quick charge.

The key to the success of the robotic warehouse is not the robot, but the brains behind the system. Amazon processes hundreds of orders per second. When the customer clicks the final "Buy" button, the order enters a sophisticated fulfillment system, which locates the products in different Amazon delivery centers. An order of several products might be shipped from several locations, depending on product type and availability. Then the system assigns priority depending on the customer's delivery preference -- a "Super Saver" order might wait several hours, while an AmazonPrime order must be shipped the same day. Once priority is determined, the robots start to locate and move pods to the assigned packing station to prepare the order for shipment.

The diminutive Amazon warehouse robot looks like it could vacuum your floors when it gets home from its day shift.

The robots keep workers at the warehouse fully employed, according to Durham. The system is designed to optimize robot operation and workstation load, so when a worker is not packing an order, he has time to restock shelves or conduct an inventory check of a pod brought in by a robot.

To encourage workers to see robots as companions, each unit is given a different name by an Amazon employee, and the name is entered into the system, so workstation workers can refer to them by name instead of a serial number.

Moving Entire Warehouses

Entire robotic warehouses can be relocated over a single weekend. That process used to take weeks, according to Durham. Amazon has already had to do this when it has needed a larger fulfillment center for one of its key locations. Robots were reprogrammed to deliver pods, by type of merchandise, to predetermined loading bays, where they ship themselves, along with the pods, directly to a new facility. Once in the new location, the robots immediately start to move the pods within the warehouse and prepare for normal operations. According to Durham, the entire process takes less than 72 hours.

Durham declined to reveal the cost of the robots, but hinted that Amazon is considering opening other robotic warehouses abroad. "We are studying the possibility to use them in Europe," he said. "But we have different frameworks regarding safety standards and regulations, as well electrical and measurement standards."

Delivery Drones

When asked about the Drone Delivery program, Durham said that it faces different technical and regulatory challenges than the factory robot program. What's more, it's unknown whether the public will accept drones flying around homes and businesses. "It is not a program we are currently working on," Durham said. "I believe the original conception that has been discussed in the press will not be the way the program will work in the near future."

Meanwhile, Durham said, Amazon's robots have collectively moved more than a billion pods to workstations, and have traveled 93.2 million miles -- almost the distance from Earth to the Sun.