Robots rapidly replacing humans in China's factories
Robots are on the rise in China's factories, as they replace Chinese workers due to rising wages and new official directives aimed at helping the country move away from low-cost manufacturing. Chinese President, Xi Jinping, called for a "robot revolution" in response to automation's vital role in raising productivity. In a push to entice factories to employ robots, over the last three years authorities gave out subsidies and tax incentives to encourage industrial automation, as well as the development of a homegrown robotics industry. Guangzhou, the provincial capital, aims to have 80% of manufacturing automated by 2020. According to Goldman Sachs, it now only takes on average 1.3 years for an industrial robot in China to pay back its investment, down from 11.8 years in 2008.      

Robot revolution sweeps through China’s factories

AUTOMATION DRIVE: Beijing has introduced subsidies and tax incentives to encourage industrial automation and the development of a domestic robotics industry

AP, SHENZHEN, China





In China’s factories, the robots are rising.

For decades, manufacturers employed waves of young migrant workers from China’s countryside to work at countless factories in coastal provinces, churning out cheap toys, clothing and electronics that helped power the country’s economic ascent.

Now, factories are rapidly replacing those workers with automation, a pivot that is encouraged by rising wages and new official directives aimed at helping the country move away from low-cost manufacturing as the supply of young, pliant workers shrinks.

A Chinese worker is seated next to orange robot arms at Rapoo Technology factory in Shenzhen on Aug. 21. Photo: AP

With costs rising and profits shrinking, Chinese manufacturers “will all need to face the fact that only by successfully transitioning from the current labor-oriented mode to more automated manufacturing will they be able to survive in the next few years,” said Jan Zhang (張鍵), an automation expert at IHS Technology in Shanghai.

Shenzhen Rapoo Technology Co (深圳雷柏科技) is among the companies at ground zero of this transformation. At its factory, orange robot arms work alongside human operators assembling computer mice and keyboards.

“What we are doing here is a revolution” in Chinese manufacturing, said Pboll Deng (鄧邱偉), Rapoo’s deputy general manager.

The company began its push into automation five years ago. Rapoo installed 80 robots made by Sweden’s ABB Ltd to assemble mice, keyboards and their sub-components. The robots allowed the company to save US$1.6 million each year and trim its workforce to less than 1,000 from a peak of more than 3,000 in 2010.

Such upgrading underscores the grand plans China’s leaders have for industrial robotics. Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) called in a speech last year for a “robot revolution” in a nod to automation’s vital role in raising productivity.

Authorities have announced measures such as subsidies and tax incentives over the past three years to encourage industrial automation as well as development of a homegrown robotics industry.

Some provinces have set up their own “Man for Machine” programs aimed at replacing workers with robots.

Guangdong Province said in March it would invest 943 billion yuan (US$148 billion) to encourage nearly 2,000 large manufacturers to buy robots, the official Xinhua news agency reported. Guangzhou, the provincial capital, aims to have 80 percent of manufacturing automated by 2020.

A relentless surge in wages is adding impetus to the automation revolution. Deng said Rapoo’s wage bill rising 15 to 20 percent a year was one big factor driving its use of robots.

“Frontline workers, their turnover rate is really high. More and more people are unwilling to do repetitive jobs. So these two issues put the manufacturing industry in China under huge pressure,” he said.

China’s auto industry was the trailblazer for automation, but other industries are rapidly adopting the technology as robots become smaller, cheaper and easier to use. It now only takes on average 1.3 years for an industrial robot in China to pay back its investment, down from 11.8 years in 2008, according to Goldman Sachs.

Companies such as electronics maker TCL Corp are using robots to produce higher-value goods. At one factory in Shenzhen, TCL uses 978 machines to produce flat-screen TV panels. At another TCL plant in Hefei, near Shanghai, steel refrigerator frames are bent into shape before being plucked by a blue Yasakawa robot arm that stacks them in neat rows for further assembly.

Fridges and big washing machines have heavy internal components, so “if you use automated robots to make them, they also let you cut your labor intensity by a lot,” TCL chairman Tomson Li (李東生) said.

China held the title of world’s biggest market for industrial robots for the second straight year last year, with sales rising by more than half to 56,000, out of a total of 224,000 sold globally, according to the International Federation of Robotics.

There is plenty more room for explosive sales growth. China has about 30 robots for every 10,000 factory workers compared with 437 in South Korea and 152 in the US. The global average is 62. Beijing wants China’s number to rise to 100 by 2020.

The switch to robots has raised fears that it will contribute to slowing employment, though there are few signs that is happening yet.

Deng said Rapoo has not had to resort to layoffs. Rather, the company is just not replacing workers who quit.

“It’s not simply replacing the operation of workers by robot. We do more than that. We are making a robot platform” in which humans and machines work together to make production more flexible, he said.

On a tour of Rapoo’s factory, Deng pointed out the efficiencies.

As a conveyor belt carried circuit boards out of an industrial soldering machine, a robot arm removed them from metal jigs and placed them on another belt. Human workers typically do this job in other factories, Deng said, but turnover is high because of the heat and repetitiveness.

In a glass-walled room, robots assembled receivers for wireless mice, tasks that were previously done by 26 people, Deng said.

Now, one or two humans supervise as a laser automatically fuses shut metal USB plug housings.

Automation means “accuracy can still remain very high and there are seldom failures for the robots,” Deng said.