Banks said to be considering leaving the UK in 2017
Many banks are planning to relocate their businesses out of the UK in light of the government's pursuit of a 'hard' Brexit, warned Anthony Browne, head of the British Bankers' Association. Writing in The Observer, Browne said smaller banks could move overseas before the end of the year, with larger operations, including Goldman Sachs, set to follow suit in 2017. Some financial institutions are concerned the UK will lose its passporting rights which allow UK-based businesses to trade freely with the EU. Browne said "London will survive as a global financial centre. Finance is inventive and will find a way through".

Britain's biggest banks are preparing to move out of the UK amid growing fears over the ramifications of leaving the European Union, a top banking boss has warned.

The head of the British Bankers' Association, Anthony Browne, said "many smaller banks" are planning to move their operations overseas before Christmas.

Larger institutions, he said, are expected to follow within the first few months of 2017.

"Their hands are quivering over the relocate button," he writes in The Observer.

"Banking is probably more affected by Brexit than any other sector of the economy, both in the degree of impact and the scale of the implications," he said.

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Mr Browne said banks have been left rattled by the tone of Brexit negotiations so far.

He said the rhetoric coming from EU and British politicians is "hardening" and uncertainty over the deal that will ultimately be agreed has left them with little option but to take steps to protect their futures.

"Most international banks now have project teams working out which operations they need to move to ensure they can continue serving customers, the date by which this must happen and how best to do it," he said.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player 2:54 London Mayor: 'Hard Brexit' would leave City of London on cliff-edge

The Government's desire to take control of freedom of movement of people into the UK means it is highly likely Britain will lose access to the single market.

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Membership of the single market - a key feature of being in the European Union - is crucial to banks due to what is called "passporting services".

This allows UK-based banks to sell financial services to all EU member states unimpeded. As a result many US investment banks base themselves in London as a global financial centre.

Losing "passporting" rights would therefore have potentially crippling implications for the UK's banking sector.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player 1:26 How long until the UK leaves the EU?

"We know there is huge concern about this in the Treasury," Sky News' senior political correspondent Beth Rigby says.

"There are some signs that some banks are beginning to vote with their feet."

They include Goldman Sachs, which she says is reported to be drawing up plans to move 2,000 jobs out of London to another financial centre in the EU.

Despite the warnings, however, Mr Browne said he doesn't believe the UK's finance industry will be irreparably damaged.

"London will survive as a global financial centre. Finance is inventive and will find a way through," he said.

"But putting up barriers to the trade in financial services across the Channel will make us all worse off, not just in the UK but in mainland Europe."

A Government spokesman said "large numbers of officials" are considering a range of potential impacts on financial services and other sectors.

He added: "We are determined to maintain the City's leading position as one of the key centres of global finance as we make a success out of Brexit."