________ is the genetic material for all cellular organisms.
In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. 1 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: generate energy for the cell. 2  Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed. 1  Cell nucleus: A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. 2  Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: generate energy for the cell. In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 13) cells. The cell (from Latin cella, meaning small room) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the building blocks of life. The study of cells is called cell biology. 32 • The chromosomal DNA in bacteria is negatively supercoiled–In E. coli, there is one negative supercoil per 40 turns of the double helix• Negative supercoiling has two major effects– 1. Helps in the compaction of the chromosome– 2. 1 Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. 2  The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm. 3  Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids, which are usually circular.
DNA