age of psychological development
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Developmental psychology is concerned with the scientific understanding of age-related changes in experience and behaviour. Its task, as La Bouvie has pointed is “not only description but also explication of age-related changes in behaviour in terms of antecedent-consequent relationships”. Developmental psychology involves a range of fields, such as, educational psychology, child psychopathology, forensic developmental psychology, child development, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and cultural psychology. Play is a major activity for ages 3-5. For Piaget, through play “a child reaches higher levels of cognitive development.”. In their expanded world, children in the 3-5 age group attempt to find their own way. If this is done in a socially acceptable way, the child develops initiative. Among the different developmental psychologists, the views presented by Erickson and Havighurst appear to give a comprehensive picture of development of human individual from infancy to old age. These views are presented here. Erik Erickson (1902-1994) was a student of Sigmund Freud. Developmental psychology examines the influences of nature and nurture on the process of human development, and processes of change in context and across time. John B. Watson and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are typically cited as providing the foundations for modern developmental psychology. In the mid-18th century Jean Jacques Rousseau described three stages of development: infants (infancy), puer (childhood) and adolescence in Emile: Or, On Education. criminal psychology the study of the mentality, the motivation, and the social behavior of criminals. depth psychology the study of unconscious mental processes. developmental psychology the study of changes in behavior that occur with age. dynamic psychology psychology stressing the causes and motivations for behavior. environmental psychology study of the effects of the physical and social environment on behavior. Havighurst (1953) prepared a developmental model in which he has presented the list of developmental tasks from birth to old age. Every cultural group expects its members to master certain essential skills and acquire certain approved patterns of behaviour at various ages during the life span. Early childhood: This stage ranges from 18 months to 3 years. By second year of life, the muscular and nervous systems have developed markedly, and the child is eager to acquire new skills, is no longer content to sit and watch.
18 months to 3 years