________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 7-4 See E X H I B I T 7-1. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y  Two distinct views of human beings: Theory X (basically negative) and Theory Y (positive). Motivation = The processes that account for an individual s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward achieving a goal.  Three key elements: – Intensity – how hard a person tries – Direction – effort that is channeled toward, and consistent with, organizational goals – Persistence – how long a person can maintain effort Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 7-1. Goals are better in terms of performance on simple rather than complex tasks, when tasks are familiar, and when they are accomplished by a single individual. c. Goal-setting theory is culture-bound. It is important that the key components of goal-setting theory match the culture traits. D. Management by Objectives. To formalize goal-setting theory into an organization one of the more effective ways to do this is through management by objectives or MBO. Critically Discuss the Evolution of Motivation Theory. Motivation can be defined as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. 2. Safety: lower order need, includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm. 3. Social: upper order need, includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. Upper order needs are satisfied internally, that is, from within the person. In response, a series of theories were explored to in areas of job satisfaction and motivation. In consideration in ways in which motivation might make individuals more effective, both theory and empirical studies will be discussed. In the next section, first an account of traditional models will be presented and then following an account of contemporary models will be presented. MOTIVATION Motivation: the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal, specifically for OB, toward attaining an organizational goal. Intensity: how hard a person tries to meet a goal. Direction: efforts are channeled toward organizational goals. Intensity is concerned with how hard an individual tries though it should be channelled in the right direction to achieve a certain goal, while persistence is the measurement of how long the individual can maintain their efforts. Difficult goals energize employees. c. Difficult goals tend to make people persist in efforts toward attaining them. d. Difficult goals force employees to discover strategies to help them perform the task or job more effectively. 3. Feedback is important in goal-setting theory, especially self-generated feedback.
Motivation