applicability of protein synthesis
OP-puro, an alkyne puroanalog, is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor. (A) Structure of puro and the analog OP-puro, which bears a terminal alkyne group. (B) Schematic of OP-puro incorporation into nascent polypeptide chains on translating ribosomes. In the coming years, cell-free protein synthesis promises new industrial processes where short protein production timelines are crucial as well as innovative approaches to a wide range of applications. Chemical protein synthesis, which relies on chemoselective peptide ligation methods, such as native chemical ligation (NCL), offers complete control of the atomic composition of the polypeptide sequence, making it advantageous over molecular biology approaches in some areas of research (Fig. 1). Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems derived from crude cell extracts have been used for decades as a research tool in fundamental and applied biology (Fig. 1). They were used in the ground-breaking experiments of Nirenberg and Matthaei (1961), playing an essential role in the discovery of the genetic code. * The American Council on Education's College Credit Recommendation Service (ACE Credit®) has evaluated and recommended college credit for 21 of Sophia’s online courses. More than 2,000 colleges and universities consider ACE CREDIT recommendations in determining the applicability to their course and degree programs. Other methods to assay translation rely on the incorporation of puromycin (puro) into nascent proteins. Puro (Fig. 1A) is an aminonucleoside antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, by causing premature termination of nascent polypeptide chains. (A) Cell-free protein synthesis yields for a batch reaction. (B) “Effective” cell-free protein synthesis yields for a fed-batch or continuous exchange cell-free (CECF) reaction based on the total volume of reaction and feeding solutions. (C) Reaction length for active protein synthesis in a batch CFPS reaction. Summary and outlook. The field of chemical protein synthesis is gaining momentum for its uniqueness and applicability in various fields such as in the elucidation of protein structures and dynamics, understanding the role of PTMs on the protein structure and function and in drug discovery. Patterns of protein synthesis in other mouse tissues surveyed (liver, kidney, and spleen) are shown in Fig. S1. The level of protein synthesis varies between tissues, being the strongest in hepatocytes (Fig. S1A), consistent with the high levels of protein synthesis in the liver. Individually, these. products vary in quality and applicability to certain populations. The benefits that these particular. proteins possess are discussed. In addition, the impact that elevated protein consumption has on health. and safety issues (i.e. bone health, renal function) are also reviewed.
Chemical protein synthesis, which relies on chemoselective peptide ligation methods, such as native chemical ligation (NCL), offers complete control of the atomic composition of the polypeptide sequence.