Effective removal of emerging dissolved cyanotoxins from water using hybrid photocatalytic composites.
Harmful algal blooms are occurring more frequently in fresh water throughout the world. Certain cyanobacteria can produce and release potent toxic compounds, known as cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a, and as such they have become a human and environmental health concern. Hybrid photocatalytic composites (HPCs) comprising carbon nanotubes on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes were designed in this study. The HPCs have a selective adsorption capacity to cyanotoxins and provide photocatalytic activity to produce reactive oxygen species for the degradation of cyanotoxins. HPCs with 5.2 mg carbon nanotubes/cm2 showed an excellent removal efficiency of microcystins-LR (>95%) at 55.6 L/m2/hr/bar. The HPCs more efficiently removed the relatively larger and more hydrophobic cyanotoxins (i.e., microcystin-LR) than the relatively smaller and more hydrophilic compounds, such as cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a. With a further increased in the carbon nanotube content to 8.6 mg/cm2, the adsorption capacity of the HPCs for cyanotoxins increased to 70.6% for MC-LR. However, there was significant decrease in the photocatalytic activity of the HPCs for production of reactive oxygen species, and consequently a decrease in the degradation of cyanotoxins. It is considered that this device could be used to provide complete rejection of particles and pathogens, and also to significantly reduce trace organic compounds and harmful algal toxins in emergency water supplies.