Sulforaphane is a natural plant compound found in many cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale. It has been linked to health benefits, such as improved heart health and digestion. This article reviews sulforaphane, including its benefits, possible side effects, and food sources. Share on Pinterest

What Is Sulforaphane? Sulforaphane is a sulfur-rich compound found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, bok choy, and cabbage. It has been shown to provide powerful health benefits. In these foods, it’s in the inactive form glucoraphanin that belongs to the glucosinolate family of plant compounds. Sulforaphane is activated when glucoraphanin comes into contact with myrosinase, a family of enzymes that play a role in the defense response of plants. Myrosinase enzymes are only released and activated when a plant is damaged. Therefore, cruciferous vegetables must be cut, chopped, or chewed to release myrosinase and activate sulforaphane ( 1 ). Raw vegetables have the highest levels of sulforaphane. One study found that raw broccoli had ten times more sulforaphane than cooked broccoli ( 2 ). Steaming vegetables for one to three minutes may be the best way to optimize sulforaphane levels when cooking ( 3 ). It’s best to cook the vegetables below 284˚F (140˚C), as exceeding this temperature results in a loss of glucosinolates like glucoraphanin ( 4 ). For this reason, it’s best to avoid boiling or microwaving cruciferous vegetables. Instead, eat them raw or lightly steamed to maximize their sulforaphane content. Summary Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring compound in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and kale. It’s activated only when vegetables are chopped or chewed. The highest levels of sulforaphane are found in raw vegetables.

Potential Benefits Animal, test-tube, and human studies have indicated that sulforaphane may offer a number of health benefits. May Have Anticancer Effects Cancer is a potentially fatal disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells. Sulforaphane has been shown to have anticancer properties in a number of test-tube and animal studies, reducing both the size and number of various types of cancer cells ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). Sulforaphane may also prevent cancer cell growth by releasing antioxidant and detoxification enzymes that protect against carcinogens — substances that cause cancer ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). Keep in mind that these studies use a concentrated form of sulforaphane, so it’s unclear whether the amounts found in fresh foods have the same effect. What’s more, it’s still unclear whether sulforaphane could be used in a clinical setting to lower cancer risk and reduce cancer growth in humans ( 10 ). That said, population studies have linked a higher dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables like broccoli with a significantly reduced risk of cancer ( 11 ). Researchers believe that compounds in these vegetables — including sulforaphane — are responsible for the potential anticancer properties ( 12 ). May Support Heart Health Both test-tube and animal studies show that sulforaphane may boost heart health in a number of ways ( 13 ). For instance, sulforaphane may benefit heart health by reducing inflammation. Inflammation may lead to narrowing of your arteries — a major cause of heart disease ( 14 , 15 ). Research in rats also indicates that sulforaphane may reduce high blood pressure, which may prevent heart disease ( 16 ). Despite these promising findings, more research is needed to determine whether sulforaphane could improve heart health in humans. May Have Antidiabetic Effects Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Those with type 2 diabetes can’t effectively transport sugar from their blood to their cells, making it difficult to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. A 12-week study in 97 people with type 2 diabetes examined how consuming broccoli sprout extract — equivalent to 150 µmol of sulforaphane — daily affected blood sugar levels ( 17 ). The study found that sulforaphane effectively reduced fasting blood sugar levels by 6.5% and improved hemoglobin A1c, a marker of long-term blood sugar control. These effects were particularly strong in participants who were obese with poor diabetes control ( 17 ). Sulforaphane’s beneficial effect on blood sugar levels are supported by animal studies as well ( 18 , 19 ). Other Health Benefits Studies show that sulforaphane may have other health benefits as well: May treat certain symptoms of autism. A study in 29 young men with autism found that daily doses of 50–150 µmol of sulforaphane for 18 weeks improved symptoms of autism like social interaction and verbal communication ( 20 ).

A study in 29 young men with autism found that daily doses of 50–150 µmol of sulforaphane for 18 weeks improved symptoms of autism like social interaction and verbal communication ( ). May protect against sun damage. Studies suggest that sulforaphane may protect against ultraviolet (UV) skin damage caused by the sun ( 21 , 22 , 23 ).

Studies suggest that sulforaphane may protect against ultraviolet (UV) skin damage caused by the sun ( , , ). May protect against brain damage. According to animal studies, sulforaphane may have the potential to improve recovery and reduce mental decline after a brain injury ( 24 , 25 , 26 ).

According to animal studies, sulforaphane may have the potential to improve recovery and reduce mental decline after a brain injury ( , , ). May improve constipation. In a 4-week study in 48 adults, eating 20 grams of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts improved symptoms of constipation. No effect was found for alfalfa sprouts, which are sulforaphane-free ( 27 ). It’s important to note that most of these studies were performed on isolated human cells or animals. Thus, further research is needed to confirm whether sulforaphane would have the same effects in humans ( 28 ). Summary Sulforaphane has been associated with various health benefits and may beneficially affect cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and digestion. More high-quality research is needed to understand the extent of these effects in humans.

Side Effects and Safety Concerns Consuming sulforaphane in amounts found in cruciferous vegetables is considered safe with few — if any — side effects ( 8 ). Additionally, sulforaphane supplements are available for purchase at health food stores and online retailers. These supplements are typically made from broccoli or broccoli sprout extract and generally concentrated, containing more sulforaphane than what’s naturally found in food. Glucoraphanin — the precursor to sulforaphane — supplements are also available combined with myrosinase for activation. These are marketed as a way of increasing sulforaphane production in your body. While there are no daily intake recommendations for sulforaphane, most available supplement brands suggest taking around 400 mcg per day — typically equalling 1–2 capsules. Mild side effects have been associated with sulforaphane supplements, such as an increase in gas, constipation, and diarrhea ( 17 , 29). Despite their growing popularity, more research is needed to determine the ideal dose, safety, and effectiveness of sulforaphane supplements in humans ( 14 ). Summary Sulforaphane appears to be safe with few to no side effects. Sulforaphane supplements are available on the market as well. Their safety and effectiveness in humans are still unknown.

Food Sources Sulforaphane can be obtained naturally from a range of cruciferous vegetables. These vegetables not only provide sulforaphane but also many other important vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. To increase your intake of sulforaphane, include more of the following vegetables in your diet: broccoli sprouts

broccoli

cauliflower

kale

Brussels sprouts

cabbage, both red and white varieties

bok choy

watercress

arugula, also known as rocket It’s important to cut the vegetables before you eat them and chew them well to activate sulforaphane from its inactive form, glucoraphanin. To optimize your intake of sulforaphane, eat vegetables raw or cooked at temperatures below 284˚F (140˚C) ( 4 ). To further boost your intake, add mustard seeds or mustard powder to your meals. These ingredients are rich in dietary myrosinase, which can help increase the availability of sulforaphane, particularly in cooked vegetables ( 30 , 31 ). Summary Sulforaphane can be found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, kale, cabbage, and watercress. To maximize your sulforaphane intake, eat vegetables raw or cooked at low temperatures with a sprinkle of mustard seeds or mustard powder.