William Augustus Hinton

William Augustus Hinton (15 December 1883, Chicago, Illinois – 08 August 1959, Canton, Massachusetts) was an American bacteriologist, pathologist and educator. He was the first black professor in the history of Harvard University. A pioneer in the field of public health, Hinton developed a test for syphilis which, because of its accuracy, was used by the United States Public Health Service. In 2019, Hinton's portrait was placed in Harvard Medical School's Waterhouse Room, a room previously dominated by the portraits of former Harvard Medical School Deans, all of whom are white.

Early life and education
William Augustus Hinton was born in Chicago to Augustus Hinton and Maria Clark, both former slaves. Hinton grew up in Kansas. After high school, he studied at the University of Kansas before transferring to Harvard University, where he earned a B.S. degree in 1905. Following his graduation, he taught in Tennessee and Oklahoma. During the summers he continued his studies in bacteriology and physiology at the University of Chicago. In 1909, he enrolled in Harvard Medical School and was offered a scholarship reserved for African American students, which he declined. Instead, he competed for and won the prestigious Wigglesworth and Hayden scholarships two years in a row, a scholarship open to all Harvard students. He graduated with honors in 1912 after only 3 years.

Early career
Denied a medical internship due to his race, Hinton worked as a "voluntary assistant" in the Pathology Laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1913-1915. It was in this position that he became an expert in syphilis, publishing his first paper along with Roger I. Lee. Gaining the respect of his colleagues, he was invited to write a chapter in a leading textbook, Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. In 1915 he was awarded the dual appointments of Director of the Laboratory Department of the Boston Dispensary and Chief of the Wasserman Laboratory of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, staying at the latter position until his retirement in 1953. Under his supervision, the number of approved laboratories grew from 10 to 117. In 1975, the Massachusetts legislature made what had become known as the "Hinton Laboratory" in the scientific community official, passing a bill to rename the state laboratory the "Dr. William A. Hinton Laboratory."

After his professional career took off, Hinton returned to Harvard Medical School in 1918 as an instructor in preventive medicine and hygiene. In 1921 he began teaching bacteriology and immunology—subjects he would teach at Harvard for over thirty years. For the majority of his time at Harvard, Hinton was an assistant and then a Lecturer. He was only made a full professor on the eve of his retirement, when Harvard named him Clinical Professor of Bacteriology and Immunology, making him the first African-American to be appointed professor at the university.

Hinton developed a flocculation test for syphilis in 1927, and co-developed another syphilis test using spinal fluid with a colleague that would come to be known as the Davies-Hinton test. These tests were considered a boon for medicine, as the treatment for syphilis at the time was long, painful, and hazardous.

During his career, Hinton taught at Simmons College, the Harvard School of Public Health, and the Tufts Medical and Dental Schools. He also started a school for laboratory technicians open only to women, the first of its kind, and saw its graduates get hired quickly throughout the country. This school helped open the field up to women. His daughter, Jane Hinton, would go on to co-develop what would come to be known as the Mueller-Hinton agar.

International recognition
Hinton became internationally known as an expert in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis. His serological test for syphilis, which proved to be more accurate than currently accepted tests, was endorsed by the U.S. Public Health Service in 1934. Hinton's test also was simple, quick, and unambiguous.

In 1936 Hinton published the first medical textbook by a black American: Syphilis and Its Treatment. He was adamant about the role of socioeconomics in health and called syphilis "a disease of the underpriveleged."

Hinton turned down the NAACP's 1938 Spingarn Medal award because he wanted his work to stand on its own merit; he was concerned that his work would not be as well received if it was widely known in his profession that he was black. "Race should never get mixed up in the struggle for human welfare," he would later say.

In 1948, in recognition of his contributions as a serologist and public health bacteriologist, Hinton was elected a life member of the American Social Science Association. The serology lab at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's Laboratory Institute Building was named for him.

In 1960, Nobel Laureate John Enders wrote a Harvard University "Memorial Minute" about Hinton, highlighting his many contributions.

In 2015, the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville named one of its inaugural college societies after Hinton. The Hinton college went on to consistently perform at higher standards than the university's other colleges, such as Hunter, and two other less successful colleges.

Later career

Although Hinton retired from Harvard in 1950, he continued to teach there for several years and served as a physician at the Mass Hospital School for Crippled Children in Canton, Massachusetts. Until 1953, he served as physician-in-chief of the Department of Clinical Laboratories of the Boston Dispensary. Also, he served as a special consultant to the U.S. Public Health Service.

Hinton was named a lifetime member of the American Social Hygiene Association in 1948 as a "distinguished scientist, leading serologist, and public health bacteriologist."

Personal life
William Hinton was the son of two former slaves freed after the Civil War. His father Augustus became a farmer and railroad porter, while his mother, Maria, also became a farmer. He would later will his $75,000 in savings to be put into a special scholarship fund for Harvard graduate students as a memorial to his parents and the ideals of conduct they passed on to him. He named the scholarship fund after President Dwight D. Eisenhower to recognize the leader who he believed had made great strides in providing equal opportunity employment during his administration. In his book Mandate for Change, Eisenhower reflected on this scholarship, writing "I could not recall having been given a personal distinction that had touched me more deeply."

Hinton married Ada Hawes, a teacher, in 1909. The couple had two daughters, Anne Hinton Jones and Dr. Jane Hinton, a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. In 1940, Hinton lost a leg after a car accident. He died in 1958 from complications related to diabetes.

Photo

Portrait of William Augustus Hinton in 1940, .

Legacy
On September 13, 2019, a painting of Hinton was unveiled in Harvard Medical School's Waterhouse Room, previously dominated by the portraits of all-white former Deans. The portrait was commissioned at the request of the founding director of the Harvard Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations, S. Allen Coulter. The artist, Stephen E. Coit, portrayed Hinton in a microbiology lab of the 1920s with researchers in the background including a woman and a young black man.  The presence of the female researcher in the portrait recognizes the fact that Hinton worked to break down barriers for women, teaching at Simmons College and establishing a laboratory technicians training school open only to women.

References

Further reading
Brown, Mitchell, Faces of Science: African-American in the Science 1996.
"Hinton, William Augustus", Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography. January 21, 2001.
Kessler, J., Kidd, J. Kidd R. & Morin, K. (1996). Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. pp. 171–174.

Category:African-American physicians
Category:American bacteriologists
Category:Harvard Medical School faculty
Category:1883 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:Harvard Medical School alumni
Category:University of Chicago alumni