Angelica

Angelica is a genus of about 60 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland and Greenland. They grow to  tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Found mainly in China, its main use was for medicine. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.

Some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.

Characteristics
Angelica species grow to  tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Their large, sparkling, starburst flowers are pollinated by a great variety of insects (the generalist pollination syndrome), the floral scents are species-specific, and even specific to particular subspecies. The active ingredients of angelica are found in the roots and rhizomes and contains furocoumarins in its tissues which make the skin sensitive to light.

Species
Angelica acutiloba – dang-gui in Chinese
Angelica adzharica – Adjarian angelica
Angelica ampla – giant angelica
Angelica archangelica – garden angelica, archangel, angelique
Angelica arguta – Lyall's angelica
Angelica atropurpurea – purplestem angelica, alexanders
Angelica breweri – Brewer's angelica
Angelica californica – California angelica
Angelica callii – Call's angelica
Angelica canbyi – Canby's angelica
Angelica cartilaginomarginata
Angelica dahurica – bai zhi in Chinese
Angelica dawsonii – Dawson's angelica
Angelica dentata – coastalplain angelica
Angelica genuflexa – kneeling angelica
Angelica gigas – cham dangwi in Korean
Angelica glabra – synonym for Angelica dahurica
Angelica glauca – gandhrain (Kumaoni language), chippe /chouru' in Uttarakhandi languages (India)
Angelica grayi – Gray's angelica
Angelica harae
Angelica hendersonii – Henderson's angelica
Angelica japonica
Angelica keiskei – ashitaba in Japanese
Angelica kingii – King's angelica
Angelica lignescens 
Angelica lineariloba – poison angelica
Angelica lucida – seacoast angelica
Angelica pachycarpa
Angelica palustris – marsh angelica
Angelica pancicii
Angelica pinnata – small-leaf angelica
Angelica polymorpha
Angelica pubescens – shishiudo in Japanese, du huo in Chinese
Angelica RadixAngelica roseana – rose angelicaAngelica sikkimensisAngelica sinensis –  dong quaiAngelica scabrida – Charleston Mountain angelica, rough angelicaAngelica sylvestris – wild angelicaAngelica tenuissima – Korean gobon, slender angelicaAngelica tomentosa – woolly angelicaAngelica triquinata – filmy angelicaAngelica ubatakensisAngelica ursinaAngelica venenosa – hairy angelicaAngelica wheeleri – Utah angelica

Cultivation and uses
Some species are grown as flavouring agents or for their medicinal properties. The most notable of these is garden angelica (A. archangelica), which is commonly known simply as angelica.  Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own.  The roots and seeds are sometimes used to flavour gin.  Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as Chartreuse.

Among the Sami people of Lapland, the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the fadno.

Seacoast angelica (A. lucida) has been eaten as a wild version of celery.

In parts of Japan, especially the Izu Islands, the shoots and leaves of ashitaba (A. keiskei) are eaten as tempura, particularly in the spring.A. sylvestris and some other species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including bordered pug, grey pug, lime-speck pug and the V-pug.A. dawsonii was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes.A. atropurpurea is found in North America from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and south to Maryland, and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments.  This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous water hemlock.

The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the Aleut people in Alaska to speed healing.

The herb, also known by the Chinese name, bai zhi, and Latin name, radix angelicae dahurica'', is used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine.

References

External links

 
 
 Traditional and Modern Use of Wild Angelica

 
Category:Apiaceae genera
Category:Medicinal plants