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July 9, 2010

The very first Muslim attack on India in Sindh in the year 715 A.D by Arabs khaliffa led by Mohammad Bin Qasim(one of the loyal man to calipha). They had displaced Raja Dabir who ruled Sindh from his capital Deval (near modern Karachi). They even unsuccessfully tried to attack Malwa. After this invasion, which was limited to Sindh, for a period of 300 years kings like Raja Bhoja and other Gurjara prathihar Kings thwarted all further Muslim attacks. The next invasion was by Turk Sabuktagin. He had established himself in Khorasan and extended his kingdom extended to Kabul and Ghazni. In 986 AD he came into conflict with Raja Jaipal of Bathinda. In 991 A.D. Raja Jaipal allied with other Hindu king including Rajyapala the Prathira king of Kannauj and Dhanga the ruler of the distant Chandela kingdom but they too were defeated.

Mahmud of Ghazni : The elder son-in-law of Sabuktagin, Mahmud of Ghazni assumed the throne in 997 AD. He was very conscious of the wealth he could achieve from further conquests into India. He was also a religious fanatic who aimed to spread Islam. Mahmud is said to have invaded India seventeen times between 1001 -1027 AD. King Jaipal and later his son Anandpal resisted Mahmud but were defeated. Between 1009 A.D and 1026 A.D he invaded Kangra, Thaneshwar, Kanauj, Mathura, Gwalior, Kashmir and Punjab. In 1025AD Mahmud invaded Somnath and looted its temple on the coast of Saurashtra or Kathiwar. Enormous treasure of the fortified temple was looted. His last invasion was in about 1027 AD. He died in 1030AD.

After this Mohammad- bin-sam (mohhammad gori) attacked india and aftre defeating prithvi raj III chauhan in battle of tarain in 1193 and after it defeating raja jaichand of kannauj. Mohhammad gori died in 1206 then his three slaves divide his territory in three parts..first and favourite slave yaldoj captured Ghori area(in afghanistan and iran), second slave qutub din aibak controlled indus and gangettic plains and third slave bakhtiyaar controlled bengal and assam region.

after this muslims control india upto 1857 when the last muslim mughal emperor bhadurshah jafar was exiled to rangoon by british east india company.

July 6, 2010

Twenty-four of the thirty-three deltas in the world are sinking, and many of these are in India. This alarming finding comes from a study of the world's deltas using satellite data. The results were published online in the journal NatureGeoscience.

The study found that most of the deltas are "sinking at rates many times faster than global sea level rise."

Deltas that are sinking relative to the sea level are prone to flooding. As per projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), sea level is expected to rise by another 21 to 71 cm by 2070 due to global warming and this will put millions of people living along the deltas at great risk.

According to James P.M. Syvitski from the University of Colorado, the first author of the study, the deltaic area at risk of flooding would increase by 50 per cent over the twenty-first century if the global sea level continues to rise rapidly.

Reduction in sediment inflow into the deltas

The study found that reduction in sediment inflow into the deltas played a major role in making the deltas vulnerable to flooding. The vulnerability arises as the deltas which lack sediment supply are unable to stay well above the sea level.

Delivery of vital sediments has either been reduced or totally eliminated in most of the deltas by the construction of dams and compaction of delta sediments through water and oil extraction. These activities, which have been going on for the past 50 years, tend to reduce the height of deltas with respect to the sea level.

Fate of many Indian deltas

The study found that some of the Indian deltas — Brahmani delta in Orissa, and Godavari and Mahanadi in Andhra Pradesh — are at a greater risk as the rate of sediment aggradation (raising the level of the delta through sediment deposition) no longer exceeds relative sea-level rise.

While there are no Indian deltas in the peril category (where the aggradation and compaction of the delta sediments overwhelms the rate of sea-level rise), the Krishna delta in Andhra Pradesh falls in the last category of greaterperil.

In the case of the greaterperil category, the deltas have virtually no sediment deposition (aggradation) and/or have very high accelerated compaction of sediments. Here the relative see-level rise is about 3 mm per year. The maximum relative sea-level rise of 13-150 mm per year is seen in the Chao Phraya delta in Thailand.

Though the relative sea-level rise is around 3 mm per year even in the case of the Mahanadi delta, there has been some amount of deposition of sediments leading to a small increase in the delta level surface relative to the sea level. The relative sea-level rise has been about 1.3 mm per year in the case of the Brahmani and Godavari deltas.

Reduction in sediment inflow into the deltas is mainly due to human activity. Dams constructed across many major rivers tend to reduce the silt from flowing. Another major reason is the reduction of flow in the active distributary channels that supply the river with water and sediments. Accelerated compacting of floodplain sediment caused by the extraction of groundwater and natural gas is yet another cause.

Repercussions of sinking deltas

Reduced sediment inflow into deltas could have severe repercussions Nearly 85 per cent of the world's major deltas have experienced flooding during the last decade. The flooding could either be from coastal inundation from surges, flooding from rivers overflowing the embankment, or flooding from intense rainfall within the delta.

In 2007-08, many deltas in the world, including Brahmani, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Godavari experienced flooding killing more than 100,000 lives and displacing millions of habitants.

The paper shows that more than 100,000 square km of deltas in the world are vulnerable to flooding from storms, surges or river floods as they have elevations of less than 2 metres above sea level.

July 2, 2010

1. Who among the following is thePresident of Belarus?(1) Georgi Purvanov(2) Alexander Lukashenko(3) Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva(4) Alvaro Uribe Velez2. Who among the following is theChairman of National Knowledge Commission?(1)Mr. P.M. Bhargava(2)Mr. P. Balram(3)Mr. Andre Beteille(4)Mr. Sam Pitroda3. Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya's Dargahis located at(1)Ajmer (2) Mumbai(3) Delhi (4) Hyderabad4. With which sport is the term 'butterfly' associated?(1) Kabaddi (2) Swimming(3)Boxing (4) Wrestling5. Who among the following won therenowned Adiseshiah Award 2007?(1)Mr. Khushwant Singh(2)Mr. Vikram Seth(3) Prof. Amartya Sen (4) Dr. Ram Chandra Guha6. Who among the following tennissensations announced herretirement in 2007?(1) Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario(2) Monica Seles(3) Kim Clijsters(4) Serena Williams7. Which of the following sports will be included in 2010 Asian Games to beheld in Guangzhou (China)?(1) Baseball (2) Rugby(3)Squash (4) Cricket8. The Dronacharya Award for sportscoaches was instituted by theGovernment in(1) 1961 (2) 1970 (3) 1985 (4) 19879. Who among the following literarypersonalities won Cervantes Prizerecently?(1)Mr. Paulo Coelho(2)Mr. Franz Kafka(3)Mr. Antonio Gamoneda(4)Mr. Chinua Achebe10. Which of the following countries has the highest life expectancy at birth?(1) Australia (2) Japan(3)Sweden (4) Canada11. Which of the following is the world'slargest city in area?(1) Mount Isa (Australia)(2) Mumbai (India)(3)Wenchuan (China) (4) Tokyo (Japan)12. Who among the following isregarded as the father of ModernBiology?(1) Aristotle(2)Darwin(3)Robert Hooke(4) Vesalius13. Which of the following rivers risesin lake Lan-Ka Tso in Tibet? (1)Jhelum (2)Chenab(3) Beas (4) Sutlej14. Who among the following tennisplayers won the women's singles titlein French Open 2007?(1) Venus Williams(2) Maria Sharapova(3) Justine Henin(4) Martina Hingis 15. By what name is the disease,Varicella, more commonly known?(1) Chicken Pox (2) Small Pox(3) Malaria (4) Tuberculosis16. Who among the following notedpersonalities won the prestigiousAbel Prize recently? (1)Mr. M.S. Swaminathan(2)Mr. Srinivasan Padmanabhan(3)Mr. A. Sivathanu Pillai(4)Mr. Srinivasa Varadhan17. Which of the following parts of theskeleton protects the spinal cord?(1) Auditory Capsule (2)Cranium(3) Olfactory Capsule(4) Vertebral Column18. The Community of Sahel-SaharanStates (CEN-SAD) Summit was heldin(1)Sudan (2) Nigeria(3) Libya (4) Niger19. Who among the following is the Attorney-General of India?(1)Mr. Goolam E. Vahanvati(2)Mr. Milon Kumar Banerji(3)Mr. Vikas Singh(4)Mr. Gopal Subramaniam20. Which of the following countries hasthe largest area of forest?(1) Russia (2) Canada (3) Brazil (4)USA21. The States/UT through which theKaveri river flows are(1)Karnataka, Tamil Nadu andPuducherry(2) Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka andPuducherry(3)Kerala, Andhra Pradesh andPuducherry (4)Maharashtra, Karnataka andPuducherry22. PERT is a technique used for whichone of the following?(1) Electric Power Transmission(2) Project Management(3) Railway Safety(4) Internet23. The Asteroid Belt is found between which of the following planets?(1) Mars and Jupiter(2) Earth and Mars(3) Jupiter and Saturn(4) Saturn and Uranus24. Who among the followingpropounded the 'Saptanga' Theory?(1)Manu (2) Charaka (3) Kautilya (4) Tulsidas225. The visible part of the Sun is called(1) Ionosphere (2) Hydrosphere(3) Photosphere (4) Troposphere26. Where was the 14th SAARC Summitheld?(1)Kathmandu (2) Dhaka (3)Colombo (4) New Delhi27. The 2008 Olympic Games will beheld at(1) Montreal (2) Beijing(3) Atlanta (4) London28. Which among the following filmswon the award for 'Best MotionPicture of the Year' in 79th Annual Academy Awards 2007?(1)The Queen(2)The Departed(3) The Last King of Scotland(4) The Lives of Others29. Who among the following is theGovernor of Meghalaya?(1)Mr. K. Sankaranarayan(2)Mr. Shivinder Singh Sidhu (3)Mr. B.L. Joshi(4)Mr. Dinesh Nandan Sahaya30. Where is the world's tallest Pagodalocated?(1)Bhutan (2) Japan(3) Nepal (4) China31. At which international film festivalis the 'Golden Lion' awarded to the best film?(1) IIFA(2) Locarno Film Festival(3) Cannes Film Festival(4) Venice Film Festival32. With which mythological figure wouldyou associate the weapons – 'Ajagava','Khatwanga' and 'Pinaka'? (1)Vishnu (2) Shiva(3)Brahma (4) Indra33. How many companies from Indiafigure in the 'Global-500' list?(1)6 (2) 4(3)8 (4) 1034. Which of the following planets takesnearly the same time for a rotation on its own axis as does the Earth?(1) Jupiter (2) Mars(3)Neptune (4) Uranus35. Noted author and activist ArundhatiRoy has been supporting thefarmers of Singur in West Bengalwho are resisting the State Government's move to acquire landand give it to(1) Tata Motors(2) Maruti Udyog Ltd.(3) Infosys(4) Hindustan Motors36. Who among the following batsmenachieved the feat of hitting six 6s inone over for the first time in international cricket during theWorld Cup 2007?(1) Scott Styris(2) Sanath Jayasuriya(3) Herschelle Gibbs(4) Brian Lara37. The XVI Asian Games are scheduledto be held at(1) Qatar (2) Incheon (3)Guangzhou (4) Jakarta38. Who was the founder of the AsiaticSociety?(1) William Carey(2) William Jones(3) David Hare(4)Marshman39. Lance Armstrong, a sportsperson ofinternational repute, belongs to which of the following countries?(1)USA (2) Ukraine(3) Spain (4) Brazil40. 'Galileo Satellites', named after theirdiscoverer, are four large moons ofthe planet(1) Jupiter (2) Neptune(3) Saturn (4) Uranus BUSINESS41. How many companies from Indiafound a place in the 'Global-500' list?(1)6 (2) 4(3)8 (4) 1042. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)has succeeded in acquiring a big dealfrom Bank of China worth (1) $ 75 million(2) $ 50 million(3) $ 100 million(4) $ 125 million43. According to the Global Gender GapReport, 2006 by the World EconomicForum, the country which hasprovided more political empowerment to women among thefollowing is(1)USA(2) India(3) Sri Lanka(4) Bangladesh44. Noted author and activist ArundhatiRoy has been supporting thefarmers of Singur in West Bengalwho are resisting the State Government's move to acquire landand give it to(1)Tata Motors(2) Maruti Udyog Ltd.(3) Infosys(4) Hindustan Motors45. The 14th Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) 2006 Summit washeld in (1) Thailand (2) Vietnam(3) Brazil (4) China46. Which of the following industries arethe major beneficiaries of theMumbai port?(1)Sugar and Cotton textileindustry(2) Iron and Steel industry (3) Cotton textile and Petrochemicalindustry(4)Engineering and Fertilizerindustry47. What is Value Added Tax (VAT)?(1) A new initiative taken by theGovernment to increase the taxburdenof high income groups (2) A simple, transparent, easy to paytax imposed on consumers(3) A single tax that replaces State taxlike surcharge, turnover tax, etc.(4) A new tax to be imposed on theproducers of capital goods. 48. The common currency which hasbeen introduced among 11 Europeannations is known as(1)Euro(2)Euro Pound(3) Euro Dollar(4) None of these49. Who amongst the following was thehead of the Investment Commission which submitted its report to theGovernment of India?(1)Dr. Rakesh Mohan(2)Mr. Ratan Tata(3)Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla(4)Mr. Rahul Bajaj50. Which bank has launched a newhealth cover scheme under the name of "Arogya Shree"?(1)PNB (2) SBI(3)Andhra Bank (4)OBC