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Sunday, December 16, 2012

LIFE: Sample Return for Enceladus

Geysers of Enceladus photographed by the Cassini spacecraft. Credit: NASA

Last week, a proposal for a sample return from Enceladus described at
the American Geophysical Union conference received fairly wide-spread coverage
in the space-related press. The
descriptions generally were fairly short, however. Here, I’ll provide additional details from a
paper describing the mission that was published this past summer.

The mission, called Live Investigation for Enceladus (LIFE), would be a
descendent of the Discovery Stardust mission that captured dust grains from
comet Wild-2 during a flyby. The
Stardust spacecraft captured the grains in a disk of aerogel, which has exceptionally
low density for a solid. That low
density preserved most of the material of the grains despite the 6.1 kilometer
per second flyby. Several key members of
the Stardust team are principles in the LIFE proposal.

LIFE would replicate that method and add a second capture method to
return samples from the geysers of Enceladus, Saturns E ring (believed to be
formed from the material in the geysers), and the upper reaches of Titan’s
atmosphere.

The appeal of the mission is that it could return samples from a
potentially life-bearing subterranean ocean at Enceladus. Like Europa’s ocean, Enceladus’ ocean appears
to possess all the ingredients necessary for life: water, energy (the tidal
forces that are heating the icy crust for form the ocean), and contact with
rocky material that provides the elements needed for complex organic
molecules. (There are alternative
explanations for the geysers that don’t require an ocean, but the evidence
increasingly points to an ocean being the most likely source.)

While Europa’s ocean is sealed by kilometers of ice, Enceladus
conveniently spews an estimated 150-300 kilograms of water into space every
second. The grains, though, are tiny and
dispersed: Think of a particle of cigarette smoke every square meter by the
time the geyser’s plume are 80 kilometers above the surface. The small amount of material that could be
analyzed by a spacecraft flying through the plume would make chemical analysis
difficult for an instrument that must function within the mass, volume, and
power constraints of a spacecraft.
Instruments in Earth laboratories, however, would be able to make those
measurements. The goal of LIFE is to get
the ice grains to the laboratories.

Since the spacecraft would fly close to Titan and through the E ring on
its way to and from Enceladus encounters, it would collect samples from those
sources, too.

Capture of samples during flybys was considered by the Decadal Survey but the technical issues were considered daunting.

LIFE depends on several key elements to keep the total mission flight
time to less than 14 years (compared to previous estimates of 26 years) and the
costs within the Discovery budget (~$500M):

The mission would make use of one of the last available gravity assists
from Jupiter for a Saturn-bound mission by launching by 2019 (the next time the
planets are aligned correctly comes in 2058).

The spacecraft would enter Saturn orbit and use an unspecified number
of Titan flybys to enable flybys of Enceladus at between 2 and 3 kilometers per
second (compared to previous estimates of ~7 km/second)

A new form of aerogel, one-fifth the density of the aerogel carried by
Stardust, would be used. Between the low
encounter speed and the lower density aerogel, particles would experience a
factor of five lower effective entry impacts than the particles encountered by
Stardust. A rotating cover with a slit
on top of the aerogel disk would expose only a portion of the surface for each
flyby, allowing the source of each particle to be known.

A deposition system would provide a second sampling system that would
encase whole grains atop a film to better preserve complex and volatile
compounds. This system was originally
planned for the Stardust mission but dropped to reduce costs.

The sample would be kept at below freezing temperatures to preserve the
icy materials and any organic compounds

The spacecraft would also carry three instruments to conduct
measurements while in the Saturn system.
A much more capable mass spectrometer than that carried by Cassini would
make direct chemical measurements of the geysers, the E ring, and Titan’s upper
atmosphere. An infrared spectrometer
derived from the Rosetta VIRTIS instrument would both image Titan’s surface and
study the composition of its atmosphere and Encledus’ geysers. A camera, carried primarily for optical
navigation, would also image the dynamics of the geysers. Both spectrometers would be derived from
instruments developed in Europe; presumably the LIFE versions of these
instruments would be paid for by their sponsoring European nations, helping to
keep the mission’s costs within the Discovery budget.

Conceptual design for the LIFE spacecraft

Editorial Thoughts: This is a sweet concept being proposed by a team
that has shown that it can a deliver successful mission within the Discovery
budget.

The opportunity to sample an icy
moon’s ocean is unique to Enceladus and would come decades before any mission that
would reach pockets of Europa’s oceans.
The instrument suite would replicate that proposed for the Journey toEnceladus and Titan (JET) mission that had the goals of imaging Titan’s surface and
improving on Cassini’s measurements of the composition of Titan’s atmosphere
and the geysers. (The imaging
spectrometer would make use of spectral windows in Titan’s atmosphere to
improve on the coarse images possible with Cassini’s spectrometer. However, it’s not clear whether the
instrument proposed would match the resolution proposed for JET, and it’s not
clear how many encounters with Titan would be done.)

The basic techniques planned for LIFE could also be used for a poor
man’s comet sampling where a spacecraft would rendezvous with a comet and then
repeatedly fly through its jets to collect ice and dust particles at very low
velocities.

LIFE, however, faces several challenges in going from a concept to an
approved mission. First, to keep flight
times short, it may have to be selected in the next Discovery competition. Current and potential future budget cuts may
delay that competition until the mission could not be built in time to launch
in 2019. (The article does not discuss
fall back trajectories for reach Saturn.
They exist, but would take longer.
Each additional year of flight likely would cost another $7-10M per year
in operating costs.)

Another challenge is that the mission would take close to fourteen
years to return its paydust. (Sorry, pun
intended.) Other proposed missions would
return science much more quickly. The
instruments on board would provide data while the spacecraft orbits Saturn, but
the article doesn’t discuss how extensive the science campaign would be. If it were as extensive as that planned for
the JET mission, then that might make up for the long flight period.

The biggest challenge facing the mission appears to be one that the paper highlights:
the facilities that would house and handle the samples returned. Because life may exist within Enceladus’
ocean, the highest level of quarantine for the samples once they reached Earth
would be required. The paper’s authors
write, “the cost for planetary protection alone could exceed the cost estimate
for the proposed LIFE mission.
Consequently, the impact of planetary protection costs would have a
potential extinguishing effect on LIFE and other sample return missions.”

LIFE is a clever concept; I hope the authors find a way to resolve the
planetary protection issue. This concept is easily in my top two Discovery missions that I'd like to see fly.

I previously wrote about the LIFE proposal here. You can read the paper's abstract here.

About Me

You can contact me at futureplanets1@gmail.com with any questions or comments.
I have followed planetary exploration since I opened my newspaper in 1976 and saw the first photo from the surface of Mars. The challenges of conceiving and designing planetary missions has always fascinated me. I don't have any formal tie to NASA or planetary exploration (although I use data from NASA's Earth science missions in my professional work as an ecologist).
Corrections and additions always welcome.