Extradural haematomas in children.
To determine the cause, clinical presentation, radiological and computed tomography (CT) findings, anatomical position and post-surgical outcome of traumatic intracranial, extradural haemorrhage in children. Retrospective study, 1979-1994. Neurosurgical referrals from the Trauma Unit at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town. Forty-four children below the age of 12 years who had extradural haematomas surgically removed. Twenty-one extradural haematomas resulted from falls, 12 from motor vehicle accidents, and 6 from assaults; 1 was of unknown cause. Nineteen patients presented with persistent drowsiness (14/15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale), 17 had headache and vomiting, and 13 gave a history of initial loss of consciousness. Seventeen pre-operative neurological examinations were normal, 11 showed anisocoria, 10 hemiplegia, 4 ataxia, 1 nystagmus and 1 a full fontanelle. Cases of posterior fossa haematoma presented with headache and ataxia. Skull fractures were visible on radiographs in 26; computed tomographic diagnosis was made in all but 1. The site of extradural haematoma was parieto-occipital in 24, posterior fossa in 11, frontal in 6, and temporal in 3. Subdural haematomas occurred in 4 cases. Surgical treatment consisted of 41 craniotomies/craniectomies and 3 burr-holes. Postoperatively 36 patients were neurologically normal, 6 had neurological deficits, and 2 died. Intracranial extradural haemorrhage in children presents in an atypical manner when compared with adults. An initial loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval and a progressive deteriorating level of consciousness is the exception rather than the rule. Timeous neurosurgical treatment resulted in an excellent outcome in 36 of the 44 children.