Your Nose

A big batch of cookies coming out of the oven. Your gym bag full of dirty clothes.
How do you smell these smells and thousands more? It's your nose, of course.

Your nose lets you smell and it's a big part of why you are able to taste things.
The nose is also the main gate to the respiratory system, your body's system for breathing.
Let's be nosy and find out some more about the nose.

Nose Parts

The nose has two holes called nostrils. The nostrils and the nasal
passages are separated by a wall called the septum (say: SEP-tum).
Deep inside your nose, close to your skull, your septum is made of very thin pieces
of bone.

Closer to the tip of your nose, the septum is made of cartilage
(say: KAR-tel-ij), which is flexible material that's firmer than skin or muscle. It's
not as hard as bone, and if you push on the tip of your nose, you can feel how wiggly
it is.

Behind your nose, in the middle of your face, is a space called the nasal
cavity. It connects with the back of the throat. The nasal cavity is separated
from the inside of your mouth by the palate (roof of your mouth).

Getting the Air in There

When you inhale air through your nostrils, the air enters the nasal passages and
travels into your nasal cavity. The air then passes down the back of your throat into
the trachea (say: TRAY-kee-uh), or windpipe, on its way to the lungs.

Your nose is also a two-way street. When
you exhale the old air from your lungs, the nose is the main way for the air to leave
your body. But your nose is more than a passageway for air. The nose also warms, moistens,
and filters the air before it goes to the lungs.

The inside of your nose is
lined with a moist, thin layer of tissue called a mucous membrane
(say: MYOO-kus MEM-brayne). This membrane warms up the air and moistens it. The mucous
membrane makes mucus, that sticky stuff in your nose you might call snot.
Mucus captures dust, germs, and other small particles that could irritate your lungs.
If you look inside your nose, you will also see hairs that can trap large particles,
like dirt or pollen.

If something does get trapped in there, you can probably guess what happens next.
You sneeze. Sneezes can send those unwelcome particles
speeding out of your nose at 100 mph!

Further back in your nose are even smaller hairs called cilia
(say: SILL-ee-uh) that you can see only with a microscope. The cilia move back and
forth to move the mucus out of the sinuses and back of the nose. Cilia can also be
found lining the air passages, where they help move mucus out of the lungs.

Sniff, Sniff, Take a Whiff

The nose allows you to make scents of what's going on in the world around you.
Just as your eyes give you information by seeing and your ears help you out by hearing,
the nose lets you figure out what's happening by smelling. It does this with help
from many parts hidden deep inside your nasal cavity and head.

Up on the roof of the nasal cavity (the space behind your nose) is the olfactory
epithelium (say: ol-FAK-tuh-ree eh-puh-THEE-lee-um). Olfactory is a fancy
word that has to do with smelling. The olfactory epithelium contains special receptors
that are sensitive to odor molecules that travel through the air.

These receptors are very small — there are about 10 million of them in your
nose! There are hundreds of different odor receptors, each with the ability to sense
certain odor molecules. Research has shown that an odor can stimulate several different
kinds of receptors. The brain interprets the combination of receptors to recognize
any one of about 10,000 different smells.

How Signals Get Sent

When the smell receptors are stimulated, signals travel along the olfactory nerve
to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb is underneath the front of your brain just
above the nasal cavity. Signals are sent from the olfactory bulb to other parts of
the brain to be interpreted as a smell you may recognize, like apple pie fresh from
the oven. Yum!

Identifying smells is your brain's way of telling you about your environment. Have
you ever smelled your toast burning? In an instant, your brain interpreted the smell
and a problem and you knew to check on your toast.

You learned to associate a certain smell with burning and now your brain remembers
that smell so you recognize it. Your sense of smell also can help you keep safe. For
example, it can warn you not to eat something that smells rotten or help you detect
smoke before you see a fire.

Tastes Great!

Most people just think of the tongue when they think about taste. But you couldn't
taste anything without some help from the nose! The ability to smell and taste go
together because odors from foods allow us to taste more fully.

Take a bite of food and think about how it tastes. Then pinch your nose and take
another bite. Notice the difference? It's just another reason to appreciate your knockout
of a nose!