Q:

Mathematical research published in the form of poems

The article
Friedrich Wille: Galerkins Lösungsnäherungen bei monotonen Abbildungen,
Math. Z. 127 (1972), no. 1, 10-16
is written in the form of a lengthy poem, in a style similar to that
of the works of Wilhelm Busch.
Are there any other examples of original mathematical research published in a similar form?

A:

A famous example is Tartaglia's solution of the equation of degree 3, which he gave to Cardano (after much discussion) in the following form :
Quando chel cubo con le cose appresso 
se agguaglia  qualche numero
discreto
trovan dui altri
differenti in esso.
Dapoi terrai questo per consueto
Che'l lor produtto sempre sia eguale
Al terzo cubo delle cose neto,
El residuo poi suo generale
Delli lor lati cubi ben sottratti
Varra la tua cosa principale... 

A:

Frederick Soddy, "The Kiss Precise." Nature 137, 1021, 1936. (See, e.g., this
  Wikipedia article.)

Celebrating
$$b_1^2 +b_2^2 + b_3^2 + b_4^2 = \frac{1}{2}(b_1+b_2+b_3+b_4)^2$$
where $b_i$ is the i-th "bend":

For pairs of lips to kiss maybe
  Involves no trigonometry.
  ‘Tis not so when four circles kiss
  Each one the other three.
  To bring this off the four must be
  As three in one or one in three.
  If one in three, beyond a doubt
  Each gets three kisses from without.
  If three in one, then is that one
  Thrice kissed internally.  
Four circles to the kissing come.
  The smaller are the benter.
  The bend is just the inverse of
  The distance from the center.
  Though their intrigue left Euclid dumb
  There’s now no need for rule of thumb.
  Since zero bend’s a dead straight line
  And concave bends have minus sign,
  The sum of the squares of all four bends
  Is half the square of their sum.  
To spy out spherical affairs
  An oscular surveyor
  Might find the task laborious,
  The sphere is much the gayer,
  And now besides the pair of pairs
  A fifth sphere in the kissing shares.
  Yet, signs and zero as before,
  For each to kiss the other four
  The square of the sum of all five bends
  Is thrice the sum of their squares.

In response to @TheMaskedAvenger's comment:

The Kiss Precise (Generalized) by Thorold Gosset 
And let us not confine our cares
  To simple circles, planes and spheres,
  But rise to hyper flats and bends
  Where kissing multiple appears,
  In n-ic space the kissing pairs
  Are hyperspheres, and Truth declares -
  As n + 2 such osculate
  Each with an n + 1 fold mate
  The square of the sum of all the bends
  Is n times the sum of their squares.

(Nature link.)

A:

Some of ancient Chinese mathematics literatures are written in the forms of poems.(Source from WIkipedia.) Here just outline a few examples:
(1) The Mathematical Classic of Sunzi
孫子定理, 韓信點兵 
e.g. 1: 
有物不知其數，
三三數之剩二，
五五數之剩三，
七七數之剩二。
問物幾何？ 
e.g. 2: 
三人同行七十希，
五樹梅花廿一支，
七子團圓正半月，
除百零五使得知. 
(2) The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art 九章算術
composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE

How to evaluate AREA?

勾股定理 Gougu theorem (the Chinese version) i.e. Pythagoras' theorem

(3) Book on Numbers and Computation 算數書
witten around 202 BC and 186 BC
(4) Zhou Bi Suan Jing - The Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven. 周髀算經
witten and organized in the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BCE—256 BCE), further compilation and addition in the Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE)
勾股定理 Gougu theorem (the Chinese version) i.e. Pythagoras' theorem

