Ibar (river)

The Ibar, also known as the  Ibër and Ibri (, , ), is a river that flows through eastern Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo, with a total length of . The river begins in the Hajla mountain, in Rožaje, eastern Montenegro, and passes through Kosovo to flow into the West Morava river near Kraljevo, central Serbia.

It belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. Its own drainage area is , with an average discharge of 60 m³/s at the mouth. It is not navigable.

Etymology 
Maybe the same as basque ibar "valley". From the albanian " i bardhë" meaning the white.

Upper course 
The Ibar originates from six springs on the Hajla mountain in eastern Montenegro. It generally flows north-east, passing through Ibarac, Rožaje, Radetina and Bać, after which it enters Serbia. Passing through the most southern part of Raška District, it flows through several small villages, but this is one of the least populated areas of Kosovo. In this whole area, the river has no major tributaries, but many short streams which flow into it from surrounding mountains. This part also represents the route of one of two main roads connecting Serbia and Montenegro (Ibarska magistrala). At a point near the village of Vitkovići, it turns south and enters Kosovo.

Middle course 
Continuing south, the river passes through Gazivode, Zubin Potok, Ugljare, Zupče and Šipolje, reaching the city of Mitrovica. There, it makes a sharp, elbow turn to the north, flowing through Zvecan, Slatina, Socanica, Leposavic, Dren and Lesak, entering central Serbia proper at the village of Donje Jarinje.

At Kosovo, the river is dammed, creating the artificial Lake Gazivoda (area , altitude , depth ). Water from the lake is used for industrial and mining facilities in the Mitrovica/Trepca area. Below Gazivoda another reservoir is created, Lake Pridvorice. These lakes allow irrigation of an area of 300 km², representing part of a plan, never completed, of a huge Ibar-Lepenac Hydrosystem, which was supposed to regulate the Ibar-Sitnica-Lepenac watercourse (including ecological protection, irrigation and power production).

At Mitrovica, the river enters a minerals and ore rich area of the western slopes of Kopaonik mountain, which it follows for the next  or so. The area is especially rich in lead, zinc and silver (Stari Trg, Trepča and Leposavić mines).

Right on its elbow turn, the Ibar receives its longest (right) tributary, the Sitnica.

Entering central Serbia again, the river receives its major tributaries: the Raška, Studenica and Lopatnica, from the left, and the Jošanica.

In this section, the river has carved the  long and  deep Ibar gorge, which is the natural route for the major road in this part of Serbia, the Ibar Highway. This stretch of the river is famous for its pinched meanders and gigantic whirlpools. The whole area is  long (meridionally stretched), and at Serbia's parts is popularly divided into several colorfully named valleys:

 Dolina istorije (Serbian: Долина историје; Valley of history), consisting of ruins of the medieval city of Maglič, the monastery of Studenica, the monastery of Žiča, the monastery of Gradac, etc.;
 Dolina jorgovana (Serbian: Долина јоргована; Valley of the lilacs);
 Dolina banja (Serbian: Долина бања; Valley of the spas), with many spas and springs, such as Jošanička Banja, Mataruška Banja and Bogutovačka Banja.

The gorge is carved between the mountains of Golija, Čemerno and Troglav from the east, and Kopaonik, Željin and Stolovi from the west.

This is a continuation of Kopaonik's mining rich area, including deposits of iron ore (Kopaonik, Raška), nickel (Kopaonik), asbestos (Brvenik), magnesite (Bela Stena) and hard coal (Baljevac, Ušće and Jarando).

The Ibar has previously gained notoriety as being the most polluted river in Serbia (together with its major tributary, the Sitnica), especially from frequent spills of extremely poisonous phenol, which causes constant problems for the population of Kraljevo, since the city uses the river's water for public waterworks.

See also 
 Rivers of Kosovo
 List of rivers of Europe
 Rivers of Serbia
 Rivers of Montenegro

Notes and references 

Notes:

References:

 Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta; 
 Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije Svjetlost-Sarajevo; 

 
Category:Rivers of Serbia
Category:Rivers of Montenegro
Category:Rivers of Kosovo
Category:International rivers of Europe
Category:Kosovo–Serbia border