University historians in the German cities of Jena and Magdeburg conclude that only France helped children fathered by its occupying troops. Many of those born to German mothers in four occupation zones suffered ostracism their whole lives.

The study to be published next Monday in a German-language book whose title translates as "Bastards, the children of occupation in Germany after 1945" found that at least 300,000 children were fathered by occupying Soviet Red Army soldiers.

Rapes perpetrated on German women occurred in all four zones, including forced sex by members of French and US units. Only a few cases by British troops were uncovered.

The first of these children were born around Christmas 1945.

The researchers deduced the Soviet zone child figure from a count of up to two million rapes allegedly committed by Red Army soldiers.

'Occupation children' still seek answers, says Satjukow

Love affairs, ostracized

Professors Silke Satjukow of the University of Magdeburg and Rainer Gries of the University of Jena said "numerous thousands" of children were also born to German women who had love affairs with foreign troops.

"The 'occupation children' long remained unmentioned after the war," said Gries.

"The children were ostracized because in the eyes of society they born amid a burden of guilt," Satjukow said.

Who is my father?

Many, now approaching their seventies, still dwelled on the question: "who is my father?," Satjukow said.

They still felt incomplete and wanted to "finally trace their family to the full and in doing so find peace," she said.

But, their chances were not promising. After occupation, many fathers returned home to Russia, the United States or France to marry and established families. To locate them now was extraordinarily difficult, said Satjukow.

No alimony

Many young mothers received no maintenance in monetary terms because the occupying powers were not subject to German jurisdiction.

Evidence had emerged that in Soviet-run eastern Germany mothers often sought help from its post-war president Wilhelm Pieck.

Instead of being granted alimony, it was suggested to the women that they find work to finance their living, Gries said.

Baby French citizens adopted

Children fathered by French soldiers were regarded as French citizens. At least 1,500 of them were handed over for adoption in France and its colonies.

While some "occupation children" gradually found their place in the societies of divided Germany, others never overcame the supposed flaw.

The study - a collective biography of the children - collates research work funded by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation based in Cologne.

ipj/bw (epd, dpa)