<!--The whole team is responsible for completing this section. This is where you get to express/ argue why certain aspects fall under Must Have, Want, Must Not Have, or Should Avoid. List the two aspects that your team picked from each category in class. You are allowed to create new aspects, as long as they are relevant to your new design.-->

<!--The whole team is responsible for completing this section. This is where you get to express/ argue why certain aspects fall under Must Have, Want, Must Not Have, or Should Avoid. List the two aspects that your team picked from each category in class. You are allowed to create new aspects, as long as they are relevant to your new design.-->

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''"We concluded that a good system to "Must Have:'''

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''We concluded that a good system to "Must Have:'''

* Results that are easy to determine. This means a clear indication of positive or negative results when compared to the controls. This is integral to the design success because the results must be easy differentiable as to not require re-testing.

* Results that are easy to determine. This means a clear indication of positive or negative results when compared to the controls. This is integral to the design success because the results must be easy differentiable as to not require re-testing.

* Software that is simple to use. The software for open PCR is incredibly easy to use and a program similar would be ideal. Anything that requires computer coding or computational design is too complicated, so the software must already be made to use. A user should be able to plug in the information he or she wants and get the desired response from the software, no computing needed.

* Software that is simple to use. The software for open PCR is incredibly easy to use and a program similar would be ideal. Anything that requires computer coding or computational design is too complicated, so the software must already be made to use. A user should be able to plug in the information he or she wants and get the desired response from the software, no computing needed.

Bayesian Statistics
These following conditional statistics are based upon all of the DNA detection system results that were obtained in the PCR lab for 20 hypothetical patients who were diagnosed as either having cancer or not having cancer.

Bayes Theorem is an equation in probability theory and statistics that relates inverse representations of probabilities concerning two events, or rather, it expresses a degree of change when accounting for evidence. Bayes Theorem is represented as follows:

P(A|B) = P(B|A) * P(A) / P(B)

Which can be read as

the probability of A given B = (the probability of B given A * the probability of A) / the probability of B

This information will be utilized to determine various probabilities listed below when accounting for the positive/negative values determined by the entire class as well as an outside document listing the actual yes/no cancer diagnosis

Calculation 1: The probability that the sample actually has the cancer DNA sequence, given a positive diagnostic signal.

Calculation 3: The probability that the patient will develop cancer, given a cancer DNA sequence.

A = "yes" cancer diagnosis = 7/20 = .35

B = "positive" test conclusion = 9/20 = .45

P (B|A) = Positive given yes = 6/20 = .3

P(A|B) = .233 = 23%

Calculation 4: The probability that the patient will not develop cancer, given a non-cancer DNA sequence.

A = "no" cancer diagnosis = 13/20 = .65

B = "negative" test conclusion = 11/20 = .55

P (B|A) = Negative given no = 1/2 = .5

P(A|B) = .591 = 59%

New System: Design Strategy

We concluded that a good system to "Must Have:'

Results that are easy to determine. This means a clear indication of positive or negative results when compared to the controls. This is integral to the design success because the results must be easy differentiable as to not require re-testing.

Software that is simple to use. The software for open PCR is incredibly easy to use and a program similar would be ideal. Anything that requires computer coding or computational design is too complicated, so the software must already be made to use. A user should be able to plug in the information he or she wants and get the desired response from the software, no computing needed.

We concluded that we would Want a good system to have:

Samples that are easily identifiable throughout the experiment. This means that there is no changing of labels or titles for the samples. This is important because it is crucial to keep the samples consistent and not mixed up. When transferring the samples there should be prepared labels to keep them straight.

Accessibility. This means that anyone can access the materials needed and replicate the findings. For the purpose of DNA amplification no advanced technology is required, the PCR machine is easy for anyone to access.

We concluded that a good system Must Not Have:

High cost. This means that the system must not be too expensive. This is important because the system should be replicable and useful to everyone.

inconsistent timing. This was the most annoying problem with the original PCR design. The PCR machine kept changing times, and the group was unsure if the amplification was taking place properly. This also made it impossible to gauge the rest of the experiment timing which delayed the experiment and forced the group to reschedule further testing.

We concluded that a good system Should Avoid:

High energy consumption. Possible options are a battery or solar power. Not only would this make the experiment accesible at any location, it is a more sustainable option.

Manual analysis of the images. This was the most tedious process of the experiment. ImageJ was useful in providing a medium for calculating light density, but a program that could do calculations on its own would be ideal.

New System: Machine/ Device Engineering

SYSTEM DESIGN

KEY FEATURES

We chose to include these new features

Feature 1 - explanation of how this addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Feature 2 - explanation of how this addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Etc.

[OR]

We chose keep the devices the same as the original system

Feature 1 - explanation of how a pre-existing feature addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Feature 2 - explanation of how a pre-existing feature addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Etc.

INSTRUCTIONS

New System: Protocols

DESIGN

We chose to include these new approaches/ features

Feature 1 - explanation of how this addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Feature 2 - explanation of how this addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Etc.

[OR]

We chose keep the protocols the same as the original system

Feature 1 - explanation of how a pre-existing feature addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Feature 2 - explanation of how a pre-existing feature addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Etc.

MATERIALS

PROTOCOLS

PCR Protocol

Step 1

Step 2

Etc.

DNA Measurement and Analysis Protocol

Step 1

Step 2

Etc.

New System: Research and Development

BACKGROUND

Polymerase chain reaction is the process of amplifying a strand of DNA from a DNA template strand. From here the scientist is capable of amplifying any specific gene they choose. In this research we are targeting the single nucleotide polymorphism that is rs1787996, which contains a single nucleotide variation or SNV. The CHEK2 gene is essentially a gene that is capable of coding for susceptibility to breast cancer. The relation to SNP is that it is essentially a variation of the CHEK 2 gene that is present within humans, or Homo sapiens. The cancer-related function of the gene is that it essentially changes the base Thymine to Cytosine, changing the normal allele ATT to ACT, which is the cancer related allele.

DESIGN

Primers for PCR
Amplification of cancer-associated DNA

Cancer allele forward primer: 5' TATGTATGCACTGTAAGAGTT

Cancer allele reverse prime: 5' CTAGGAGAGCTGGTAATTTGG

A disease allele will give a PCR product because the primer associated with the process will identify the sequences that will code for cancer. From there the primer will allow for nucleotide bases to be placed in a reverse sequence from the template DNA. Essentially this will continuously amplify the cancerous DNA gene while the PCR process is in effect.

Our primers address the following design needs

Design specification 1 - explanation of how an aspect of the primers addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Design specification 2 - explanation of how an aspect of the primers addresses any of the specifications in the "New System: Design Strategy" section

Etc.

New System: Software

[THIS SECTION IS OPTIONAL. If your team has creative ideas for new software, and new software is a key component included in your new protocols, R&D, or machine design, you may describe it here. You will not receive bonus points, but a solid effort may raise your overall page layout points. If you decide not to propose new software, please delete this entire section, including the ==New System: Software== header.]