Neman

The Neman, Nemunas, Nyoman, Niemen or Memel, is a major Eastern European river. It rises in Belarus and flows through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon, and then into the  Baltic Sea at Rusnė Island. It begins at the confluence of two smaller tributaries about  southwest of the town of Uzda in central Belarus, and about  southwest of Minsk. In its lower reaches it forms the border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast.  It also, very briefly, forms a part of the Belarus–Lithuania border.  The largest river in Lithuania, and the third-largest in Belarus, the Neman is navigable for most of its  length.

The Neman/Nemunas river basin formed during the Quaternary period, and is located roughly along the edge of the last glacial sheet, dating from about 25,000 to 22,000 years BC.  Its depth varies from  in its upper courses to  in the lower basin.

Nemunas/Neman by numbers

 The total length of the Nemunas/Neman is .  It is the 4th longest river in the Baltic Sea basin.  Over its entire length,  flows in Belarus and  in Lithuania. A  stretch is the border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad oblast.
 Its greatest depth is , and at its widest it extends about .
 The Nemunas/Neman is a slow river; it flows at about .
 During floods, water discharge can increase up to 11-fold, to more than . Severe floods occur on the lower reaches of the river about every 12 – 15 years, which sometimes wash out bridges.

 The Nemunas/Neman is an old river, dating back to the last glacial period. Its valley is now up to  deep and  broad.
 It has about 105 first-class tributaries, the largest being the rivers Neris (Viliya) (), Shchara (), and Šešupė (). Fifteen of the tributaries are longer than .
 In the complete Nemunas/Neman basin, there are tributaries extending to the 11th order.
 The Nemunas basin in Lithuania drains more than 20,000 rivers and rivulets and covers 72% of Lithuania's territory.
 The total area of the Nemunas/Neman basin is ,  of which are within Belarus, the Lithuanian portion of this basin is 46,.
 Valley of Neman in Grodno Region is the lowest point above sea level in Belarus at .

River course

Nemunas/Neman loops

Since the loops are located in Lithuania, they are often referred to as "The Nemunas loops".

In 1992 Nemunas Loops Regional Park was founded. Its goal is to preserve the loops (Lithuanian: vingis) that the Nemunas makes in the Punia forest. Near Prienai, the Nemunas makes a  loop (like a teardrop) coming within  of completing the loop. The Nemunas flows along the double bend between Balbieriškis and Birštonas for  and then moves in a northerly direction for only . The loops are not conventional river meanders; they follow underlying tectonic structures. The faults are the source of the mineral springs in the area. The area is historically and culturally significant. Its castles served as the first line of defense against forays by the Teutonic knights.

Delta

At its delta the Nemunas splits into a maze of river branches and canals mixing with polders and wetlands and is a very attractive destination for eco-tourism. The four main distributaries are Atmata, Pakalnė, Skirvytė and Gilija. The river plays a crucial part in the ecosystem of the Curonian Lagoon. It provides the main water inflow to the lagoon and keeps the water almost fresh. This allows both fresh water and mixed water animals to survive there. As the river's delta expands, the lagoon shrinks. Since the delta is in Lithuania, it is often referred to as Nemunas Delta. Nemunas Delta Regional Park was created in the delta in 1992.

Tributaries 
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Neman/Nemunas (from source to mouth):

Left: Servach, Mowchadz’, Shchara, Zelvyanka, Svislach, Lasosna, Czarna Hańcza, Zembrė, Peršėkė, Šešupė, Tylzha
Right: Western Berezina, Gauja, Kotra, Haradnichanka, Merkys, Verknė, Strėva, Neris, Nevėžis, Dubysa, Mituva, Jūra, Minija

Largest settlements on the river
From west to east, the largest settlements are Sovetsk/Tilsit, Neman/Ragnit, Kaunas, Alytus, Druskininkai, Hrodna, and Masty.

Significance in culture
Ptolemy referred to Nemunas as Chronos (although competing theories suppose Chronos was in fact Pregolya).

The river has lent its name to the Neman Culture, a Neolithic archaeological subculture.

In German, the part of the river flowing in what earlier was Prussia has been called  at least since about 1250, when Teutonic Knights built  castle and the town of  at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon, naming it after the indigenous name of the river, Memel. The city of Memel, now in Lithuania, is known today as Klaipėda (confusingly, the city of Memel was on the Dange River, now called the Danė River, not the Memel River). On German road maps and in German lexika, only the  section within Prussia (starting at Schmalleningken) was named Memel; the part outside Germany was labelled Niemen.

The border between the State of the Teutonic Order and Lithuania was fixed in 1422 by the Treaty of Lake Melno and remained stable for centuries.  The Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I was signed on a raft in the river in 1807.  Napoleon's crossing at the outset of the 1812 French invasion of Russia is described in War and Peace. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles made the river the border separating the Memel Territory from German East Prussia as of 1920.  At that time, Germany's Weimar Republic adopted the  as its official national anthem.  In the first stanza of the song, written in 1841, the river is mentioned as the eastern border of a (then politically yet-to-be united) Germany:

Lithuanians refer to the Nemunas as "the father of rivers" (Nemunas is a masculine noun in Lithuania). Countless companies and organizations in Lithuania have "Nemunas" in their name, including a folklore ensemble, a weekly magazine about art and culture, a sanatorium, and numerous guest houses and hotels. Lithuanian and Polish literature often mention the Nemunas. One of the most famous poems by Maironis starts:

Almost every Lithuanian can recite these words by heart.

There are many other smaller rivers and rivulets in Lithuania with names that may have been derived from "Nemunas" — Nemunykštis, Nemuniukas, Nemunynas, Nemunėlis, Nemunaitis. The etymology of the name is disputed: some say that "Nemunas" is an old word meaning "a damp place", while others that it is "mute, soundless river" (from nemti, nėmti "to become silent", also memelis, mimelis, mėmė "slow, worthless person"). The name is possibly derived from the Finnic word niemi "cape".

Art critics praised its depiction in the paintings by Michał Kulesza.

Economic significance

The Nemunas River is used for a variety of purposes such as fishing, hydropower generation, water supply, industry, and agriculture, as well as recreation, tourism, and water transport. There have been proposals to deepen its watercourse below Kaunas to make it more consistently usable.

The largest cities on the river are Grodno in Belarus, Alytus and Kaunas in Lithuania, and Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. The river basin has a population of 5.4 million inhabitants. Industrial activities in the Belarusian section include metal processing, chemical industries, pulp and paper production, and manufacturing of building materials, as well as food-processing plants. In Lithuania, the city of Kaunas, with about 400,000 inhabitants, is the country's principal user of the river; the local industries that impact the river are hydropower generation, machinery, chemical, wood processing and paper production, furniture production, textile and food-processing. In Kaliningrad, industrial centers near the river include Sovetsk and Neman, which have large pulp and paper production facilities.

Above Kaunas a dam was built in 1959 to serve the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. The resulting Kaunas Reservoir () is the largest such lake in Lithuania. It occupies ; its length is ; its greatest depth is . The reservoir is a popular destination for Lithuanian yachting.

The Augustów Canal, built in the 19th century, connects the Neman to the Vistula River.

Biological communities
The following fish have been found in the Nemunas/Neman River: perch, pike, zander, roach, tench, bream, rudd, ruffe, and bleak. Its tributaries also contain  stone loach, the three-spined stickleback, minnows, trout, sculpins,  gudgeon, dace and chub.

Atlantic salmon formerly migrated upstream to spawn; however, dams on the river, most of them built in the 20th century, has reduced their numbers considerably. The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders. The spawning season took place in the fall; ethnographic studies of the time report that night fishing, using torches and harpoons, was a common technique.

Environmental issues

A report by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) rates the quality of the Nemunas in Lithuania as moderately polluted or polluted. High concentrations of organic pollutants, nitrates and phosphates occur in different parts of the river.  Environmental issues include water quality (eutrophication and pollutants), changes in the hydrological regime, and flooding control. The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different. In Belarus, the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and BOD (biological oxygen demand). The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD, lignosulphates, and nitrogen. In Lithuania, the operations of the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant cause changes of the water level that affect the riparian ecosystem. Old wastewater treatment facilities along the entire river also contribute to pollution.

The co-operation necessary to ensure the health of the river is complicated by the political divisions in the basin - its territory is shared among Russia, Belarus and the European Union country of Lithuania. Several co-operation initiatives are underway to address the environmental issues of the river.

See also 
 List of rivers of Europe
 Normandie-Niemen (a fighter squadron, later regiment (of three squadrons) of the French Air Force)
 Memelland
 East Prussia

Notes

References

External links 

 Niemen (the Neman) in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1886)
 Glaciation in Lithuania
 Biotopes in the Neman and its tributaries
 Atlantic salmon in the Neman River

 
Category:Rivers of Grodno Region
Category:Rivers of Minsk Region
Category:Rivers of Lithuania
Category:Rivers of Kaliningrad Oblast
Category:International rivers of Europe
Category:Lithuania–Russia border
Category:Belarus–Lithuania border
Category:Rivers of Belarus