3 Disclosures Previously on Speaker s Bureaus for: Forest (Viibryd) AstraZeneca (Seroquel XR) Lilly (Cymbalta, Zyprexa, Differential Diagnosis) Phizer (Pristiq) I will be mentioning off label uses of medications. I have still not friended any Pharmaceutical companies on Facebook 3

4 Dual Diagnosis: Traditionally, the co morbidity of psychiatric illness and chemical dependency. The term is a holdover from a time when Psychiatric diagnosis was less well understood. In reality, it is rare for a person to have just one psychiatric diagnosis. Chemical dependency, as an isolated illness, may be the minority of cases. We usually work with the combination of psychiatric illness, chemical dependency, and brain injury. And so do you. 4

5 Dual Diagnosis Historically there has been a tension between the Addiction/Recovery community and the Psychiatric community When AA was founded in 1935, the main psychiatric medications available were barbiturates and narcotics, both habit forming. Stimulants were developed in the 1930s as well. The AA community had a mistrust of the psychiatric profession, whose prescribers would provide addictive substances, and the Psychiatric community did not understand addictions. In the past, parts of the AA community would discourage taking any psychiatric medication as a sign of weakness., or equating any psychiatric medication with alcohol. MDs still prescribe controlled substances to people in recovery without awareness of the danger it places patients in. 5

7 Self Medication Many people start to drink alcohol to lubricate social situations and decrease anxiety or inhibitions in the short term (alcohol to treat anxiety illness). Many people drink alcohol to help insomnia (often from mania, hypomania, anxiety, PTSD, etc.) Once alcoholism develops, it becomes it s own separate problem and needs addressing along with the pre existing psychiatric problem. Treating the psych illness alone is not enough to stop the alcoholism!! 7

8 Co Morbidity: About 60% of individuals with Bipolar illness have substance use disorders About 50% of individuals with Schizophrenia have chemical dependency Up to 40 % of individuals with ADHD have alcohol problems (one study found that about 25% of adults in alcohol treatment met criteria for ADHD). About 30% of individuals with depression have alcohol problems One study found that almost one half of adults in CD treatment med criteria for GAD 8

9 Bipolar Illness and Chemical Dependency When you are depressed, it is hard to care about sobriety and the things you value, including using your higher power When you are manic and grandiose, it is hard to believe that first step powerlessness actually applies to you. It is also hard to be sober with the increased impulsiveness of mania. Recovering from a bipolar episode involves rebuilding a life, including sobriety Treatment involves treating BOTH at once 9

12 Schizophrenia and Chemical dependency Almost one half of individuals with Schizophrenia have chemical dependency. The rate of Hepatitis C in Schizophrenia is 7 times the rate in the general population. Marijuana may activate the genes for Schizophrenia and worsen symptoms. Alcohol use over time may add to the cognitive aspects of Schizophrenia. Chemical dependency treatment needs to be adjusted to the cognitive and emotional aspects of the individual. 12

13 Depression and Chemical Dependency Alcohol s effects on a life can lead to discouragement and depression. In the short term, alcohol dulls the pain of depression and aids sleep. Depression robs you of your initiative, energy, caring, interest, hope, and motivation (to start with). When you already feel hopeless, why should you care about sobriety or a future that you feel is unobtainable. It is hard to motivate to go to meetings. With luck, you may drink yourself to death. Treatment involves sobriety, psychotherapy, meetings, and antidepressant meds 13

14 Depression and Chemical Dependency If depression symptoms arise in the midst of drinking, they may clear up with sobriety. When to treat? Judgment call treat when the depression interferes with the ability to use the program I obtain a history of mood illness and chemical use timelines to try to tease out how much depression will remain after sobriety is achieved 14

16 TBI and Chemical Dependency TBI is a common result of chemical dependency TBI is a common result of the psychiatric illnesses that are co morbid with chemical dependency If you treat chemical dependency, you will meet people with TBI 16

17 TBI: In medical school, I was taught that head injury was the occupational hazard of the alcoholic. Head injury is more common in the psychiatric conditions that are more likely to be associated with impulsiveness; ADHD and Bipolar illness TBI may cause or mimic psychiatric illness TBI complicates the treatment of other problems 17

18 Effects of TBI Common effects of TBI include short term memory problems, fatigue, irritability, physical weakness or disability, chronic pain, inattention, impulsiveness, and the continued effects of any pre existing psychiatric illness (ie, ADHD). Chemical dependency treatment needs to be performed while addressing the underlying psychiatric illnesses and needs to be adjusted to the individual strengths and weaknesses of the individual person. Neuropsych testing can help define a person s strengths or weaknesses in learning (verbal or written). Use of a notebook, or other memory aids can be helpful. 18

19 Effects of TBI The brain heals If we stop insulting the brain, functioning will improve. There is hope. Symptomatic treatments may help; gabapentin for irritability, melatonin for sleep, gabapentin for pain, buspirone or gabapentin or guanfacine for anxiety. NO BENZOS! Caution with Neuroleptics! 19

20 TBI: TBI may make you more likely to experience medication side effects: Confusion EPSE Tardive Dyskinesia Balance Seizures 20

21 Treatment of TBI Symptomatic treatment of the syndrome observed Treat impulsiveness with antianxiety meds, Gabapentin, Buspar, Tenex Treat depression with antidepressants, low dose Treat or attempt to treat memory with cognitive enhancers Articles support the use of both cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne) and memantine (Namenda) in helping recovery of memory in brain injury. This is way controversial 21

22 Alcohol Induced Dementia The brain heals If we stop insulting the brain, functioning will improve. There is hope. I recommend Thiamine Memantine (Namenda), Acamprosate (Campral), or Cholinesterase Inhibitors may help cognitions. This is outside of FDA approval 22

23 ADHD and Chemical Dependency Most experts that I could review in ADHD treatment feel that the chances of recovery in addiction are better if the ADHD is treated to reduce impulsiveness and improve concentration and thinking. Individuals with ADHD alone do not usually abuse their stimulants* and people who are treated for ADHD are not more likely to develop addiction. ADHD impulsiveness contributes to relapse. *People with ADHD may be tempted to sell their stimulants to non ADHD peers in treatment for money, sex, or other drugs. At Vinland, we test the urine of people taking stimulants to check for compliance and we are distressed by negative screens for stimulants. 23

24 ADHD and Chemical Dependency: Treatment This is a controversial topic; many treatment centers do not allow stimulants. In their defense, these centers realize that the stimulants can be disruptive as non ADHD addicts are driven to obtain these chemicals. Addicts with ADHD do better if the ADHD is treated. If stimulants (Meth) are the drug of choice, this is a complex issue with no one right answer. Many people preclude the use of stimulants for ADHD treatment by their chemical use. People lie to obtain their drugs of choice because the drive to continue tickling the brain s reward center is strong. 24

26 ADHD and Chemical Dependency: Treatment Methamphetamine causes Dopamine release from the neuron, and reverses the Dopamine re uptake transporter, flooding the synapse with Dopamine Strattera blocks the re uptake of Norepinephrine Vyvanse is a pro drug, metabolized into Dextroamphetamine by the liver Adderal increases Dopamine and Norepinephrine release from the neuron, and blocks the reuptake of these monoamines Methylphenidate (Ritalen, etc.) blocks the re uptake of Dopamine and Norepinephrine, acts mainly in the pre frontal cortex. 26

27 ADHD and Chemical Dependency: Treatment Adderal and similar amphetamines are closer in mechanism of action to Meth, but is more effective in general for ADHD Ritalin is less similar to Meth, but can have more side effects 27

28 ADHD and Chemical Dependency: Treatment General Approach: Consider if you really need to treat. Smart people disagree on this approach to ADHD. Start with Strattera (Atomoxetine) Consider Vyvanse next Consider Methylphenidate first, then consider Dextroamphetamine or Adderal 28

29 Dual Diagnosis: Summary Chemical dependency is often accompanied by one (or usually) more psychiatric illnesses and brain injury All of these need to be addressed to maximize chances of recovery The better you think or function, the better you can utilize a recovery program. If you know a separate psychiatric illness exists, independent of chemical dependency effects, treat it. If unsure, you can wait until a person is sober for at least 2 weeks and then address psychiatric symptoms (especially if they interfere with CD treatment) When treating psychiatric conditions in people with chemical dependency, avoid benzodiazepines and addicting meds (duh!). Yup, I did discuss prescribing stimulents. 29

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