4. Which of these occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
a. Na+ actively reabsorbed
b. fluid becomes highly concentrated
c. large volume of water reabsorbed
d. both a. and c.
e. both a. and b.

4. Which of these occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?

d. both a. and c.

5. The thick part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the active part of the countercurrent multiplier. Which of these is actively transported out of the cells of this tubule and into the interstitial fluid?
a. Cl-
b. water
c. Na+
d. urea
e. glucose

5. The thick part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the active part of the countercurrent multiplier. Which of these is actively transported out of the cells of this tubule and into the interstitial fluid?

c. Na+

6. Which of these is true of aldosterone?
a. acts on the distal convoluted tubule
b. increases K+ secretion
c. increases Na+ secretion
d. both b. and c.
e. both a. and b.

8. Researchers discover that a drug they are testing causes a significant decrease in the body’s production of ADH (=AVP). How would this affect urine production?

a. increase urine volume, decrease urine concentration

9. Which of these does not normally stimulate a contraction in skeletal muscle but DOES stimulate contractions in smooth muscle?
a. neurotransmitter from an axon
b. hormones
c. being stretched
d. both b. and c.
e. both a. and b.

9. Which of these does not normally stimulate a contraction in skeletal muscle but DOES stimulate contractions in smooth muscle?

d. both b. and c.

10. Which of these are processes or structures that help prevent the stomach from digesting itself?
a. the distensibility that allows it to store a large volume
b. pepsin secreted as inactive pepsinogen
c. insoluble mucus
d. both b. and c.
e. none of the above

10. Which of these are processes or structures that help prevent the stomach from digesting itself?

d. both b. and c.

11. Which of these is NOT secreted by the pancrease?
a. bicarbonate ion
b. amylase
c. lipase
d. protease
e. enterokinase

13. Choose the combination below that best fits the missing words in this sentence: Although __X__ can enter the cells of the lining of the small intestine passively (by diffusion), __Y__ must be pumped in using secondary active transport.

c. X = fatty acids, Y = amino acids

14. The hepatic portal veins connect the capillaries of the:
a. small and large intestines
b. small intestine and kidneys
c. large intestine and stomach
d. kidneys and liver
e. intestines and liver

14. The hepatic portal veins connect the capillaries of the:

e. intestines and liver

19. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle happens at about the same time as what phase of the menstrual cycle?
a. secretory
b. luteal
c. proliferative

19. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle happens at about the same time as what phase of the menstrual cycle?

c. proliferative

1. Which of these is true of gastrin?
a. secreted by duodenum
b. inhibits stomach acid secretion
c. target is small intestine
d. stimulates stomach acid secretion
e. both a. and c.

1. Which of these is true of gastrin?

d. stimulates stomach acid secretion

4. Negative feedback would be a useful mechanism for performing which of these functions?
a. controlling muscles during the withdrawal (pain) reflex
b. holding the blood Ca++ concentration constant
c. regulating tissue growth during a “growth spurt” (rapid childhood growth)
d. contractions of the uterus during parturition

4. Negative feedback would be a useful mechanism for performing which of these functions?

b. holding the blood Ca++ concentration constant

5. Which of these can trigger hormone release in at least some endocrine glands?
a. changing conditions in body (especially blood components)
b. direct nervous system stimulation with action potentials
c. indirect nervous system control via hormones from the brain
d. all of the above
e. only a. and b.

5. Which of these can trigger hormone release in at least some endocrine glands?

d. all of the above

6. If a person’s blood glucose level is not regulated, after a meal the person would have osmotic problems and lose lots of glucose in the urine. Hours later, what would happen?
a. continued high blood glucose would continue to cause the same problems
b. blood glucose would drop, leading to problems with cell respiration in the heart
c. blood glucose would drop, starving the brain
d. blood glucose would go back to normal levels until the next meal

6. If a person’s blood glucose level is not regulated, after a meal the person would have osmotic problems and lose lots of glucose in the urine. Hours later, what would happen?

10. The significance of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system is:

a. carries hormones directly from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

11. Which of these hormones are regulated by both a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and a hormone from the anterior pituitary?
a. thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
b. cortisol
c. testosterone
d. all of the above

11. Which of these hormones are regulated by both a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and a hormone from the anterior pituitary?

d. all of the above

13. The action of cortisol on the metabolism of most tissues is very similar to:
a. renin
b. prolactin
c. glucagon
d. thyroid hormones
e. insulin

13. The action of cortisol on the metabolism of most tissues is very similar to:

c. glucagon

14. Which of these are not part of the renin-angiotensin system?
a. renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
b. angiotensin II stimulates secretion of aldosterone
c. angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II by blood vessel enzymes
d. angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex
e. elevated blood K+ levels cause secretion of renin

14. Which of these are not part of the renin-angiotensin system?

e. elevated blood K+ levels cause secretion of renin

15. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes which of these processes?
a. bones demineralize, releasing Ca++
b. vitamin D is activated
c. increasing reabsorption of Ca++ in the nephrons
d. all of the above
e. only b. and c.

18. During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, estrogen is produced by what structure?

b. dominant follicle

20. Progesterone is usually described as the hormone that breaks the menstrual cycle and maintains pregnancy, but another hormone is necessary to maintain high levels of progesterone early in pregnancy. That hormone is:
a. estrogen
b. HCG
c. cortisol
d. FSH
e. oxytocin

20. Progesterone is usually described as the hormone that breaks the menstrual cycle and maintains pregnancy, but another hormone is necessary to maintain high levels of progesterone early in pregnancy. That hormone is: