1.
Caste system in India
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The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste. It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and, modern India, especially the Mughal Empire and it is today the basis of educational and job reservations in India. It consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. The caste system as it today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era. The British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration, between 1860 and 1920, the British segregated Indians by caste, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes. Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy, from then on, the colonial administration began a policy of positive discrimination by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes. Caste-based differences have also been practised in regions and religions in the Indian subcontinent like Nepalese Buddhism, Christianity, Islam. It has been challenged by many reformist Hindu movements, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, new developments took place after India achieved independence, when the policy of caste-based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Since 1950, the country has enacted laws and social initiatives to protect. Discrimination against lower castes is illegal in India under Article 15 of its constitution, Varna literally means colour, and was a framework for grouping people into classes, first used in Vedic Indian society. It is referred to frequently in the ancient Indian texts, the four classes were the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and Shudras. The varna categorisation implicitly had an element, being those people deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as tribal people. Jati, meaning birth, is mentioned less often in ancient texts. There are four varnas but thousands of jatis, the jatis are complex social groups that lack universally applicable definition or characteristic, and have been more flexible and diverse than was previously often assumed. This view has been disputed by scholars, who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics, politics. Jatis have existed in India among Hindus, Muslims, Christians and tribal people, the term caste is not an Indian word. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is derived from the Portuguese casta, meaning race, lineage, breed and, originally, There is no exact translation in Indian languages, but varna and jati are the two most proximate terms. The sociologist G. S. Ghurye wrote in 1932 that, despite much study by many people and it appears to me that any attempt at definition is bound to fail because of the complexity of the phenomenon

2.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally

3.
Midwifery
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In many countries, midwifery is a medical profession. A professional in midwifery is known as a midwife, however, midwifery-led care was also associated with a longer mean length of labor as measured in hours. A normal pregnancy lasts about 9 months and has 3 trimesters, first trimester screening varies by country. Women are typically offered a Pap smear and urine analysis, and blood tests including a complete blood count, blood typing, syphilis, hepatitis, HIV, and rubella testing. Additionally, women may have chlamydia testing via a urine sample, Women must consent to all tests before they are carried out. The womans blood pressure, height and weight are measured and her past pregnancies and family, social, and medical history are discussed. Women may have an ultrasound scan during the first trimester which may be used to find the estimated due date. Some women may have genetic testing, such as screening for Downs Syndrome, diet, exercise, and discomforts such as morning sickness are discussed. The mother visits the midwife monthly or more often during the second trimester, the mothers partner and/or the labor coach may accompany her. The midwife will discuss pregnancy issues such as fatigue, heartburn, varicose veins, blood pressure and weight are monitored and the midwife measures the mothers abdomen to see if the baby is growing as expected. Lab tests such as a UA, CBC, and glucose tolerance test are done if the midwife feels they are necessary, in the third trimester the midwife will see the mother every two weeks until week 36 and every week after that. Weight, blood pressure, and abdominal measurements will continue to be done, lab tests such as a CDC and UA may be done with additional testing done for at-risk pregnancies. The midwife palpates the abdomen to establish the lie, presentation and position of the fetus and later. A pelvic exam may be done to see if the mothers cervix is dilating, the midwife and the mother discuss birthing options and write a birth care plan. Midwives are qualified to assist with a vaginal delivery while more complicated deliveries are handled by a health care provider who has had further training. Childbirth is divided into four stages, first stage of labor The first stage of labour involves the opening of the cervix. In the early parts of this stage the cervix will become soft, the first stage of labour is complete when the cervix has dilated the full 10cm. During the first stage of labor the mother begins to feel strong and regular contractions that come every 5 to 20 minutes, contractions gradually become stronger, more frequent, and longer lasting

4.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
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The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are various officially designated groups of historically disadvantaged indigenous people in India. The terms are recognised in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories. During the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes, the percentage of people in scheduled castes is essentially the percentage of people in the lower part of Indian society. In modern literature, the Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as adi dravida or Dalits, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively, of Indias population. The Constitution Order,1950 lists 1,108 castes across 29 states in its First Schedule, since independence, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation. The Constitution lays down the principles of affirmative action for SCs. Since the 1850s these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, the early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the Raj assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context, a highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures. In 1935, Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule, the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India Order,1936, the complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders, The Constitution Order,1950 and The Constitution Order,1950, respectively. According to the Constitution Orders Act,1990, Scheduled Castes can only belong to Hindu or Sikh or Buddhist religions, there is no religion bar in case of Scheduled Tribes. The Sachar Committee report of 2006 revealed that scheduled castes and tribes of India are not limited to the religion of Hinduism, a number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Affirmative action, Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs. Affirmative action is known as reservation. Development, Provide resources and benefits to bridge the gap between the SCs and STs and other communities. Major part played by the Hidayatullah National Law University, the chairpersons of both commissions sit ex officio on the National Human Rights Commission. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country, there was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and these functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising the government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs

5.
Untouchable caste
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Dalit, meaning oppressed in Sanskrit is the self-chosen political name of castes in India which was untouchable. Though the name Dalit has been in existence since the nineteenth century, Dalits were excluded from the four-fold Varna system and formed the unmentioned fifth varna, they were also called Panchama. Use of the word dalit for a person or group has been outlawed, in India, the legal terms are scheduled caste, other backward caste or scheduled tribe. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes exist across India, and do not share a language or religion. They make up 16. 6% of Indias population, according to the 2011 census, to prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and other criminal acts against these groups, the Indian government enacted the Prevention of Atrocity act on 31 March 1995. In 1932, the British Raj recommended separate electorates to select leaders for Dalits in the Communal Award, when Mohandas Gandhi opposed this, negotiations produced the Poona Pact with B. R. Ambedkar. From its independence in 1947 and expanded in 1974, India provided jobs, by 1995,0. 2% of Government sector IVth class jobs were held by Dalits. In 1997, India elected K. R. Narayanan as the nations President, many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. While caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the Constitution of India, sC/STs and similar groups are found throughout South Asia, in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. SC/STs have emigrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa, Canada, the word dalit is a vernacular form of the Sanskrit past participle adjective दलित. In Classical Sanskrit, this divided, split, broken, scattered, derived from the meaning of the verbal root दल भेदे. This word was repurposed in nineteenth-century Sanskrit to mean not belonging to one of the four Brahminic castes and it was perhaps first used in this sense by Jyotirao Phule, in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile untouchable castes of the twice-born Hindus. According to Victor Premasagar, the term expresses the Dalits weakness, poverty, the term Dalit has become a political identity, similar to the way African Americans in the United States moved away from the use of the term Negro, to the use of Black or African-American. Dalits today use the term Dalit as they believe the term is more than being broken and is in fact an identity born of struggle, Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are the official terms used in Government of India documents to identify former untouchable individuals and groups. After the order, the Chhattisgarh government ended the use of the word Dalit. Mahatma Gandhi adopted the word Harijan, translated roughly as people of God, the name was disliked by Ambedkar as it emphasised the Dalits as belonging to the Greater Hindu Nation rather than an independent community like Muslims. It is also considered prepostorous as Dalits for any years had been banned from entering Hindu temples, in Punjab Dalits are also known as Ad-Dharmi and Mazhabi Sikh. These words, particularly the prefix of Adi, denote aboriginal or indigenous identity, Dalits are considered by upper castes to be outside the traditional Hindu varna order

6.
Narmada Valley
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The Narmada, also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari, and it is also known as Life Line of Madhya Pradesh for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It is one of three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west, along with the Tapti River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, the other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, the Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be an act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas, Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. In Indian history, Kannada emperor from Chalukya dynasty Pulakeshin II is said to have defeated emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmada, teak and Indias best hardwood forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the Himalayas. The lower Narmada River Valley and the uplands, covering an area of169,900 km2 consists of dry deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest, the ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species, none of which are endemic. According to the World Wildlife Fund, about 30% of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation, the ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. About 5% of the lies within protected areas, including Bandhavgarh, Panna. Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following, kanha National Park located in the upper reaches of Narmada, about 18 km from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger. Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Hallon and Banjar, flow through this park and it is one of the best National Parks of Asia, which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book. Satpura National Park, set up in 1981, is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh, Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. There are a variety of birds, hornbills and peafowl are the common birds

7.
Criminal Tribes Act
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The term Criminal Tribes Act refers to various pieces of legislation enforced in India during British rule, the first enacted in 1871 as the Criminal Tribes Act,1871 applied mostly in North India. The Act was extended to Bengal Presidency and other areas in 1876, the Act went through several amendments in the next decade and, finally, the Criminal Tribes Act,1924 incorporated all of them. The 1871 Act came into force with the assent of the Governor-General of India on 12 October 1871, since they were described as habitually criminal, restrictions on their movements were also imposed, adult male members of such groups were forced to report weekly to the local police. At the time of Indian independence in 1947, thirteen people in 127 communities faced search. A large number of them can still only subscribe to a slightly altered label, Vimukta jaatis, the Criminal Tribes Act was one of the many laws passed by the British colonial government that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification. The Criminal Tribes Act and its provisions used the term Tribes and this terminology was preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred Tribes as a more generic term that included Muslims. Ostensibly the law was created to bring to account groups like the Thuggees, although that problem had been substantially addressed, the law gave the authorities of the time better means to tackle the menace of professional criminals. However, some believe that this was also done due to their participation in the revolt of 1857. Elsewhere the concept of Reformatory Schools for such people had already been initiated by mid-19th century by social reformers. As the death toll rose, so did the myths and legend about them, so much so that became part of British lexicon. In 1835, the British colonialists established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department to address the issue, sleemans title was changed to Commissioner in 1839, when the suppression of Thuggees came into full force. The department consisted of around 120 people, who captured around 3000 Thuggees, by the 1850s, the Thuggees were mostly eradicated and the British determined to use similar methods to tackle other issues on a nationwide scale. They identified groups deemed to be dangerous and eventually introduced the Criminal Tribes Act, people from time immemorial have been pursuing the caste system defined job-positions, weaving, carpentry and such were hereditary jobs. So there must have been hereditary criminals also who pursued their forefathers’ profession, on another occasion defining his theory he had commented, When we speak of professional criminals, we. The British government was able to summon a large amount of support, including the nationalist press. This is because the Criminal Tribes Act was posed widely as a reform measure which reformed criminals through work. However, when tried to make a living like everybody else, they did not find work outside the settlement because of public prejudice. The situation has continued to this day, the castes and tribes notified under the Act were labelled as Criminal Tribes for their so-called criminal tendencies

8.
British Raj
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The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India, the resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire and after 1876 issued passports under that name. It lasted until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign states, the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan and this area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar desert. In addition, at times, it included Aden, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, British Somaliland. Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948, among other countries in the region, Ceylon was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. Ceylon was part of Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, the kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861, however. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory, British India and the Native States. In general, the term British India had been used to also to the regions under the rule of the British East India Company in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also used to refer to the British in India. The terms Indian Empire and Empire of India were not used in legislation, the monarch was known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victorias Queens Speeches and Prorogation Speeches. The passports issued by the British Indian government had the words Indian Empire on the cover, in addition, an order of knighthood, the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, was set up in 1878. At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, during the partition of Bengal the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became, Assam, Bengal, Bihar, there were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of British India, the larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had, in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control, the British also exercised a general influence over the states internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the majority were very small

9.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

10.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR