HARI SREENIVASAN: Astrophysicists and astronomers
all over the world are celebrating a golden
moment this week, the announcement of a scientific
finding that has Nobel Prize written all over
it.
They witnessed the collision of two incredibly
dense neutron stars and found a scientific
Holy Grail in the process.
It provides further proof that Albert Einstein
was a genius, relatively speaking.
The findings help us understand the universe
better, and, as a result, we now know where
all the gold and silver and platinum in the
world comes from.
It's the focus of our Leading Edge segment
this week.
And science correspondent Miles O'Brien joins
me now.
Miles, tell me, why are they so excited about
this?
MILES O'BRIEN: It's a textbook-changer, Hari.
It happened in August, and it began with two
observations, one of gravitational waves,
ripples in spacetime, if you will, followed
right on its heels by the recording of a gamma
ray burst.
This set off this amazing scientific full-court
press that led to this discovery.
The focus of all this, Hari, are neutron stars
and the collision of two of them.
Neutron stars are what is left over after
a supernova.
A star burns out.
These things are the densest things we know
of in the universe.
These, at the focus of this story, were about
the size of Boston.
And yet they have a mass that is 50 percent
greater than our sun.
They're relatively rare to have two of them
collide.
And it happens once about every 100,000 years
in our galaxy, the Milky Way, Hari.
HARI SREENIVASAN: So, did we just get lucky?
Did all these people just get lucky when these
-- kind of all their beepers and bells and
whistles started going off that something
was afoot?
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, luck favors the prepared
scientist, I guess, in this case.
It began with the LIGO instrument.
This team just recently won the Nobel Prize
for a discovery in 2015 of these gravitational
waves, wrinkles in spacetime, that proved
out Einstein's theory of relativity.
It did that by detecting the collision of
black holes.
Now, in our business of television, we prefer
our science illustrated.
So, when they discovered that there might
possibly be a collision of neutron stars,
that includes an explosion and some light,
and that made people feel a little more excited.
In August, the LIGO instrument detected one
of these gravitational waves, but it was ever
so slightly different.
It happened a little longer, because these
neutron stars move a little slower than black
holes.
Another instrument, subsequently, the Fermi,
which is an orbiting instrument, detected
a gamma ray burst.
Scientists thought they were hot on the trail
of one of these elusive neutron star collisions,
and so they started scrambling.
Edo Berger is part of the team.
He's at Harvard University.
EDO BERGER, Harvard University: As soon as
we received an alert from the LIGO instruments
telling us that they detected a gravitational
wave source, we started calling up observatories
all over the world where we have programs
that are ready to go for that purpose.
We gave them the coordinates of the source
in the sky where they would have to point
the telescope, and as soon as they pointed
a telescope in that direction, we could look
at the images coming in.
MILES O'BRIEN: Working together, the gravitational
wave astronomers and the light wave astronomers
were able to kind of pinpoint this location
very quickly, sort of triangulate in on the
galaxy where it was happening, a galaxy that
is 130 million light years away.
And it turns out it was much more than a light
show.
Once they were able to find it and they watched
this explosion unfold, they were able to really
record the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
And, in it, they were able to see the distinct
signatures of all kinds of elements, including
these heavy elements, gold, silver, and platinum,
proving that is what those -- that furnace,
that explosion is what creates those particular
elements.
HARI SREENIVASAN: So now that we know where
some of these heavy elements come from, what
do scientists do with that information?
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, it would be nice to go
out and get the gold, wouldn't it, Hari?
It's 130 million light years away.
It's a little bit of a problem.
Somebody actually calculated how much gold
would have been created by this particular
collision.
Just so you know, it comes out to about 10
octillion dollars' worth.
That's one followed by 27 zeros.
So we could quit our day jobs, if we can get
out there, Hari.
But, obviously, scientists are not as focused
on the gold itself.
For them, knowledge is gold.
Duncan Brown is a physics professor at Syracuse
University.
DUNCAN BROWN, Syracuse University: This really
is a new type of astronomy.
We're now bringing together all the tools
that humans have to bear on observing the
universe.
We can feel ripples in spacetime.
We can see the light from things colliding
out there in the universe and exploding and
the light from stars.
And bringing all these tools together is going
to allow us to learn so much more about the
universe.
HARI SREENIVASAN: You know, give me a sense
of this collaboration.
Right now, in the United States, we can't
get two parties to agree on something, but
you're talking about different teams from
all over the world responding at the drop
of a hat.
MILES O'BRIEN: Yes.
And there are cases where astronomers will
line up observatories to look at events, and
they collaborate on these things.
But as best we can tell, this is unprecedented
in its scope and its speed of response.
It was really lightning fast once the word
got out.
About 70 observatories, ultimately, were pointed
at this unprecedented event.
HARI SREENIVASAN: Now, all this happened just
last August, but, really, it happened when
the dinosaurs were walking around.
MILES O'BRIEN: Year, it's a little bit of
a mind-bender.
When you look at this event 130 million light
years away, it took that long for the light
to reach us.
So, really, it happened 130 million years
ago.
And that gives you an idea of how old the
universe, and it also gives you an idea of
how these particles, which are created so
far away, ultimately have really great meaning
to us.
We end up wearing them.
It's bling.
(LAUGHTER)
HARI SREENIVASAN: All right, Miles O'Brien,
thanks so much.
MILES O'BRIEN: You're welcome, Hari.
